ISSN 1301-2746

AD

ALYA

23 2020

23 2020

ADALYA

ADALYA

ISSN 1301-274623 2020

(OFFPRINT)

The Annual of the Koç University Suna & İnan Kıraç Research Center for Mediterranean Civilizations

ADALYA Adalya, a peer reviewed publication, is indexed in the A&HCI (Arts & Humanities Citation Index) and CC/A&H (Current Contents / Arts & Humanities) Adalya is also indexed in the Social Sciences and Humanities Database of TÜBİTAK/ULAKBİM TR index and EBSCO.

Mode of publication Worldwide periodical Publisher certificate number 18318 ISSN 1301-2746 Publisher management Koç University Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450 Sarıyer / İstanbul Publisher Umran Savaş İnan, President, on behalf of Koç University Editor-in-chief Oğuz Tekin Editors Tarkan Kahya and Arif Yacı English copyediting Mark Wilson Editorial Advisory Board (Members serve for a period of five years) Prof. Dr. Mustafa Adak, Akdeniz University (2018-2022) Prof. Dr. Engin Akyürek, Koç University (2018-2022) Prof. Dr. Nicholas D. Cahill, University of Wisconsin-Madison (2018-2022) Prof. Dr. Edhem Eldem, Boğaziçi University / Collège de France (2018-2022) Prof. Dr. Mehmet Özdoğan, Emeritus, Istanbul University (2016-2020) Prof. Dr. C. Brian Rose, University of Pennsylvania (2018-2022) Prof. Dr. Charlotte Roueché, Emerita, King’s College London (2019-2023) Prof. Dr. Christof Schuler, DAI München (2017-2021) Prof. Dr. R. R. R. Smith, University of Oxford (2016-2020)

© Koç University AKMED, 2020 Production Zero Production Ltd. Abdullah Sok. No. 17 Taksim 34433 İstanbul Tel: +90 (212) 244 75 21 • Fax: +90 (212) 244 32 09 info@zerobooksonline.com ; www.zerobooksonline.com Printing Fotokitap Fotoğraf Ürünleri Paz. ve Tic. Ltd. Şti. Oruç Reis Mah. Tekstilkent B-5 Blok No: 10-AH111 Esenler - İstanbul / Turkey Certificate number: 47448 Mailing address Barbaros Mah. Kocatepe Sok. No. 22 Kaleiçi 07100 Antalya - TURKEY Tel: +90 (242) 243 42 74 • Fax: +90 (242) 243 80 13 https://akmed.ku.edu.tr E-mail address adalya@ku.edu.tr

The Annual of the Koç University Suna & İnan Kıraç Research Center for Mediterranean Civilizations (AKMED)

Contents

Burçin Erdoğu Capturing the Seen and Unseen in the Beldibi Rock Art ............................................................................................................................ 1

Özlem Çevik – Murat Dirican – Aydın Ulubey – Osman Vuruşkan The Galena Objects from Neolithic Ulucak: The Earliest Metallic Finds in Western Turkey ............................... 7

Abdullah Hacar – K. Aslıhan YenerAnatolian Pot Marks in the 3rd Millennium BC: Signage, Early State Formation, and Organization of Production ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 25

A. Tuba Ökse Reflection on the Sunrise Positions in Early and Middle Bronze Age Extramural Cemeteries in Anatolia ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 59

Sevgül Çilingir CesurThe Timing of Ritual Performance in Hittite Texts: The “Morning” Rites .............................................................................. 87

Dries Daems Reassessing the Origin of Polis in Lycia and Southwest Anatolia ................................................................................................ 111

Fatma Şahin – Erkan Alkaç Banded Bowls from Tepebağ Höyük (Cilicia Pedias) .............................................................................................................................. 133

Özgün Kasar – Kaan İrenLeaded Bronze Arrowheads at Daskyleion ....................................................................................................................................................... 175

Hazar Kaba An Elite Tomb from Soloi: New Evidence for the Funerary Archaeology of Cyprus .................................................. 205

Erkan Alkaç – Ulus TepebaşThe Gem Stamp on the Handle of a Mushroom-rimmed Amphora from Knidos: An Assessment of the Centauromachy in Terms of Stamps and Iconography ................................................................ 239

Hüseyin Sami Öztürk – Ögül Emre ÖncüOlympos in Lycia: A Novel Assessment of its History and Localization in Light of Recent Archaeological and Epigraphical Research ...................................................................................................................................................... 253

Nihal Tüner Önen Two New Inscriptions from the Claudian Period at Perge ................................................................................................................ 277

Handegül Canlı A Unique Roman Folding Knife Handle with Eagle Ornament from Philadelphia in Cilicia ........................ 289

ContentsIV

Şenkal Kileci – Birol Can A New Honorific Inscription from Blaundos: Tiberius Claudius Lucius, the Priest of Dionysos Kathegemon ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 297

Ahmet Tolga Tek – Hacer SancaktarA Numismatic Riddle from Arykanda: The God of the Water Spring .................................................................................... 311

Mark WilsonThe Discovery of a Menorah in Attalia (Kaleiçi, Antalya) and its Significance for Jewish Communities in Pamphylia .......................................................................................................................................................................... 343

Özgü Çömezoğlu UzbekA North African Plate Unearthed in the Andriake Excavations ................................................................................................. 361

