adam curle and peace studies

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JOURNAL OF CONFLICTOLOGY, Volume 1, Issue 1 (2010) ISSN 2013-8857 1

http://journal-of-conflictology.uoc.edu

E-journal promoted by the Campus or Peace, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya

INTrOduCTION

Now that peace studies have become well established in theglobal academic community, with institutions like UOCoperating worldwide via e-learning systems, it is useul torelect on the origins o the discipline o peace studies andto uncover the ideas and values that inspired its pioneers.his article presents a biographical account o AdamCurle, ocusing especially on the development o his ideason peace and peace studies and the impact these had on theevolution o the ield at the level o theory and practice. In

terms o theory, he established a broad conceptualisation o peace which merged both positive (ulilling human needsand liberating human potential) and negative (preventing violence) dimensions. his broad concept o peace,

initially conceived by Johan Galtung, became decisive ininluencing the ormation o the Peace Studies departmentat the University o Bradord in the UK, and now deinesthe majority o peace studies and peace research centreswhich have emerged worldwide. he article begins by outlining the key stages in Curle’s academic career, histransition rom psychology and development, and hisormulation o a theory o peace which was enriched by theidea, drawing on an eclectic mix o academic, theological,and philosophical sources, that true peace depended onliberating human potential.

In addition to his inuence as a theorist and academic,Adam Curle was also a practitioner o peacemaking, es-pecially in the area o what has since become known ascitizen’s diplomacy or track two mediation. His work as a

PIONEERS

Adam Curle: Radical Peacemakerand Pioneer o Peace Studies

Tom WoodhouseSubmitted: March 2010Accepted: March 2010

Published: July 2010

Abstract

Tis article presents a biographical account o Adam Curle, ocusing especially on the development o his ideas on peaceand peace studies and the impact these had on the evolution o the eld at the level o theory and o practice. Curle was theounding Proessor o the Department o Peace Studies at the University o Bradord in the UK. Appointed to the Chair in1973, the department launched its teaching and research programmes in 1974. Curle’s inuence on the department andhis development o a theory and practice o peace and peacemaking is traced and analysed in this article. His theory o peace was based on a synthesis o academic perspectives drawing on psychology, anthropology and development theory,and on the early peace theory o other innovators in the eld o peace studies, including Johan Galtung and KennethBoulding. His peace practice was based on the experience o large scale conict in the Nigerian Civil War and the India

Pakistan conict in the 1960s and 1970s, and was distinguished by his use o non-ocial or track two mediation as acomplement to ormal diplomacy in such conicts. His use o mediation was modied later when, in the 1990s, in thecontext o the civil war in the Balkans, he helped to mobilise support or local people who wished to resist the civil war andto build peaceul communities and cultures o peace. In this way he also pioneered the idea o peace building rom below,currently recognised as a leading mode o peacemaking amongst academics and practitioners.

Keywords

peace education, mediation, peace theory, peace building rom below






Tom Woodhouse Adam Curle: Radical Peacemaker...

pioneer o peace studies is outlined in the discussion be-low, and the conclusion will show how, as a result o hiswork in the civil war in the Balkans in the mid-1990s, healso developed his ideas about mediation into a new modeor model which was based on the innovative concept o peace building rom below, an approach to peacemakingwhich continues to inuence peace studies and peace ac-tion today.

OrIgINs ANd IdEAsBorn in L’Isle Adam in Northern France in July 1916, Curlehad an unconventional academic career. In 1935 he wentto Oxord to study history but switched to anthropology in the course o his irst year. He conducted ield researchin various areas o the Middle East or which he obtained aDiploma in Anthropology, and then spent six years, rom1939 to 1945, serving in the Army, and in this period becameinterested in the work o the avistock Institute or HumanRelations, particularly in their approach to the socio-psychological problems o post-war reconstruction. hisormative inluence on his thinking was to stay with him,

and the damage caused by war on human communities,on their culture and psychological health, remained aconstant concern. His irst academic publication was orthe Human Relations journal and described the specialproblems o prisoners o war as they adapted to the strainso returning to normal community. He was awarded apostgraduate degree in anthropology in 1947, worked orthe avistock Institute on a project on rural decay and wasappointed lecturer in social psychology at Oxord in 1950.During this time he became interested in the link betweensocial psychology and education policy, and in 1952, atthe age o 36, he was appointed to the Chair o Education

and Psychology at the University o Exeter. Between 1956and 1959 he served as consultant in Pakistan on issues o education and development policy. Between 1959 and 1961he was Proessor o Education at the University o Ghana,and rom 1961 until his appointment to the Chair o PeaceStudies at the University o Bradord in 1973, he wasDirector o the Harvard Centre or Studies in Educationand Development.

