~ AD AUN* 013 NAVAL MEDICAL RESEARCH INST CT)CSOA MD F,. o,se

MODIFICATION OF INTERNAL DISCRIMINATIVE STIMILUS CONTROL OF BEH—ETC(U)DCC 76 a ft THOMAS. S S YEAPCLL. I. S StaRCH

UNCLASSIFICO Nt

__ ____

ENDDArt

FILlED

fO —77DDC

I

II

p H

________

I 4

—

~~ ~ ~

UNCLASSIFIED _____________

S E C U R I T Y C L A S S I F I C A T I O N OF T H I S P A G E (I$7,pn Del. E,Ue,.’

REA RUCTIO~~S —

REPORT DOCUMENTATION P AGE BEFORE COMPLETING FORM

)~-19t C 4 P I E N T $ C A T A L O G N U M B E RS.~ Nf PORT N U M B E R

(:~~ / 12

GOVT A C C E S S I O N NO.

£ ~ C OV ER~~~‘~~~~~~~ 1. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -

Medical ~esearchCONTROL OF BEHAVIOR BY LOW LEVELS OF PULSED MICRO ~ rogress~~e~~~t.~~~MODIFI CATION OF. INTERNAL DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS

~~~~~~~~~~ DM0 . R~~~~,~~~~N UMBERWAVE RADIATION . -

—~~ 8 C O N 1 RA C T O R G RA N T NV IdBE R( . ),-~~. ~~

—. AUT H O R(a )

~— 1~~ R .JThomas , S. S~~Yeand le~~~~ L . S .J

-

Burch !

ID P R O G R A M ELEMENT. PRO J ECT . TAS I (9 P E R F O RM I / ~ G O R G A N I Z A T I O N N A M E A N D A D D R E S S A R

~ >.~~ W O R K UN IT NU M BERS

~~~~~~~ Nava l Medical Research Institute~~~~~~~ Bethesda , Maryland 20014

/ ~_

~~~••~ MF51~>2I Pi~ L OO18 ~~~~~ epoft ~ OI2~I I . C O N T R O L L I N G O F F I C E N A M E A N D A D D R E S S

Naval Medical Research & Development Con,nand(2~t’ ‘‘~~~~~~ ~ 76 I

TY. j .e o~~~Bethesda , Maryland 20014 14 pp14 MO N I T O R I N G A G E N C Y NA M E & ADDRFSS(II diIfe,.nt Iron, Cont,olIIn4 OffIc e) 15 . S E C U R I T Y CLASS. (of Ihi. r.porf)

UNCLASSIFIEDBureau of Medicine & Sur~erg/ , ~.. D E C L A S S I F IC A T IO N /D O W N G R A D IN GDepartment of the Navy

SCHEDULEWashington , D.C. 20372IA D I S T R I B U T I O N S T A T E M E N T (of 11,.. R.port )

D D ~~S.-,Approved for public release and sale; distribution unlimited . r-~~~~~~

—~

~~

_____________________________________________________ ~ ~~17. D I S T R I B U T I O N S T A T E M E N T (of lb. •b.ft.cl .nt.r.d In Block 20. II dlff.,.nt from R.port)

L~~~~Jr~__U

T I ~B

It S U P P L E M E N T A R Y N O T E S

Thomas, J. R. , S. S. Yeandle , and L. S. Burch. 1977. Modification of internaldis~riminative stimulu s control of behavior by low levels of pulsed microwaveradiation. Pages 201-214 in Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves . Vol .1. Selected papers of the U~NC/URSI Annua l Meeting, Boulder , Colorado, Oct. 20-

19 KEY WO R DS (Conllnu. on p.,.,.. sIde If n.c..eary ~~,d ld.nllfy by block numb.,)

>_ 23, 1975. HEW Publ . (FDA)77-80l0 , U.S. Department of Health , Education and~~~~~ _ Wel fare, Roc kv i lle , Md .

IC-)

_ __ _ _ _ _____ _ _ _ _

20 A B S T RA CT (ConlIflu. on f•~~ ts. •Id• II n.c.eury ~~~ j d . n f f f y by block nomb.r)

~~~ The behaviora l effects of pul sed microwave radiat ion were determined on ratsperforming on a reinforcement schedule regulated by internal stimulus control.The reinforcement schedule required that at least eight consecutive responsesbe made on one res ponse leve r before a response on a secon d leve r would bereinforced with food . If the animal switched to the second lever before thecount of eight , the sequence of eight responses had to be restarted . Baselineperformances over a 6-month period indicated the existence of a discriminat ion

DI) ~~~~~~ 1473 E D ITIO N OP NOV 65 I $ O ~~$O L (yE UNCLASSIFIE nc_ ’

~ ‘V /‘ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~S/N 0 102 - O I4~ 660 1 I ) 1 ’ SECU RITY CLAISIPICATIQN OP THIS ~~~~~~~~~~ 0 . LiI.e.d) — — -~~--~ .- ~~-..-- — -

UNCLASS: IED’5 ’ . / I ~~~~’ C L A S S I F I C A T I O N OF T H I S PAGE(I h.n Data EnI.,.d)

of the number of responses counted on the first lever , as switching responsesoccurred with the largest frequency following eight or more responses .Exposure to a pulsed 2.45 6Hz r~diation source for 30 minutes with powerdensities of 5, 10, or 15 mW/cm produced changes in the perfromance on thefixed consecutive-number schedule. All power densities led to increasedfrequency of premature swi tching , with the highest power producing the mostdisruption of the counting discrimi nation. Premature switching responses dueto radiation exposures were associated with pronounced reductions in thepercentage of correctly performed response runs that produced reinforcements .Microwave radiation had no effects on overall or running response rates oron response variability .

