acep research talk 2012 builds
DESCRIPTION
David Feinstein Talk supportTRANSCRIPT
Energy Psychology Research OverviewEnergy Psychology Research Overview
Innersource © 2012Innersource © 2012
David Feinstein, Ph.D.David Feinstein, Ph.D.
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
February 1985
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
February 1985
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
1990s
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
1990s
TFT with 714 Patients
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
1990s
TFT with 714 Patients
Average of 2.2 Sessions
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
1990s
TFT with 714 Patients
Average of 2.2 Sessions
31 Conditions or Diagnostic Categories
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
1990s
TFT with 714 Patients
Average of 2.2 Sessions
31 Conditions or Diagnostic Categories
Improvement at .001 in 28 Categories
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
1990s
TFT with 714 Patients
Average of 2.2 Sessions
31 Conditions or Diagnostic Categories
Improvement at .001 in 28 Categories
Improvement at .05 in the Other 3
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
South America
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
South America
11 Allied Clinics
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
South America
11 Allied Clinics
31,400 Patients Tapping
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
South America
11 Allied Clinics
31,400 Patients Tapping
1989 2003
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
South America
11 Allied Clinics
31,400 Patients Tapping
1989 2003
36 Clinicians (23 MDs, 2 RNs, 11 MAs)
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
Sub-Study One Sub-Study One – – 5000 Patients5000 Patients
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
CBT GroupCBT Group TappingTappingPositive Positive Clinical Clinical ResponseResponseComplete Complete freedom from freedom from symptomssymptoms
Sub-Study One Sub-Study One – – 5000 Patients5000 Patients
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
CBT GroupCBT Group TappingTappingPositive Positive Clinical Clinical ResponseResponseComplete Complete freedom from freedom from symptomssymptoms
Sub-Study One Sub-Study One – – 5000 Patients5000 Patients
63%
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
CBT GroupCBT Group TappingTappingPositive Positive Clinical Clinical ResponseResponseComplete Complete freedom from freedom from symptomssymptoms
Sub-Study One Sub-Study One – – 5000 Patients5000 Patients
63% 90%
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
CBT GroupCBT Group TappingTappingPositive Positive Clinical Clinical ResponseResponseComplete Complete freedom from freedom from symptomssymptoms
Sub-Study One Sub-Study One – – 5000 Patients5000 Patients
63%
51%
90%
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
CBT GroupCBT Group TappingTappingPositive Positive Clinical Clinical ResponseResponseComplete Complete freedom from freedom from symptomssymptoms
Sub-Study One Sub-Study One – – 5000 Patients5000 Patients
63%
63%51%
90%
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
Sub-Study TwoSub-Study Two – – 190 Patients190 Patients
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
No No SymptomsSymptoms
CBT GroupCBT Group TappingTapping
Number of Number of SessionsSessions
Mean Number Mean Number of Sessionsof Sessions
Sub-Study TwoSub-Study Two – – 190 Patients190 Patients
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
No No SymptomsSymptoms
CBT GroupCBT Group TappingTapping
Number of Number of SessionsSessions
Mean Number Mean Number of Sessionsof Sessions
Sub-Study TwoSub-Study Two – – 190 Patients190 Patients
9 - 20
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
No No SymptomsSymptoms
CBT GroupCBT Group TappingTapping
Number of Number of SessionsSessions
Mean Number Mean Number of Sessionsof Sessions
Sub-Study TwoSub-Study Two – – 190 Patients190 Patients
9 - 20 1 - 7
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
No No SymptomsSymptoms
CBT GroupCBT Group TappingTapping
Number of Number of SessionsSessions
Mean Number Mean Number of Sessionsof Sessions
Sub-Study TwoSub-Study Two – – 190 Patients190 Patients
9 - 20
15
1 - 7
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
No No SymptomsSymptoms
CBT GroupCBT Group TappingTapping
Number of Number of SessionsSessions
Mean Number Mean Number of Sessionsof Sessions
Sub-Study TwoSub-Study Two – – 190 Patients190 Patients
9 - 20
315
1 - 7
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
Sub-Study ThreeSub-Study Three – – 78 Patients78 Patients
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
Panic Panic DisorderDisorder
Tapping Tapping (40)(40)
Needles (38)Needles (38)
Positive Positive ResponseResponse
Sub-Study ThreeSub-Study Three – – 78 Patients78 Patients
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