EArLy IdEAs ON pEACE sTudIEs

His role in the emergence o peace research and education,and in the deinition and application o speciic modeso peacemaking, is signiicant or a number o reasons.Firstly, the Bradord Department o Peace Studies,

ounded by Curle with support rom the Society o Friends (Quakers) in the UK, was one o the irst ullacademic departments operating the complete rangeo peace studies, rom BA through to Masters and PhDprogrammes, and has progressively served as a stimulusor groups around the world seeking to establish theirown centres or peace research. Secondly, Curle, in hiswriting and in the pedagogic tradition he established atBradord, validated a broad deinition o what constitutedlegitimate peace research. He identiied three main strandso activity which are relevant to peacemaking; to nurture

social and economic systems which engender cooperationrather than conlict; to oppose violent, dangerous, andoppressive regimes with non-violence; and to bring aboutreconciliation between those who are in conlict. he irststrand has been explored within Bradord in terms o a ocuson critical research on weapons technologies, the armstrade, arms control, resource conlicts, and institutionsor international co-operation and interdependence. hesecond strand has been represented by work on peaceand anti-war movements; and the third has ocussed onmediation as a speciic component o peacemaking, andit is one to which Curle brought his distinctive style. his

third area emerged in large part because o Curle’s practicalinvolvement with Quaker mediation, a irm basis o track two or citizen’s diplomacy.

Te Bradord ‘tradition’ has then, through Curle’s ini-tial conceptualisation, contained both the structural anal-yses o conict which appears in the work o Johan Gal-tung and the subjective-psychological orientation whichappears in Burton, Fisher and other problem solving ap-proaches (Woodhouse, 1991). Te third strand, the subjecto this paper, includes the original conict resolution con-tent o Curle’s work, and how he applied and extended it inhis thinking and writing, as well as others working withinwhat has been called the track two approach.

dEfININg pEACE

Curle’s initial work on education and developmentembodied a airly conventional approach embeddedin an underlying belie in progress through economicmodernisation, though he also registered an early concernthat development should not be measured in economicterms but through social and cultural dimensions, inparticular in the emergence o a purposive society capableo ulilling human potential in social relationships. By the late 1960s he was less convinced about the wholeunderlying project o development. Above all, conlict and violence were beginning to eature in his work as subjects






demanding urgent attention and especially so because o his direct experience o the Nigerian Civil War between1967 and 1970, and the war between India and Pakistan.In Pakistan, the events o 1971 swept away the ruit o development in a tide o death, destruction and hatred.

Curle’s academic interest in peace was a product o thiskind o demanding ront line experience where he not only witnessed the threats to development rom the eruption o violent conicts, but where in eect he was being drawnincreasingly into the practice o peacemaking, especially inthe orm o mediation. Most importantly, during the in-

tensive and searing experiences o the Biaran War he elt acompelling need to understand more about why these con-icts happened. Violence, conict, the process o changeespecially as this aected social attitudes, and the goals o development began to be seen as linked themes. Tree major studies in which these changed perceptions are hard-ened into substantial analyses are Education or Liberation,Making Peace and Mystics and Militants. Making Peacewas written in the course o a sabbatical year spent as a vis-iting research ellow at the Richardson Institute o Conictand Peace Research in London in 1969-1970, when he wasable to reect on both his own previous academic work in

educational policy and psychology, and his by now consid-erable experience o major conicts. Mystics and Militantsestablished him as a leading inuence in a small pioneer-ing group o academics in peace research, and involvementin this community was to result in his appointment to therst Chair in Peace Studies at the University o Bradord in1973. Making Peace represents the deliberate application o ideas rom peace research to his own work and experience.In this book he tackles problems o denition, looking atpeaceul and unpeaceul relationships and in a generalsense at the process o peacemaking; Mystics and Militants,written as a sequel to Making Peace, looks more closely atthe personal belies o the peacemakers themselves and at

the qualities and skills they need to build.Both books have had a decisive inuence on the emer-

gence o peace studies as a coherent area o study. Tey established Curle as an original and innovative thinker, ca-pable o providing a comprehensive view o the academic validity and viability o peace studies, and were a signi-cant reason or his move to Bradord when that University decided to add peace studies to its set o new study areas.Making Peace presents Curle’s denition o peace and con-ict as a set o unpeaceul and peaceul relationships, and itis this ocus on relationships as the subject o peace whichabove all distinguishes and characterises his work:

“I preer to dene peace positively. By contrast withthe absence o overt strie, a peaceul relationship would,on a personal scale, mean riendship and an understandingsuciently strong to overcome any dierences that might

occur… On a larger scale, peaceul relationships would im-ply active association, planned co-operation, an intelligenteort to orestall or resolve potential conicts.” (MakingPeace, p.15)

Peace was concerned then not with the containment o conict, but pre-eminently with building relationships:

“As I dene it, the process o peacemaking consistsin making changes to relationships so that they may bebrought to a point where development can occur.” (Mak-ing Peace, p. 15)

Peacemaking consists o moving a wide range o hu-

man relationships out o the set o unpeaceul categoriesidentied in the book into peaceul ones. But where otherpeace researchers have tended to concentrate more on so-cial, political, and military systems as subjects or analysis,Curle generally stressed the importance o the attitudesand values o people within those systems to peace and violence. A good part o Making Peace, or example, con-centrates on the skills o conciliation and mediation, taskswith which he particularly identied himsel. He thoughtthat the skill o resolving conict by mediation was littleunderstood and developed because:

“... we do not really understand the roots o conict,

seeing it primarily as an objective state o aairs and not asthe states o mind that led to and subsequently sustainedor exaggerated that state o aairs. Consequently our ap-proach to conict resolution is conused and inecient.We really know very little about it and afer hundreds o years o diplomacy... have little scientic understanding o it. Our chie ault is ailure to recognise that conict is ofenlargely in the mind and to that extent must be dealt with onthat level; and that even when it is less so, as in the case o political oppression or economic exploitation, emotionalactors exacerbate what is already serious.” (Making Peace,p.15)

Despite his own preerence or analysis which proceed-

ed by concentrating on human eelings and belies, he sawpeace studies as a venture which could only succeed by rec-ognising and using a wide range o skills and backgrounds.Indeed one o the longest sections o Making Peace is onconciliation, (what he subsequently came to call mediation)where Curle elaborates an approach which is drawn rominsights rom social and in particular humanistic psychol-ogy applied to peacemaking in public conicts. Much o the conict o which he had direct experience was oundedon ear derived rom ignorance o onesel.

“Tis ear o what sel-awareness might reveal re-quently leads to the development o a ‘public ace’, a mask;

the complement to the mask is the mirage… what we seewhen we peep through slits in the mask: to the extent thatwe depend on the mask or sel protection, we see a mirageo others.







I they accept us at what might be called our mask value, thus strengthening our deences, we see them a- vourably. I they do not, they make us anxious and they become unpopular. At this point, through the psychic trick o projection, we are apt to attribute to them the very awswe dimly sense in ourselves and are attempting to concealrom ourselves and others by the use o the mask.

Mask and mirage are interconnected to the extent thataltering one almost inevitably involves altering the other.My view o my enemy is related to my view o mysel,thereore I cannot change my attitude to him without a

corresponding change o attitude towards mysel.Te concept o awareness takes these ideas a step ur-

ther. At the personal level the idea o awareness correspondsexactly to the degree to which the mask is put aside.”

So awareness is a key element in peace; awareness inturn is related to identity, but while loss o identity can leadto insecurity and disintegration, it can also lead to rigid-ity and intolerance: in act there are two types o identity,one o belonging, an important but limited tool; and one o awareness, which reers “both to the inner lie o the indi- vidual and to his consciousness o society”.

“It is the task o the conciliator to ind ways o stemming the psychological current so that, howeverbriely, the mask can be dropped, the mirage orgotten,awareness heightened, and the sense o identity broadened beyond the bounds o nationalism.”(Making Peace, p. 210-216)

pEACE As ThE LIBErATION OfhuMAN pOTENTIAL

Given this approach to peace studies, which evolved

slowly rom Curle’s experience and academic ormation inanthropology, psychology, and development education itwas natural that he should see peace broadly in terms o human development rather than as a set o ‘peace-enorcing’rules and organisations. he quest or peace is not solely aquest or appropriate structures and organisations whichare only means to human ends; there is also room in peaceresearch to identiy the kinds o social structures whichenhance rather than restrain or even suppress humanpotential.