PY ‘

_

- ~

1.

— UNCLASST F1~D-,

JPflIW I~ ata.( , i if ~ /~ W . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .4

~ 1 i i n tc ’d f r ~ n “i~iologica1 t f f ct~ of 1~1 -rtrU nI;Igfl~ t fc“ Si~ 1 ~~t t eLI 1’ i pt .rS of t III’ USNC/I T4 sT Annual ‘k’( t I ~~~~ , -

, ‘ I d / ’ r , C~~1o . , Oct . 2 0 — 2 ~, 1915 , HEW 1~u b I . N~~. 77— 8010 l I l~ I IlbIlcatloll (l’ l)~ ) 77.’~1Hl (J

~V~ l . I) and 77— 80 11 ( V 1 . I T ) , De~ emh ~~r 1976

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS ofELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Selected Papers of theUSN C/URS I Annua l Meeting

Boulde r, Color~doOctober 20 -23 , 1975

Volume I

I~( h t I ~ l I)~(~~1 I I I ~~ ( . J(IllI1~-~I)((

~~ C) . . . I .C C. I III I ! V I) f I . 1 )11

-~ C. C) C

E ~~ I c

,..~ \ l on . - I . . ~‘~1~~)I/~5’ 0 > c~

~ :~:-~

.~ 9j .~ l~III( ’~III (If II IIIII) I((gi (~ Il I l / dI LII:3

~ -/ C~i C) 4-):-~ C ..4 >

I. I’. -- ~0 4-I ($~ ~~~~~~~~~ C..C.C.~C...

C) C) ~ ~-. ______ -

L

~‘ C

-~~ (~ .~

b U I C I U Of radlUlogIcal he~.lIIh

r _______________ WHO ( oII~horat ing Center for

o - ___________________________ Stdnd~ rdI,a lIt/Il (II Protec In/Il

C r •~ Again~ Noni onh ,aII ~ KadIdIl/Ins

C) C . - )I.-.~ ‘~) ‘C) SpInIsured b y

:3 ~ . .~.4

• • . ~~~~ r’ 11 r~ f \I l ~ % l I

(. 1 . S. \~~t t u ri~d (:I)lflfl~~ tt (./ (~f tllf~

i ..L. _i~)

Int(~I-n at ior Ia l I III()I1 (If I~a(Ii() S - I f I I I ~ SEP 14 ~977r~atiorIdl .\( •Idl rn y (If ‘( I /~t I ( ( S ¶

Wa sh ing to n , I) .C. 20418 ~5 [~T.FU 1.~ ~December 1976 B

U .S. I)E PA I~T M ENT OF’ IJEA LTH , EDUCATION . A NI) %V ELFAREI’ub lic Health Service

Food an(l l)rug Administration11UrS.IU I/f R:t(Ii IIogIcj I H~aIth

R(x ’kvitk , Maryla fld 3$.ni7

MODIf ICA TION or INTERNAL DISCR IM INAI rVE STIMULUS CONTROL OF BEHAVIOR BYLOW LEVELS OF PULSED MICROWAVE RADIAT ION

.1. R. Thomas , S. S. YeaI~dl e, and I. S. BItrchU . S . Naval Medical Researeli Institute

Bethesda , Mary land 20014

ABSTRACT- The behavioral e f f e c t s of pulsed microwave r a d i a t i o n were d e ter m i n e d on

r . i t s p e r f o r m i n g on a r e i n f o r c e m e n t sc1ie~ ti1e r e g u l a te d by i n t e r n a l s t i m u l u scent m l . The r e i n f o r cem e n t schedu le re~~LI ired t h a t at least -eigh ts consecu t iveT C S ~~ OflS( ’ S be made on one response lever b e f o r e a response on a seron.J leverW I/ i d he r e i n f o r ce d w i t h food. I f t he anima l s w i t c h e d to the hecon(I leverb f I / r / ’ t he ( ‘min t of ci g u t , t h e sequence of eip~ht responses had to he r e s tar t e d . ~ .

-~e 1 i II~~ p e r f o r m an c e s over a 6 — m o n t h pe i od I iid i c:It ed t u e c:-: i S tence of aI ‘; I- ri ~ Iinat ion of the number of responses c ou n t e d on t h e f i rs t lever , as

‘witching responses occu r re d w i t h the I dr g e s t frequency fo l l o w i n g e i g h t- o rre rcs~~ nses. Exposure to a pulsed 2.45 ChIz rod La t ion source fo r 30

:~ i f l u t e s with power dens i t L’s of 5 , 10 , dr 15 mW/cm 2 produced changes in the — .

p er f o r m a n c e on the fixed consecutive—number schedule . All power densitiesI ed t c ’ in t -r ease( 1 frequency of premature switching, wi l b t h e h i ghest powe r;‘r o ’lw t u g t h e most d i s r u p t ion of t h e coun t ing d i ‘~ - r i n u i n a t i o n . PrematureE ; wi t t - h i n g responses due to r a d i a t ion exposures were associated with pronouncedredurt lori s in the p e r c e n t a g e of c o r rcc tl y p e r f or m e d response runs t h a tproduced r e i n f o r c e m e n t s . Microwave r adi~at ion had no e f f ec t s on o v e r a l l orrunning response rates or on response v~ r 1 a b i I i t y .