Philip BesEarly Byzantine Pottery from Limyra’s West and East Gate Excavations .......................................................................... 377

Nilgün ElamEcclesiastical Personages of Side (Σίδη) of Pamphylia according to Literary and Sphragistic Data ......... 409

Ömür BakırerWindow Glass from the Excavations in the Seljuk Palace at Alanya ...................................................................................... 451

Mahmut Demir – Terrance Michael Patrick Duggan – Erkan KurulObservations and Assessments of Some Epigraphic Graffiti Found on Entrances in Kaleiçi/Antalya ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 479

Ayşe OzilA Traveller in One’s Homeland: Local Interest in Archaeology and Travel Writing in theOttoman Greek World in 19th Century Anatolia ..................................................................................................................................... 497

Alex Rodriguez SuarezTwo Church Bells from Antalya: Traces of the Religious Soundscape of the Late Ottoman Period ........... 517

ADALYA 23, 2020

* Assoc.Prof.NihalTünerÖnen,AkdenizÜniversitesi,EdebiyatFakültesi,EskiçağDilleriveKültürleriBölümü,Antalya,Türkiye.E-mail:nihaltuner@akdeniz.edu.tr;https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1098-028X

Two New Inscriptions from the Claudian Period at Perge

NİHAL TÜNER ÖNEN*

Abstract

ThisarticleintroducestwoGreekinscriptionsdiscoveredinthecityofPerge.Theyarere-latedtotheRomanEmperorClaudiuswhoruledfromAD41to54.Theinscriptionsre-gardingClaudiusindicatethattheconstructionactivitiesadoptedbytheemperorasageneralpolicywerealsoimplementedinthecityofPerge.Thefirstinscriptionincludesthededica-tionsfortheEmperorClaudiusandtheDemosbythegymnasiarchTiberiusIuliusGemellusandhisfatherTiberiusIuliusAnteroswhowasreportedasafreedmanofemperors.Thisin-scriptionisimportantinthatitistheonlyin-scriptiontodatethatprovidesinformationoncitizenshipandemancipationobtainedduringtheTiberianperiod.Moreover,itintroducestwonewfigurestoPerge’sprosopography.TheprivilegesobtainedduringtheTiberianperiodprobablycontinuedintotheClaudianperiod,andthefatherandsonextendtheirthankstotheemperoraswellasthepeopleofPergebybuildingastructure.Itcanbeas-sertedthattheyarerelatedtoastructurelocat-edontheweststreetduetoitsfindspot.Theotherinscription,datedtoAD48,mentionstheemperor’snameinthenominativuscasus.Itisimportantinthatitrefersdirectlytoastruc-turebuiltbytheemperorortoaletterwrittenbyhim.

Keywords: Perge,EmperorClaudius,dedica-tioninscription,Augustorumlibertus

Öz

Bumakalede,PergekentindenelegeçmişikiHellenceyazıttanıtılmaktadır.HerikiyazıtdaMS41-54yıllarıarasındahükümsürenRomaİmparatoruClaudius’a ilişkindir.İmparatorClaudius’la alakalı söz konusu belgeler,İmparator’ungenelpolitikaolarakbenimse-diğiimarlaşmafaaliyetlerininPergekentindedeuygulandığınıgösterir.BuradatanıtılanilkyazıtgymnasiarkhosTiberiusIuliusGemellusvebabasıolduğuanlaşılan,imparator(ların)azatlısıTiberiusIuliusAnteros’unİmparatorClaudiusveDemos’ailişkinithaflarınıiçerir.AyrıcaTiberiusDönemi’ndekazanılanvatan-daşlıkveazatedilmelerkonusundabilgive-renkenttenelegeçmiş-şuanakadarki-tekyazıtolmasıaçısındanönemtaşımaktadır.AynızamandaPergeprosopografisinedeikiyenikişikazandırmaktadır.OlasılıklaTiberiusDönemi’ndeeldeedilenayrıcalıklarClaudiusDönemi’ndededevametmektedirvebaba- oğulİmparator’avePergehalkınaolanşük-ranlarınıbiryapıylasunmaktadır.YazıtlarınbuluntuyerindendolayısözkonusuyapınınBatıCadde’deyeraldığıönesürülebilir.MS48yılınatarihlendirilenveİmparator’unadı-nınominativuscasus’taanandiğeryazıtisedoğrudanİmparator’unyaptığı/yaptırdığıbiryapıyayadayazdığıbirmektubaişaretetmesiaçısındanönemkazanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Perge , İmpara torClaudius,ithafyazıtı,imparatorazatlısı

DOI 10.47589/adalya.837710

Nihal Tüner Önen278

ThisarticleintroducestwoGreekinscriptionswhichwerediscoveredinthecityofPerge,whereexcavationshavebeencarriedoutunderthedirectorshipoftheAntalyaMuseumsince2012.1BothinscriptionsarerelatedtotheRomanEmperorClaudiuswhoruledfromAD41to54.Claudiuswasdeclaredemperorbyhissoldierson24January41followingtheassassinationofCaligula.Heincorporatedseveralnewprovincesintotheempireduringthethirteenyearsofhisreign2andperformedregulatoryandreconstructionworksinbothnewandexistingprovinces.3InalmosteverycityinAsiaMinordedicationsweremade,andstatueswereerectedinhonoroftheemperor4forreasonssuchasobtainingRomancitizenship(cives Romani),emancipation(liberti),andpriesthoodintheimperialcult.5Dedication,honoringandbuildinginscriptionsrelatedtotheEmperorClaudiushavealsobeenrecoveredfromthecityofPerge.6

ThefirstoftheinscriptionsdiscussedherecontainsthededicationofTiberiusIuliusGemellusandTiberiusIuliusAnterostotheEmperorClaudiusandthedemos.Theotherin-scription,althoughitcannotbeclearlyidentifiedduetoitsmissingparts,isbelievedtobeafragmentofabuildinginscriptionoranemperor’sletter.

