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Student Assignment Covering Form

Course/Unit Information

Course Pearson (Edexcel) BTEC Level 5 Higher

National Diplomanit No! nit 5

nit Name "spects o# Contract and Negligence #orBusiness

nit code $%&'%'5&

Batch SEV10 - ACNB – Parag Tikekar - 1507

Instructor Information

Name Parag Tikekar

Phone

Skype

Email ParagTikekar@yahoo.om

Assignment Information

!"ll# Par$A%%ignmen$

!"ll

&a$e A%%ignmen$'%%"e(

11#07#)015

&a$e A%%ignmen$&"e

Student Information (To be flled by the student prior submitting the assignment)

Name Mohammed Naseeb Nazar 

*e%$+or( S$"(en$'&

Email  Naseebnasser2005@gmail.com

&a$e o+S",mi%%ion

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 "ll the su*missions to *e done through L+,- no email or other #ormat .ill *e accepted!

,tudent "ssignment covering #orm is an integral part o# theassignment document and should *e su*mitted along .ith all su*missions!

S$"(en$ &elara$ion

' ohamme( Na%ee, Na/ar here,y onrm $ha$ $hi% a%%ignmen$ i% my

on ork an( no$ opie( or plagiari/e(. '$ ha% no$ pre2io"%ly ,een

%",mi$$e( a% par$ o+ any a%%e%%men$ +or $hi% 3"alia$ion. All $he

%o"re% +rom hih in+orma$ion ha% ,een o,$aine( +or $hi%

a%%ignmen$ ha2e ,een re+erene( a% per 4ar2ar( e+erening +orma$.

' +"r$her onrm $ha$ ' ha2e rea( an( "n(er%$oo( $he *e%$+or( Shool

o+ anagemen$ r"le% an( reg"la$ion% a,o"$ plagiari%m an( opying

an( agree $o ,e ,o"n( ,y $hem.

S$"(en$% Signa$"re 6 Na%ee,

S$"(en$ Name 6 ohamme( Na%ee, Na/ar

&a$e 6 ))n( A"g"%$ )015

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General Guidance

Textbook Reading6 Comple$e all a%%igne( $e$,ook an( o$her%"gge%$e( rea(ing. S"pplemen$al Aa(emi ea(ing 8a% (e$aile( in $heSylla,"% an( ill ,e progre%%i2ely a((e(9

Further Research and the use of the arvard ReferencingS!stem"

• 'n a((i$ion $o $he a,o2e rea(ing re%o"re% yo" %ho"l( n( an(re2ie a((i$ional rele2an$ re%o"re% an( %"ppor$ing ma$erial%.

• A((i$ional rea(ing an( re%o"re% +or yo"r re2ie are a2aila,le ine-+ron$.

• Be er$ain $o orre$ly i$e an( re+erene all re%o"re% "%ing $he4ar2ar( e+erening Sy%$em.

•  :o" m"%$ (o yo"r on re%earh an( pro2i(e re+erene% o+ a$ lea%$$hree e, por$al% $o ;o"rnal%# hi$e paper% an( $o ,ook% +or$o $a%k% ompri%ing one par$ a%%ignmen$.

Statement of Authenticit! and Submit All #ork to $%front

• Comple$e $he $i$le page an( %ign $he %$a$emen$ o+ a"$hen$ii$y

• All ork m"%$ ,e %",mi$$e( a% an ele$roni (o"men$ in *or( $o$he appropria$e area in E-+ron$. *ork $ha$ i% no$ %",mi$$e( $o E-

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+ron$ ,y $he pre%ri,e( (ea(line ill ,e aep$e(

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Name o+ $heA%%e%%or Parag Tikekar

&earning'utcomes

Assessment Criteria(AC)

Grade

*escri+tors

$videnc

e (,age-o)

&' 0

 ) 1

n(er%$an(priniple% o+lia,ili$y innegligene in,"%ine%% a$i2i$ie%

.1 on$ra%$ lia,ili$y in $or$ i$hon$ra$"al lia,ili$y

.) eplain $he na$"re o+ lia,ili$yin negligene

  15

. eplain ho a ,"%ine%% an,e 2iario"%ly lia,le

 &1 15

&' 1 &) 1

Be a,le $o applypriniple% o+lia,ili$y innegligene in,"%ine%%%i$"a$ion%

.1 apply $he elemen$% o+ $he$or$ o+ negligene an( (e+ene%in (ieren$ ,"%ine%% %i$"a$ion%.) apply $he elemen$% o+2iario"% lia,ili$y in gi2en,"%ine%% %i$"a$ion%.

 & 15

In addition to the above ,ASS criteria2 this assignment gives!ou the o++ortunit! to submit evidence in order to achieve the

follo3ing 4$RIT and *ISTI-CTI'- grades

Grade *escri+tor Indicativecharacteristic/s

Contextualisation

4. Identif! and

a++l! strategies to5nd a++ro+riatesolutions

An ee$i2e

approah $o %$"(yan( re%earh ha%,een applie(

 To ahie2e 1 yo" ha2e

$o %ho $hro"gh yo"rork $ha$ an ee$i2eapproah $o %$"(y an(re%earh ha% ,eenapplie(. :o" ill (oee$i2e re%earh $oeplain $he impor$ane o+

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$he e%%en$ial elemen$%re3"ire( +or $he +orma$iono+ a 2ali( on$ra$.

8Ta%k 1.19

 

4 Select / designand a++l!a++ro+riatemethods /techni6ues

A range o+ %o"re%o+ in+orma$ion ha%,een "%e(

 To ahie2e ) yo" illha2e $o "%e a range o+in+orma$ion in yo"r ork. :o" ill ha2e $o i(en$i+y(i%"%% $he impa$ o+(ieren$ $ype% o+on$ra$.8Ta%k 1.)9

 To ahie2e ) yo" ha2e$o re%earh an( i(en$i+y

2ario"% a%e% $o ap$lyon$ra%$ lia,ili$y in $or$i$h on$ra$"al lia,ili$y.8Ta%k .19

40 ,resent andcommunicatea++ro+riate5ndings

 The appropria$e%$r"$"re an(approah ha% ,een"%e(

 To ahie2e yo" ha2e$o (emon%$ra$e $hro"ghyo"r ork $ha$ anappropria$e %$r"$"re an(approah ha% ,een "%e(hile (oing yo"r re%earh. The ork yo" pre%en$ illapply $he elemen$% o+on$ra$ in gi2en ,"%ine%%%enario%.

8Ta%k ).19

 To ahie2e yo" ha2e$o re%earh an( e%$a,li%h$he na$"re o+ lia,ili$y innegligene. Co2er alla%pe$% o+ e%$a,li%hing a

negligene $or$ i$h reala%e% 8Ta%k .)9

*. Use criticalre7ection toevaluate o3n 3ork and 8ustif! validconclusions

Conl"%ion% ha2e,een arri2e( a$$hro"gh %yn$he%i% o+ i(ea% an( ha2e,een ;"%$ie(

 To ahie2e &1 yo" illha2e (ran onl"%ion%$hro"gh %yn$he%i% o+ i(ea%hih ha2e ,een ;"%$ie(. :o" are epe$e( $o arri2e

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a$ a onl"%ion on ho$erm% (ier in on$ra$%i$h re+erene $o $heirmeaning an( ee$ 8Ta%k1.9

 To ahie2e &1 yo" ha2e$o ri$ially e2al"a$e an(arri2e a$ %ignian$onl"%ion on $he ee$ o+ (ieren$ $erm% in gi2enon$ra$% 8Ta%k ).9

 To ahie2e &1 yo" ha2e$o ri$ially e2al"a$e an(arri2e a$ %ignian$onl"%ion on ho a

,"%ine%% an ,e2iario"%ly lia,le i$h li2ea%e eample%. 8Ta%k .9

* Takeres+onsibilit! formanaging andorganisingactivities

A$i2i$ie% ha2e ,eenmanage(

 To ahie2e &) yo" illha2e (emon%$ra$e( $ha$all $he a$i2i$ie% ha2e,een manage(. :o" illha2e (emon%$ra$e( an

ee$i2e approah $o"n(er%$an( $he elemen$%o+ $he $or$ o+ negligenean( ,"il( an( pre%en$appropria$e (e+en%e% ingi2en ,"%ine%% %i$"a$ion%8Ta%k .19

*0 *emonstrateconvergent/lateral / creative

thinking

pro,lem% ha2e ,een%ol2e(

  To ahie2e & yo" illha2e (emon%$ra$e(

eellen$ analy$ial$hinking an( applia$ion on"n(er%$an(ing $he a%e%gi2en +or analy%i% an(apply $he la on $erm% in(ieren$ on$ra$%8Ta%k ).)9