I N T R ODUCTION

There has been a growing interest in the reported effects of exposuret o m i c r o w a v e r a d i a t i o n on the nervous s~~stem and b e h a v i o r . P a r t i c u l a r l y ofi n t e re s t are the biological e f f e c t s of ‘~ery low leve ls of m i c r o w a v e r a d i a t i o n .A wide r an g e of d isc i p l ines have begun t~o i n ve ut i g a te the b i o log ical effects( I f l o w — l e v e l n o nlo ni z in g radia t ton on the nervous s y s t e m ; these discl p l in esinc lude clectrophysiology , pathology , b !ochemistry, and behavior analysis[1 , 21 . The present stud y is par t of a ~prograri concerned with the effects ofl ow—level microwave radiation on the ner~vous sys tem assessed by chang es in(e~~~Iing comp lex behavior in organisms following exposures to microwaver a d i a t i o n . The behavioral baseline used in the present stud y involved a( ‘( lu n t ing procedure in w h i c h a m i n i m u m number of consecuti ve responses on oneriani pu l and um was r e qu ir e d be fore a respc~nse on a second m a n l p l l l an d u n wou ld her e In f o r c e d [3 , 4]; the base l ine is presumably concerned w i t h an o rgan i sm ’sd i s c r i m i n a t i o n of its own behavior or th~e r e g u l a t i o n of b e hav i o r by sub t l ei n t e r na l s t i m u l u s cont ro l . The behav iora l e f f e c t s of I I r ange of f i e l dut r t~ngthfl of pulsed microwave r a d i a t i o n n p e r f o r m a n c e on t h i s base l ine wered~~ ermlned.

— - .