1- Dedication Inscription for the Emperor Claudius and DemosThisinscriptionwascarvedonthreeblocksoflimestoneofvaryingwidths.Therearefourlinesoftheinscriptiononeachblock.Thefirstblockhasadeeplongitudinalcrackintheleftcenter.Thelastlineiscarvedinlargerletters.Thedepthmeasurementsoftheblocksincludetheoriginaldimensions.Theseblockswerediscoveredduringtheexcavationsofthewesternstreetin2012-2013.TheexactlocationiswheretheaqueductmeetstheeasternwalloftheCornutusPalaestra,butoutsideofthepalaestra.TheyarenowlocatedinanareacalledtheGermanBarracks(figs.1-2).Inventorynumbers:JB.12.T65andJB.13.T65.

A)H.0.60m;W.1.13m;D.0.32m;Lh.0.05-0.07m.

B)H.0.60m;W.0.93m;D.0.32m;Lh.0.05-0.07m.

C)H.0.60m;W.0.37m;D. 0.67m;Lh. 0.05-0.06m.

Τιβερίωι Κλαυδίωι Καί[σαρ]ι Σεβαστῷ Γερ v.μα-

νικῷ καὶ τῷ δημῷ γυμ. νασίαρχος Τιβέρι.ος

Ἰούλιος Τιβερίου υἱὸς Γέμελλος, Τιβέ-ριος Ἰούλιος Σεβαστῶν ἀπελεύθερος Αντέρως.

Tiberius Iulius Gemellus, son of Tiberius,

the gymnasiarch, (and) Tiberius Iulius Anteros,

Augustorum libertus, dedicated this to Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus and demos.

1 ForepigraphicalresearchandrecentpublicationsconcerningPerge,seeBruetal.2016;Tüner-Önen2018;Alten-Güler2018;Alten-GülerandKileci2018;Tüner-ÖnenandArslan2019.

2 DuringtheClaudianperiod,theprovincesofMauretania[42/43],Britannia[43],Judaea[44],Thracia[44/45],Moesia[44/54],Noricum[46]andAlpesGraiaeetPoeninae[47]wereestablishedinadditiontoadjacentLycia[43].

3 ConcerningClaudius’reconstructionprogram,whichhesawasameansofstrengtheninghispositionastheem-peroranddemonstratinghisstrength,seeOsgood2011,174.NumerousmilestonesandinscriptionsdocumentthattheEmperorClaudiuscarriedoutextensiveroadconstructionworkinboththewesternandeasternprovincesoftheempire.Onthissubject,seeWalser1980;Levick1990,167-73;Şahin2014,21-22,76-77.

4 Fordetailedinformationconcerningthestatueserectedinhonoroftheemperor,seeHildebrandt2018.Fortheem-perorstatuedepictinganemperorfromtheJulio-ClaudiandynastyatthetheaterofPerge,seeAkçay-Güven2018.

5 AsthefourthemperorofRome,ClaudiusseemstohavebeenquiteenthusiasticaboutgrantingRomancitizenshipincomparisontootheremperors,Cass.DioLX17.5;cf.Levick1990,164-65.ForfamiliesgrantedcitizenshipduringtheJulio-ClaudiandynastyatPerge,seeŞahin1999,35,58,199,232,256,277;Yılmaz2016,264-65,no.3.

6 Onthissubject,seeŞahin1999,45-49,nos.26-33;Özdizbay2012,178-86,nos.4-17.

Two New Inscriptions from the Claudian Period at Perge 279

Thisfour-lineinscriptionisapproximatelytwo-and-a-half-meterslongandprobablyreferstothededicationofastructureorpartofastructuretotheEmperorClaudiusandthedemos. Sincethestructure’snameisnotrecordedintheinscription,itisdifficulttosayanythingaboutthetypeofstructurededicated.Itisnotpossibletogiveanexactdatesincethereisnoinfor-mationastotheemperor’sstatusoftribunicapotestasorconsul.Therefore,itisdatedbetweenAD41-54duringthereignofClaudius.