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 To ahie2e & yo" ha2e $oeplore an( re%earhe$en%i2ely an( ee$i2elyapply $he elemen$% o+2iario"% lia,ili$y in gi2en

,"%ine%% %i$"a$ion%.8Ta%k .)9 

,lease note that for unit assignments assessors should usethese or other exem+lar indicative characteristics for the

individual grade descri+tors from Annex C of the -s+eci5cation or an! other relevant indicative characteristicsfor the +articular assignment9 The indicative characteristic

should then be contextualised9 'nl! one indicative

characteristic +er grade descri+tor2 4.2 42 402 *.2 *2 *0 isre6uired9

AS,$CTS 'F C'-TRACT A-* -$G&IG$-C$ F'R :USI-$SSASSIG-4$-T

Assignment title&a3 of contract and tort and the skill to a++l!them in business situations

,ur+ose of this assignment"

 The primary aim o+ $hi% a%%ignmen$ i% $o pro2i(e learner% i$h an"n(er%$an(ing o+ a%pe$% o+ $he la o+ on$ra$ an( $or$ an( $he %kill $oapply $hem par$i"larly in ,"%ine%% %i$"a$ion%.

Scenario

 :o" are epe$e( $o on("$ an e$en%i2e re%earh i$h par$i"larempha%i% on $he +orma$ion an( opera$ion o+ ,"%ine%% on$ra$%. :o" nee($o eplore $he on$en$ o+ $he%e agreemen$% an( $hen (e2elop %kill%

rela$ing $o $he pra$ial applia$ion o+ ,"%ine%% on$ra$% inl"(ing oeraep$ane in$en$ion on%i(era$ion an( apai$y. Plea%e "%e rele2an$a%e la eample%. :o" al%o nee( $o on%i(er hen lia,ili$y in on$ra$ari%e% $he na$"re o+ $he o,liga$ion% on ,o$h %i(e% o+ $he on$ra$ an( $hea2aila,ili$y o+ reme(ie% hen a on$ra$ i% no$ +"llle( in aor(ane i$hi$% $erm%. A((i$ionally yo" are re3"ire( $o "n(er%$an( ho $he la o+ $or$(ier% +rom $he la o+ on$ra$ an( eamine i%%"e% o+ lia,ili$y in

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negligene rela$ing $o ,"%ine%% an( ho $o a2oi( i$.

(L!/! 0 !- !1- ! +- +1- D)

$ou are expected to research and understand the essential elements o# a valid contract in a *usiness context 2or t.oassessment criteria in L/- the #ollo.ing grade descriptors provides more insignts!

 To ahie2e 1 yo" ha2e $o %ho $hro"gh yo"r ork $ha$ an ee$i2eapproah $o %$"(y an( re%earh ha% ,een applie(. :o" ill (o ee$i2e

re%earh $o eplain $he impor$ane o+ $he e%%en$ial elemen$% re3"ire( +or$he +orma$ion o+ a 2ali( on$ra$.

 To ahie2e ) yo" ill ha2e $o "%e a range o+ in+orma$ion in yo"r ork. :o" ill ha2e $o i(en$i+y (i%"%% $he impa$ o+ (ieren$ $ype% o+ on$ra$.

To achieve 1 !o" #ill have dra#n concl"sions $hro"gh s!n$hesis o% ideas #hich have been &"s$i%ied. 'o" are e()ec$ed $o arrive a$ a concl"sion on ho# $erms di%%er in con$rac$s #i$hre%erence $o $heir meaning and e%%ec$.

 

(&9'9 " 9.2 92 902 and 402 *.2 *0)

3hile researching and anal4ing extensivel4 so to *e a*le toappl4 the elements o# a contract in *usiness situations- 4ou arealso expected to explore along the guidelines laid do.n in the#ollo.ing grade descriptors!

 To ahie2e yo" ha2e $o (emon%$ra$e $hro"gh yo"r ork $ha$ anappropria$e %$r"$"re an( approah ha% ,een "%e( hile (oing yo"rre%earh. The ork yo" pre%en$ ill apply $he elemen$% o+ on$ra$ in

gi2en ,"%ine%% %enario%.

To achieve 3* !o" #ill have demons$ra$ed e(cellen$ anal!$ical $hin+ing and a))lica$ion on"nders$anding $he cases given %or anal!sis and a))l! $he la# on $erms in di%%eren$ con$rac$s

To achieve 1* !o" have $o cri$icall! eval"a$e and arrive a$ signi%ican$ concl"sion on $he

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e%%ec$ o% di%%eren$ $erms in given con$rac$s.

(&9'9 0" 09.2 092 0902 and 42 402 *.)

sing multiple case studies and legal examples 4ou need tonderstand principles o# Lia*ilit4 in negligence in *usinessactivities! The #ollo.ing grading descriptors provides moreinsights!

To achieve M2* !o" have $o research and iden$i%! vario"s cases $o a)$l! con$ras$ liabili$! in$or$ #i$h con$rac$"al liabili$!.

To achieve M3* !o" have $o research and es$ablish $he na$"re o% liabili$! in negligence.-over all as)ec$s o% es$ablishing a negligence $or$ #i$h real cases.

To achieve 1* !o" have $o cri$icall! eval"a$e and arrive a$ signi%ican$ concl"sion on ho# a b"siness can be vicario"sl! liable #i$h live case e(am)les.

(&9'9 1" 19.2 192 and *2 *0 )

 "part #rom understanding the intricacies 4ou should *e a*le toappl4 principles o# Lia*ilit4 in negligence in *usiness situationsThe grading descriptors provides more insights and 4ou areexpected to meet them!

To achieve 2 !o" #ill have demons$ra$ed $ha$ all $he ac$ivi$ies have been managed. 'o"#ill have demons$ra$ed an e%%ec$ive a))roach $o "nders$and $he elemen$s o% $he $or$ o%negligence and b"ild and )resen$ a))ro)ria$e de%enses in given b"siness si$"a$ions.

To achieve 3* !o" have $o e()lore and research e($ensivel! and e%%ec$ivel! a))l! $he

elemen$s o% vicario"s liabili$! in given b"siness si$"a$ions.

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Achievement Feedback Summar!

Name o+ $heA%%e%%or Parag Tikekar

&earning

'utcomesAssessment Criteria (AC)

CriteriaAchieved

(Tick 4ark )

AssessorFeedbac

k 

&' . TAS; 0

n(er%$an( $hee%%en$ialelemen$% o+ a 2ali(on$ra$in a,"%ine%% on$e$

1.1 eplain $he impor$ane o+ $hee%%en$ial elemen$% re3"ire( +or$he +orma$ion o+ a 2ali( on$ra$

1.) (i%"%% $he impa$ o+(ieren$ $ype% o+ on$ra$

1. analy%e $erm% in on$ra$%i$h re+erene $o $heir meaningan( ee$

&' TAS; 1

Be a,le $o apply$heelemen$% o+ aon$ra$ in,"%ine%% %i$"a$ion%

).1 apply $he elemen$% o+on$ra$ in gi2en ,"%ine%%%enario%).) apply $he la on $erm% in(ieren$ on$ra$%

). e2al"a$e $he ee$ o+(ieren$ $erm% in gi2en on$ra$%

Name o+ $heA%%e%%or Parag Tikekar

&earning'utcomes

Assessment Criteria (AC)

CriteriaAchieved

(Tick 4ark )

Assessor

Feedback 

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&' 0 TAS; 0

n(er%$an(priniple% o+ lia,ili$y in

negligene in,"%ine%% a$i2i$ie%

.1 on$ra%$ lia,ili$y in $or$ i$hon$ra$"al lia,ili$y

.) eplain $he na$"re o+ lia,ili$yin negligene

. eplain ho a ,"%ine%% an,e 2iario"%ly lia,le

&' 1 TAS; 1

Be a,le $o applypriniple% o+lia,ili$y innegligene in,"%ine%% %i$"a$ion%

.1 apply $he elemen$% o+ $he $or$o+ negligene an( (e+ene% in(ieren$ ,"%ine%% %i$"a$ion%.) apply $he elemen$% o+2iario"% lia,ili$y in gi2en,"%ine%% %i$"a$ion%.

igher Grade Achievements (3here a++licable)

Dra(e &e%rip$or Ahie2e(

8Tik 9

Dra(e &e%rip$or Ahie2e(

8Tik 9

16 '(en$i+y an( apply%$ra$egie% $o n(appropria$e %ol"$ion%

&16 %e ri$ialreFe$ion $oe2al"a$e on orkan( ;"%$i+y 2ali(onl"%ion%

)6 Sele$ # (e%ign an(

apply appropria$eme$ho(% # $ehni3"e%

&)6 Takere%pon%i,ili$y +or

managing an(organi%inga$i2i$ie%

6 Pre%en$ an(omm"nia$eappropria$e n(ing%

&6 &emon%$ra$eon2ergen$#la$eral # rea$i2e$hinking

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'verall Result/ Grade *ate

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Note0

2aculties .ill provide detailed #eed*ac6% comments #or each7uestion ans.ered *4 a student- in the ans.er sheets itsel#(.ord document)! 8n the 9"chievement 2eed*ac6 ,ummar4:Ta*le a*ove in the column 9"ssessor 2eed*ac6:- summar4 o#

Basic Criteria o# "C +et% "C Not +et% ;edo% 2ail .ill *ementioned!