201 •

‘

~~~~ i’ .\, ~‘ t ) U M I I I I I

— _ - _~~~~~. _ . ‘ . ‘ , s _ - . _ ~~

______ _

~MATLRIAL AND MLTHODS -

l i l t ’ s u b j e c t s wer e f o u r male a lb ino r o t s (NMP, E : 0 [ S t ) ] C V , Sprague—Dawleyder l v r ’d ) we igli Ing from 250 to 300 g and ma i n to med at approx im- i te l y 80Z ~~their I ret’— feeding weigh t~~; by food presented du r lug sess in~is and by post ~ (•SS ion‘supp li-mental feeding. They wore housed in i nd i vi du , I 1 home cage’s w t 11cont i n i l ou s access to water.

The s u b j e c t s p e r f o r m e d in a rodent ci l l ’,c ( 2 1 . 6 X 2 4 . 1 X 20 .3 cm) t h a tc o n t a in e d two response , levers and a food t r ay mounted on the f r o n t wall. Theresponse levers r e q u i re d a m i n i m u m fo rce of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 10 g to make anelectric al switch closure t ha t was recorded OS a response . A pci le t f eede rloca te d b eh ind the f ron t wal l disp ensed 45 mg food pellets into t h e food tray

‘loca ted between the two response levers as the reinforcer. A housel ight wasmounted on the top of t h e f r o n t w a l l . T u e rodent cage was mounted ins ide as o u n d — re d u c i n g enc losure w i t h a f i l t e re d v e n t i la t i o n sys tem . Schedu l ing andreco rd ing of e x p e r i m e n t a l sessions , as w e lt as data anal ysis , were accomp l ishedby a g e r n ’r a l — p u r p o se di g i tal computer connected to the rodent cage bya p p r o p r i a t e i n t e r f a c i n g .

The subjects were trained by the method of successive approximation to‘produce a food reinforcement by pressing t h e r ight response lever oncef o l l owed by a single response on the left lever. Over a number of sessionsthe requirement on the righ t lever was increased to ei ght responses. Thefinal schedule required that at least eight consecutive responses he made on -

t h e right lever b e f o r e a response on t h e l e f t lever would i)r (IdLice foodr e i n f o r cem e n t . If a subjec t swi tched t~ t h e l e f t lever b e f o r e t h e count ofei ght was completed , no consequence occur red excep t t h a t the sequence ofei ght responses was r e i n s t a t e d . T h e s u b j e c t s p er formed on the schedu le fo rf i v e sessions per week. Each d a i l y exp e r i m e n t al , session las ted u n t i l 60 foodr e i n f o r c e m e n t s had been obta ined , at w h i c h p o i n t t u e house l i ght was cu t o f f ,t he response levers were e l e c t r o n i c a l ly d i sc o n nec t e d , and tile session wast e r m i n a t e d . Subjects wer e exposed to the schedule f o r 6 m o n t h s to ensu rest~ih i l ity in baseline respond ing b e f o r e exposure to m i cr o w a v e rod m t i n n .

The subjec ts were exposed to microwave r a d i a t i o n immedia te l y he ’foieexp er im en tal sessions on one day dur ing ‘a week. Usually two subjects wer(’irradiated on the same day. They were exposed to radiation for 30-minutedurations; the experimental sessions began 5 to 10 minutes after the end ofa microwave exposure. The microwave generator (App l ied Microwave Laboratory ,Model P1140K) produced a pulsed radiation source that operated at 2.450 GHz,with t he pulse width set at 1 ~I s CC and the pulse—repetition frequency set at500 H z . The energy source was coupled through wave—guide t r ansmiss ion lines‘to a 24 .1 X 17.8 cm rec tangula r horn (Waveline) . Tile horn was o r ien ted tog ive a v e r t i c a l ly po la r i zed e lec t r i c f i e l d . Power to tile horn was measuredb y a power me te r ( H e w l e t t — P a c k a r d , Model 432A) inse r ted w i t h a d i r e c t i o n a l

‘ coup ler i n t o the wave—guide l ines eonne ’ct ing the generator to the horn .

Al l ir r adiat ions were conducted In ‘a chamber l ined w i t h microwave—absorbing material (Echosorb FR340). The subj ects were placed in a sleeveholder constructed of fine plastic mesh , which produced negligible per tu rbat ionof the field . Figure 1 illustrates the radiation chamber and apparatusarrangement. The subjects were exposed to .1 number of sham irrad iation

‘exposures during which they were placed in the sleeve holder for a durationof 30 minutes with all equipment on, but ’ no forward power. All four

2subje c ts

were exposed to three differ ent power de~mIties (5, 10, and 15 mW/cm ) two orthree times each in a semirandom sequence. The subjects performed on thebaseline schedule every day between the ~nicrowave exposures in order to observe‘behavioral recovery from microwave exposures and to provide a continuous

- baseline tO whICh e CpO s salons eou~d be compared . All of the data - -

202 .,_~~

_,.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~, - - —~~~ _______ — — .., -a

r 4

4)1.)

(10 -

_ _

0 (1 I I Ii ~‘I ~~I I ~ lI ~~

.c, U t ~C.) I~~t lUI 1

203 .., , ,

- - _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________

4

- -

and measurements presented In the s t u d y are based on the last Iwo expo suresat (‘;lcil power dens it y I nv&’st i galed and the l a s t two 511am exposures f o r eachsubject . A l l exposures were c o n d u c t e d under n e a r — f i e l d condit ions w i t h thesub j e c t s s epa rat ed from the a nt L ’ n n . l l)y e i t her 2. 5 or 3.75 w a v e l e n g t h s and

P o r i en t e d p e r p en d i c u l a r l y to bo th the (l i r ect ion of p r op . u g a t ion and t i le e l e c t ri cfield v e c t o r of the microwaves . The heads of the subj ec’ t s , p laced a long thebores igiit of the a n t e n n a , were exposed to thre e different field intensities.The i n t en s i t y of t i l e microwave f i & ’ l d , used f o r an exposu re , was d e t e r m i n e d byp l a c tug a Narda Mic rol inc probe (Mod el 8323) a t t u e p o s i t ion of the subj e’ct ‘Shead I l l t he absenc& of the sub jec t . The-~three ~u tcn s i t l e s , measured in t h i sf;ish ion , were a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 , 10 , and 15 m W/ cm

Thu Narda probe , because of its ldrge s ize , could not provide the s p a t i a lr e so lu t ion and m a n e u v e r a b i l i t y r equ i red f or .t h e accu ra t e mapping of t he nearf i e l d s u t i l i z e d f o r the anima l exposures . A m i n i a t u r e probe , developed byti le Bureau of Radio logica l Hea l th [ 5 ] , was used to map spa t i a l v a r i a t i o n s ands t a n d i n g waves as wel l as to q u a n t i f y the r el a t ive magn i tudes of t u e t h r e ecomponents of the electric field , both with and w i t h o u t the an imal p resen tin the chamber . As the m i n i a t u r e probe 1 was desi gned f o r use in C.W. fields ,a 2.450 GHz C .W. g e n e r a t o r was coupled to the antenna fo r these measurements.

The core t e m p e r a t u r e s of the ra ts were measured b e f o r e and a f t e r a numberof rad iation exposures with a s t a n d a r d r e c t a l probe. In a d d i t i o n , t i le coret em p e r a t u r e was measured in the f i e l d d u r i n g a ser ies of microwave exposures

-~ u s i n g a small probe desi gned [or use in microwave en v i r o n m e n t s [6 1.

DATA A N A L Y S I S

Fol lowing each da i l y e x p e r i m e n t a l session , f i v e behavior measures werec a l c u l a t e d :

( 1) Overall res~~ pse r a t e : the r a t e of responding (responses per second)dur ing an entire session.

(2) Run ~~~p,g r a t e : t h e r a t e (respobses per second) at wi l ich a subjec tresponded on the r i gh t lever between a p r i o r response on t i l e l e f t lever and aresponse on the l e f t lever tha t ended the r u n . Both the mean r a te at whichruns were emi t ted and the s tandard deviat ion were ca lcu la t ed fo r a session .

(3) Run length : the mean number o~ responses emit ted on the ri ght leverI b e tween responses on the l e f t lever. The s tandard d e v i a t i o n s for the runs

were a l s o ca lcu la ted .(4) Re In fo rced runs : tile pe rcen tage of runs in each session tha t were

I long enoug h to produce r e i n f o r c e m e n t .(5) RelatIve freq ,uenc~~: the f r equency d i s t r i b u t i o n of al l run l eng ths

that occurred during an experimental session .

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The sub jec t s ex h i b i t e d a d i sc r imina t ion of the number of responses required(In the r ight response lever , as tile lar~ est p ropor t ion of l e f t — l e v e r responses

‘I o c c u r red f o l l o w i n g the requi rement of eight or more responses on the rightlever. The main finding of the present~ study Is that all three of the Powerd e n s i t i e s explored led to changes In performance on the behav io i b a s e l i ne .P e r f o r m an c e always recovered to within baseline values by t h e n e s S io n immed-iately following microwave exposure.

. Fi gure 2 shows changes in the percentage of runs t h a t were b u g voi ’nughu toproduce re in fo rcement as a f u n c t i on of ~incr easing power d e n s i t y . Thepercen tage of cor rec t runs dec l ined as a resul t of exposure in incr e .e ; i n gpower densities IF (3, 9) 20.3, p< .O~ l ] . The percentage of co r r ec t runs

~~~

‘ - dropped from close to 80% fo r b a s e l i ne ~o below 50% at 15 mW/em . A s s or Ht edwi th the decline in the percentage of correc t runs was a decrease in the mean

-~~ -

~~~4 ‘ . 1

:‘:

“

,

‘

~~~~, ..