Informationaboutthededicatorsiscontainedbetweenthesecondandfourthlinesoftheinscription:TiberiusIuliusGemellus,thesonofTiberius,wasrecordedasthegymnasiarch,andTiberiusIuliusAnteroswasreportedasthefreedmanofemperors.Theyprobablyhaveafather-sonrelationship:thesonGemellusandfatherAnteros.7

Bothpersonsarenotpreviouslyrecognized.TiberiusIuliusGemellusisreferredtoasthegymnasiarch.Epigraphically,itisknownthattherewerethreegymnasionsinPergefromtheperiodofDomitian.8However,architecturally,twogymnasionstructurescanbeidentifiedinthecity-theNorthernGymnasion/CornutusPalaestraandthegymnasionintegratedintotheSouthernBath.9TiberiusIuliusGemelluswasprobablythegymnasiarchoftheNorthernGymnasion,whichisdatedtotheClaudian/Neronianperiodfromtheinscriptionsdocument-edinthestructure.10

TiberiusIuliusAnterosisreferredasanimperialfreedman.11Hereitisnoteworthythatthe“emperors”areindicatedinthe plural genetivuscasus (Σεβαστῶν ἀπελεύθερος/ Augustorum libertus).TheinscriptionisdedicatedtotheEmperorClaudius,buttherewerenottwoormoreemperorsrulingtogetherinthisperiodorearlier.Thus,itisnotpossibleforAnterostohavebeenfreedbyatleasttwoemperorsundertheirjointrule.12Therearesomeargumentsthat Augustorum libertus,whichisseenuntilAD161,wasusedtomean“successive”Augustior“joint”AugustusandAugusta.13ThereisahighprobabilitythatAnteroswasfreedbytheEmperorTiberiusandGermanicusCaesar,whowasidentifiedbyTiberiusashissuccessorandentitledCaesar.14ItisknownthatGermanicusCaesartraveledtotheEastwiththeauthor-ity of imperium proconsulare maiusbetweenAD18-19,andApollonios,sonofLysimachos,acitizenofPerge,accompaniedthecandidateemperorduringthisjourney.15 The Iulius gens and Tiberius praenomen carried by the father and son indicate that the father Anteros had also

7 Anteros(Ἀντέρως),acombinationofthewordsanti(ἀντί)andEros(Ἔρως),isnotanameknownfromthecityofPerge.Forthisname,whichisdocumentedmostlyinIonian,KarianandPhrygiancitiesinAnatolia,seeLGPN VA 35;VB29andVC32s.v.Ἀντέρως.Forthecommonslave-nameAnteros,seeSolin1996,191.

8 Şahin1999,72-80,no.56;Forτριῶν γυμνασίωνfoundinaninscriptionfromtheFlavianperiod,see88-90,no.61. 9 Özdizbay2012,26.10 ForthedatingoftheNorthernGymnasiontotheNeronianperiod,seeŞahin1999,51-53,nos.36-38.Forthedat-

ingtotheClaudianperiod,seeEck2000,655-57;cf.Özdizbay2012,183-86,nos.14-17.AboutthedatingoftheSouthernBath-GymnasioncomplextotheearliestVespasianperiodanddocumentedtocontainmultiplephasesbothepigraphicallyandarchitecturally,seeÖzdizbay2012,40-42.

11 ForstudiesonAugusti Liberti,seeWeaver1972;Haensch2006.12 ForexamplesofAsiaMinorknowntobeliberatedbymorethanoneemperor,cf.OrmerodandRobinson1914,

28,no.37;MAMAVII524;ÖztürkandÖztürk2016,236,no.3.13 AbouttheusageofAugustorum libertus (Augg. lib.),seeWeaver1972,64-72;Chantraine1975.14 AbouttheemancipationofPubliusAeliusDionysos,knownasΣεβαστῶν ἀπελ(εύθερος)fromPergamon,bythe

EmperorHadrianandhissuccessor,cf.Meier2009,398-99,no.3;cf.AÉpigr(2009)[2012]no.1385;SEGLIX1428.15 Kienast1990,79-82;Şahin1995;1999,37-42,no.23;Jones1995,29-33;Özdizbay2012,175-76,no.3.WhileS.

ŞahinthinksthatGermanicusCaesarmighthavevisitedPergeduringthistripandpresidedovertheconventus heldattheSebasteAgora,C.P.Jones(1995)isskepticalaboutthesepossibilities;cf.Özdizbay2012,126-27.

Nihal Tüner Önen280

beengrantedcitizenshipduringtheTiberianperiod.16ThefactthatTiberiusIuliusGemellus,sonofTiberius,bearsthenameofthegrandsonoftheEmperorTiberiusalsosupportsthissuggestion.17BoththeliberationandthecitizenshipofAnteroswereprobablygrantedthroughGermanicus.18

TheRomanphysicianScriboniusLargus,wholivedinthefirsthalfofthe1stcenturyADandaccompaniedtheEmperorClaudiusonhisexpeditiontoBritanniainAD43,describesthetreatmentofapersonnamedAnterosinhisCompositiones.19Anteroswasalibertus of theEmperorTiberiusandsufferedfromprolongedjointpain.AlthoughitisnotpossibletostatewithsuretyfromthedatapresentlyavailablethattheaforesaidAnterosisidenticalwiththeAnterosdocumentedinPerge,thesimilaritiesareremarkableintermsofbothperiodandname.

