adaptation and continuity in multi-device environments
DESCRIPTION
This tutorial aims to help user interface designers and developers to understand the issues involved in multi-device interactive applications, which can be accessed through both mobile and stationary devices even exploiting different interaction modalities (graphical, vocal, gesture, ...). It will provide a discussion of the possible solutions in terms of concepts, techniques, languages, and tools, with particular attention to Web environments. The tutorial will deal with the various strategies in order to adapt the user interface according to the interaction resources available, also discussing what results can be obtained through model-based approaches when multi-device interfaces are considered. It will consider how to address such issues both when authoring multi-device interfaces and when user interfaces for different devices are dynamically adapted and can even migrate seamlessly across them to follow the mobile user. Thus, it will discuss how to support task continuity across multiple devices in examples of distributed and migratory interfaces and related usability issues.TRANSCRIPT
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Adaptation and ContinuityAdaptation and Continuityi M ltii M lti D i E i tD i E i tin Multiin Multi--Device EnvironmentsDevice Environments
Fabio Paternò
HIIS Laboratory ISTI-C.N.R.Pisa, Italy
http://giove.isti.cnr.it/
Tutorial Tutorial GoalsGoals How to obtain interfaces able to adapt to multiple
device types while preserving usability? State of art in terms of approaches design criteria State of art in terms of approaches, design criteria,
tools Particular attentiont to adaptation in Web applications
and use of model-based techniques Understanding the space of the possible solutions in
order to better apply them and think about new
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pp ysolutions
Consider how to address the device adaptation issueboth at design time and at run-time
Discussion on how adaptation and continuity can besupported in migratory user interfaces
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StructureStructure
Introduction, Basic Concepts, Issues Usability and Task in Multi-device environments Usability and Task in Multi device environments Authoring Multi-Device Interfaces Model-based Support for Multi-device Interfaces Tools for Desktop-to-Mobile Adaptation Adaptation Customization Migratory Interfaces
Fabio Paternò - Adaptation and Continuity in Multi-Device Environments – Mobile HCI 2010 –http://hiis.isti.cnr.it 3
Migratory Interfaces Partial / Trans-modal Migration Conclusions and Discussion
WhyWhy AdaptationAdaptation toto the the ContextContext ofof UseUse
User:
• Preferences
Environment:
•Position
• Light
• Noise, …
• Social aspects
• Knowledge
• Goals
• Background
•…
Device:
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•Privacy
•Collaboration
•…….
• Screen resolution
• Connectivity
• Browser
• …
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Display Display SizeSize and and ResolutionResolution
Personal Computer (PC) usually varies between800x600 and 1920x1200 pixels,Mobile devices usually between 240x240 and Mobile devices usually between 240x240 and960x640 pixels (Iphone 4)
Simple phones have even lower resolutions It varies more with mobile devices than desktop
ones The Moore Law continuously changes these
b !
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numbers!
Mobile Mobile InteractionInteraction TechniquesTechniques VariationVariationhttp://www.w3.org/TR/http://www.w3.org/TR/mwabpmwabp/#bp/#bp--presentationpresentation--interactioninteraction
Focus Based: The browser focus moves through elements The current focus of the page is easily determined because the focus element will be
highlighted;Focus area can move from one selectable element to another (e g from link to link) even when Focus area can move from one selectable element to another (e.g. from link to link) even when widely spaced
Pointer Based: Key-based navigation controls a pointer that can cover any part of the screen Selectable elements that are associated with each other need to be close as moving the pointer
can be slow; Selectable elements need to be large enough to be easily selected -- since the pointer often
moves in steps of between 5 - 10 pixels; Selectable elements should have rollovers to make it clear when the pointer has entered their
active area.
Touch Based: Events are related directly to a finger or stylus
Fabio Paternò - Adaptation and Continuity in Multi-Device Environments – Mobile HCI 2010 –http://hiis.isti.cnr.it 6
Touch Based: Events are related directly to a finger or stylus touch position on the screen. Selectable elements may be widely spaced since the user can select them directly; Selectable elements must be large enough to be easily selected (e.g. list items should have a
height of at least 30px); No elements are in focus until they are selected so extra information cannot be passed to the
user (e.g. rollovers will not work).