- _ _ _ _

80 I~ - .

6 0-

~~~5O~~

~~ 4 O -

3 0-

I I I I

0 5 10 i5EXPOSURE (mW/cm 2)

Figure 2. Changes in the percentage of reinforced runs as a functionof microwave—radiation Intensity. Zero~ exposure indica tes baseline perform-ance following sham Irradiations. Each~ da ta point is the mean of foursubjects and brackets show standard crrdrs . -

- -: - 205

-

number i t t r&-sp til- ; i - s I ’fli l i t t ’ d O i l t l ie rig h t lever b i t ~~~~~~- s r e - sp o u se ’. ; () 1~ L i re I L - f t

l e v e r (run I engthi ) . As siiitwri i l l t Ire t t i p of F’ 1g. , t h i - mean run 1 - i t g t Iidt -e rt;tst-d I rsr:i b i . ~- l i in ’ t o the hui g li. _ ’st powe r d & - n s i t y 11- ’ ( 5 , 9) 18. 2 , p <.01 JIlie vii i ihi li t v of run l & - n g t i l s as re f I eCt c- t i by tin- st enlard cli v 1st u n t f eachd~~-c ’ slit wed no S y st (‘1151 t I c t [e O d S ( I ower ha 11 of F’ I g, . 3)

Tile dt -c 1 1 lIe 10 p e ru t n t age of c-or rut : t ru in s as t r e su I t tif exposure tom i c r o w . t v c r , i t l i a t ion I ; a d i r tc t r i -stilt of an inert- as i n g n u m b e r of r u n leiig t listh at ~~‘i - I t ’ less t h an t i l l - r t - q u i red c I ght responses - F i g u ru 4 shows the rd at i vudistri b ut ion of var l u t e run l en g t h is for base] m e s - ~;s b u s . The relativef r e q u e n c y d i s t r i hu i t i so i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e hr i giiest I r c pi it -y o cc u r r e d at a runleng th of eight , with t he la rges t p r op oçt i o n of runs i t i d i cat In g lengths ofe i g h t or longer . Tile I us re-ase- in run l e n g t h s that w er e s h o r t e r t h a n t h er e q u i r e d run l e n g t h as a r es u l t of rad ist iou~ exIs;;IIr can be- se-en i n F i g . 5 ,wi i~~-ii shows t h e r e l a t i v e increase in t h e p r o p o r t ion of s h o r t e r runs as af un c t ion of power d e n s i t y . The r u n — l e n g t h d i st r i b u t ion is s h i f t e d uwards h o r t e r run l eng ths a f t e r m i c r o w a v e — m d t a t ion exposure .

Examples of p e r f o r m a n c e on baseline sessions at i d f o b lowing c-xpu sui re tothe t h r e e power d e n s i t i e s may be seen for two of t h e s u b j e c t s in F l y s . 6 and7. The records i n d i c a t e recorded responses on the rig ht l e v e r . I f t i i # - r unwas eight responses in l eng th or g r eat e r f o l l o w i n g a run of responses 011 t lieri ght lever , a response on the l e f t lever produced a f u id r v in f o r c e r ~i-n t asm d ics t i d b y a p ip on the r ecord . The base]. inc r eco rds m d i c a te t h a t t h es c h e d u le produces a h i gh r a t e of respond lug pre-c eded b y a pause a f t e r

S u b - t bip tsts ic pat I c i i i is q u i t e t y p i c a l W p e e f o r I :~ is~ - e c i ia I i x u d — r a t io sciledu Ic of r e i n f o r c e - m e r i t . S ince a l l sess ions werc - t e r m i n a t e dW i l i - I l 60 r e i n f o r c e m e n ts had been obtained , the i n c r e a s e in the n u m b e r of sho r t ,i n c o r r ec t r esponse r u n s d u r i n g m i c r o w a v e sessions c-an he assessed by the-inc r c -~~s. ti number i t ! r esponses in a r c - c o t d . G e n e r a l l y , t h e cu m u l a t i v e r e sponserecurds show that t he number of r i gi l t — l e v e r responses ( those too s h o r t top r o d u c e r e i n f o r c e m e n t ) increased w i t h ~n c r e - a s l ng power d e n s i t ics . P a r t ieularl yin L i i i - r e co rds f o r t h e - 10 and 15 mW/cm sessions , long runs of responses canbe See S with 11w ri i n f o r c t - c i - - n t s obtained . In add i t i o n to t h e j u t : r u l s e i ni I I C I r r~ -c t — l e n g t ii re-spous ;c- runs , t lie c umula t ive records f o r t i r e i i i g l l e - r (loSesshow t h i n t the r i-spou se pa t tu r n s became d i s r u p te d .

l v i i i thoug h t h e re were d t -f m i t e - changes in t h e p r o p o r t ion of c o r rec t runsand i n t i r e response p a t t e r n s as a f u n c tio n of m i c u - owave exposu re , meanr u r i n i n g r a t e showed no s y s t e m a t i c changes (Fi g. 8 ) . N e i t h e r t i l t ’ mean runningr a te s t i er the variability of rates showed any c lear cilanges as a r e su l t ofi n c r eas e s in power density. Overall response rates , as shown in Fi g. 9, showedonl y a s l i ght trend toward declining with increasing dose of exposure.

