acoustic features differentiating three korean stops in
TRANSCRIPT
JPSJ 21(2): 61-79 (2017)— —61
21 2 2017 29 8 61–79
Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan, Vol. 21 No. 2
August 2017, pp. 61–79
Hi-Gyung BYUN*
SUMMARY: The purpose of this paper is to examine the acoustic features of word-medial intervocalic stops (aspirated, lenis, and fortis consonants) of Seoul Korean. Seventy-three native speakers born between 1953 and 1999 (aged from 15 to 61 at the time of recording) read VCV words, and the data collected were analyzed in terms of voice onset time (VOT), closure duration of stop consonants (CD), total duration (TD), preceding vowel duration (PVD), fundamental frequency (F0) of post-stop vowels. The main findings are as follows. (1) Each acoustic feature alone cannot differentiate the three stops. (2) The effect of VOT, CD, and TD are positive, and the combination of VOT and CD or of VOT and TD can be the cue for differentiating the three stops. (3) The effects F0 of post-stop vowels and PVD are negative. (4) While it is the case that the younger the speaker is, the longer the VOT for lenis stops in word-initial position is, no such VOT changes across generations were confirmed in intervocalic position.
Key words: Seoul Korean, intervocalic stops, VOT, closure duration, total duration, two-dimensional space
1.
1.1 3 3 1989 953
3 Voice Onset TimeVOT VOT VOT VOT Hardcastle 1973Kagaya 1974Hirose et al. 1981VOT
Lisker and Abramson 1964, Kim 1965, Abramson and Lisker 1969, 1972, Han and Weitzman 1970, Abramson 1977
VOT3 Lisker and Abramson 1964, Abramson and Lisker 1969, 1972Kim1965 aspiration tensity 3 1 3 non- aspirate lenisaspirate fortis non-aspirate fortis Abramson and Lisker 1972, 1996,
* Akita International University
Hultzén1962 Jakobson et al. 1951voicing tension Hultzén 1962 Lisker and Abramson1964 fortis tenselenis laxvoicing aspiration Lisker1962 voicingvoice bar aspirationVOT Kim1965 VOT
1.2 VOT Lisker and Abramson 1964Kim 1965 196070 VOTVOT 1970 1990VOTSilva
20022006a2006b VOT VOTVOT Silva2006a, 2006b VOTVOT F0 VOT VOT 3 VOTF0 VOTF0VOTF0 F0 6Han 1996, 2000, Choi 2002, Kim et al. 2002, Cho et al. 2002, Kim 2004, Wright 2007, Kang and Guion 2008, Kang 2010, Kong 2012, Lee and Jong- man 2012, Lee et al. 2013, Kang 2014 VOTF03 20162016 VOT 1050 VOT VOTF0 VOT F0
1.3 VOT
1 1VOT Lisker 1957, 1978 3
VOT VOT F0F0 VOT 1997 1997 1999 2000 2005Kang and Dilley 2007a VOT VOT 3 1993Han 1996Shin 1996
1997 1997 1999 2000 2005Kang and Dilley 2007a, 2014 1997 2014 1993Shin 1996 1997 1999 2016 1999 2016F0 2000Kang and Dilley 2007a, 2016 2000 2016F0 2016 VOT F0 Han 1996Shin 1996
1997Kang and Dilley 2007b VOTHan 1996 2000 Han 1996 2016F0 2000Kang and Dilley 2007b 2016 F0 VOT VOT VOT VOT
1.4 VOT
— —64
2.