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Usability in Mobile InteractionUsability in Mobile Interaction Minimize text input Exploit the elements of the mobile device, such
as accesskeysy Consistency between platforms Prevent user error The purpose of the interface elements should be
clear Avoid overloading the user interface with many
elements
Fabio Paternò - Adaptation and Continuity in Multi-Device Environments – Mobile HCI 2010 –http://hiis.isti.cnr.it 7
elements Limit the need for scrolling Short time access Access to small pieces of information
SupportingSupporting TasksTasks in in MultiMulti--platformplatform EnvironmentsEnvironments
Platform definition Same task on multiple platforms in the samep p
manner Same task on multiple platforms but with
different user interface elements Same main task, with different levels of
subtasks
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Dependencies among tasks performed on different platforms
Tasks meaningful only on some platform types
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SameSame task on multiple task on multiple platformsplatformswithwith differentdifferent useruser interfacesinterfaces
Fabio Paternò - Adaptation and Continuity in Multi-Device Environments – Mobile HCI 2010 –http://hiis.isti.cnr.it 9
Task Task MeaningfulMeaningful onlyonly on on Some Some PlatformsPlatforms
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Search for flightsPromotionsReservations
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Authoring MultiAuthoring Multi--device device InterfacesInterfaces
Platform specific authoring (e g Platform-specific authoring (e.g. Amazon)
Multiple-device authoring (e.g. with CSS)
Single authoring
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Single authoring Automatic re-authoring
Multiple Multiple DeviceDevice AuthoringAuthoringDamaskDamask
(James (James LinLin PhDPhD –– CHI’08)CHI’08)•Sketches
•Layers•Layers
•Patterns
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Automatic ReAutomatic Re--AuthoringAuthoring Scaling, such as Safari on IPhone
T d i t l t l t i t Transducing, translates elements into other formats, and compresses and converts images to match device characteristics, such as Mowser or Skweezer, T f i f th t dif b th
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Transforming goes further to modify both contents and structures originally designed for desktop systems to make them suitable to display on small screens
Transforming (examples)Transforming (examples) Single column, (for example Opera SSR)
eliminates scrolling in one dimension, itgreatly increases the amount of scrolling in g y gthe other dimension.
Fisheye (for example Fishnet) is a fisheyeWeb browser that shows a focus region at a readable scale while spatially compressingpage content outside the focus region
Overview + detail splits a Web page intol i l i d id i
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multiple sections and provides an overviewpage with links to these sections.
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NarrowNarrow SolutionSolution (e.g. Opera SSR)(e.g. Opera SSR)
15………. A lot of vertical scrolling !!!!
NarrowNarrow SolutionSolution The order for the content follows that of the
markup file starting with the top The images are scaled to the size of the
screen The text is always visible and the content is
compacted without blank spaces Content that requires space such as maps
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Content that requires space such as mapsand tables can become unreadable
Sometimes it is difficult to understand thatthe page has changed because the initialpart is the same
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RequirementsRequirements forfor the Nokia the Nokia SolutionSolution (CHI 2006, Roto (CHI 2006, Roto etet al.)al.)
Remove the need of horizontal scrolling to read Remove the need of horizontal scrolling to readtext
Provide enough contextual information to give anidea of the page structure and the currentlocation in it
Don’t destroy the original page layout
Fabio Paternò - Adaptation and Continuity in Multi-Device Environments – Mobile HCI 2010 –http://hiis.isti.cnr.it 17
Don’t introduce modal interaction
MiniMap MethodMiniMap Method(CHI 2006, Roto et al.)(CHI 2006, Roto et al.)