 "ll eri?er (8>) and ?nalrati?cation #rom 8nternational ,tandard >eri?er (8,>) #rom theacademic a.arding *od4 Pearson (Edexcel)- and it is su*=ect tochange i# re7uired!

'n$ernal Veria$ion epor$'n$ernal Veria$ion &one By &a$eA%%ignmen$ Brie+A%%e%%or% &ei%ion

ASPECTS OF CONTRACT AND NEGLIGENCE FOR 

BUSINESS

Assignment Task 1

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&' " &' :e able to a++l! the elements of a contract inbusiness situations9

Case .9. - Payne v Cave (1789)

 The (e+en(an$ ma(e $he highe%$ ,i( +or $he plain$iG% goo(% a$ ana"$ion %ale ,"$ he i$h(re hi% ,i( ,e+ore $he +all o+ $he a"$ioneerG%hammer. '$ a% hel( $ha$ $he (e+en(an$ a% no$ ,o"n( $o p"rha%e $hegoo(%. 4i% ,i( amo"n$e( $o an oer hih he a% en$i$le( $o i$h(raa$ any $ime ,e+ore $he a"$ioneer %ignie( aep$ane ,y knoking(on $he hammer.

1.1 ()lain $he im)or$ance o% $he essen$ial elemen$s re/"ired %or $he %orma$ion o% a validcon$rac$. isc"ss $he elemen$s in -ase 1.1 given. - 1.1 ()lain $he im)or$ance o% $he essen$ial elemen$s re/"ired %or $he %orma$ion o% a valid con$rac$.=Grade *escri+tors 4.>

An%er6 -on$rac$s are $he %o"nda$ion o% a n"mber o% o"r dail! ac$ivi$ies. The! o%%er $hemeans %or individ"als and b"siness $o mar+e$ and o$her#ise $rans%er )ro)er$!* services*  o$her righ$s. The di%%eren$ elemen$s disc"ssed in $he even$ given are $he %ollo#ing i Offer  ne o% man! )ar$ies )romises $o accom)lish or avoid )er%orming a s)eci%iedac$ion in $he %"$"re. n $he given case* $he de%endan$ had made $he bes$ bid %or $he )lain$i%%s )ro%icien$ a$ an a"c$ion sale* b"$ he #i$hdre# his bid ahead o% $he %all o%a"c$ioneers hammer.

 e s"rel! co"ld achieve $his since $he o%%er had s$a$ed $ha$ $he bid co"ld )ossibl! be#i$hdra#n an! momen$ ahead o% $he a"c$ioneer signi%ied acce)$ance b! +noc+ing do#n$he hammer. ii Consideration 9ome$hing in val"e #as )romised in $rade %or a )rice. The )"rchase )rice sho"ld be some$hing o% val"e* de%ini$el! no$ mone! #hereas considera$ion migh$ besome righ$* in$eres$ or bene%i$ going $o a$ leas$ one )ar$!. The )lain$i%% o%%ered goods $o $he de%endan$ in$"rn %or cash i.e. $he bes$ bid a$ an a"c$ionsale

 iii Certainty The con$rac$ing )ar$ies m"s$ have an obvio"s +no#ledge o% $he $erms andagreemen$ $ha$ is incl"ded #i$h $he con$rac$ and also agree $o &"s$ acce)$ $hem. The con$rac$ clearl! s$a$ed $ha$ $he de%endan$ #asn$ bo"nd $o b"! $he goods. e co"ld#i$hdra# his amo"n$ an! momen$ ahead o% $he a"c$ioneer signi%ied acce)$ance b!+noc+ing do#n $he hammer.

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 iv Lawful object  The $hing o% an agreemen$ sho"ld be valid. b&ec$ has no$hing rela$ed$o considera$ion. This means $he reason or design o% $he con$rac$. The )lain$i%% #as o%%ering goods a$ an a"c$ion $ha$ !o"r co"r$ hadn$ regard being animmoral or agains$ )"blic )olic! or #as i$ %orbidden b! la#.

 v Legal capacity No$ absol"$el! all individ"als are $o$all! %ree $o en$er in $o a validcon$rac$. :o$h )lain$i%% and de%endan$ #eren$ men$all! im)airmen$* minors* ban+r")$sand )risoners. ll $he a%oremen$ioned men$ioned elemen$s are essen$ial %or $he s!n$hesis o% a validcon$rac$. % an!one o% $hese is absen$ $he agreemen$ doesn$ becomes an agreemen$

 Case 9. % Carlill v Carbolic Smoke :all Co (.?@0)

An a(2er$ a% plae( +or G%moke ,all%G $o pre2en$ inF"en/a. The a(2er$oere( $o pay H100 i+ anyone on$ra$e( inF"en/a a+$er "%ing $he ,all. The ompany (epo%i$e( H1000 i$h $he Alliane Bank $o %ho $heir%ineri$y in $he ma$$er. The plain$i ,o"gh$ one o+ $he ,all% ,"$on$ra$e( inF"en/a.

).1 ))l! $he elemen$s o% con$rac$ in $he given b"siness scenario o% -arlill v -arbolic9mo+e :all -o 18,3 - 2.1 ))l! $he elemen$s o% con$rac$ in given b"sinessscenarios. =Grade *escri+tor 40>

An%er6 -arbolic 9mo+e :all -om)an! )"blished $he ne($ s$a$emen$ incl"ded in an

adver$ising in ;ondon ne#s)a)er . The s$a$emen$ has all $he #ea$her o% a conven$ional con$rac$* $he!re men$ioned belo# a Offer : n $he given case* an incen$ive #ill be made available %rom -arbolic 9mo+e:all -om)an! i.e. = 100 is li+el! $o be )aid $o an!bod! #ho con$rac$ed in%l"enza a%$er"$ilizing $he ball. b  Acceptance: %$er having a s"))l! in an agreemen$* $here m"s$ be acce)$ance. Mrs.;o"isa lizabe$h -arlill de%endan$ had acce)$ed $he o%%er %rom -arbolic 9mo+e :all -o.

)lain$i%%. 9he #as a dedica$ed "ser o% $he i$em 3 $imes dail! %or 2 #ee+s a%$er #hichin$"rn shed con$rac$ed $he %l". c Certainty: The $erms o% agreemen$ had clearl! s$a$ed $ha$ an!one con$rac$edin%l"enza a%$er "$ilizing $he ball* $he!ll be )aid = 100. This give rise $o a valid con$rac$#hile $he $erms o% agreemen$ #eren$ vag"e or "ncer$ain. 

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d  Intention to Create Legal Relations: -on$rac$s crea$e legal obliga$ion be$#een $he )ar$ies. The $erms are en%orceable b! la#* so no$ eno"gh ac$ive managemen$ and$em)orar! vie# o% )rod"c$s re/"iremen$s ma! %ind !o"rsel% cos$ing ever!one real mone!.The co"r$ r"led in s"))or$ o% Mrs. -arlill and $he organiza$ion had $o re#ard her = 100. e  Lawful Consideration: ?or an agreemen$ $o be legall! valid $here m"s$ be

considera$ion. $s consider being an e(change #hich #ill be )rod"ced b! $he )ar$ies. n$he given case* $he inconvenience s"%%ered b! Mrs. -arlill in "$ilizing $he smo+eball asdirec$ed #hich re#arded her =100 b! -arbolic 9mo+e :all -o. ddi$ionall!* $he -arbolic9mo+e :all received good res"l$s in having )eo)le "$ilize $he smo+e ball.

Case .9 % :rogden v 4RC (.?)