3 20162016 VOT F0VOTF02
2.1 /Cata/2C /tata//thata//t*ata/ /kata//khata//k*ata/ 374
1
2.3 1VOT
2016 2016 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s VOT
1
1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s
2 6 7 7 12 34 5 7 12 8 8 40
1 VOT
— —65
F2, 58 402.50, p0.0001, F8, 582.82p0.0102 F4, 290.68, p0.6080 Bonferroni 1
1950sVOT 1980s VOT VOT VOT 1960s1970s 1950sVOT3 1950s VOT3 9531982 1950s 2015VOT 1950s VOT
F2, 70448.40, p0.0001 F4, 350.59p0.6675F8, 700.81, p 0.5925 VOT1950s 2F0 F0Hz z-score1
VOT F0 F2, 58223.10, p0.0001 F2, 72463.30, p0.0001 F4, 290.95, p0.4488, F8, 58 0.49, p0.8552, F4, 360.66p0.6231, F8, 720.63, p0.7439 F0 21950s F01990s F0
2 F0
— —66
VOT M1950s F1990s
M1950s VOT VOT1 F0F0 M1960s VOTF0 M1990sVOT 2016 2015 F0 20151894 Kang and Han2013F0 2 1900F0 F1950s VOT
3 VOT-F02 a/th//kh/l/t//k/f/t*//k*/
3.
3.1 /aCa/2C
92 9/apa//apha/
/ap*a//ata//atha/ /at*a//aka//akha//ak*a/ 273 1
3.2 1 VOT2 CD3 TD4 PVD5 F0Praat 1 VOT voice bar VOT 42 CDF2 3 TD12 4 PVD2 5 F0 F0 4 VOT 4a burst CDvoice bar4b VOT
2
1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s
2 4 7 7 12 32 5 7 12 8 9 41
4
4c VOTCDTD4c CDvoice bar 8.9438 39 8.9 voice bar voice bar 23.7 5 1090 Jun 1994 1997Kim 1999 Yun 2000 voice bar voice bar 2005 voice bar 1958 2004 2014 VOTVOT 2011 voice bar
1987 1994 2006 1987 4 aspiration VOT
3.3 3.3.1 15 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s 345 57637 1950s2
3
1 VOT 2 3 4 5 F0
n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. **** **** **** **** ****
****: p0.0001, ***: p0.001, **: p0.01, *: p0.05, n.s.: p0.05
4
1 VOT **** **** n.s. 2 CD **** **** **** 3 TD **** * **** 4 PVD **** n.s. **** 5 F0 **** n.s. ****
35VOT VOT VOT1950s1VOT 51VOT
2CD3 TD4PVD 5F0 5F01960s 1980s 1950s1990s
F0 1990s3 4 PVD 1 VOT4 PVD5 F0 4 1.3 3 TD4 3 TD 56TD 7
5
3
1950s1960s 1950s1970s 1950s1980s 1950s1990s 1960s1970s n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s.
1960s1980s 1960s1990s 1970s1980s 1970s1990s 1980s1990s n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s.
6
5
1 VOT 2 3 4 5 F0
n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. * n.s. n.s. **** **** **** **** ****
****: p0.0001, ***: p0.001, **: p0.01, *: p0.05, n.s.: p0.05
6
1 VOT **** **** n.s. 2 CD **** **** **** 3 TD **** n.s. **** 4 PVD **** n.s. **** 5 F0 **** ** ****
— —71
61 VOT 2CD3TD 4 PVD 5F0 5F01950s 1VOT3 TD4PVD 64 PVD5F0 3.3.2 5 6PVDF0 3 2 71 VOT5 F0 1VOT20 ms3 VOT 2 CD3 TD 4PVD 5F0F0 F0
3.3.3 2 1
7
4.
1VOT VOT
VOT VOT VOT
VOT VOT 2 1 VOT VOT 1
VOTF0 F0F0 F0 F0 F0Halle and Stevens 19713 F02 F0 F0
VOC
8 VOT-CDVOT-TD2 a/th//kh/l/t//k/f/t*//k*/
tensity Hirose et al. 1974, Hirose et al. 1981 Abramson1977 33 VOTF0VOT F0VOTF0 1.2 F0 Kim 2004, Lee et al. 2013 VOTF0 Choi 2002, Kim et al. 2002, 2007, Kong 20122007 THLHK-ToBIT LH 4T LT H L 6 L HL 8 8VOTF03 223
VOTF0 H1–H21 2 Ahn 2000, Cho et al. 2002, Kang and Guion 2008 F0 Choi 2002 8 5 VOTCDTD3 3 VOTCD TDVOTCD TDVOTCDTD CDTD 1 2 VOT VOT VOTCDTD F0
8
— —74
2 Kang and Han20131935 1894 1924 1894 VOT-F0Kang and Han2013Fig. 6 VOTF0semitone laF0
3 final lengthening final lengthening LH final lengthening VCV2 HLLH LH CVOTHL LH VOT 4 voice bar 5 prevoicing 2013, 2014, Davidson 2015 prevoicing −VOT prevoicing1 −VOT voice bar prevoicing VOT
— —75
5 a bc c d 398.96514.8 33476.3 104 23.7 24%76% 3
6 Lee et al.2013 Lee et al.2013Fig. 12 F0VOT FF0 VOTF0 AF0 VOT F0VOTL F0
1989 2950–980,
1958 142117–122.
