acronyms - sa cities of south african cities report 2016 acronyms ... dhs department of human...
TRANSCRIPT
396 S tat e o f S o u t h a f r i c a n c i t i e S r e p o r t 2016
Acronyms
ACSA Airports Company South Africa
AGSA Auditor-General of South Africa
ANC AfricanNationalCongress
APDP AutomotiveProductionDevelopmentProgramme
BCMM BuffaloCityMetropolitanMunicipality
BEPP BuiltEnvironmentPerformancePlan
BNG BreakingNewGround
BRE BusinessRetentionandExpansion
BRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China & South Africa
BRT Bus Rapid Transit
C40 CitiesClimateLeadershipGroup
CABRI CollaborativeAfricanBudgetReformInitiative
CBD CentralBusinessDistrict
CBO Community-basedOrganisation
CBP Community-basedPlanning
CEO ChiefExecutiveOfficer
CESTII CentreforScience,Technologyand InnovationIndicators
CFO ChiefFinancialOfficer
CID CityImprovementDistrict
CIDB ConstructionIndustryDevelopmentBoard
CLC CommunityLawCentre
CNG Compressed Natural Gas
COGTA DepartmentofCooperativeGovernanceandTraditionalAffairs
CoJ CityofJohannesburg
CPI CorruptionPerceptionsIndex
CSR Corporate Social Responsibility
CWP CommunityWorksProgramme
DACST DepartmentofArts,Culture,ScienceandTechnology
DEA DepartmentofEnvironmentalAffairs
DEADP DepartmentofEnvironmentalAffairsandDevelopmentPlanning
DHS DepartmentofHumanSettlements
DIFD UKDepartmentofInternationalDevelopment
DiMP DisasterMitigationforSustainable LivelihoodsProgramme
DoE DepartmentofEnergy
DoH DepartmentofHousing
DPME DepartmentofPlanning,Monitoring andEvaluation
DST DepartmentofScienceandTechnology
dti DepartmentofTradeandIndustry
DWS DepartmentofWaterandSanitation
EDP EconomicDevelopmentPartnership
EEDSM EnergyEfficiencyDemandSideManagement
EMM EkurhuleniMetropolitanMunicipality
EPWP ExpandedPublicWorksProgramme
ERLN EconomiesofRegionsLearningNetwork
FAO FoodandAgriculturalOrganisation
FBS FreeBasicServices
FET FurtherEducationandTraining
FFC Financial and Fiscal Commission
FIZ Free Internet Zone
GCRO GautengCityRegionObservatory
GDP GrossDomesticProduct
GEAR Growth,EmploymentandRedistribution
GFCF GrossFixedCapitalFormation
GGLN GoodGovernanceLearningNetwork
GHG Greenhouse Gas
GIZ GesellschaftfürInternationaleZusammenarbeit
GTAC GovernmentTechnicalAdvisoryCentre
GVA Gross Value Added
HDI HumanDevelopmentIndex
HSRC HumanSciencesResearchCouncil
ICLEI InternationalCouncilforLocal EnvironmentalInitiatives
Icsid InternationalCouncilofSocietiesofIndustrialDesign
ICT InformationandCommunicationTechnologies
IDP IntegratedDevelopmentPlan
IEC Independent Electoral Commission
IFAD InternationalFundforAgriculturalDevelopment
IFC InternationalFinanceCorporation
IGR IntergovernmentalRelations
IGT IntergovernmentalTransfer
IPTS IntegratedPublicTransportSystem
ISPPIA InternationalStandardsfortheProfessionalPracticeofInternalAuditing
IUDF IntegratedUrbanDevelopmentFramework
IWMP IntegratedWasteManagementPlan
KPI KeyPerformanceIndicator
KWh Kilowatt/hour
ac r o n y m S 397
KZN KwaZulu-Natal
LGMIM LocalGovernmentManagement ImprovementModel
LUMS Land-useManagementSystems
M&E Monitoring&Evaluation
MCEP ManufacturingCompetitiveness EnhancementProgramme
MFMA MunicipalFinanceManagementAct
MIG MunicipalInfrastructureGrant
MILE MunicipalInstituteofLearning
MinMecs Ministers’andMECs’Forum
MM MunicipalManager
MSP Multi-stakeholderPartnership
MTSF MediumTermStrategicFramework
NBI NationalBusinessInstitute
NDP NationalDevelopmentPlan
NEMA NationalEnvironmentalManagementAct
NGO Non-GovernmentalOrganisation
NGP NewGrowthPath
NLTA NationalLandTransportAct
NMT Non-MotorisedTransport
NPC NationalPlanningCommission
NSDF NationalSpatialDevelopmentPerspective
NSI NationalSystemofInnovation
NSSD NationalStrategyforSustainableDevelopment
NWAC NetWageAfterCommute
NWMS NationalWasteManagementStrategy
NWRS NationalWaterResourcesStrategy
OCA OperationCleanAudit
OECD OrganisationforEconomicCo-operation andDevelopment
PARI PublicAffairsResearchInstitute
PAYT Pay-As-You-Throw
PCA PrincipalComponentAnalyses
PDG PalmerDevelopmentGroup
PEFA PublicExpenditureandFinancialAccountability
PFM PublicFinancialManagement
PPP Public-PrivatePartnership
PRASA PassengerRailAgencyofSouthAfrica
PURP PietermaritzburgUrbanRenewalProgramme
PV Photovoltaic
R&D ResearchandDevelopment
RDP ReconstructionandDevelopmentProgramme
REIPPPP RenewableEnergyIndependentPowerProducerProcurementProgramme
SAA SouthAfricanAirways
SACN SouthAfricanCitiesNetwork
SAIRR SouthAfricanInstituteofRaceRelations
SALGA SouthAfricanLocalGovernmentAssociation
SANRAL SouthAfricanNationalRoadsAgency
SAP Systems,Applications,Products
SCM SupplyChainManagement
SDBIP ServiceDeliveryandBudgetImplementationPlan
SDF SpatialDevelopmentFramework
SDGs SustainableDevelopmentGoals
SDI ShackDwellersInternational
SEA SustainableEnergyAfrica
SECO SwissStateSecretariatforEconomicAffairs
SHS SustainableHumanSettlements
SLA SustainableLivelihoodsApproach
SMME SmallandMediumandMicroEnterprise
SoCR StateoftheCitiesReport
SOEs State-ownedEntities
SPLUMA SpatialPlanningandLandUseManagementAct
Stats SA StatisticsSouthAfrica
StepSA SpatialandTemporalEvidencePlatform for South Africa
TOD Transit-orientedDevelopment
TUHF TrustforUrbanHousingFinance
UCLG UnitedCitiesandLocalGovernments
UCT UniversityofCapeTown
UDZ UrbanDevelopmentZone
ULMG UrbanLandMark
UNEP UnitedNationsEnvironmentalProgramme
UNFCCC UnitedNationsFrameworkonClimateChange
VAT Value-addedTax
VPUU ViolencePreventionthroughUrbanUpgrading