Another important characteristic of the behavioral baseline generated bythe experimental procedure is that the lengths of consecutive r e sponse r u n sdeve lop s equen t i a l dependencies . That i!s, the length of a part icul ;ir response-run depends upon tile l eng th of the preceding run [4]. Tile d e p e n d e n c y of run1t-ng th on preceding ruins can be seen fo~ basel ine sessions in the relationpresented in Fig. 10. The baseline data points , partic ularly for t i le m i d d l e —r u n — l e n g t h values , ind ica te tha t f ol l o w i n g run- ; tend to he s l i gh t l y longerthan preceding runs. The regression l ine- fitted to these da t a p o i n t s showsthi n s u b t le rd at ionsir [p. As can be- seen by the unfilled dat a points inFi g. 10, the sequeiiti;i l dependency is disrupted and tire degree- of r c - l ;r t i o n s h i pis less af ter micr owave exposure- . Regression linen f itted to th- data for allpower dens i t ies are shown in Fig. 11. ~ lthough there is no (-li-ar‘d i f fe r e n t I a t i o n among the slopes for th9 t h r ee microwave i n te n si t i e- s , they a l lar c- c l e a r l y d i f f e r e n t f rom the baseline re la t ionsh i p. Aside f r o m the e f f e c t sof microwave r ad ia t ion In p r o d u c in g incr á eases in response runs that arc toos h o r t to ob ta in r e in fo rcemen t and t u e associated r e s p o n s e — p a t t e rn changes ,

2O6 ,~~ -~

. - - -- - — - ---~~~~-

_ __ _ -a

II —

I0~~~~I

9-

D ‘‘ - —

4-

2 -~~~

‘1’ I I I~~~i0 5 10 1 5

EXPOSURE (mW/cm2)

Fi gure 3. Changes in ruin length ~s a function of microwave—radiation.Zero exposure indicates performance during sh am Irradiation. The upp erfuncti on shows run length and the bottor~ function shows the standarddeviation of a session. Each point is the mean of the four subjects andbrackets indicate standard errors.

207 ,..

—~~~~~ 4-

i6

$4 -

.12 -

>-C-)zwo JO -Ui

Li~

0 4 -

0 2 -

I I 1 1 I~~~J

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16RUN LENGTH

Fi gure 4. Relative frequency dis~ ribu tion of run lengths. D i t i

points are the mean of four subjects an~ the shaded area m d i c l t t - ; standarder ro rs . The last data point shows all uns that were 16 responses or morein length.

‘- I l

208 n - - - -

— n i_f ~~~~~~~ _ _ _ _ _ - : 1

1 6 - I BASELINE • •- / 5 mW/cm2 o--oiJ~i / \ % 10 mW/cm2 * ~~

15 mW/cm2 O—O.14 -

r i -/ i ’I I ’

.12 —

I I II I ,

z I~~L ’Lii

j ipI i

IL A lUi /,i

I / I• / 0 ~f ~~~~I

.06 - tI , !

4/ /

A l04-

(_~ I ,-I. I i

/ I II/i

j i i -o02 -

RUN LENGTH

‘I Fl g i rr e 5. Re 1 a’ i ye f n -q u i en c y d i n t r ib u t Ion of r u i n leng ths fo r b a s e lin e

and three microwave—radia l ion i ui teun i t . I e n . The dam p o i n t s p l o t t e d at aru in l eng th of 16 r ep r e s en t ru in s of t h a t leng t h or g rea t e r .

~L.209

- - 37 2~1

BASELiNE 10m W/c m 2

/ / ,4~18~~T I- - 5 MIN

/

// /‘/ / 7~r

5mW/cm 2 15mW/c m 2

F’ i g;i r i 6. Cu inu l o t i ye r c -sp ousc - records o Sub ] cc- t 16 1 ron base 1 incSe s s i o n and three m i c r o w a v e — r a d i a t i o n int -ns i t i~~s. R e - c o r d e d r i g h t — l e v e rr (- n p c ns c- s s t e p p e d t h e r c - c o r d i ng p e l t u p w a r d s . l’i ps m i e a t c’ a 1€- ft—l -vc- rr e s ;p ns - t h at f o l l o w ed a c o r r e c t . — h - n g t h i response run and produced a foodrebel i , ‘ ; : , ‘ i i t . The ’ r eco rds haye been cut and “ t e l e s c o p~~

d ’t to conserve space.

BASELINE 10mW/c m2

U)

~

5mW/cm2 15mW/cm2

Figu re 1. Cumulative response records of Subj i- ct 20. A~ p et ’ ts of ther ec ord ; art- the same an in Fig. ‘ .

- —

210 . -~~~ , - -

-- ‘

~

-- -~ - - - -— ---—--—- -— — •——-—-- — ‘--- --- • — — 4

0‘.4o o—l Q 0

C

0c .~ Qo i-.

L~~~ — I o~~ : 1.4

r

— — —

~~

i-i 0. ii llj(\_IE ~~~~n o - --4 1-4

‘-‘-~~~~~ c:() ç-j

• ~~~~~- -.4 ..-4

0— E o c n .ui

~J C ) O 0I i 1 1-4

• U,o n_ ( ~D D ( J ) Q . 4 J

([) C X I I i C.I

o CLf~

-~

11 0 1LL_ 0~~~~~~~~~~1-4

1-4 0 0 . 0NJ 0

L~I_i -.—1 V ~O— 0 —Io -n c- ~ic o o n

c~ i-i oc.’j 0 tO (0 ~~~- (‘J

(c~JS/dS~ eJ ) aLVe~ ~SNOdS~~ 11Vèi~AO

1.4.

---4 0~0 1-4 1-’

lt~ 0 NJ 0 0t4. 4 -

o . ci— C uo 0 0 C

—i-~~~c c-i .0

— C’.., t~E ~~ 0.0tii .r J -.-4

0 ) -~~

J 4-~(_)

~—.. c c r. 0 0

~~• ,—~ •.-~~~ct. c ‘4-4_ _ _ —