1987 2467–89.
1994 20534–62.
2006 559–74,
2004 /d/VOT83 57–66.
2011VOT
2013 1815–30.
2014 28 165–168.
— —76
2016
2005 9247–58.
2016 VOT20223–37.
2014 28 117–122.
2014 20 121–133.
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2015 “ .” 72, 139–145.
1997 “ .” 33–34, 1–10.
1999 “ : .” 52, 139–159.
2016 “ F0.” 81, 25–36. F0
1997 “-- - .” 1, 55–81. CVCVV
2000 “ .” 72, 139–155.
1998 . .
1996 . . 2007 “ .” 277, 5–45.
1993 “ .” 220, 5–28.
2005 “ .” 55, 45–60.
Received Apr. 3, 2017, Accepted Oct. 16, 2017
— —78
Bonferroni
1 VOT t5220.71 t5222.04 t521.33 p0.0001 p0.0001 p0.5663
2 t5420.10 t548.05 t5428.15 p0.0001 p0.0001 p0.0001
3 t5427.22 t542.62 t5424.59 p0.0001 p0.0335 p0.0001
4 t5412.48 t540.00 t5412.48 p0.0001 p0.9999 p0.0001
5 F0 t548.48 t541.27 t547.20 p0.0001 p0.6189 p0.0001
35
1 VOT F8, 721.59 F4, 361.52 F2, 72320.20 p0.1420 p0.2158 p0.0001
2 F8, 721.52 F4, 361.77 F2, 72673.70 p0.1648 p0.1562 p0.0001
3 F8, 721.62 F4, 362.89 F2, 72855.20 p0.1333 p0.0355 p0.0001
4 F8, 720.43 F4, 360.30 F2, 72187.70 p0.8984 p0.8728 p0.0001
5 F0 F8, 721.44 F4, 360.37 F2, 7258.15 p0.1935 p0.8240 p0.0001
13
1 VOT F6, 521.33 F3, 261.71 F2, 52275.10 p0.2579 p0.1878 p0.0001
2 F8, 541.54 F4, 272.29 F2, 54274.10 p0.1630 p0.0854 p0.0001
3 F8, 541.02 F4, 272.14 F2, 54309.20 p0.4272 p0.1030 p0.0001
4 F8, 541.32 F4, 270.95 F2, 5462.64 p0.2535 p0.4492 p0.0001
5 F0 F8, 540.83 F4, 270.08 F2, 5428.98 p0.5777 p0.9866 p0.0001
Bonferroni
1 VOT t7222.09 t7223.92 t721.83 p0.0001 p0.0001 p0.2128
2 t7227.11 t7210.83 t7237.94 p0.0001 p0.0001 p0.0001
3 t7238.97 t721.94 t7237.02 p0.0001 p0.1673 p0.0001
4 t7217.00 t721.24 t7218.25 p0.0001 p0.6528 p0.0001
5 F0 t7211.01 t723.34 t727.66 p0.0001 p0.0039 p0.0001
57
1950s1960s 1950s1970s 1950s1980s 1950s1990s 1960s1970s
t360.14 t360.22 t360.81 t362.42 t360.43 p0.9999 p0.9999 p0.9999 p0.2039 p0.9999
1960s1980s 1960s1990s 1970s1980s 1970s1990s 1980s1990s
21 2 2017 29 8 61–79
Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan, Vol. 21 No. 2
August 2017, pp. 61–79
Hi-Gyung BYUN*
SUMMARY: The purpose of this paper is to examine the acoustic features of word-medial intervocalic stops (aspirated, lenis, and fortis consonants) of Seoul Korean. Seventy-three native speakers born between 1953 and 1999 (aged from 15 to 61 at the time of recording) read VCV words, and the data collected were analyzed in terms of voice onset time (VOT), closure duration of stop consonants (CD), total duration (TD), preceding vowel duration (PVD), fundamental frequency (F0) of post-stop vowels. The main findings are as follows. (1) Each acoustic feature alone cannot differentiate the three stops. (2) The effect of VOT, CD, and TD are positive, and the combination of VOT and CD or of VOT and TD can be the cue for differentiating the three stops. (3) The effects F0 of post-stop vowels and PVD are negative. (4) While it is the case that the younger the speaker is, the longer the VOT for lenis stops in word-initial position is, no such VOT changes across generations were confirmed in intervocalic position.