WDC WorldDesignCapital
WHO WorldHealthOrganisation
WMA WaterManagementArea
WRC Water Research Council
WSA WaterServiceAuthority
WSP WaterServiceProvider
WWF World Wildlife Fund
398 S tat e o f S o u t h a f r i c a n c i t i e S r e p o r t 2016
FIGUrEs
Figure 1.1 State of South african cities reporting timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Figure 1.2 population of the world and major areas (2015–2100) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Figure 1.3 proportion urban population (1990–2050) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Figure 1.4 World urban population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Figure 1.5 aligning the SDG targets and nDp objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Figure 1.6 cities and towns are anchors and gateways within regional and rural economic networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Figure 1.7 change in total population between 1996 and 2011 (showing larger values only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Figure 1.8 population change total for the 20 top places (1996–2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Figure 1.9 rate of population change 1996-2011 (>5000 only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Figure 1.10 percentage of population and growth rate of Sa cities and towns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Figure 1.11 net migration trends in cities (2006–2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Figure 1.12 population and economic growth trends for three Gauteng metros (1996–2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Figure 1.13 transect line from Lenasia to north-eastern tshwane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Figure 1.14 comparison of transect population density values Lenasia–north-eastern tshwane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Figure 1.15 aerial imagery comparison of tembisa area (2002 and 2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Figure 1.16 increased footprints, densities and demand profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Figure 1.17 “tensions” describing the duality between the emerging global and domestic considerations . . . . . . . . 41Figure 1.18 Sacn’s thematic areas for good city governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Figure 2.1 cape town: change in built-up/urban footprint (1990–2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Figure 2.2 ethekwini: change in built-up/urban footprint (1990–2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Figure 2.3 tshwane, ekurhuleni and Johannesburg: change in built-up/urban footprint (1990–2013) . . . . . . . . . . . 55Figure 2.4 from principles to outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Figure 2.5 main mode of travel to work (2003–2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Figure 2.6 alternate transport-urban form growth trajectories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Figure 3.1 Johannesburg’s Vat registrations (march 2014–february 2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Figure 3.2 cape town’s Vat registrations (march 2014–february 2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Figure 3.3 city contributions to South africa’s total economic output (1995 and 2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Figure 3.4 city growth in GVa (1995 to 2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Figure 3.5 economic sector share of city GVa (2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Figure 3.6 per capita income or real GVa per capita (2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Figure 3.7 cities labour absorption rate (2003–2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101Figure 3.8 city share of South africa’s employment by skill and formality (2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102Figure 3.9 city average share of South africa’s employment by skill and formality (1995 and 2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102Figure 3.10 city economic sectors experiencing increasing and decreasing labour intensity (2003–2013) . . . . . .103Figure 3.11 Labour productivity or value of output per worker at constant 2005 prices (2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
ta B L e S a n D f i G u r e S 399
Figure 3.12 changes in the education composition of city populations aged 19+ years (1995 and 2013) . . . . . . .105Figure 3.13 estimated city share of gross expenditure on r&D based on GVa weights (2012) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107Figure 3.14 estimated city gross expenditure on r&D based on population weights (2012) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107Figure 3.15 city gross fixed-capital formation (Gfcf) as a percentage of GVa (2003 and 2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109Figure 3.16 annual growth in city real Gfcf (2003–2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109Figure 3.17 annual growth in city population (2003–2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116Figure 4.1 Social vulnerability – locating South africa’s vulnerable people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131Figure 4.2 housing and services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133Figure 4.3 net migration flows based on iec data (2006–2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134Figure 