~~~ E ~°~~~~~~°C.) ~~~~~~~~~~~— c~~ ~ c - o

1 G ) 0 1-ii i i.~.i U, (J --4 i.i

I- I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - --4 1 0

ci:: O U ~~~~~~~~~~.0

• 3. I

HI~

1 - t_t_) -, ~ .0I

~~ ~~ ~~o O CJ -.-.4 n C

.,~‘ 0 o 4 - ’ i o~4 0 . 0 c J

ILl___ - O c 1 - ~~~o c~~~•—4

$.i 1.4 14r_ .o o 0 ii,

I I I I I I I Ci .c~o c- It-

C’ 0 CD W C’.i—

(33S/dSJ~J) J1V~J 9NINNfl~J C

1-i c0 0 —~ 0 ~ CbO ---4 .fl 0.0 o

~ J ~ X .C 1-~I) QJ UI U)

2 1 -

- ‘

3 -

$2 -

I I .0

$0 - 0

0 01 9-

O 0~~~~ 0 0Li.)-j

— 7- -+

BASELINE :j 6 -

y r 688X + 3095- ~~~r .9200

- 15mW/cm 2 0-

y .315X + 5.519• r~~~~.769

I I I ~~~~~ I I I I I I I3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 $3 $4

RUN LENGTH

Fi gure 10. Rd at ion of run I e-ii~ t h (Run p l u s I ) to p r e(-e dl I r i g r u n 1 engt 11 .F 1 i i - ! points i ti c h l i -at - b an -i I no •, and o~t f i i l i d p o i n t ; - cm0 r I i i n c n - fo I I owlt n i c l - i ’ . ..avt’ intensity ol 15 FI ~- / e n . T h e c i - g r - o n i o n I ito - s c l - r e l it t o t u e d a t aby t l i e i-n t hod of I i - a n t S qt i a r c - : ;

13 -

2 BASEL IN E

I I .10mW/cm2

$ 0 -

1 9 -5mW/cm2 1’

~ 8 15mW/cm 2

: 7 .

2I I I ._.t .,.._ _L__ I • I- ~ I L I

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14RUN LENGTH

F i g u r e I I . Ri- I at fonuli I p bt-twt-t-n rt~n l en g t h (Ruin p h i s I ) to pr t-e-ed Ing runIt-rigi h fo r ba se l ine ari d three ml c r ow av e—r ad fat Ion v-i l ut-s. For c l ar i t y , on lyregrt-ssbow- I in~~ ar ~ shown , wh i ch— were. 4 i t -.to data- by- least- -squa-r -nwtho.d.

212

— U—, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -- .— - — ---- - -- -- - -~ _ _ _ _

n b c r -o- . v - r - I - i t ion a i I i& - a r ~; to produc t Sc-i c , i i d— o r d e r changes in the ma re s i ibt 1t~. dep nuI . - n v . t ; p c - - t ;; o h t lii - b e h a v i o r cont n i l I c -c l by t h e - r e i t i f o r c o - in o n t s e h i t - d u i l e .

.-\n i~~ n l 1 ; l i i i a t h u t o f t h u - spatial vu 5 i . l t i o u of f l-~ w i t h t h e Bu r e au u lRail i~~Io ’ i . . . i I l i eu I t h p i i - h o - , (wh en &- I Ej

- in t h e magnit ode sq uar ed of th~.- elect ric~‘ I i t i d ve i l o r ) , pr o v i d u - 1 jnfc rmi t ion about t i l t - m a g n i t u d e of t h e r e f h -c t i on s

t . i u - :t -ci b . . t h e ~~u ib j e i t - Without th ic - su b j e c t i i i t h u radiation c-h a i r h . - r , s t a n d i n gc.. , 1v1 -o ~- u - i t i-il by ref I. - - t i ons I ru m t h e - ch~ uuibe r w a l l s c - a u n t - c l lie ;n: j u L i t u c l c~ i~1

he s i n i t ; - i d i i spa t i . i l var ia t ion;; of I L l in t h e neig hborhood of th ~ pi~, ~i t ionof t h t o ;; :b j t - c t ’s he~tc i ( l u i r i n ~ exposure to In- mc) more t h i ; i u i 107 of I E l

- at t h i s~o o i t i o n . W I t h t t he sub j e - c t in t h e - chi ;i iTlber , r - ~ h - c - t i on s f r o m t lie s u b jec tinc re. u - h t h i , - amp I i t . uth- of such s m ono ida l . v ar iat tons he Lw~ cri the- a l i t cur iaand t h - s ;ibj u- c t ‘ n head to be abou t ~~~ of the vu tue of I E l a t t he subj c-ct ‘-shue ~td . C ii i t r i h ,u t ions of componen t s of t h e t~I c et r i c f i t - i d vec to r othc-r thant h u ye r c i i a t the- s u b j e c t w er& ~ shown t o he neg ii gib he.