Key words: Seoul Korean, intervocalic stops, VOT, closure duration, total duration, two-dimensional space
1.
1.1 3 3 1989 953
3 Voice Onset TimeVOT VOT VOT VOT Hardcastle 1973Kagaya 1974Hirose et al. 1981VOT
Lisker and Abramson 1964, Kim 1965, Abramson and Lisker 1969, 1972, Han and Weitzman 1970, Abramson 1977
VOT3 Lisker and Abramson 1964, Abramson and Lisker 1969, 1972Kim1965 aspiration tensity 3 1 3 non- aspirate lenisaspirate fortis non-aspirate fortis Abramson and Lisker 1972, 1996,
* Akita International University
Hultzén1962 Jakobson et al. 1951voicing tension Hultzén 1962 Lisker and Abramson1964 fortis tenselenis laxvoicing aspiration Lisker1962 voicingvoice bar aspirationVOT Kim1965 VOT
1.2 VOT Lisker and Abramson 1964Kim 1965 196070 VOTVOT 1970 1990VOTSilva
20022006a2006b VOT VOTVOT Silva2006a, 2006b VOTVOT F0 VOT VOT 3 VOTF0 VOTF0VOTF0 F0 6Han 1996, 2000, Choi 2002, Kim et al. 2002, Cho et al. 2002, Kim 2004, Wright 2007, Kang and Guion 2008, Kang 2010, Kong 2012, Lee and Jong- man 2012, Lee et al. 2013, Kang 2014 VOTF03 20162016 VOT 1050 VOT VOTF0 VOT F0
1.3 VOT
1 1VOT Lisker 1957, 1978 3
VOT VOT F0F0 VOT 1997 1997 1999 2000 2005Kang and Dilley 2007a VOT VOT 3 1993Han 1996Shin 1996
1997 1997 1999 2000 2005Kang and Dilley 2007a, 2014 1997 2014 1993Shin 1996 1997 1999 2016 1999 2016F0 2000Kang and Dilley 2007a, 2016 2000 2016F0 2016 VOT F0 Han 1996Shin 1996
1997Kang and Dilley 2007b VOTHan 1996 2000 Han 1996 2016F0 2000Kang and Dilley 2007b 2016 F0 VOT VOT VOT VOT
1.4 VOT
— —64
2.
3 20162016 VOT F0VOTF02
2.1 /Cata/2C /tata//thata//t*ata/ /kata//khata//k*ata/ 374
1
2.3 1VOT
2016 2016 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s VOT
1
1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s
2 6 7 7 12 34 5 7 12 8 8 40
1 VOT
— —65
F2, 58 402.50, p0.0001, F8, 582.82p0.0102 F4, 290.68, p0.6080 Bonferroni 1
1950sVOT 1980s VOT VOT VOT 1960s1970s 1950sVOT3 1950s VOT3 9531982 1950s 2015VOT 1950s VOT
F2, 70448.40, p0.0001 F4, 350.59p0.6675F8, 700.81, p 0.5925 VOT1950s 2F0 F0Hz z-score1
VOT F0 F2, 58223.10, p0.0001 F2, 72463.30, p0.0001 F4, 290.95, p0.4488, F8, 58 0.49, p0.8552, F4, 360.66p0.6231, F8, 720.63, p0.7439 F0 21950s F01990s F0
2 F0
— —66
VOT M1950s F1990s
M1950s VOT VOT1 F0F0 M1960s VOTF0 M1990sVOT 2016 2015 F0 20151894 Kang and Han2013F0 2 1900F0 F1950s VOT
3 VOT-F02 a/th//kh/l/t//k/f/t*//k*/
3.