B %"pplie( oal $o C +or many year% i$ho"$ an agreemen$. C%en$ a (ra+$ agreemen$ $o B ho lle( in $he name o+ an ar,i$ra$or

%igne( i$ an( re$"rne( i$ $o CG% agen$ ho p"$ i$ in hi% (e%k. Coala% or(ere( an( %"pplie( in aor(ane i$h $he agreemen$ ,"$ a+$era (i%p"$e aro%e B %ai( $here a% no ,in(ing agreemen$.

1.2 isc"ss $he im)ac$ o% di%%eren$ $!)es o% con$rac$. isc"ss $he given scenario o% :rogden v M- 1877.- 1.2 isc"ss $he im)ac$ o% di%%eren$ $!)es o% con$rac$. =Grade *escri+tor 4>

An%er6 The im)ac$ o% several $!)es o% con$rac$ are belo#i  Bilateral Contract : g"aran$ee %or an o%%er* #herein $heres an obliga$ion on $he

sec$ion o% bo$h $o accom)lish or even $o avoid carr!ing o"$ a )ar$ic"lar $hing. :rogden s"))lied coal $o M- as a s#a) %or s)eci%ic $o$al be )aid. ii  Informal Contract : n agreemen$ $ha$ #ill re/"ire no s)ecial %orm or mode o%crea$ion. (am)le con$rac$s. :rogden )lain$i%%s #ere $he s"))liers o% coal $o M- de%endan$. The!d been dealing%or a %e# !ears on an in%ormal basis #i$ho"$ an! #ri$$en con$rac$. iii Formal Contract  n agreemen$ $ha$ #ill re/"ire a )ar$ic"lar %orm or a))roach $o

crea$ion. (am)le is nego$iable ins$r"men$ li+e che/"es. :o$h )ar$ies la$er agreed so i$ #ill be #ise $o reall! have a %ormal con$rac$ #ri$$en. Thede%endan$ dre# ") a dra%$ con$rac$ and sen$ i$ $o $he )lain$i%%. The )lain$i%% made someminor amendmen$s and %illed in a %e# blan+s and sen$ i$ bac+ again $o $he de%endan$. Thede%endan$ $hen sim)l! %illed $he doc"men$s. 

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iv Void Contract  n agreemen$ $ha$ %i$s all $he essen$ial elemen$s $o se$ ") a con$rac$.  dis)"$e arose and i$ had been /"es$ioned #he$her in reali$! $he #ri$$en agreemen$ #asvalid. o#ever* $he #ri$$en con$rac$ #as valid des)i$e no comm"nica$ion o% $heacce)$ance. The acce)$ance $oo+ )lace b! )er%orming $he con$rac$ #i$ho"$ $he ob&ec$ionregarding $he $erms.

 v Voidable Contract : ?ollo#ing $he dis)"$e involving $he )lain$i%% and de%endan$* $hecon$rac$ !o" can %orge$ e(is$ed..

1.3 nal!se $erms in $he con$rac$s #i$h re%erence $o $heir meaning and e%%ec$. esearchand give s"i$able e(am)les. NT give real cases and no$ h!)o$he$ical ones -1.3 nal!se $erms in con$rac$s #i$h re%erence $o $heir meaning and e%%ec$.=Grade *escri+tor *.>

An%er6 Terms in $he con$rac$s are s$a$emen$s $ha$ de%ine $he righ$s and obliga$ions o%ever! )ar$! $o $he agreemen$. A"i$e sim)l!* $erms con$ain de$ails agreed be$#een )ar$iesabo"$ #ha$s allo#ed $o be done* ho# $he!re allo#ed $o be and "nder #ha$ condi$ions.Terms migh$ be condi$ions* #arran$ies or im)lied e$c. -on$rac$s con$ain vario"s +inds o% $erms* some are %ar more im)or$an$ $han o$hers. Themore im)or$an$ $erms are called #hereas $he less im)or$an$ $erms are called

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claimed damages. The )rice $ag on so!a beans had dro))ed b! over E60 )er $on. The %irs$hearing #as decide b! arbi$ra$ion #here i$ had been held $ha$ $he sellers #ere en$i$led $oge$ rid o% $he con$rac$ and a#arded E317.500 re)resen$ing $he red"c$ion in val"e o% $heso!a beans. The b"!ers a))ealed $o $he igh co"r$ #ho reversed $his decision a))l!ing$he innomina$e $erm a))roach %rom ong Fong ?ir. The -o"r$ o% ))eal reversed !o"rchoice and $he b"!ers a))ealed $o $he o"se o% ;ords.

eld $he #ord #as s$a$ed as a condi$ion and m"s$ be $rea$ed as s"ch. The re/"iremen$ %or cer$ain$! in commercial con$rac$s and $he $r"$h $ha$ $he innomina$e $erm a))roach hadca"sed m"ch li$iga$ion mean$ $ha$.

Liverpool City Council v Irwin [1977] AC 239

;iver)ool ci$! co"ncil o#ned a bloc+ o% %la$s in $ha$ $he de%endan$ #as a $enan$. The mos$ )o)"lar areas o% $he %la$s* $he li%$s* s$air cases* r"bbish ch"$es e$c* had %allen in$o disre)air. ren$ s$ri+e #as im)lemen$ed b! lo$s o% $he $enan$s s"ch as $he de%endan$. The co"ncilso"gh$ $o evic$ $he de%endan$ %or non )a!men$ o% ren$ and she co"n$er claimed %or breach

o% an obliga$ion $o re)air. o#ever* $he $enanc! agreemen$ didn$ men$ion an! obliga$ion$o re)air. c$"all! $he $enanc! agreemen$ onl! im)osed obliga$ions on $he $enan$ #i$ho"$an! re%erence $o $he obliga$ions o% $he landlord. The de%endan$ as+ed $he co"r$ $o im)l! a$erm $ha$ $he co"ncil had an obliga$ion $o correc$ $he mos$ )o)"lar areas o% $he bloc+ o%%la$s.

eld

The co"r$s did im)l! a $erm. The im)lied $erm arose as a legal inciden$ in con$rac$s o% a )recise $!)e be$#een landlord and $enan$ $ha$ $he landlord #as $o $a+e reasonable care $os$ead%as$l! +ee) ") $he mos$ )o)"lar )ar$s. o#ever* $here is no breach #i$h $his d"$!.

Case 9 A% Scha3el v Reade =.@.0> IR B1

 The (e+en(an$ $ol( $he plain$i ho re3"ire( a hor%e +or %$"(p"rpo%e% $ha$ $he animal a% Gper+e$ly %o"n(G. A +e (ay% la$er$he prie a% agree( an( $hree eek% la$er $he plain$i ,o"gh$ $hehor%e.

Case 9 : % :annerman v #hite (.?B.) C:(-S) ?

 The ,"yer o+ hop% a%ke( he$her %"lph"r ha( ,een "%e( in $heir"l$i2a$ion. 4e a((e( $ha$ i+ i$ ha( he o"l( no$ e2en ,o$her $o a%k$he prie. The %eller a%%"re( him $ha$ i$ ha( no$. Thi% a%%"rane a%hel( $o ,e a on(i$ion o+ $he on$ra$. '$ a% o+ %"h impor$ane$ha$ i$ho"$ i$ $he ,"yer o"l( no$ ha2e on$ra$e(.

1,

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).) ))l! $he la# on $erms in $he given con$rac$s in case 2.2 and 2.2 : above. -2.2 ))l! $he la# on $erms in di%%eren$ con$rac$s. =Grade *escri+tor *0>

An%er6 Case 9 A Scha3el v Reade =.@.0>

 Initial Agreement  egarding $his case* $he si$"a$ion o% $he con$rac$ #as $ha$ $he )lain$i%%needed a horse %or s$"d )"r)ose so $he )e$ sho"ld reall! be )er%ec$l! so"ndDheal$h!. Thin+ing abo"$ $he given case* $he #ea$her o% $he con$rac$ are $he %ollo#ing a %%er n a"dio horse being o%%ered a$ a )rice. b cce)$ance Glain$i%% acce)$ed $he o%%er %rom $he de%endan$ and )"rchased $he horse. c -onsidera$ion heal$hier horse #as )romised in $rade %or mone!. 