The b u - h o v i o r a l changes observed in the p r e s e n t s tud y as a result ofb y — l i -vu - i mi c row av i - i - x p o n u r e show a m o n ot on i c r e la t ionsh ip w i t h increased

- power t h e t i s i t y , wh i cii i n d i c a t e s t ha t the be-hav iora l mod i f i c a t i or i s p r o d u c e db y t h u i c rowave expo sure- ; ; a re re - la ted to f l u i d st r en g t h i .

No n e of t h e t e m p e r a t u r e m e a sur e -uI I t -n _ s , taken immedia t e l y a f t e r or d u r i n gtil i c roy lvu - exposure , i n d i c a t e d any t e m p e r a t u r e changes of the body t h a t wer e -ou t si d i - of norma l v ; ir i at ion s. No c o r re l a t i o n was observed b e t wee n n o v

i l i 1 i t i , l t t i r e f l u i c r u a t ion and the pr esend~~ or ah in et ice of mic rnwav c - s

-A CKNOWLEDGMENTS -

Suppo r t ed b y Nava l M e d i ca l Research and D e v e l o p m e n t Command , NavyD t - p , i r t : ~~-n t , Re-search Suib ta sk MF51. 524 .0 15 .001 8BE 7X . T h e o p i n i o n s andstat u-~o .-uut s contained herein arc the private ones o the w r it e r s and are

‘ not to ho. - c ons t rued a ;; o f f i c i a l or r ef Lec t ing t h e v i e w s of the- Navy De partment

- cu r t b 0 l i a v a l s e r v i c i - a t la rge . The animals used in t h i s s t u d y w i - r e h a n d l e din :u t ird3nce with t hi - p r i n c ip les set f o r t h in t h i t - ‘‘Gu ide- f o r t h e C a r e and

- Cs (- of Lab o r at o ry A n i m a l s , ” In s t i t u t e of Lab o r at o ry A n i m a l R e s o u rc e s ,N a t l o u t I Research Council , DHEW I’ub . No. ( N I H ) 7 4— 2 3 . The authors w i s hto t h i - i u i k t i n - Electronics Products 1)ivislou , Bure au of Ra d i o l o g i c -a l He;ul th ,and Mr. Howard Bassen , of t ha t Div is ion , f o r k indness in making t h e-u -fac i i i t i t - u ; ava i l ab Ic fo r e v a l u a t i o n of the exposure -h ia n ub er . We woul d alsoI ik i- to thank Dr. Thomas Cetas, of t h e U n i v e r s i t y of A r i z o n a , f o r t h e use ofI. i s p r u b - designed f o r small t e m p e r a t u r e — c h a n g e measurements in microwave-f i t - i c !, . and f o r p e r f o r m i n g such measu rement s for us.

REFERENCES

1. T y l e r , P .E . ( E d . ) Biological e f f - c t s of n o n i o n i-z ing r a d i a t i o n .A n n . N . Y . Acad. Sc!. 247 , 5—545 , 1975.

2. A summary of t he ERNA C work session on nervous syst -m arid behaviorale f f e c t s of nonion ized e lectromag~ie tic r a d iat i o n s . J. M i c r o w a v e Power

• 10 , 127—140 , 1975.

I. M u - c h o i r , F. P r o b a b i l i t y r ela t ions w i t h i n response sequences und er r a t i o -

r e i n f o r c e m e n t . J Exp . Ana l . Behav . 1, 109—1 22 , 195 8.

4. M e e h u i i c ’ r , F. Sequen t i a l dependencie~ of the l e n g th s of consecu t ivert-i-iponse runs . J . Exp . A n a l . Bchav . 1 , 22 9— 233 , 1958.

213 ,, . .

- - - _ _ _ _ _ _

5. hi . i , ; . ;e u i , II . A b r o a d— b a n d in I u l a t u u r t - I sot rop i c c i cc t r I c f Ic- 1 (1 i:uf - .istirem n t

- sys t cm . 197 r~ I d - i i - h - I c - i - t r e un a g n e t I c Cuin p~u t u h i i i ty Syinp on in n Re cord

6. Ceta ; ; , 1 .C . A b i r u - f r i u i ~- e n t - r y n t i I opt i c ; i l t h c - r m o m t - t e r f o r m & - t u ; t i r em e n t s

~~ çif c l e ct r on s ig u i et b c - a l l y i u i l i i u -d I t - i t i ng . P r e s i - n t tnt at 197 5 l n t e r n a t i o u i ;u lIE1 -: E and I J SNC / URS I un i t - ! i t u g , B o u l d e r , Cob , 2 0 — 2 1 Oct ohcr 1975.

2l4~~~.

•) i~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~- -—-— - - — _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

I,

- _;~~

-

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 - - - 7

t __ _~

_ % \ — —

1~— - -

F —

—Inp

_I I

- -

—

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- -

~~~~~~~~~~~

-

I -

-

‘~_. ~~~~ —