By the early 1970s, Curle had moved beyond the work which had preoccupied him or most o the 1950s and

1960s. He had become more interested in the causes o conicts because he was experiencing the destruction they caused, he had been drawn into the role o mediator, andthese experiences had led him directly to think about the

resolution o violent conict and the cultivation o peaceul

relationships.Curle’s own values and belies xed substantially on

ways o understanding and realising the potential or goodin human nature and human relationships. His intellectualdebt to the humanistic psychologists in this search wasclear in his published work. His desire to ‘seek within’, tomeditate on the sources o peace within the human spiritand psyche, was sustained by his increasing involvementwith and membership o the Religious Society o Friends(the Quakers) and by a broader interest in mystical and

spiritual exploration which he ollowed through the workso Ouspensky, Gurdjie, and later in Buddhist teachingsand meditational techniques. Te end o all this study andmeditation was to nd a means o understanding the ullrange o conditions which led to peace, but the undamen-tal quest is rooted in a proound optimism in human po-tential, despite requent evidence to the contrary.

By 1970, Adam Curle had created an imaginative andbroad ranging vision o peace education and research. Hehad behind him involvement in a wide range o unpeaceulsituations. He had mediated in two large scale armed con-icts, experiencing two gigantic tragedies in which hun-

dreds o thousands o people had died. He had experienceo racial conicts in Arica and the USA, o tribal clashes,and o oppressive tyrannies in remote parts o the world.His time at Harvard saw him concerned with developmentin over twenty countries in the Middle East, North andSub-Saharan Arica, Latin America, the Caribbean andAsia. He was able to draw rom his period as an early sta member o the avistock Institute and rom two univer-sity appointments in psychology. By the end o the 1960sand increasingly during the early 1970s he became awareo the work o Galtung and o Kenneth Boulding, when herealised that his work and theirs was leading, along dier-ent pathways, to the same general goals o emerging peaceresearch, concerned especially to nd new ways o deal-ing with violent conicts. For Curle the peacemaking toolwhich he hoped would realise this goal was mediation.

MEdIATION IN CurLE’s ThEOry ANd prACTICE

Within his broad theory and philosophy o peace, Curle’sspecialisation was in the skills o conlict mediation andconciliation. Making Peace oers his irst relections on his

experiences in Arica and in Pakistan. Curle’s In the Middlepoints to the importance o mediation and reconciliationthemes in peace research and practice in the conlict-ridden world o the late 20th century.







“Mediators, as the word implies, are in the middle.his is true in two senses. Firstly they are neither onone side nor the other; secondly, they are in the centreo the conlict, deeply involved in it because they aretrying to ind a satisactory way out o it… Whatmediators do is to try to establish, or re-establish,suiciently good communications between conlictingparties, so that they can talk sensibly to each otherwithout being blinded by such emotions as anger, earand suspicion. his does not necessarily resolve theconlict; mediation has to be ollowed up by skilled

negotiation, usually directly between the protagonists,supported by a measure o mutual tolerance and by determination to reach agreement. But it is a goodstart.” (In the Middle, p. 9)

Te strength o Curle’s orm o mediation is that, evenin conicts which are characterised by a very clear percep-tion o diering interests or which people are preparedto ght, the ghting creates its own dynamic where theghting groups cannot de-escalate rom their set posi-tions without appearing to be weak. Mediation is appro-priate when the parties in a conict are willing to at leastconsider, however tentatively, that third party interventionmight have benets, and at this point skilled mediationmay, through the removal o misperceptions and the calm-ing o violent emotions, provide the window o opportu-nity or negotiated settlement. Curle identied our ele-ments in his mediation process: rstly the mediator actedto build, maintain and improve communications; secondly to provide inormation to and between the conict parties;thirdly to ’beriend’ the conicting parties; and ourthly toencourage what he reerred to as active mediation, that isto say to cultivate a willingness to engage in co-operativenegotiation.