Nokia S60 phones Overview + Detail
Fabio Paternò - Adaptation and Continuity in Multi-Device Environments – Mobile HCI 2010 –http://hiis.isti.cnr.it 18
Original Compacted Mini-Map
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ApplicationApplication ofof Information Information VisualizationVisualization TechniquesTechniques
Fisheye calendarallows complextasks to be completed more quickly
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Focus + ContextIn DateLens[Bederson et al 02, 04]
ModelModel--based approachesbased approaches Allow designers and developers to concentrate
on main semantic aspectsL th t t h t Languages that represent such aspects
Avoid need to learn and manage manyimplementation languages
Linking semantic information and implemementation elements
Fabio Paternò - Adaptation and Continuity in Multi-Device Environments – Mobile HCI 2010 –http://hiis.isti.cnr.it 20
p Interoperability through many possible
implementation languages Facilitate support of assistive technology
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Abstraction Levels Abstraction Levels in Interactive Systemsin Interactive Systems
Task and object – Activity oriented Task and object Activity oriented – I want to select a work of art
Abstract Interface – Platform Independent – Single selection object with high cardinality
Concrete Interface –Platform Dependent – List Interaction object with X elements
Fabio Paternò - Adaptation and Continuity in Multi-Device Environments – Mobile HCI 2010 –http://hiis.isti.cnr.it 21
List Interaction object with X elements Implementation
– List object in Java or XHTML or ....
The The ConcurTaskTreesConcurTaskTreesNotationNotation forfor Task Task ModelsModels
Hierarchical structure
Temporal relations
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Task Allocation
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Support Support forfor ApplicationsApplicationsbasedbased on Web Serviceson Web Services(http://giove.isti.cnr.it/tools/Mariae)(http://giove.isti.cnr.it/tools/Mariae)
Task ModelTask Model
Web Services
Annotations
Desktop AUI
Specification
PDA AUI
Specification
Multitouch
Phone AUI
Specification
Multitouch
Phone CUI PDA CUI
Specification
Desktop CUI
Specification
Desktop AUI
Specification
PDA AUI
Specification
Multitouch
Phone AUI
Specification
Multitouch
Phone CUI PDA CUI
Specification
Desktop CUI
Specification
TMLanguage
TMLanguage
AUI Language
PDA CUI Desktop
M‐touch Phone CUI
Language
AUI Language
PDA CUI Desktop
M‐touch Phone CUI
Language
MARIA
SpecificationSpecificationSpecification
SpecificationSpecificationSpecification
Specifications Languages
Languagep
CUI Language
LanguageLanguage
pCUI
Language
Language
Reverse Reverse EngineeringEngineeringAutomatic Automatic ModelModel CreationCreation !!
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Fabio Paternò - Adaptation and Continuity in Multi-Device Environments – Mobile HCI 2010 –http://hiis.isti.cnr.it
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AdaptationAdaptation in in AuthoringAuthoring EnvironmentsEnvironments(SUPPLE, (SUPPLE, GajosGajos and and WeldWeld))
Takes a functional specification of the interface, the device-specific constraints, a typical usage trace, and a cost function.
The cost function is based on user preferences and expected The cost function is based on user preferences and expected speed of operation
SUPPLE’s optimization algorithm, finds the user interface which minimizes the cost function while also satisfying all deviceconstraints.
Adaptation and Continuity in Multi-Device Environments 25
Application server-side adaptation
ArchitecturalArchitectural SolutionsSolutions forforAutomatic Automatic Web Web AdaptationAdaptation
Server Proxy Client
Server Client
Request
Content
Request/Device capability
Request/ Device capability
Adapted content
Proxy-side adaptation
Adapted Content
Fabio Paternò - Adaptation and Continuity in Multi-Device Environments – Mobile HCI 2010 –http://hiis.isti.cnr.it 26
Server ClientRequest
Content Adapted content
Client-side adaptation
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DynamicDynamic UserUser Interface Interface AdaptationAdaptation
Use of Logical Description Languages Existing Web desktop Applications Automatic user interface generation
Fabio Paternò - Adaptation and Continuity in Multi-Device Environments – Mobile HCI 2010 –http://hiis.isti.cnr.it
ParametricParametric BidimensionalBidimensionalCostCost--basedbased SemanticSemantic RedesignRedesign
Font adjustments accordinguser preferences
ImagesInteractor replacementLong texts
GroupingRelationData tablesLayout tables
Paternò, Zichitella, HCSE 2010
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Adaptation Solutionshttp://mowser.com http://www.skweezer.com
•Uses predefined style sheets•No support for tables or long texts
•Limited reduction of image dimensions•Aims to reduce horizontal scrolling
Customizing Adaptation
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Customizing Adaptation
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BrowsingBrowsing LargeLarge TableTable in in SmallSmall ScreensScreens
Ohnishi and Tajima, UIST’08
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HCI 2010 – http://hiis.isti.cnr.it
Ease comparison of cells far from each other
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PagePage SummarizationSummarization
The Abstraction-based approach uses sentencemanipulation techniques like reductionmanipulation techniques like reduction, compression and reformulation.