 Mode of communication The mode o% comm"nica$ion "sed lis$ed here is verbal #hile $heagreemen$ had $a+en )lace orall! #i$ho"$ $he %orm or #ri$$en agreemen$. The claiman$ had told  $he de%endan$ he #an$ed $he horse %or s$"d )"r)oses. e s$a$ed $ha$$he horse sho"ld reall! be )er%ec$l! so"nd.  Mode of acceptance The mode o% acce)$ance done here #as in $he sha)e o% e()resscon$rac$ #here bo$h )ar$ies had s$a$ed $heir $erms and condi$ions orall!. s $he claiman$ #as e(amining $he horse* $he de%endan$ $old him $he horse #as so"nd andi% $heres an!$hing #rong hed $ell him and also $old him no #an$ $o ge$ a ve$ $o $es$ him

o"$. :! hearing $his* $he claiman$ acce)$ed $o ge$ $he horse.  Reason behind dispute s $he )lain$i%% #as going $o e(amine $he horse* $he de%endan$had $old him $ha$ $he horse #as )er%ec$l! so"nd. e even $old him $ha$ #hen $here isan!$hing #rong* $here #asn$ an! necessi$! $o ac/"ire a ve$ $o $es$ $he horse o"$. n belie% o% $hose s$a$emen$* $he )lain$i%% )"rchased $he horse #hich )roved $o $r"l! have aheredi$ar! e!e disease and co"ldn$ be "$ilized as a s$"d.  Decision of the judge The o"se o% ;ords i.e. $he co"r$ held $ha$ $he s$a$emen$

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Thin+ing abo"$ $he given case* $he #ea$her o% $he con$rac$ are $he %ollo#ing a %%er o)s being o%%ered a$ a )rice. b cce)$ance Glain$i%% acce)$ed $he o%%er as he $ho"gh$ 9"l)h"r #asn$ "sed. 

c -onsidera$ion o)s no$ $rea$ed #i$h 9"l)h"r #as )romised %or a %e# mone!.  Mode of communication The mode o% comm"nica$ion "sed heres verbal beca"se $heagreemen$ had $a+en )lace orall! #i$ho"$ $he $!)e o% #ri$$en agreemen$. The )lain$i%%  asked  o#ner %or ho)s $ha$ haven$ been $rea$ed #i$h 9"l)h"r. The de%endan$had ass"red him no 9"l)h"r have been "sed.  Mode of acceptance The mode o% acce)$ance done here #as in $he sha)e o% e()resscon$rac$ #here $he )ar$ies had s$a$ed $heir $erms and condi$ions orall!. 

nce $he claiman$ had s$a$ed he #o"ldn$ b"! $he ho)s i% $he!ve been $rea$ed #i$h9"l)h"r* $he de%endan$ ass"red him #hich $he! #eren$. The claiman$ $hen acce)$ed $o )"rchase $hem.  Reason for dispute The )lain$i%% had onl! )"rchased $he ho)s as $he de%endan$ hadass"red him $ha$ $he ho)s hadn$ been $rea$ed #i$h 9"l)h"r b"$ $he $r"$h is i$ have been$rea$ed #i$h 9"l)h"r. The claiman$ didn$ #an$ ho)s $rea$ed #i$h 9"l)h"r #hile he#o"ldn$ have $he abili$! $o "$ilize $hem in ma+ing beer. ?ollo#ing $he ho)s have beendelivered* #hi$e %o"nd $ha$ 9"l)h"r have been %o"nd in $he c"l$iva$ion o% a )ercen$age o%$he cro)s. There%ore* #hi$e re&ec$ed all o% $he ho)s. 

 Decision of the judge The s$a$emen$ sa!ing $ha$ #as a $erm o% con$rac$ #hen com)ared $o a re)resen$a$ion beca"se $he )lain$i%%had e()lained $he signi%icance o% $he de%ini$ion o% and relied on $he s$a$emen$. There%ore*his ac$ion %or breach o% con$rac$ #as s"ccess%"l.

Case 90 % ,oussard v S+iers (.?B) .

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An%er6Case 90 % ,oussard v S+iers (.?B) .

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 Gredica$ed on )er%ormance* $his con$rac$ can classi%ied as e(ec"$or! con$rac$. $s anagreemen$ $ha$s no$ %"ll! )er%ormed b! one or bo$h )ar$ies. Go"ssards inabili$! $orehearse and )er%orm beca"se o% illness genera$ed her never $o manage $o %"ll! )er%ormher d"$! #ell. 

Thro"gh ill"s$ra$ion* Go"ssards ac$ress obliga$ion $o com)le$e $he o)ening nigh$s a$hea$rical )rod"c$ion is &"s$ a

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.1 -on$ras$ liabili$! in $or$ #i$h con$rac$"al liabili$!. esearch and give real li%e cases $os"))or$ bo$h $!)es. - 3.1 -on$ras$ liabili$! in $or$ #i$h con$rac$"al liabili$!. =Grade *escri+tor 4>

An%er6 $or$ is reall! a legal $erm e()laining a viola$ion #here one individ"al ca"ses

harm* in&"r! or damages $o some o$her )erson. The viola$ion migh$ be a res"l$s o%in$en$ional ac$ion* "nin$en$ional ac$ion or beca"se o% viola$ion o% s$a$"$es. Bhereas* a con$rac$"al liabili$! is an obliga$ion im)osed on an en$i$! b! $he $erms o% acon$rac$. $s an essen$ial conce)$ on $he )lane$ o% ris+ managemen$ and ins"rance. $ isreall! a )romise $ha$ co"ld be en%orced #i$h a co"r$.

Case 8 @ " v Essex Count4 Council 

The )lain$i%%s* a married co")le* #ere )o$en$ial ado)$ive )aren$s. The de%endan$ a"$hori$!#as a relevan$ ado)$ion agenc!. The de%endan$ had recommended $#o children a bro$her and a sis$er %or ado)$ion. The male +id had serio"s emo$ional and behavioral )roblem.The )lain$i%%s had decided $o ado)$ bo$h children. o#ever* $he de%endan$ hadn$ )rovided )lain$i%%s #i$h relevan$ de$ails abo"$ $he male child. The male child had ca"sedlo$s o% $ro"ble $o $his e($reme he had damaged $heir )ro)er$!* heal$h and %amil! li%e.

 Liability in tort  The de%endan$ hadn$ in%ormed $he )lain$i%% concerning $he emo$ional and behavioral )roblem $he male child #as %acing. The male child behavior #as im)ossible $oreg"la$e so i$ had damaged $he )lain$i%%s home* $heir heal$h and %amil! li%e. 

The de%endan$ #ere #ell aler$ $o $he male childs di%%ic"l$ies and !e$ $he! hadn$ chose $osee $hem $he )lain$i%%.

sse( co"n$! co"ncil negligence $o see $he )lain$i%% concerning $he childs di%%ic"l$!$riggered $he losses s"%%ered. n addi$ion i$ res"l$ed in $he breach o% $he #or+ #hile $he!sho"ldve +no#n $he e%%ec$s $ha$ ma! be d"e $o $he childs behavior. Contractual liability The de%endan$ has denied so i$ o#ned $he )lain$i%% a d"$! o% care.o#ever* i$ absol"$el! #as held $ha$ $he )erson e(ercising a cer$ain s+ill or )ro%ession doo#e a d"$! o% care in i$s )er%ormance $o $he )lain$i%% #ho migh$ %oreseeabl! be in&"red i%i$s s+ill #as e(ercised carelessl!.

 Moreover* $here is s"%%icien$ )ro(imi$! involving $he ado)$ive )aren$s and $he %ol+sco)ing #i$h ado)$ion. There%ore* i$ absol"$el! #as reasonable $o im)ose a d"$! o% caresince i$ absol"$el! #as in )eo)le in$eres$ $ha$ )eo)le $ha$ have s)ecial s+ills #ere )aid $o )rovide $heir s+ills $o $he )"blic. The %ail"re $o o%%er $he claiman$s #i$h all $he c"rren$ relevan$ in%orma$ion o% $ha$ $he!+ne# ac$ed in breach o% d"$!. lso* $he de%endan$ had o#ed $he claiman$s a d"$! o% care

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$o #hich $he!d denied and #ere vicario"sl! liable %or $he breaches es$ablished. Thisreall! is also re%erred $o as as con$rac$"al liabili$!.