4.4 Soshanguve net wage surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137Figure 4.5 Soshanguve net wage contours superimposed on total jobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138Figure 4.6 mamelodi central (walk feeder to public transport) net wage surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138Figure 4.7 change in dominant race per sub-place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140Figure 4.8 Gini coefficient for selected african cities in 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142Figure 4.9 extent of change in Gini coefficient (2001–2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143Figure 4.10 percentage of population with more than a matric certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145Figure 4.11 protests in metros 2012–2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153Figure 4.12 protest issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153Figure 5.1 Sustainable development priorities and means of implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163Figure 5.2 energy use and emissions for a typical metro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167Figure 5.3 average baseline energy consumption per sector (GJ/a) in a city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169Figure 5.4 potential energy savings and carbon emissions reductions per sector/annum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169Figure 5.5 the waste hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173Figure 5.6 Waste volumes disposed of at landfill sites per city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174Figure 5.7 recycling figures for the city of cape town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176Figure 5.8 recycling figures for ethekwini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176Figure 5.9 recycling figures for ekurhuleni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176Figure 5.10 Depiction of in- and out-flows of water catchments into Gauteng cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179Figure 5.11 Depiction of in- and out-flows of water catchments into KZn cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180Figure 5.12 percentage of households with access to water (2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180Figure 5.13 access to sanitation (2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181Figure 5.14 months of inadequate household food provisioning cape town, msunduzi, and Johannesburg . . . .187Figure 6.1 policy and regulation defining the transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204Figure 6.2 policy and legislation defining transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205Figure 6.3 Strategies to accelerate transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206Figure 6.4 Governing strategies that support transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209Figure 6.5 turnout for national and provincial elections (1995–2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214Figure 6.6 percentage of voter turnout per metro (2000–2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214
400 S tat e o f S o u t h a f r i c a n c i t i e S r e p o r t 2016
Figure 6.7 percentage of senior management (Sm) and all posts filled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218Figure 6.8 LGmim scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221Figure 6.9 municipal audit consistency (2008/9–2012/3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226Figure 6.10 Service delivery rankings (score out of 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231Figure 6.11 expanded conception of a well-governed city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233Figure 7.1 reporting and oversight lines for municipal finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242Figure 7.2 nelson mandela Bay municipality’s finance function in 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243Figure 7.3 city of tshwane’s finance function in 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243Figure 7.4 institutional arrangements for budgeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244Figure 7.5 city revenue (2009/10–2013/14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250Figure 7.6 revenue by source (2013/14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251Figure 7.7 total expenditure by city (2010–2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254Figure 7.8 Summary of capital expenditure (2010–2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254Figure 7.9 Summary of operating expenditure categories (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255Figure 7.10 Bad debt per city (2010–2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258Figure 7.11 Long-term liabilities as a % of operating revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263Figure 7.12 Summary of municipal assets (2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268Figure 8.1 the quadruple helix – transforming cities together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288Figure 8.2 city spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288Figure 8.3 Summary of key infrastructure Dialogues themes discussed 2012–2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292Figure 8.4 arnstein’s ladder of participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297Figure 8.5 an urban innovation framework for South african cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303