The Extraction-based approach assigns scores to sentences in order to select those which better represents the whole text Feature based (e.g. term frequency, sentence
position, attributes…); machine learning, graph
Fabio Paternò - Adaptation and Continuity in Multi-Device Environments – Mobile HCI 2010 –http://hiis.isti.cnr.it 33
p , ); g, g pbased techniques
MicroMicro--levellevel SummarizationSummarization((PowerBrowserPowerBrowser, , BuyukkoktenBuyukkokten etet al.)al.)
The importance of a keyword depends on the frequency it occurs in a text and in a largercollection
A word within a given text is considered most important if it occurs frequently within the text, but infrequently in the larger collection
The significance factor of a sentence is derivedfrom an analysis of its constituent words
The sentences in which the greatest number ofe se te ces c t e g eatest u be ofrequently occurring distinct words are found in closest proximity to each other are probablyimportant
MEAD is a public multi-document summarizationsystem, which provides more flexible support in thisarea (see http://www.summarization.com/mead/)
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Adaptation in MultiAdaptation in Multi--User and User and MultiMulti--Device environmentsDevice environments
WebSplitter (Han et al., CSCW’00)- collaborative Web browsing by creating personalized partial views of the same Web page depending on the user and the device. Developers have to specify the Web content in XML and define a policy file indicating what content tagscontent in XML and define a policy file indicating what content tags should be shown for each device and user.
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HowHow People People UseUseMultiple Multiple DevicesDevices ((DearmanDearman & Pierce ‘08) & Pierce ‘08)
A recent study in US of 27 people from academic and industrial research revealed that on average they employ more than five computing devicesemploy more than five computing devices
Associating a user’s activities with a particular device is problematic for multiple device users because many activities span multiple devices
Device use varies by user and circumstance; users assign different roles to devices both by choice and by constraint. Users employ a variety of techniques for accessing Users employ a variety of techniques for accessing information across devices but participants reported managing information across their devices as the most challenging aspect of using multiple devices.