His philosophy o mediation is essentially a blend o

values and experiences rom Quaker practice, with theknowledge o humanistic psychology absorbed in his early proessional career, and both o these inuences are tem-pered by his experiences in the eld. His understanding o human nature via religious systems is explored urther inrue Justice, and his belie that the negative eelings in thehuman personality (jealousy, anger, ear, hatred, etc.) arenot inherent and xed characteristics in any human being,but are the result o “our ailure ully to grasp, and so todevelop, the amazing potential o our natural endowment”.(In the Middle, p. 5)

A number o studies have contributed to a uller un-

derstanding o the methods and approaches o mediationand third party intervention in conicts at both ocial-governmental and at unocial-citizens diplomacy levels.A very good general account o unocial diplomacy is

provided by Berman and Johnson in the introduction totheir book, which includes a denition o what later cameto be called track two mediation and a classication o thetypes o citizens’ organisations which conduct it. Te de-nition is rom Berman and Johnson, citing Curle:

“Adam Curle, writing o the work o the private diplo-mat, whom he describes as someone who engages inmediation or conciliation o conict under personalor unocial auspices, makes it clear that he is not de-scribing bumbling amateurs impelled by purely good

intentions, but individuals who are as ‘subtle and expe-rienced as the average public diplomat’ ... and as wellinormed, not in the sense o having access to intel-ligence reports, but in the sense o knowing the peo-ple or comparable situations elsewhere, and perhapsin addition, having a high degree o academic compe-tence.” (Berman and Johnson, p. 7)

General aspects o third party intervention were dealtwith in an early study by Oran Young, which included anassessment o the role o the United Nations and its agen-cies, including peacekeeping (Young 1967). Mitchell and

Webb have provided an excellent account o how the prac-tice o mediation, which has a history traceable to Greek and Roman times, became the subject o scholarly analysisduring the 1970s and the 1980s. Tis interest emerged roman earlier concentration on the role o negotiators and bi-lateral bargaining which preoccupied scholars in the 1960sand the 1970s. By the 1980s, this study o negotiation hadtaken on the win-win, principled negotiation and mutualgain vocabulary o conict resolution, particularly throughthe work o Roger Fisher and William Ury on the HarvardProgram on Negotiation. At the same time, studies o nego-tiation strategies led to a closer examination o third party roles in helping to bring negotiations about and in acilitat-ing them. Tis literature is now extensive and in additionto Mitchell and Webb includes ouval and Zartman’s Inter-national Mediation: Teory and Practice; ouval’s accounto mediation initiatives around the conict in the MiddleEast, Bercovitch and Rubin’s Mediation in International Re-lations, and a special issue o the Journal o Peace Researchpublished in February 1991, which ocussed on some criti-cisms and encouraged constructive revision o the ecacy o new paradigm approaches in relation to power-coercion-reward models rom the old paradigm. As the literature onmediation has grown, and as knowledge has increased roman accumulating base o case studies and reections, one o

the most signicant questions which has emerged is that re-lated to the relative merits and possible relationship betweentwo contrasting types o mediation: rstly that o the biasedmediator, ofen acting as the agent o a mediating state with







its own interests (moral and material) in the outcome o aconict; and secondly that o the unbiased mediator, theneutral, unocial peacemaker/citizen diplomat operatingwith the support o an NGO, church group, academic insti-tute or similar non-state agency, without an explicit interestin the outcome.

frOM TrACk TwO MEdIATIONTO pEACE BuILdINg frOMBELOw: CurLE’s wOrk INOsIjEk ANd ThE IdEA OfNurTurINg CuLTurEs OfpEACE

Curle’s later work, rom the mid-1990s, led to a revisionand broadening o his concept o mediation and its placein peacemaking. hroughout his academic career, (whichended in 1978 when he retired rom the Chair at Bradord),and also through the period o his ‘retirement’, Curle had

been deeply involved in the practice o peacemaking.In the 1990s much o this involvement took the orm o supporting the activity o the Osijek Centre or Peace, Non- violence and Human Rights. Osijek, a town in the EasternSlavonia province o Croatia, was, with the adjacent towno Vukovar, the site o the most violent ighting o the SerbCroat War. his involvement with the people o Osijek, whowere trying to rebuild a tolerant society while surroundedby enraged and embittered eelings caused by the war,motivated a considerable amount o relection by Curle onthe problems o practical peacemaking. It was apparent,or example, that the model o mediation speciied in hisbook, In the Middle, and distilled rom his experiences inthe conlicts o the 1970s and 1980s was very diicult toapply on the ground, in the conusion and chaos o the typeo conlict epitomised by the wars in ormer Yugoslavia.It was still the case that the use o mediatory techniqueswould be much more likely to produce the shit in attitudesand understanding necessary or a stable peace, a resolutiono conlict, than the use o conventional diplomacy alone:“solutions reached through negotiation may be simply expedient and not imply any change o heart. And this is thecrux o peace. here must be a change o heart. Without thisno settlement can be considered secure.” However, Curlerealised through his involvement with the Osijek project

that the range o conlict traumas and problems was so vast that the model o mediation based on the intervention

o outsider-neutrals was simply not powerul or relevantenough to promote peace. He made an important revisionto his peace praxis, as ollows:

“Since conlict resolution by outside bodies andindividuals has so ar proved ineective (in thechaotic conditions o contemporary ethnic conlict -particularly, but not exclusively, in Somalia, EasternEurope and the ormer USSR), it is essential to considerthe peacemaking potential within the conlictingcommunities themselves.” (New Challenges, p. 96)

Curle came to see the role o conict resolution inpost-cold war conicts as providing a variety o support tolocal peacemakers through an advisory, consultative-acil-itative role with workshops and training in a wide variety o potential elds which the local groups might identiy as necessary. Te task is to empower people o goodwillin conict aected communities to rebuild democraticinstitutions, and the starting point or this to help in “thedevelopment o the local peacemakers’ inner resources o wisdom, courage and compassionate non-violence”. (NewChallenges, p. 104)

CurLE’s LEgACy

Adam Curle died in Wimbledon, London, on 28 September2006. His lie and work touched many people worldwide,and his academic thinking is now irmly embeddedin modern peace theory. Adam Curle’s career in peacestudies spanned over orty years. During this time hecreated the irst department o Peace Studies in a Britishuniversity and established the credibility o peace studiesas an area worthy o academic recognition. hrough his

publications and teaching he built up a rich theory o the nature o peace and peacemaking, and was a pioneerand practitioner o the process o track two mediation,which, in his later practice, he transormed into a modelo peacemaking based on the idea o peace buildingrom below. He remained undogmatic and eclectic in histhinking. Inluenced especially by his peacemaking work during the Balkan wars o the early 1990s: he was one o those peace intellectuals who led a revision o thinkingabout the process o peacemaking, including the idea thateective and sustainable peacemaking processes must bebased not merely on the manipulation o peace agreementsmade by elites, but more importantly on the empowermento communities torn apart by war to build peace rombelow.







References

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BERCOVITCH, J.; RUBIN, J. Z. (eds.) (1992). Mediationin International Relations: Multiple Approaches toConict Management . London: Macmillan.

BERMAN, M. R.; JOHNSON, J. E. (eds.) (1977).Unofcial Diplomats. New York: Columbia University Press. .

CURLE, A. (1971). Making Peace. London: avistock.

CURLE, A. (1986). In the Middle. Oxord: Berg.

CURLE, A.(1994). “New Challenges or Citizen Peacemaking”. Medicine and War . Vol. 10, iss. 2, pp. 96-105.

CURLE, A. (1995a). Another Way. Oxord: Jon Carpenter.

CURLE, A. (1995b). o ame the Hydra: Undermining theCultures o Violence. Oxord: Jon Carpenter.

CURLE, A. (2006). Te Fragile Voice o Love. Oxord: JonCarpenter.

MITCHELL, C. R.; WEBB, K. (eds.) (1988). New Approaches to International Mediation. New York/London: Greenwood Press.

TOUVAL, S. (1982). Te Peace Brokers: Mediators in the Arab-Israeli Conict 1948-79. Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press.

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Mediation: Teory and Practice. Boulder, CO: WestviewPress.

WOODHOUSE, T. (ed.) (1991).Peacemaking in a roubled World . Oxord: Berg

YOUNG, O. R. (1967). Te Intermediaries: Tird Partiesin International Crises. Princeton: Princeton University Press.


Recommended citation

WOODHOUSE, om (2010). “Adam Curle: Radical Peacemaker and Pioneer o Peace Studies” [online article]. Journal o Conictology. Vol. 1, Iss. 1. Campus or Peace, UOC. [Consulted: dd/mm/yy].

<http://www.uoc.edu/ojs/index.php/journal-o-conictology/article/view/vol1iss1-woodhouse/ vol1iss1-woodhouse>

ISSN 2013-8857

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About the author

Tom Woodhouse

[email protected]

Proessor om Woodhouse holds the Adam Curle Chair in Conict Resolution at the University o Bradord,Department o Peace Studies. He is Director o the Centre or Conict Resolution and Academic Director o the Rotary World Peace Fellows Programme at the University o Bradord.


adam curle and peace studies

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