ta B L e S a n D f i G u r e S 401
tAblEs
Table 3.1 narrow and expanded unemployment rate (Q2 2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100Table 3.2 Doing Business in South africa: Where is it easier? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112Table 3.3 Key economic development levers across broad public sector and private sector competences . . . .113Table 4.1 change in access to good basic services (2001–2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133Table 4.2 change in lowest income classes (2001–2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144Table 5.1 Waste collection models in the cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174Table 5.2 Land transformation and natural areas within cities (2000–2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190Table 5.3 Land transformation and coastal areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192Table 6.1 We can influence local government decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213Table 6.2 anc (as dominant party) support trends in metros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215Table 6.3 Staff complement in the engineering sub-directorate in Buffalo city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219Table 6.4 areas of financial governance that need improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225Table 6.5 alignment challenges facing urban management plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229Table 6.6 improvements in basic service delivery (2001–2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230Table 7.1 Summary of audit outcomes (2010–2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240Table 7.2 List of finance performance indicators with definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249Table 7.3 Summary of revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250Table 7.4 aggregate city expenditure (2003–2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253Table 7.5 expenditure on employees (2009–2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256Table 7.6 capital expenditure by infrastructure type (2010–2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259Table 7.7 overspending of operating budgets in metro municipalities (2010–2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261Table 7.8 underspending of capital budgets in metro municipalities (2010–2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262Table 7.9 Debtors in metro municipalities (2010–2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262Table 7.10 private sector investor types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266Table 8.1 Statements of intent and proposed interventions in State of cities report (Socr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281Table 8.2 the different types of partnerships used in South africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299Table 8.3 enabling interventions by role-player group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305
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My City, through My lens
S A C N I N S t A g r A m C o m p e t I t I o N
I see the city through their eyes, through the lives we live, the opportunity to build friendships and family and to do the things that bring us joy.
@kojobaffoe
eThekwini: @jaz031
ekurhuleni: @pandanicoleium
City Of Johannesburg: @thewaldi
Msunduzi: @sarah_wang
City of Tshwane: @leboditibane
lavish lifestyles for a few, but poverty for too many others. huge advances in science, technology and design industries whilst thousands remain homeless and hopeless. how do we bridge the divide?
@skyegrove
Mangaung: @tysonfree
Nelson Mandela bay: @crazyninja88
In order to arrive at our desired destination we ought to begin with the end in mind.
@elish_baxCity of Cape Town: @hikeaddict
City of Johannesburg: @thewaldi
public transport is the backbone of cities. It connects people and people to economic opportunities.
@norm_engel
buffalo City Municipality: @sabelo_masiza
To view all the images submitted for the competition
visit our instagram profile @sacitiesnetwork
#sACnurbanComp15
As part of the build-up towards the 4th south African Urban conference and the state of the cities report 2016, the sAcn ran an exciting Instagram competition aimed at encouraging the broader public, and urban youth in particular, to reflect on what their city means to them.
the competition ran across nine south African cities: buffalo city, cape town, Ekurhuleni, ethekwini, Joburg, mangaung, msunduzi, nelson mandela bay and tshwane. It invited youthful participants to respond to the theme My City, through My Lens, reflecting their experiences and what inspiration and action was
necessary for their city to support a fulfilling urban life.
the majority of the images used in this socr have been drawn from the impressive range of photos that were submitted during the My City, through My Lens competition. the city profiles each open with the winning image that was selected by city-based juries. these Instagrammers were also announced at the Urban
conference 2015 and awarded prizes. the following collage displays other runner-up images and selected quotes from the initiative.
R U N N E R U P I m a g E s