Case 88 @ Hale4 v London Electricit4 Board 

Glain$i%%* a blind man #as #al+ing along a road#a! in a residen$ial )ar$ o% Bool#ich#here $here have been 258 regis$ered blind )eo)le. n his sol"$ion $o #or+* he $ri))edover an obs$acle )laced b! #or+ers o% ;ondon lec$rici$! :oard. The )lain$i%% %ell and#as in&"red. The obs$acle #as a %ive %ee$ long shovel $ha$ #as res$ing $hro"gho"$ $he )avemen$. The shovel #as )laced $o sa%eg"ard )edes$rians %rom $he $rench and de%lec$$hem $o $he road. o#ever* $he "sage o% shovel #asn$ a sa$is%ac$or! #arning %or a blindindivid"al #ho "ses s$ic+ %or "s"al )reca"$ion.  Liability in tort  The shovel have been )osi$ioned on $he )avemen$ b! $he em)lo!ees o%;ondon lec$rici$! :oard. The shovel gave s"%%icien$ #arning o% $he di$ch %or normal

sighed )erson. The )lain$i%% #as alone and had a))roached $he )avemen$ #i$h reasonablecare* #aving his s$ic+ be%ore him $o de$ec$ ob&ec$s l!ing on $he #a!. Jn%or$"na$el!* he missed $he shovel ca"sing him $o %all "nder $he dig. The )lain$i%%$ri))ed over and %ell hi$$ing his head. -onse/"en$l! o% him %alling* he became dea%. ;ondon lec$rici$! :oards negligence $o s"))l! ade/"a$e #arning %or several )edes$rians$riggered $he breach o% con$rac$. The "sage o% an area )avemen$s b! blind )erson #asreasonabl! %oreseeable and $he! m"s$ be given a))ro)ria$e )ro$ec$ion. Contractual liability The de%endan$ had ignored i$s d"$! o% care b! giving ade/"a$e

#arning %or blind )erson. o#ever* i$ absol"$el! #as held $ha$ $here have been 258regis$ered blind in Bool#ich and $heir sa%e$! concerns #ere eviden$l! ignored.

To be able $o )ro$ec$ ever! )edes$rians %rom $he di$ch in a )avemen$* $hese #ere s"))osed$o shield $he di$ch #i$h a %ence #hich $he!d no$. ns$ead $he! #en$ o%% $o l"nch and &"s$ )laced a shovel $o #arn )edes$rians. The %ail"re $o g"ard $he claiman$ #i$h ade/"a$e #arning des)i$e realizing $ha$ $here have been 258 blind )eo)le s"rviving in Bool#ich ac$ed in breach o% d"$!. The de%endan$ #ere$here%ore liable $o %"nd damagers $ha$ $he! denied. o#ever* a))ellan$ #as en$i$led $orec")era$e damages a$ common la# %or negligence.

.1 ))l! $he elemen$s o% $he $or$ o% negligence and de%ences in di%%eren$ b"sinesssi$"a$ions. esearch $he case o% :ol$on v 9$one K1,51L ; and -arroll v ?earon 1,,,- and disc"ss $or$ o% negligence and de%enses - 4.1 ))l! $he elemen$s o% $he $or$o% negligence and de%ences in di%%eren$ b"siness si$"a$ions. =Grade *escri+tor*>

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An%er6 !egligence as a tort  Negligence means carelessness. n legal sense* $hismeans %ail"re $o e(ercise s$andards o% care $ha$ $he doer as an acce)$able )erson needs $ohave e(ercised in $he si$"a$ions. enerall! s)ea+ing* $heres a legal d"$! $o be care%"l#hen i$ had been )rac$icall! %oreseeable $ha$ %ail"re $o do $his #as )robable $o ca"seharmDdamages. 

 Defenses to negligence claims To s"ccess%"ll! de%end agains$ a negligence s"i$* $hede%endan$ #ill a$$em)$ $o nega$e among $he as)ec$s o% $he claiman$ reason behind ac$ion.A"i$e sim)l!* $he de%endan$ in$rod"ces evidence $ha$ she or he didn$ o#e a d"$! $o $he )lain$i%%* e(ercised reasonable care* didn$ ca"se $he claiman$ damages and so on.

Case (") A Bolton v ,tone 5 HL

-laiman$ lived alongside a cric+e$ gro"nd. Bhile she #as nearb! $he ga$e in $he leadingo% $he home* she #as s$r"c+ on $he )innacle b! #a! o% a cric+e$ ball. The ball $ha$ had hi$$he claiman$ #as among balls $ha$ had ever been hi$ a$ $he lands over $he las$ %or$! !ears.

The cric+e$ gro"nd #as /"i$e large %or )rac$ical )"r)oses. The %ield #as s"rro"nded b!#a! o% a 12 %oo$ high %ence. !e#i$nesses $es$i%ied $ha$ abo"$ 6 10 balls have been hi$on$o claiman$s 9ide 9$ree$ over a $hir$! !ear )eriod. The claiman$ alleged common la#negligence and also alleged $ha$ $he cric+e$ gro"nd had largel! cons$i$"$ed $o )"blicn"isance. The #ea$her o% $or$ o% negligence a))licable in $he given case scenario are a Duty of care Bhich means $he de%endan$ m"s$ $a+e reasonable meas"res $o s$o) an!damages being ca"sed $o )eo)le. 

The big even$ #as reasonabl! %oreseeable as %e# balls had %le# %ar %rom $he %ield. Thede%endan$ m"s$ have b"il$ %ence high eno"gh $o s$o) balls %rom %l!ing o"$ %rom $he %ield. b "reach of duty Bha$ $his means is i% an individ"al #ho engages in ac$ivi$ies $ha$ )osean "nreasonable ris+ $o#ards o$hers and $heir )ro)er$! $ha$ reall! res"l$s in harm* breaches $heir d"$! o% reasonable care. The de%endan$* #ho #as sim)l! $he mas$er o% cric+e$ %ield #as held liable %or crea$ing )"blic n"isance and common la# negligence on $he %loor %or lac+ing %ence high eno"gh$o s$o) balls %rom %l!ing o"$ %rom $he %ield. The claiman$ #as in&"red since $he ball had%le# o"$ %rom $he cric+e$ %ield and hi$ her head.

 c #actual causation ?or a de%endan$ $o be held liable* i$ m"s$ cer$anl! be sho#n $ha$$his ac$s or omissions #ere $he e()lana$ion %or losing or damage s"s$ained. % $he %ence #ere b"il$ high eno"gh* $he balls #o"ldn$ have %le# a#a! %rom cric+e$ %ield.% $he balls #o"ldn$ have %le# a#a! %rom cric+e$ %ield* $hen !o"r )lain$i%% #o"ldn$ haveno# been s$r"c+ in $he )innacle and $here #o"ldn$ be an! in&"r! ca"sed. 

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d Conse$uent damage The %inal elemen$ in $or$ o% negligence is $ha$ $he damage ca"sed$o $he claiman$ #as $he conse/"ence o% breach o% d"$!. The harm co"ld )ossibl! be )h!sical harm* re)"$a$ion harm as #ell men$al harm. 9$one #as s$r"c+ in $he )innacle b! a baseball $ha$ %le# o"$ %rom $he cric+e$ %ield.There%ore $here clearl! #as a real in&"r! $o $he claiman$. Gredica$ed on medical bills* $he

 &"dge decided &"s$ ho# m"ch co"ld be $he de%endan$ liable $o %"nd $he damages ca"sed. The #ea$her o% $or$ o% defense in $he given scenario are a To be able $o avoid $he ball %rom %l!ing o"$ %rom $he cric+e$ %ield* high %ences #ere )laced $hro"gho"$ $he cric+e$ %ield. This is a meas"re $a+en b! de%endan$ $o be able $oavoid in&"r! $o )eo)le. b Ma!be i$s considered being an inevi$able acciden$ since $he ball had %le# %ar %rom $hecric+e$ %ield onl! 6 10 $imes in $he las$ 30 !ears and i$ had been $here%ore no$ e(ac$l! )redic$able %or $he de%endan$ $o learn i$d hi$ someone.

 c The li+elihood o% harm #as lo#* $he de%endan$ had $a+en all )rac$ical )reca"$ions in$he circ"ms$ances. The cric+e$ gro"nd had $ried i$s bes$ no$ $o in&"re o$hers and )rovide"se%"l service $o $he comm"ni$!.