AlthoughnootherAugusti libertifromtheTiberianperiodareknownfromPerge,thefreedmenoftheemperorfromtheperiodsoftheEmperorClaudiusandNeroaredocumented.Intwoinscriptions,TiberiusClaudiusPlocamus,knowntohavebeenemancipatedbytheEmperorClaudius,contributedtotheestablishmentoftheImperialCultinPergetogetherwithC.IuliusCornutusBryoninus.20ItisknownfromabuildinginscriptioncarvedonthearchitravethatawomannamedClarawasemancipatedbytheEmperorNero,andherhusbandTiberiusClaudiusAtticuswasemancipatedbytheEmperorClaudius.21Inadditiontothetwoinscrip-tionsfoundinPerge,inscriptionsobtainedfromtheprovincesindicatethattheemperor’sfreedmenattainedimportantpositionsandengagedinliturgicalactivitiesfortheircities.22 This inscription,whichincludesthededicationsofTiberiusIuliusAnterosandhissonGemellustotheEmperorClaudius,probablybelongstotheconstructionofastructureforwhichthesepeopleservedaseuergesia.InthecityofPerge,theconstructionactivitiesoftheEarlyImperialPerioduntiltheEmperorClaudiusintensifiedattheintersectionofthenorth-southandeast-weststreets(theNorthernGymnasion/CornutusPalaestra,Demetrios-ApolloniosArch).

16 AboutthepossibilitythatapersonfreedbytheemperormayhavetherighttoRomancitizenship,likeafreeborn,seeDig.II4.10,3.ItisknownthatTiberiuswasincontactwithmanyHellenicandAsiancitiesduringhiseasterndutiesbeforebecomingemperorandpursuedtheirinterestsinRome(Suet.Tib.VIII).HeeventriedtogetRomancitizenshipforsomeofthem(Suet.Aug. XL.3);cf.Bowersock1965,77;Holtheide1983,52;Dönmez-Öztürk2010,55.FromCass.Dio(LVI33.3-5),welearnthattheEmperorAugustusemphasizedinhisadviceregardingTiberiusandthepublicthatslavesshouldnotbegivensomuchfreedomandpeopleshouldnotbegrantedcitizenshiprightssoasnottofillcitieswithmobs.

17 Oneofthetwin-bornsonsofLivillaandNeroClaudiusDrusus,sonoftheEmperorTiberiusandVipsaniaAgrippina,bearsthisname;cf.Kienast1990,83.FortheuseofthenameGemellusinAsiaMinor,seeLGPN VA 108;VB89andVC96s.v.Γέμελλος.

18 AboutGermanicusCaesarhavingacultinPatara(TAM II420)andthroughhimobtainingRomancitizenship(Cives Romani)inLycia,cf.Dönmez-Öztürk2010,59;Reitzenstein2011,41.

19 Scrib.Comp.162:Adutramlibetpodagramtorpedinemnigramvivam,cumaccesseritdolor,subicerepedibusoportetstantibusinlitorenonsicco,sedquodalluitmare,donecsentiattorperepedemtotumettibiamusqueadgenua.hocetinpraesentitollitdoloremetinfuturumremediat.hocAnterosTiberiiCaesarislibertussupraheredi-tatesremediatusest.

20 Özdizbay2008,860-61;foraddition,seeOnur2008;cf.Özdizbay2012,187-88,nos.19-20.SeealsoBruetal.2016,71.

21 Özdizbay2012,181,no.11.22 Fortheliturgicalactivitiesoftheemperor’sfreedmen,cf.Boulvert1974,216-22;aboutbeingchargedasprocurator

intheemperor’slandsandmarblequarries,cf.Takmer2018.AbouttheconstructionofacolumnedhalldedicatedtotheemperorandtheerectionofClaudius’statuerightinfrontoftheSebasteion(TAMII177,178and184)intheLyciancityofSidyma,byTiberiusClaudiusEpagathos,freedmanandphysicianoftheEmperorClaudius,andhissonTiberiusClaudiusLivianus,seeTakmer2010,101-2.Theinscriptionsindicatekinship,politicalandreligiousrelationsbetweenPergeandSynnada,famousforitsmarblequarries.Aboutthissubject,seeBruetal.2016,72-78.

Two New Inscriptions from the Claudian Period at Perge 281

Accordingly,theeast-westorientedstreetwherebothstructuresarelocatedconstitutedthemainarteryofthecityinthe1stcenturyADwithitseasternandwesterngatesopeningthecitytotheoutsideworld.23ÖzdizbaybelievesthattheSebasteAgora,epigraphicallydatedtothefirstquarterofthe1stcenturyAD,mightbelocatedtothenorthoftheeasternpartofthiseast-westdirectionalstreet.24Thethreeblocksrelatedtothededicationinscriptiondiscussedherewerenotdiscoveredin situ.SincetheirfindspotiswheretheaqueductmeetstheeasternwalloftheCornutusPalaestra,butoutsideofthepalaestra,theyarerelatedtoastructurelocatedontheweststreet(maybedirectlytheCornutusPalaestra).IncaseitisacceptedasabuildinginscriptionrelatedtotheCornutusPalaestra,theargumentbecomesstrongerthatthebuildingwasbuiltinhonorofClaudius,notNero.25

2- Inscription Related to the Emperor ClaudiusInscribedpedestalfragmentoflimestone,brokenonallfoursides,carriessixlinesofinscrip-tiononthefrontface.Itwasfoundinthesoilfillinthemiddlerowofthefirstplaceintheportico,eastofSeptimusSeverus/CitySquare,betweentheHellenisticCityGateandtheRomanGate;nowinthecontainernumber8-9(fig.3).