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Flexible Access in MultiFlexible Access in Multi--Device environmentsDevice environments
Moving objects: across interactived i th h i k d ddevices through pick-and-drop
Distributed user interfaces: applicationlogic receiving input from multiple devices
Migratory user interfaces: change
Fabio Paternò - Adaptation and Continuity in Multi-Device Environments – Mobile HCI 2010 –http://hiis.isti.cnr.it 37
g y gdevice, interface migration with state preservation
PickPick--andand--dropdropJun Rekimoto, UIST’97 / CHI’98Jun Rekimoto, UIST’97 / CHI’98
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A Direct-manipulation Technique for Multiple-Computer Environments
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PUC PUC (Personal Universal Controller) [CMU, Nichols, Myers](Personal Universal Controller) [CMU, Nichols, Myers]
Personal MobileDeviceAutomatically
G t d
AbstractControl
GeneratedInterface
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AbstractSpecification State Feedback
Why Migratory InterfacesWhy Migratory Interfaces Our life is becoming a multi-device experience
One of the main source of frustration is that we One of the main source of frustration is that weneed to restart for each device change
Need for continuous access to interactiveservices across various devices
Migratory user interfaces can transfer among different devices (from ‘source’ devices to
Fabio Paternò - Adaptation and Continuity in Multi-Device Environments – Mobile HCI 2010 –http://hiis.isti.cnr.it
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(‘target’ devices), so as to allow the users to continue their tasks
Application domains such as shopping, bids for auction on line, games, making reservations
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MigrationMigration PhasesPhases Device Discovery: Devices notify their presence When to Migrate: Migration Trigger (User or
System or Mixed initiative)System or Mixed initiative) Where to Migrate: Identification of Target and
its resources What to Migrate: User interface and/or
Application logic How to Migrate: Adaptation (depending on the
type of target)
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type of target) State Persistence: Source state extraction and
association to target version Activation in the target device: Upload the
adapted version at the point in which the user leftoff on the source device
UsabilityUsability in in MigrationMigration Relevant aspects to continuity
Timed b h Time required by the migration process
Time from the last interaction in the source device
Adaptation process When adaptation makes unclear how to continue the task
Predictability: The target device
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The target device Which part of the user interface migrate Where the result of an interaction will be presented
Learning: to get familiar with the migration process
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What is the state to preserveWhat is the state to preserve User Input Focus Cookies Session History Bookmarks
J S i t
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JavaScripts
Task: SelectMenuvalue: Vegetable
Your SelectedMenu is Vegetable
Web Web SessionSession MigrationMigration UsingUsingDynamicDynamic 2D 2D BarcodesBarcodes
A. Alapetite, PUC 14(1): 45-52 (2010)
Append the ID of the current session (token) to the current URL query string
When the Web server receives a request from a new device (the mobile phone)
Fabio Paternò - Adaptation and Continuity in Multi-Device Environments – Mobile HCI 2010 –http://hiis.isti.cnr.it 44
with a known existing session ID, the server will provide the same content as the one served to the previous device (the desktop).
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ApproachesApproaches toto MigrationMigration Bharat and Cardelli (UIST’95) - the migration of entire
applications
Ch d D (UIST’96) h i ti i Chung and Dewan (UIST’96) - when migration is triggered the environment starts a fresh copy of the application process in the target system, and replays the saved sequence of input events to the copy. This solution does not support interface adaptation.
Kozuch and Satyanarayanan (2002) - solution for migration based on the encapsulation of all volatile
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migration based on the encapsulation of all volatile execution state of a virtual machine (migration of applications among desktop or laptop systems)
Melchior, Grolaux, Vanderdonckt (EICS’09) - solution for distributed user interfaces with extension of Tcl/Tk
Fabio Paternò - Adaptation and Continuity in Multi-Device Environments – Mobile HCI 2010 –http://hiis.isti.cnr.it
Application
• User Interface
Device 1
Mi ti F k
Architectural Framework Architectural Framework
Migration Platform
User Interface
• Application Logic
• Connection to OPEN Client
OPEN Client
R i b k d
Migration Framework
•Server
Migration Services Orchestration
Migration Services
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• Runs in background
• Connects to OPEN platform framework
gUser Interface migration
Application logic migrationState persistence
Context managementTrigger management
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Device discovery and selectionDevice discovery and selectionTarget Device Selection