Case (B) @ Carrol v 2earon

n Ma! 1,87* $he de%endan$ had ac/"ired an a))lied ?or$ -or$ina. The vehicle hadn$ )assed is MT $es$ on 22nd Ma! 1,88 be%ore %ron$ $ires have been re)laced. o#ever*$he! cer$ainl! #ere re)laced b! secondOhand $ires* no$ re$read. corner nearside $ire #as#orn o"$ #i$h a 25P O 30P o% i$s li%e* al$ho"gh #hich #as considered #i$hin legal limi$s.

n ,$h Q"l! 1,88* $he de%endan$ #as driving i$ along a mo$or#a! #hen s"ddenl! $he $reads$ri))ed o% and Mr. %earson los$ con$rol o% $he car. The vehicle collided #i$h $heclaiman$s car ca"sing serio"s in&"ries $o $he Mr. -arrol and his %amil!. ence* $heclaiman$ s"ed $he de%endan$. The #ea$her o% $or$ o%  negligence a))licable in $he given case scenario are a Duty of care The claiman$ +ne# his car hadn$ )assed $he MT $es$ as $he cars $ires#ere damaged. ?or his car $o )ass* hed re)laced $hose $ires #i$h secondOhand $ires #hichhadn$ been remolded. lso* $he $r"n+ nearside $ire #as #orn o"$ $o abo"$ 30 P o% i$s li%e. 

ence $he %"nc$ion #as reasonable %oreseeable $ha$ $ires $read co"ld com)le$el! s$ri) o%%and ca"se an inciden$ #hich did ha))en and bring serio"s in&"r! $o $he )lain$i%% and his%amil!. b Breach of duty  The de%endan$* #ho #as sim)l! $he mas$er o% ?ord -or$ina* #as heldliable %or ca"sing acciden$. The $ires #ere re)laced #i$h secondOhand ones $ha$ #eren$remolded* d"e $o $ha$ $he $read had com)le$el! s$ri))ed o%% and ca"sed acciden$. This

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ca"sed in breach o% d"$! o% reasonable care beca"se $he )lain$i%% and his %amil! #ereserio"sl! in&"red. c Factual causation % $he $ires #ere re)laced b! ne# ones ra$her $han "sed ones* $he $reado% $he $ires #o"ldn$ have s$ri))ed o%% com)le$el!. This #o"ldve )reven$ed $he acciden$%rom ca"sing and $he )lain$i%% and his %amil! #o"ldn$ have alread! been in&"red.

Moreover* $he )lain$i%%s car #o"ldve also avoided damages ca"sed $o i$. d Consequent damages The )lain$i%% and his %amil! s"%%ered )ersonal in&"r! alongside )h!sical in&"r! $o his )ro)er$! i.e. his car #hich res"l$ed in $he breach o% d"$!. The &"dge decides &"s$ ho# m"ch $he de%endan$ is liable $o cover on $he basis o% $he damagesinc"rred b! $he )lain$i%%. The #ea$her o% $or$ o%  defense in $he given case scenario are a "nlo) ;imi$ed* $he man"%ac$"rers o% $he $ire had s"))lied $he $ires $o Mr. %earson.The de%endan$ #asn$ $he s"))liers o% $ires hence he sho"ldn$ be %"ll! liable %or $he

damages ca"sed $o $he )lain$i%%. b The $ire #as )"rchased b! de%endan$ %or $heir o#n )ersonal )"r)oses and no$ %orca"sing in&"r! $o an!bod! aro"nd him incl"ding himsel%. c nce $he de%endan$ had bo"gh$ $he $ires* $he de%ec$ i$d #ere considered "nder .e. $he $read o% $ire #as #orn o"$ #i$h a 25P O 30P o% i$s li%e. The $ire had also )assed i$s MT $es$ in Ma! 1,88* hence $he de%endan$ #asn$ a#are $he $read #o"ldcome o%% $he $ire com)le$el! and res"l$ in acciden$.

Case 09 % &iebeck v 4c*onalds (.@@1) (Dthe coEee cu+ case)

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,"rn% o2er %i$een peren$.K11L She remaine( in $he ho%pi$al +or eigh$(ay% hile %he "n(eren$ %kin gra+$ing. &"ring $hi% perio( =ie,ek lo%$)0 po"n(% 8I kg nearly )0 o+ her ,o(y eigh$9 re("ing her $o Jpo"n(% 8J kg9. To year% o+ me(ial $rea$men$ +olloe(.

.) ()lain $he na$"re o% liabili$! in negligence as $ha$ co"ld be observed in -ase 3.2 O

;iebec+ v Mconalds 1,,4. - 3.2 ()lain $he na$"re o% liabili$! in negligence. =Grade *escri+tor 40>An%er6 The momen$ $he case #as $riggered in legal co"nsel* eed Morgan $arge$ed$#o claims Negligence $ is reall! a %ail"re $o e(ercise $he care $ha$ a %airl! )r"den$ )erson #o"lde(ercise in li+e circ"ms$ances. To be able $o be s"ccess%"l in a negligence claim* $heclaiman$ m"s$ )rove $he de%endan$ o#ed $he )lain$i%% a d"$! o% care* $he de%endan$ had breached $ha$ d"$! and $he de%endan$s breach o% d"$! ca"sed in&"r! $o $he )lain$i%%. 

a Duty of Care :! selling co%%ee $o ;iebec+* a d"$! o% care #ill be crea$ed involving $he

 )lain$i%% and $he de%endan$. There%ore* $he de%endan$ needs $o $a+e reasonable care$o#ards $he claiman$. ?ailing $o $a+e ac$ion #ill held $hem liable $o cover com)ensa$ion%or $he claiman$.

b Breach of Duty  Mconald #as ac$ing negligen$l! #hils$ $he co%%ee $he! cer$ainl! #ereserving #ere above $he $em)era$"re considered sa%e b! $heir )ar$ic"lar /"ali$! ass"rancemanager. n!$hing over 140 R? #as considered dangero"s #hile $heir co%%ee #ere over180 R?. There%ore* $here clearl! #as a breach o% d"$! #hich ca"sed $he )lain$i%% serio"sdamages and harm. 

c Damage The claiman$ had s"%%ered $hird degree b"ns on a $in! $he main bod!. 9he

s$a!ed a$ a medical %acili$! onl! a li$$le over #ee+l! #here she received s+in gra%$ing.This inciden$ had le%$ her #i$h signi%ican$ %a$ loss* )ermanen$ dis%ig"remen$ and disabili$!%or a long $ime $o come. Product Liability $ describes a )rod"cer or seller being held acco"n$able %or )lacing a%a"l$! )rod"c$ in $he hands o% $he cons"mers. enerall! s)ea+ing $erms* #ha$ $he la#s$a$es re/"ires $ha$ $he )rod"c$ mee$ $he s$andard e()ec$a$ions o% $he cons"mer.egarding $he ini$ial claim* Morgan arg"ed $ha$ Mconalds #as grossl!D#holl!negligen$ in serving co%%ee $ha$ have been o% $em)era$"re .e. over 180 R? ande(cessivel! dangero"s. 

?irs$l!* Mconalds had a no$ice on $he label o% co%%ee c")s sa!ing $ha$ $he co%%ees beingserved #ere e($remel! ho$ and dangero"s. 9econdl!* $heir )ar$ic"lar /"ali$! ass"rancemanager $es$i%ied $he! +ne# an!$hing over 140 R? #as dangero"s #hile $heir co%%ees#ere served over 180 R?. Thirdl!* $he!d claimed $ha$ $heir c"s$omers $oo+ $heir co%%ees home and dran+ i$ b"$ la$er $he! even$"all! con%essed $he! +ne# c"s$omers dran+ $heir co%%ee righ$ once $he! bo"gh$i$. ence* $he c"s$omers #ere drin+ing co%%ee a$ dangero"s $em)era$"re.

2,

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 The 2nd claim s$a$ed $ha$ $he co%%ee #as de%ec$ivel! man"%ac$"red. This can be a )rod"c$liabili$! arg"men$s $ha$ arg"es $ha$ cer$ain de%ec$ in $he s)eci%ic )rod"c$ is dis$inc$ive%rom o$her )rod"c$s o% $he e(ac$ same $!)e and $ha$ s)eci%ic de%ec$ is $he main reason o%$he )lain$i%% in&"r!. lso* $he de%ec$ #asn$ +no#n b! $he )lain$i%%. 

ere* $he de%ec$ ma! be $he $em)era$"re o% $he co%%ee $ha$ has been regarded as e($remel!dangero"s even b! $heir )ar$ic"lar /"ali$! ass"rance manager. The &"r! reached !o"rchoice $ha$ co%%ee being served ho$$er $han "s"al co%%ee hel)s i$ be de%ec$ive. The e($reme$em)era$"re o% $he co%%ee managed $o ge$ "ndrin+able and $h"s $he co%%ee #as de%ec$ivel!man"%ac$"red. ;iebec+s losses %rom $he inciden$ incl"ding medical bills* loss in #or+s e$c. #ere onl! ali$$le "nder E20*000 and she o%%ered $o s$a! #i$h Mconald %or $ha$ amo"n$. Mconaldre%"sed and s"gges$ed E800. This )rom)$ed her $o loca$e a legal co"nsel. er la#!erdesired $o com)romise %or E300*000. The organiza$ion again re%"sed* $o $ha$ $he! visi$ed$rial #here in %ac$ $he &"r! a#arded $he claiman$ E160*000 in medical e()enses and E2.7

million in )"ni$ive damages.