H.0.483m;W.0.30m;D.0.165m;Lh.0.04m

[Τιβέριος Κλαύ]διος Καῖ[σαρ]

2 [Σεβαστὸς Γε]ρμα[ν]ικὸς. [ἀρ]-

[χιερεὺς μέγι]στος, ὕπ. [ατος τὸ δʹ]

4 [αὐτοκράτ]ω. ρ τὸ ιֿε.ʹ[ δημαρ]-

[χικῆς ἐξουσίας] τὸ ηʹ [πατὴρ]

6 [πατρίδος τειμητή]ς vac.

TiberiusClaudiusCaesar

AugustusGermanicus,

pontifexmaximus,consulforthefourthtime,salutedemperorforthefifteenthtime,

holdingthetribunicianpowerfortheeighthtime, father of the fatherland, and censor.

Thelettersinthepreservedcentralpartoftheinscribedblock,brokenonallfoursides,indicatethattheinscriptionhererelatestotheEmperorClaudius.Thefactthatthenumbersregardinghisofficialtitlesarepartiallypreservedallowsforacompletedating.Claudius’con-sulateforthefourthtime,emperorshipforthefifteenthtime,andholderoftribunicianpowerfortheeighthtimeindicatestheyearAD48.26Intheorderingoftheofficialtitlesgiventoem-perors,themajorityofexampleshavepontifex maximus before tribunicia potestas,whicharefollowedbyconsul and emperor.Inthisinscription,itisdocumentedthattheordercontinuesas pontifex maximus - consul - emperor - tribunicia potestas.27Inscriptionsobtainedfromthe

23 Cf.Şahin1999,25-32;Özdizbay2012,97-99.24 AboutthelocationsoftheSebasteAgoraandBouleuterion,whicharedocumentedepigraphicallyinthisperiod,

seeŞahin1999,36,171;Özdizbay2012,100-8,fig.116.25 InscriptionsarefoundontheentranceofthegateandontwowindowlintelsonthesouthsideoftheCornutus

Palaestra,aswellinfrontofthemonumentalentranceonthewestsideofthestructure.ThesedocumentthatthisstructurewasbuiltbyG.IuliusCornutusandhiswifeCaesiaTertulla,anditwasdedicatedtotheemperor.S.Şahin(1999,51-53,nos.36-38.)thinksthattheemperormentionedintheseinscriptionswasNerowhosucceededClaudius,andthereforecompletesthemissingpartsoftheinscriptionsasΣεβαστῷ Νέρωνι.However,W.Eck(2000,655-57)completesthephraseΣεβαστῶι ΝE-- as Σεβαστῶι νεῶιintheinscription(Şahin1999,52,no.37)carvedonthelintelofthesouthentrancegateandthereforeconsidersthestructurewasdedicatedtoClaudius;cf.Özdizbay2012,183-86,nos.14-17.

26 Kienast1990,90-92.27 Forexamplesoftheaforesaidordering,cf.IGURI28;IGXII6.I.397;IGII²3269;SEGXXIII675.

Nihal Tüner Önen282

easternprovincesregardingtheEmperorClaudiusindicatethattheuseofthetitleGermanicusisprevalent.28

Sincetheemperor’snamewasindicatedinthenominativuscasusandtheinscriptionislargelyincomplete,itmaycontaineithertheemperor’sletterorabuildinginscription.ItisknownthattheEmperorClaudiuswrotealettertothesacredvictorsandperformersofDionysusatMiletusonthesamedateastheinscriptiondiscussedhere.29

Ifthefragmentbelongstosomeconstructionactivity,thefollowingsectionoftheinscrip-tionmayonlycontaininformationaboutthestructure,30orthenameofthelegatus Augusti31 or the procurator32oftheRomanprovinceofGalatiaandPamphyliainchargeoftheconstruction.

EpigraphicdocumentsandarchaeologicalevidenceindicatethatduringthereignoftheemperorsoftheJulio-Claudiandynasty(AD14-68)afterAugustus,theurbanreconstructionactivities accelerated.33TheinscriptionsfromtheperiodoftheEmperorClaudiusaremostly

28 Kneissl1969,34.Forthetitlesoftheemperorintheeasternprovinces,seealsoScramuzza1940.29 MiletI.3,156:[Τι]βέριος Κλαύδιος Καῖσαρ Σεβαστὸς Γερμ̣[ανι]ǀ[κ]ός, δημαρχικῆς ἐξουσίας τὸ ηʹ, ὕπατος τ̣[ὸ δʹ], ǀ

α̣ὐ̣τοκράτωρ τὸ ιεʹ, πατὴρ πατρίδος, τειμητής, ǀ τοῖς περὶ τὸν Διόνυσον ἱερονείκαις καὶ τεχνείǀǀταις χαίριν. μεμνημένους ὑμᾶς, ὧν παρεσǀχόμην διαφυλάξας τὰ ὑπὸ τῶν πρὸ ἐμοῦ Σεǀβαστῶν καὶ τῆς συνκλήτου δεδομένα δίκαια, ǀ ἀποδέχομαι καὶ πιράσομαι αὔξιν αὐτὰ εὐǀσεβῶς διακιμένων ὑμῶν πρὸς τὸν ἐμὸν οἶǀǀκον. τοῦτο δέ μοι παρέστησεν Μᾶρκος Οὐαλέǀριος Ἰουνιανὸς οἰκιακός μου, ὃν καὶ αὐτὸν ἐǀπῄνεσα οὓτως διακίμενον πρὸς ὑμᾶς.vac.[ἔρρωσθε?].SeealsotheletterofAD47/48writtenbytheemperortotheboule and demosofKosinrelationtoastructureandfestivalprobablybuiltinhishonor(SEGLVIII855)andtheletterstotheMytilenians(IGXII2.63)andtotheSamians(IGXII6.1.164).