3.1 /aCa/2C
92 9/apa//apha/
/ap*a//ata//atha/ /at*a//aka//akha//ak*a/ 273 1
3.2 1 VOT2 CD3 TD4 PVD5 F0Praat 1 VOT voice bar VOT 42 CDF2 3 TD12 4 PVD2 5 F0 F0 4 VOT 4a burst CDvoice bar4b VOT
2
1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s
2 4 7 7 12 32 5 7 12 8 9 41
4
4c VOTCDTD4c CDvoice bar 8.9438 39 8.9 voice bar voice bar 23.7 5 1090 Jun 1994 1997Kim 1999 Yun 2000 voice bar voice bar 2005 voice bar 1958 2004 2014 VOTVOT 2011 voice bar
1987 1994 2006 1987 4 aspiration VOT
3.3 3.3.1 15 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s 345 57637 1950s2
3
1 VOT 2 3 4 5 F0
n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. **** **** **** **** ****
****: p0.0001, ***: p0.001, **: p0.01, *: p0.05, n.s.: p0.05
4
1 VOT **** **** n.s. 2 CD **** **** **** 3 TD **** * **** 4 PVD **** n.s. **** 5 F0 **** n.s. ****
35VOT VOT VOT1950s1VOT 51VOT
2CD3 TD4PVD 5F0 5F01960s 1980s 1950s1990s
F0 1990s3 4 PVD 1 VOT4 PVD5 F0 4 1.3 3 TD4 3 TD 56TD 7
5
3
1950s1960s 1950s1970s 1950s1980s 1950s1990s 1960s1970s n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s.
1960s1980s 1960s1990s 1970s1980s 1970s1990s 1980s1990s n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s.
6
5
1 VOT 2 3 4 5 F0
n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. * n.s. n.s. **** **** **** **** ****
****: p0.0001, ***: p0.001, **: p0.01, *: p0.05, n.s.: p0.05
6
1 VOT **** **** n.s. 2 CD **** **** **** 3 TD **** n.s. **** 4 PVD **** n.s. **** 5 F0 **** ** ****
— —71
61 VOT 2CD3TD 4 PVD 5F0 5F01950s 1VOT3 TD4PVD 64 PVD5F0 3.3.2 5 6PVDF0 3 2 71 VOT5 F0 1VOT20 ms3 VOT 2 CD3 TD 4PVD 5F0F0 F0
3.3.3 2 1
7
4.
1VOT VOT
VOT VOT VOT
VOT VOT 2 1 VOT VOT 1
VOTF0 F0F0 F0 F0 F0Halle and Stevens 19713 F02 F0 F0
VOC
8 VOT-CDVOT-TD2 a/th//kh/l/t//k/f/t*//k*/
tensity Hirose et al. 1974, Hirose et al. 1981 Abramson1977 33 VOTF0VOT F0VOTF0 1.2 F0 Kim 2004, Lee et al. 2013 VOTF0 Choi 2002, Kim et al. 2002, 2007, Kong 20122007 THLHK-ToBIT LH 4T LT H L 6 L HL 8 8VOTF03 223
VOTF0 H1–H21 2 Ahn 2000, Cho et al. 2002, Kang and Guion 2008 F0 Choi 2002 8 5 VOTCDTD3 3 VOTCD TDVOTCD TDVOTCDTD CDTD 1 2 VOT VOT VOTCDTD F0
8
— —74
2 Kang and Han20131935 1894 1924 1894 VOT-F0Kang and Han2013Fig. 6 VOTF0semitone laF0
3 final lengthening final lengthening LH final lengthening VCV2 HLLH LH CVOTHL LH VOT 4 voice bar 5 prevoicing 2013, 2014, Davidson 2015 prevoicing −VOT prevoicing1 −VOT voice bar prevoicing VOT
— —75
5 a bc c d 398.96514.8 33476.3 104 23.7 24%76% 3
6 Lee et al.2013 Lee et al.2013Fig. 12 F0VOT FF0 VOTF0 AF0 VOT F0VOTL F0
1989 2950–980,
1958 142117–122.