Case 090 % one!3ill and Stein &td v &arkin :rothers &td

4oneyill an( S$ein =$( a+$er on("$ing ao"%$i ork in a inemaone( ,y &enman Pi$"re 4o"%e% re3"e%$e( permi%%ion $o ha2epho$ograph% $aken o+ $he in$erior o+ $he inema.KL

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em)lo!er ma! be liable %or $he ac$s or omissions o% i$s em)lo!ees* )rovided i$ co"ld besho#n $he! $oo+ inves$ $he co"rse o% $hese em)lo!men$. enerall!* b"sinesses $ha$ hire inde)enden$ con$rac$ors aren$ liable %or $he ac$s oromission o% $he inde)enden$ con$rac$ors "nless $he &ob is ac$ivi$! #hich is #h! one!#ill co"ldn$ delega$e res)onsibili$! $o $hede%endan$* and $here%ore remained acco"n$able $o $he o#ners o% $he cinema %or $hedamages ca"sed.

Case 19 % *ee v9 4arriott International2 Inc92 .@@@ #& @.

Plain$i S"/anna &ee ,ro"gh$ %"i$ again%$ her +ormer employerarrio$$ 'n$erna$ional 'n. an( her +ormer %"per2i%or a$ $he ho$el inhih %he orke( S$e2en Be%% +or in;"rie% %he in"rre( a+$er Be%%allege(ly %e"ally a%%a"l$e( an( rape( &ee a$ ork. A% a re%"l$ o+in;"rie% %"%$aine( in $hi% a%%a"l$ &ee a% "na,le $o re$"rn $o ork +oran e$en(e( perio( o+ $ime an( a% "l$ima$ely re( ,y arrio$$. &ee%"e( ,o$h Be%% an( arrio$$ +or a%%a"l$ an( ,a$$ery rong+"l(i%harge an( in$en$ional inFi$ion o+ emo$ional (i%$re%%. &ee al%oma(e a laim again%$ arrio$$ +or $he negligen$ hiring an( re$en$ion o+

Be%% an( +ail"re $o %"per2i%e Be%%.

.) ))l! $he elemen$s o% vicario"s liabili$! in given b"siness si$"a$ions o% case 4.2 Oee v. Marrio$$ n$erna$ional* nc.. - 4.2 ))l! $he elemen$s o% vicario"s liabili$! ingiven b"siness si$"a$ions. =Grade *escri+tor *0>

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An%er6 n $he given case* $he )lain$i%% co"ld con$ain $he de%endan$ acco"n$able %or herin&"ries and losses on $he ne($ gro"nds 

• ?ail"re o% $he de%endan$ $o s")ervise :ess.

•  Negligen$ hiring and re$en$ion o% :ess.

• ?ail"re $o %ire :ess a%$er learning o% his /"es$ionable cond"c$.

• Brong%"l discharge.

• n$en$ional in%lic$ion o% emo$ional dis$ress.

 The #ea$her o% negligence in $he given case scenario are 

a Duty of care The de%endan$ m"s$ s")ervise $heir s$a%% $o be able $o ens"re none o% $heirs$a%% "ndergo an! $!)e o% dis$ressD)ain. 9ince 9"zanna ee #as a #or+er o% Marrio$$ n$erna$ional nc. $heres a connec$ion o%

 )ro(imi$! be$#een bo$h )lain$i%% and de%endan$. Bhich means de%endan$ o#es $he )lain$i%% a d"$! o% care and sho"ld be res)onsible eno"gh $o be able $o ens"re shes sa%ed"ring her #or+ing ho"rs. b Breach of duty  n abili$! o% $he de%endan$ $o s")ervise $heir s$a%% d"ring #or+ing ho"rs#hich ca"sed i$ $o be %easible %or 9$even :ess $o se("all! assa"l$ and ra)e ee $he )lain$i%% a$ #or+. The de%endan$ o#ed $he )lain$i%% a d"$! o% care and $here clearl! #as a breach #i$h $his d"$! beca"se o% negligen$ ac$ b! $he de%endan$. c Factual causation % 9$even :ess and 9"zanna ee #ere being moni$ored in $heir #or+$ime $hen 9$even :ess #o"ldn$ have alread! been in a )osi$ion $o se("all! assa"l$ and

ra)e ee. The negligen$ ac$ o% $he de%endan$ #ere $he reason %or $he damage s"s$ained b!$he )lain$i%%. d Damage The claiman$ #as se("all! assa"l$ed and ra)ed beca"se #hich shed in&"ries.-onse/"en$l! o% in&"ries* she #as "nable $o bene%i$ a )ro$rac$ed $ime )eriod and #as"l$ima$el! %ired b! $he de%endan$. n a varie$! o% assa"l$s and ba$$er! cases* $he em)lo!er is vicario"sl! liable %or anem)lo!ees $or$ commi$$ed in $he co"rse and sco)e o% em)lo!men$* and $ha$ $heem)lo!ees criminal ac$s "nder  limited circ"ms$ances lies #i$hin $he sco)e o% em)lo!men$.o#ever* i% a #or+er commi$s an ac$ incl"ding $he "$iliza$ion o% %orce $ha$ #ill be

e(cessive and dangero"s and $o$all! #i$ho"$ reason* $he em)lo!er isn$ res)onsible asma$$er o% la#. 

Th"s in $his ins$ance* Marrio$$ #asn$ vicario"sl! liable beca"se :esss a$$ac+ #as e(ac$l!$he $!)e o% %orce%"l ac$ $ha$ < is excessive and so dangerous concerning be totally without responsibility orreason> and $here%ore his ac$ions #ere a#a! %rom leng$h o% his em)lo!men$.

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;e#erence6

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E-lare%o"re%.o."k )015. Po"%%ar( 2 Spier%. KonlineL A2aila,le a$6

33

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h$$p6##.e-lare%o"re%.o."k#Po"%%ar(-2-Spier%.php KAe%%e( 1)&e. )015L

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=ahan(,ook.org.a" )015. The $erm% o+ a on$ra$. KonlineL A2aila,lea$6

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http://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Poussard-v-Spiers.phphttp://e-lawresources.co.uk/cases/Schawel-v-Reade.phphttp://www.irmi.com/expert/articles/2002/stanovich05.aspxhttp://www.lawhandbook.org.au/handbook/ch12s01s03.phphttp://www.lawnix.com/cases/stone-bolton.htmlhttp://www.williamskastner.com/employers-may-face-vicarious-liability-for-dangerous-acts-of-independent-contractors/http://www.williamskastner.com/employers-may-face-vicarious-liability-for-dangerous-acts-of-independent-contractors/http://www.wolfbaldwin.com/Commercial-Litigation-Articles/Vicarious-Liability-of-Employers.shtmlhttp://www.wolfbaldwin.com/Commercial-Litigation-Articles/Vicarious-Liability-of-Employers.shtmlhttp://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Poussard-v-Spiers.phphttp://e-lawresources.co.uk/cases/Schawel-v-Reade.phphttp://www.irmi.com/expert/articles/2002/stanovich05.aspxhttp://www.lawhandbook.org.au/handbook/ch12s01s03.phphttp://www.lawnix.com/cases/stone-bolton.htmlhttp://www.williamskastner.com/employers-may-face-vicarious-liability-for-dangerous-acts-of-independent-contractors/http://www.williamskastner.com/employers-may-face-vicarious-liability-for-dangerous-acts-of-independent-contractors/http://www.wolfbaldwin.com/Commercial-Litigation-Articles/Vicarious-Liability-of-Employers.shtmlhttp://www.wolfbaldwin.com/Commercial-Litigation-Articles/Vicarious-Liability-of-Employers.shtml

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Assessment and Grading"  Thi% a%%e%%men$ i% ,a%e( on ahie2emen$% in learning o"$ome% 1 ) an( . 'n or(er $o ahie2e a Pa%% gra(e all ri$eria i(en$ie( in $hea%%ignmen$ $a%k% i$h re+erene $o learning o"$ome% o+ $he mo("lem"%$ ,e me$. 'n or(er $o ge$ higher gra(e% o+ eri$ an( &i%$in$ion all$he rele2an$ gra(e (e%rip$or% re3"iremen$% men$ione( a,o2e m"%$ ,e

me$.

-ote "

*ue *ate" As 4entioned above9 The date of submission is 5naland non%negotiable9Fill in the necessar! details in the cover +age and gradingsheet9 *o not delete an!thing9The Ans3er 5le should be named as Hourname-*Assignment.andAC-:9