•same environment
•device availability
•same user (or shared)
•interaction features
Fabio Paternò - Adaptation and Continuity in Multi-Device Environments – Mobile HCI 2010 –http://hiis.isti.cnr.it 47
Example representation of the migration environment
DeviceDevice SelectionSelection
Ghiani, PhD
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Migration Trigger (6)Migration
Client
Device Discovery (1)
ExampleExample ArchitectureArchitecture MigrationMigration
Request Page (2)
Upload (8)
Provide Annotated Page (5) Proxy Server
ReverseSemantic Redesign
State MapperGenerator
Client
Cookies
DesktopApplication
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Trasmission of DOM + current state through callback AJAX (7)
Request Page (3)Provide Page (4)
Application Server
PDA
Migrating between mobile Migrating between mobile and Digital Tvand Digital Tv
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ExampleExample MigrationMigration (Video)(Video)(shopping scenario)(shopping scenario)
Fabio Paternò - Adaptation and Continuity in Multi-Device Environments – Mobile HCI 2010 –http://hiis.isti.cnr.it 51
TransTrans--ModalModal MigrationMigration
Vocabulary 1kMay 25 Last minute offerLuois
SizeSizeDate Date &Time&Time
SubjectSubjectSenderSender
1kMay 25 Last minute offerLuois
SizeSizeDate Date &Time&Time
SubjectSubjectSenderSender
y Information organization Different concrete objects
Not a simple one to one mapping
1kJune 7 10:00
Re: Cameleonmeeting
Mary Rex
2kJune 5 12:20
Learn about JavaLuoisLestat
3kJune 3 11:02
Re: Cameleonmeeting
GeorgeClow
1kMay 25 9:23
Last minute offerLuoislestat
1kJune 7 10:00
Re: Cameleonmeeting
Mary Rex
2kJune 5 12:20
Learn about JavaLuoisLestat
3kJune 3 11:02
Re: Cameleonmeeting
GeorgeClow
1kMay 25 9:23
Last minute offerLuoislestat
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Not a simple one to one mapping Task not Supported Task implemented with different concrete
objects
Adaptation of runtime data
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(grouping sound) Please say your name.
Please say your surname.
Differences in task support Differences in task support implementationimplementation
y y
Please say the date of reservation.
Your name is …. Your surname is …. You have booked a table on … and You prefer…
What type of menu do you prefer: fish; meat; vegetable (grouping sound)
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(grouping sound) If you want to cancel the reservation , say delete; If you want to confirm the reservation, say ok (grouping sound).
Grouping OperatorGrouping Operator Object that Support the taskObject that Support the task“Provide date”“Provide date”
Adaptation of runtime dataAdaptation of runtime data
(grouping sound) Please say your name.
Your name is LouisLouis. You have booked a table on 3 July3 July.
Name: LouisDate: 3 July
Please say your surname.
Please say the date of reservation.
Your name is …. Your surname is …. You have booked a table on and You
What type of menu do you prefer: fish; meat; vegetable (grouping sound)
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You have booked a table on … and You prefer…
(grouping sound) If you want to cancel the reservation , say delete; If you want to confirm the reservation, say ok (grouping sound).
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ApplicationApplication LogicLogic ReconfigurationReconfiguration
ClausthalUniversity in OPEN Project
Partial Migration(Mobile HCI 2010 paper)
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Partial Migration
PartialPartial MigrationMigration withwith Interface Interface StructureStructure RepresentationRepresentation
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PartialPartial MigrationMigration withwithDirectDirect SelectionSelection
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PartialPartial MigrationMigration withwithDirectDirect SelectionSelection (video)(video)
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Research AgendaResearch Agenda Automatic Desktop-to-Vocal Adaptation Migration involving multiple usersg g p Integration of wider set of interaction modalities
in migratory environments Migration from multiple devices to multiple
devices Authoring Environments for Distributed User
I t f
Fabio Paternò - Adaptation and Continuity in Multi-Device Environments – Mobile HCI 2010 –http://hiis.isti.cnr.it
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Interfaces Privacy and Security of Migratory User Interfaces Applying Machine Learning Techniques to User
Interface Adaptation
More Info atMore Info at
EU OPEN Project http://www.ict-open.eu
EU SERENOA Project htt // f 7 / EU SERENOA Project http://www.serenoa-fp7.eu/
W3C group on model-based interfaceshttp://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/model-based-ui/charter/
EU Artemis SMARCOS Project http://www.smarcos-project.eu/
F th i S i B k Mi t Forthcoming Spinger Book on MigratoryInteractive Applications in UbiquitousEnvironments
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Don’t Don’t ForgetForget EICS 2011 !EICS 2011 !
Fabio Paternò - Adaptation and Continuity in Multi-Device Environments – Mobile HCI 2010 –http://hiis.isti.cnr.it
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