1987 2467–89.
1994 20534–62.
2006 559–74,
2004 /d/VOT83 57–66.
2011VOT
2013 1815–30.
2014 28 165–168.
— —76
2016
2005 9247–58.
2016 VOT20223–37.
2014 28 117–122.
2014 20 121–133.
Abramson, A. S. (1977) “Laryngeal timing in consonant dis- tinctions.” Phonetica 34, 295–303.
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2015 “ .” 72, 139–145.
1997 “ .” 33–34, 1–10.
1999 “ : .” 52, 139–159.
2016 “ F0.” 81, 25–36. F0
1997 “-- - .” 1, 55–81. CVCVV
2000 “ .” 72, 139–155.
1998 . .
1996 . . 2007 “ .” 277, 5–45.
1993 “ .” 220, 5–28.
2005 “ .” 55, 45–60.
Received Apr. 3, 2017, Accepted Oct. 16, 2017
— —78
Bonferroni
1 VOT t5220.71 t5222.04 t521.33 p0.0001 p0.0001 p0.5663
2 t5420.10 t548.05 t5428.15 p0.0001 p0.0001 p0.0001
3 t5427.22 t542.62 t5424.59 p0.0001 p0.0335 p0.0001
4 t5412.48 t540.00 t5412.48 p0.0001 p0.9999 p0.0001
5 F0 t548.48 t541.27 t547.20 p0.0001 p0.6189 p0.0001
35
1 VOT F8, 721.59 F4, 361.52 F2, 72320.20 p0.1420 p0.2158 p0.0001
2 F8, 721.52 F4, 361.77 F2, 72673.70 p0.1648 p0.1562 p0.0001
3 F8, 721.62 F4, 362.89 F2, 72855.20 p0.1333 p0.0355 p0.0001
4 F8, 720.43 F4, 360.30 F2, 72187.70 p0.8984 p0.8728 p0.0001
5 F0 F8, 721.44 F4, 360.37 F2, 7258.15 p0.1935 p0.8240 p0.0001
13
1 VOT F6, 521.33 F3, 261.71 F2, 52275.10 p0.2579 p0.1878 p0.0001
2 F8, 541.54 F4, 272.29 F2, 54274.10 p0.1630 p0.0854 p0.0001
3 F8, 541.02 F4, 272.14 F2, 54309.20 p0.4272 p0.1030 p0.0001
4 F8, 541.32 F4, 270.95 F2, 5462.64 p0.2535 p0.4492 p0.0001
5 F0 F8, 540.83 F4, 270.08 F2, 5428.98 p0.5777 p0.9866 p0.0001
Bonferroni
1 VOT t7222.09 t7223.92 t721.83 p0.0001 p0.0001 p0.2128
2 t7227.11 t7210.83 t7237.94 p0.0001 p0.0001 p0.0001
3 t7238.97 t721.94 t7237.02 p0.0001 p0.1673 p0.0001
4 t7217.00 t721.24 t7218.25 p0.0001 p0.6528 p0.0001
5 F0 t7211.01 t723.34 t727.66 p0.0001 p0.0039 p0.0001
57
1950s1960s 1950s1970s 1950s1980s 1950s1990s 1960s1970s
t360.14 t360.22 t360.81 t362.42 t360.43 p0.9999 p0.9999 p0.9999 p0.2039 p0.9999
1960s1980s 1960s1990s 1970s1980s 1970s1990s 1980s1990s