30 ComparetheinscriptionsdocumentingthatClaudiushadrepairedthegymnasiumandthetempleofDionysuswhichweredamagedduetoageandtheearthquakeinSamosinAD47;(IGXII6.1.482:Ti(berius) Cla[udius Caesar] ǀ Augu[stus Germanicus] ǀ pon[tifex maximus] ǀ tribu[niciae potestatis] ǀǀ V ̅I ̅I ̅ im[p(erator) XV co(n)s(ul) IIII] ǀ pater pa[triae censor] ǀ gymna[sium – – – – – – –] ǀ vetus[tate et terrae motu di|rutum sumptibus suis restituit]. ǀǀ [Τιβέριο]ς Κλαύδιος Καῖσαρ | [Σεβαστ]ὸς Γερμανικός, | [ἀρχιερε]ὺς vac. μέγιστος, | [δημαρχ]ικῆς ἐξουσία̣[ς] ǀǀ [τὸ ἕβδο]μ̣ον, αὐτ[οκράτωρ] | [τὸ πεντε]κα[ιδέκατον], | [ὕπατος τὸ τέταρτον], | [πατὴρ πατρίδος, τειμητής] | – – – – –;Freis1985(cf.IGXII6.1.483):Τιβέριος Κλαύδιος | Καῖσαρ Σεβαστὸς | Γερμανικὸς ἀρχιερεὺς | μέγιστος δη[μαρχικῆς] ǀǀ ἐξουσία[ς τὸ ἕβδομον] | αὐτοκρ[άτωρ] ǀ τὸ πεντε[καιδέκατον] | ὕπατος [τὸ τέταρτον] | πατὴρ [πατρίδος] ǀǀ τειμητή[ς, τὸν ναὸν] | τοῦ Διο[νύσου] | [ἀρχαιότητι καὶ] | [σεισμῷ γενομένῳ] | [κατεφθαρμένον] ǀǀ [ἀποκατέστησε]).

31 SincetheinscriptionofPergeisdatedtoAD48,itispossiblethatthegovernoroftheRomanprovinceofPamphyliaandGalatiaonthisdatewasmentionedhere.However,thereisnoclearinformationaboutthegovernor(s)whoservedbetweenT.HelviusBasila,knownforcertaintobethegovernorbetweentheyearsAD37-39,andM.AnniusAfrinus,thegovernorbetweentheyearsAD49-54.Onthissubject,seeSherk1980,975-76;Rémy1989,140-41,172.

32 TheinscriptionfoundinAttaleia,whichstatesthattheEmperorClaudiusrestoredtheroadsinPamphyliathroughhisprocuratorM.ArruntiusAquila,constitutesagoodexampleofthis.(IGRRIII768:Ṭi. Claudius Drus[i f.] Cae|sar Aug ̣. G ̣erm[an]i|cus, pontif(ex) maxim[u]s, | tr(ibunicia) po[t](estate) X, | imp(erator) XIIX, p(ater) p(atriae), c[o](n)s(ul) deǀǀsig ̣(atus) V, [p]er M. Ar[ru]ntium |Aqu[il]am procur(atorem) suom {suum} | vias refecit. | Τ̣ι̣[βέ]ρι(ος)Κλαύδιος | Δρούσ[ου] υἱὸς Καῖσαρ ǀǀ Σεβαστὸς Γερμανι|κὸς, ἀρχιερεὺ[ς μ]έ|γιστος, δημα[ρ]χι|κῆς ἐξουσίας [τ]ὸ | ιʹ, αὐτοκράτω[ρ τὸ ιηʹ], ǀǀ πατὴρ πατρίδ[ο]ς, [ὕπατος] | [ἀποδεδειγμένος τὸ εʹ], | [διὰ Μ. Ἀρρούντιον Ἀκουίλαν] | [τὸν ἐπίτροπον ἑαυτοῦ] | [ὁδοὺς ἀποκατέστησε]).ForL.PupiusPraesens,whowashonoredinPergeastheprocurator of theEmperorsClaudiusandNerointheRomanProvinceofGalatia,seeŞahin1999,43-44,no.24;Abuagla2012,221-26.

