acquired immune deficiency syndroimmune deffficiency me0

7/28/2019 Acquired Immune Deficiency SyndroImmune deffficiency me0

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Outline

What is HIV and AIDS

Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS

How does it spread What are the effects of the virus on the

body

Methods of treatment

Methods of prevention


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HIV/AIDS

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus

(HIV) is a retrovirus and also the term

often applied to the infection before thedeterioration of the immune system to

produce a full-blown picture ofAIDS:

Acquired Immune deficiency Syndrome


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What is AIDS?

AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome'

and is a surveillance definition based onsigns, symptoms, infections, and cancers

associated with the deficiency of the

immune system that stems from infectionwith HIV.


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World HIV/AIDS Estimate

People living with HIV/AIDS in

200733 million

Adults living with HIV/AIDS in

200730.8 million

Women living with HIV/AIDS in

200715.5 million

Children living with HIV/AIDS in

20072

People newly infected with HIV in

20072.7

Children newly infected with HIV

in 20070.37

AIDS deaths in 2007 2

Child AIDS deaths in 2007 0.27


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Epidemiology/ Worldwide Contd

6 out of 11 African countries reported declines of25% or more in HIV prevalence among 15-24 year-olds in capital cities.

Condom use with a non-regular partner increased

in 8 out of 11 countries , although overall use ofcondoms remains below 50%.

Use of HIV testing and counseling, increased to

16.5 million people tested in 2005. In 58 countries reporting, 74% of primary schools

and 81% of secondary schools now provide AIDS

education.


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Population

3,981000 /2008


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Epidemiology in Lebanon

In year 2006, 3577 people

with HIV/ AIDS were

reported by the ministry of

health and UN.


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HIV/AIDS Incidence in Lebanon, 2010

There are 21 new cases of AIDS and 72 HIVreported to the National AIDS Program (NAP) till

November 2010, 29% of whom have a recent

travel history and 18% have an age less than 30. Number of new Reported Cases up to November 2010

is 93

Number of cumulative Cases till November2010: 1346

Source:Ministryof Health, Lebanon http://www.moph.gov.lb


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AIDS is defined as an illness

AIDS is diagnosed in people infected with

HIV when they develop certain

opportunistic infections or cancers for

the first time.

The Centre for Disease Control (CDC) in the USA accepts allpatients with a CD4 count of less than 200 /mm3 as having AIDS

irrespective of the presence of an indicator disease.


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AIDS is defined as an illness

AIDS is a surveillance term defined by the United States Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and by the European Centre

for the Epidemiological Monitoring of AIDS (EuroHIV):

The term AIDS applies to the most

advanced stages of HIV infection, defined

by the occurrence of any of more than 20

opportunistic infections or HIV-relatedcancers. In addition, the CDC defines

AIDS on the basis of a CD4 positive T cell

count of less than 200 per mm3 of blood.


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HIV

HIV infection can be diagnosed in a routinetest, as for blood donation, in pregnancy, or

after counseling a person with a life style that

puts him at risk, there is not usually full AIDS but just infection

with HIV.

Once the diagnosis is made, managing HIV

positive individuals in primary care becomes

relevant.


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Modes of transmission /Spread

Sex between men ( Homosexuals) Sex between men and women

( oral, anal ,vaginal) Injecting drug users

Mother to child (Breast feeding)

Blood products and blood transfusion

Contamination with body fluids(blood).


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Modes of transmission /Spread

Tears and saliva poses theoretical risks

Deep kissing can transmit the virus if

there are sores in the mouth

Hugging and shaking hands do not

transmit the disease as also Swimming in the same pool with people

who have HIV/AIDS does not pose a risk


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Course of infection

When the immune system responds, itstarts to make antibodies. When this

happens the test will be positive for HIV.

After the first flu-like symptoms, some

people with HIV stay healthy for ten

years or longer. But during this time, HIV

is damaging the immune system.


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Course of infection

One way to measure the damage to the immune

system is to count the CD4 cells. These cells, also

called "T-helper" cells, are an important part of the

immune system.(N= 500 and 1,500 CD4 cells /mm3)

Without treatment, CD4 cell count will most likely

go down.

Signs of HIV disease like fevers, night sweats,

diarrhea, or swollen lymph nodes. these problemswill last more than a few days, and probably

continue for several weeks.


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HIV Testing

Most HIV tests measure the antibodies thebody makes against HIV.

It can take some time for the immune system

to produce enough antibodies for the antibody

test to detect and this time period can vary

from person to person.

This time period is commonly referred to as the

window period. Most people will develop

detectable antibodies within 2 to 8 weeks (the

average is 25 days).


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HIV Testing if the initial negative HIV test was conducted

within the first 3 months after possibleexposure, repeat testing should be considered>3 months after the exposure occurred to

account for the possibility of a false-negativeresult.

97% will develop antibodies in the first 3 monthsfollowing the time of their infection.

However, it can take up to 6 months or evenlonger to develop antibodies to HIV in someindividuals.


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Rapid or point-of-care tests

Rapid antibody tests are qualitative

immunoassays intended for use as a point-of-care

test to aid in the diagnosis of HIV infection.

If no antibodies to HIV are detected, this does not

mean the person has not been infected with HIV.

It may take several months after HIV infection for

the antibody response to reach detectable levels,during which time rapid testing for antibodies to

HIV will not be indicative of true infection status.


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Course of infection

HIV disease becomes AIDS when the

immune system is seriously damaged and

CD4 is less than 200 cells, or the patient

develops so called opportunisticinfections.

AIDS-related diseases also includes

serious weight loss, brain tumors, and

other health problems. Without

treatment, Death is inevitable


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Oppurtunistic infections and cancers

PCP (Pneumocystis Carini pneumonia), a

lung infection;

KS (Kaposi's sarcoma), a skin cancer; CMV (Cytomegalovirus), an infection that

usually affects the eyes

Candida, a fungal infection that can causethrush (mouth) or infections in the throat ,

vagina ,or the gastrointestinal tract.


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Treatment

There is no cure

Antiretroviral drugs to slow the virus

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

(HAART)

Drugs to treat the associated infections

Vaccines are under research Prevention is the best treatment

HIV/AIDS is likely to result in death


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THE BOTTOM LINE/ Prevention

1. Use condoms during sexual activity

2. Do not share drug injection equipment

3. HIV-infected and pregnant women should talk withhealth care provider about taking ARVs.

4. HIV-infected woman should not breast feed.5. Protect cuts, open sores, eyes and mouth from

contact with blood or other body fluids.

6. If you think you've been exposed to HIV, gettested and ask your health care providerabout taking ARVs.


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THE BOTTOM LINE/ Prevention

Monogamy: Loyalty to one partner

Abstain from sex with high risk people

Stay sober ( drugs & alcohol).

Healthcare providers should apply

universal precautions.


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References

www.AIDsmeds.com

WHO; Media Centre HIV;AIDS news and

links HIV and AIDS - Health Protection Agency

(HPA).

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