33 Architravefragmentswererecoveredaroundthesidestreetseparatingthe11thand12thinsulasofthenorth-southorientedcolonnadedstreet.AninscriptiondedicatedtotheEmperorTiberiusandtheincriptioncontainingthenameinnominativuscasusofTitusHelviusBasila,legatus Augusti pro praetoreoftheRomanprovinceofGalatia,indicatetwodistinctstructuresclosetotheintersectionofthenorth-southandeast-westorientedstreets.AbouttheopinionofS.Şahinthattheseinscriptionswereconnectedwiththeconstructionofthenorth-southorientedstreetandtheSebasteAgora,whichhethinksopensontothisstreet,seeŞahin1999,33-35,no.21;36,no.22.Foranoppositeopinion,seeÖzdizbay2012,135-36.AnotherinscriptiondatedtotheTiberianperiod,reusedinthewaterchannel200metersnorthoftheHellenisticTowersandinthecenterofthenorth-southorientedcol-onnadedstreet,alsomentionstheSebaste Agora(Şahin1995;1999,37-43,no.23;Jones1995).FortheNeronianperiodstructuring,seeÖzdizbay2012,138-39.ThehonoringinPergeofSextusAfraniusBurrusandLuciusPupiusPraesens,procuratorsoftheProvinciae Galatiae et Pamphyliae intheClaudianandNeronianperiodsbyTiberiusClaudiusPlocamus,freedmanoftheEmperorClaudiusandpriestoftheImperialCult(Onur2008;Özdizbay2012,187-88,nos.19-20),canbeassociatedwiththeconstructionactivitiesthatincreasedduringthisperiod.Concerning

Two New Inscriptions from the Claudian Period at Perge 283

foundonthearchitraveblocks,whosearchitecturalstructurecannotbedetermined.TheseblocksweremostlydiscoveredtothesouthoftheHellenisticTowers.Fromthis,S.Şahinsug-gestedthattheHellenisticcitywallonthesouthernsideoftheHellenisticTowerswasdemol-ishedtoexpandtheurbanareaduringthereignoftheEmperorClaudiusandtoformanewcity center.34ArchitravefragmentsfoundinthisareaandevaluatedbyŞahinasrelatedtothesamemonument,butdeterminedtobelongtoarchaeologicallydifferentstructures,35aresignif-icant.FortheyindicatereconstructionactivitiesintheTiberian,ClaudianorNeronianperiod.Inadditiontothesearchitraveinscriptions,aninscriptionrecordedbyLanckoroński, carved onfourarchitraveblocksfoundneartheLateCityGatebuttodaylost,documentedthatthepeopleofPergehonoredtheEmperorClaudiusandbuiltastructureinhishonor.36Althoughnotclearlyidentified,fourinscriptionscouldberelatedtotheEmperorClaudiusandbelongtotheNorthernGymnasion-CornutusPalaestralocatedonthenorthernedgeofthecolonnadedstreetextendingeasttowest.Constructionactivitiesthereduringthe1stcenturyADareknownbothepigraphicallyandarchitecturally.

Asaresult,thetwodocumentsintroducedaddtoourexistingknowledgeconcerningthecityofPergeduringtheClaudianPeriod.Itisclearlydocumentedepigraphicallythatthesettle-mentareaontheacropolisbegantospreadalongaflatareaextendingtowardsthesouth,especiallyalongtheeast-westcolumnedstreet,fromthefirsthalfofthe1stcenturyA.D.TheinscriptionsregardingClaudiusindicatethattheconstructionactivitiesadoptedbytheem-perorasageneralpolicywerealsoimplementedinthecityofPerge.ThefirstinscriptionisimportantinthatitistheonlyinscriptiontodatethatprovidesinformationoncitizenshipandemancipationobtainedduringtheTiberianperiod.Moreover,itintroducestwonewfigurestoPerge’sprosopography.TheprivilegesobtainedduringtheTiberianperiodprobablycontinuedintheClaudianperiod,andthefatherandsonextendtheirthankstotheemperoraswellasthepeopleofPergebybuildingastructure.Theotherinscriptionwhichmentionstheemper-or’snameinnominativuscasus,isimportantinthatitrefersdirectlytoastructurebuiltbytheemperorortoaletterwrittenbyhim.

thehonoringofL.PupiusPraesensbythedemos and the bouleinIconiumforhissupportinthereconstructionactivities, see CIG3991(=ILS8848=IGRRIII263);cf.Şahin1999,43-44.ConcerningthedebateoverPamphylia’sinvolvementintheprovinceofGalatiauntilthereignoftheEmperorVespasianandtheclarificationoftheissuethroughthetwoaforesaidinscriptions,seeÖzdizbay2012,16-19.ForPerge’sfirstneocoratetitlegivenbytheEmperorVespasian,seeBaz2016.

34 Şahin1999,47-49,116.Özdizbay(2012,138)believesthattheseinscriptionswereusedasspoliainthecitywallwhichwasrepairedandexpandedagainsttheGothsandSassanianattacksinthe3rdcenturyAD.

35 Şahin1999,45-49,nos.28-30;forthecompletionproposal,seeno.31.Onthearchaeologicaldiscrepancyinthearchitravefragmentsinquestion,seeÖzdizbay2012,137.

36 vonLanckoroński2005,165,no.30;Şahin1999,48-49,no.33.S.ŞahinclaimedthestructureinquestionmighthavebelongedtotheOrnamentalGatebetweentheHellenisticTowers.However,S.Bulgurlu(1999,67)provedarchaeologicallythatthiswasnotpossible.

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MakaleGeliş/Received : 19.12.2019

MakaleKabul/Accepted : 25.03.2020

Two New Inscriptions from the Claudian Period at Perge 287

A B C

FIG. 1 Dedication inscription for the Emperor Claudius and the Demos.

FIG. 2 Transcription of Inscription 1.

FIG. 3 Inscription related to the Emperor Claudius.