Panic Panic DisorderDisorder
Tapping Tapping (40)(40)
Needles (38)Needles (38)
Positive Positive ResponseResponse
Sub-Study ThreeSub-Study Three – – 78 Patients78 Patients
77.5%
How the Mental Health Community Learned about Acupoint Tapping
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
Panic Panic DisorderDisorder
Tapping Tapping (40)(40)
Needles (38)Needles (38)
Positive Positive ResponseResponse
Sub-Study ThreeSub-Study Three – – 78 Patients78 Patients
77.5% 50%
Carl Johnson’s Statistics After Visits to Kosovo and Other Areas of Ethnic Cleansing, Warfare, and Natural Disasters
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
Carl Johnson’s Statistics After Visits to Kosovo and Other Areas of Ethnic Cleansing, Warfare, and Natural Disasters
Country: # of Clients # Treated Country: # of Clients # Treated # of Traumas # Completely # of Traumas # Completely
Successfully Identified ResolvedSuccessfully Identified Resolved
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
Carl Johnson’s Statistics After Visits to Kosovo and Other Areas of Ethnic Cleansing, Warfare, and Natural Disasters
Country: # of Clients # Treated Country: # of Clients # Treated # of Traumas # Completely # of Traumas # Completely
Successfully Identified ResolvedSuccessfully Identified Resolved
KosovoKosovo 189 189 187 187 547 545 547 545
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
Carl Johnson’s Statistics After Visits to Kosovo and Other Areas of Ethnic Cleansing, Warfare, and Natural Disasters
Country: # of Clients # Treated Country: # of Clients # Treated # of Traumas # Completely # of Traumas # Completely
Successfully Identified ResolvedSuccessfully Identified Resolved
KosovoKosovo 189 189 187 187 547 545 547 545
SouthSouth
Africa 97Africa 97 97 315 97 315 315 315
(Zulus)(Zulus)
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
Carl Johnson’s Statistics After Visits to Kosovo and Other Areas of Ethnic Cleansing, Warfare, and Natural Disasters
Country: # of Clients # Treated Country: # of Clients # Treated # of Traumas # Completely # of Traumas # Completely
Successfully Identified ResolvedSuccessfully Identified Resolved
KosovoKosovo 189 189 187 187 547 545 547 545
SouthSouth
Africa 97Africa 97 97 315 97 315 315 315
(Zulus)(Zulus)
Rwanda Rwanda 22 22 22 22 73 73 73 73
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
Carl Johnson’s Statistics After Visits to Kosovo and Other Areas of Ethnic Cleansing, Warfare, and Natural Disasters
Country: # of Clients # Treated Country: # of Clients # Treated # of Traumas # Completely # of Traumas # Completely
Successfully Identified ResolvedSuccessfully Identified Resolved
KosovoKosovo 189 189 187 187 547 545 547 545
SouthSouth
Africa 97Africa 97 97 315 97 315 315 315
(Zulus)(Zulus)
Rwanda Rwanda 22 22 22 22 73 73 73 73
The Congo 29The Congo 29 28 28 78 78 77 77
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
Carl Johnson’s Statistics After Visits to Kosovo and Other Areas of Ethnic Cleansing, Warfare, and Natural Disasters
Country: # of Clients # Treated Country: # of Clients # Treated # of Traumas # Completely # of Traumas # Completely
Successfully Identified ResolvedSuccessfully Identified Resolved
KosovoKosovo 189 189 187 187 547 545 547 545
SouthSouth
Africa 97Africa 97 97 315 97 315 315 315
(Zulus)(Zulus)
Rwanda Rwanda 22 22 22 22 73 73 73 73
The Congo 29The Congo 29 28 28 78 78 77 77
TOTALSTOTALS 337337 334334 10161016 10131013
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
5 Minute-Phobia Cure
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
5 Minute-Phobia Cure
714 Kaiser Patients
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
5 Minute-Phobia Cure
714 Kaiser Patients
31,400 South America Patients
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
5 Minute-Phobia Cure
714 Kaiser Patients
31,400 South America Patients
334 Traumatized Survivors
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
5 Minute-Phobia Cure
714 Kaiser Patients
31,400 South America Patients
334 Traumatized Survivors
# of Peer-Reviewed RCTs in 2002
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
5 Minute-Phobia Cure
714 Kaiser Patients
31,400 South America Patients
334 Traumatized Survivors
# of Peer-Reviewed RCTs in 2002
Throwing Down the GauntletThrowing Down the Gauntlet
5 Minute-Phobia Cure
714 Kaiser Patients
31,400 South America Patients
334 Traumatized Survivors
# of Peer-Reviewed RCTs in 2002
X
A Decade Later – 2012
A Decade Later – 2012
Literature Search of Peer-Reviewed Energy Psychology Outcome Reports
Type of Report
A Decade Later – 2012
Literature Search of Peer-Reviewed Energy Psychology Outcome Reports
Type of Report
Case Study: 7
A Decade Later – 2012
Literature Search of Peer-Reviewed Energy Psychology Outcome Reports
Type of Report
Case Study:
Systematic Observation: 8
7
A Decade Later – 2012
Literature Search of Peer-Reviewed Energy Psychology Outcome Reports
Type of Report
Case Study:
Systematic Observation:
Uncontrolled Outcome Study: 14
8
7
A Decade Later – 2012
Literature Search of Peer-Reviewed Energy Psychology Outcome Reports
Type of Report
Case Study:
Systematic Observation:
Uncontrolled Outcome Study:
Controlled Outcome Study 22
14
8
7
A Decade Later – 2012
Literature Search of Peer-Reviewed Energy Psychology Outcome Reports
Type of Report
Case Study:
Systematic Observation:
Uncontrolled Outcome Study:
Controlled Outcome Study 18 Were Randomized (RCTs)
22
14
8
7
A Decade Later – 2012
Literature Search of Peer-Reviewed Energy Psychology Outcome Reports
Type of Report
Case Study:
Systematic Observation:
Uncontrolled Outcome Study:
Controlled Outcome Study 18 Were Randomized (RCTs)
~ 10 of 18 reached .001 level of significance
22
14
8
7
A Decade Later – 2012
Literature Search of Peer-Reviewed Energy Psychology Outcome Reports
Type of Report
Case Study:
Systematic Observation:
Uncontrolled Outcome Study:
Controlled Outcome Study 18 Were Randomized (RCTs)
~ 10 of 18 reached .001 level of significanceRemaining 8 reached .05 level
22
14
8
7
A Decade Later – 2012
Literature Search of Peer-Reviewed Energy Psychology Outcome Reports
Type of Report
Case Study:
Systematic Observation:
Uncontrolled Outcome Study:
Controlled Outcome Study 18 Were Randomized (RCTs)
~ 10 of 18 reached .001 level of significanceRemaining 8 reached .05 level
~ Strong effect sizes across studies
22
14
8
7
A Decade Later – 2012
Literature Search of Peer-Reviewed Energy Psychology Outcome Reports
Type of Report
Case Study:
Systematic Observation:
Uncontrolled Outcome Study:
Controlled Outcome Study 18 Were Randomized (RCTs)
~ 10 of 18 reached .001 level of significanceRemaining 8 reached .05 level
~ Strong effect sizes across studies
22
14
8
7
A Decade Later – 2012
Literature Search of Peer-Reviewed Energy Psychology Outcome Reports
Review of General Psychology (in press)
50 Teens – Rwanda Orphanage -- 1 TFT Session of 20-60 min50 Teens – Rwanda Orphanage -- 1 TFT Session of 20-60 min
Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSD:Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSD:
50 Teens – Rwanda Orphanage -- 1 TFT Session of 20-60 min50 Teens – Rwanda Orphanage -- 1 TFT Session of 20-60 min
Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSD:Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSD:
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
After After TreatmentTreatment
1-Year 1-Year Follow-upFollow-up
Care-GiverRating
50 Teens – Rwanda Orphanage -- 1 TFT Session of 20-60 min50 Teens – Rwanda Orphanage -- 1 TFT Session of 20-60 min
Self-Self-RatingRating
Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSD:Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSD:
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
After After TreatmentTreatment
1-Year 1-Year Follow-upFollow-up
Care-GiverRating
50 Teens – Rwanda Orphanage -- 1 TFT Session of 20-60 min50 Teens – Rwanda Orphanage -- 1 TFT Session of 20-60 min
72%72%Self-Self-
RatingRating
Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSD:Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSD:
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
After After TreatmentTreatment
1-Year 1-Year Follow-upFollow-up
Care-GiverRating
50 Teens – Rwanda Orphanage -- 1 TFT Session of 20-60 min50 Teens – Rwanda Orphanage -- 1 TFT Session of 20-60 min
72%72% 18%18%Self-Self-
RatingRating
Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSD:Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSD:
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
After After TreatmentTreatment
1-Year 1-Year Follow-upFollow-up
Care-GiverRating
50 Teens – Rwanda Orphanage -- 1 TFT Session of 20-60 min50 Teens – Rwanda Orphanage -- 1 TFT Session of 20-60 min
72%72% 18%18%Self-Self-
RatingRating
100%100%
Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSD:Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSD:
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
After After TreatmentTreatment
1-Year 1-Year Follow-upFollow-up
Care-GiverRating
50 Teens – Rwanda Orphanage -- 1 TFT Session of 20-60 min50 Teens – Rwanda Orphanage -- 1 TFT Session of 20-60 min
72%72% 18%18%Self-Self-
RatingRating
100%100% 6%6%
Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSD:Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSD:
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
After After TreatmentTreatment
1-Year 1-Year Follow-upFollow-up
Care-GiverRating
50 Teens – Rwanda Orphanage -- 1 TFT Session of 20-60 min50 Teens – Rwanda Orphanage -- 1 TFT Session of 20-60 min
72%72% 18%18% 16%16%Self-Self-
RatingRating
100%100% 6%6%
Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSD:Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSD:
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
After After TreatmentTreatment
1-Year 1-Year Follow-upFollow-up
Care-GiverRating
50 Teens – Rwanda Orphanage -- 1 TFT Session of 20-60 min50 Teens – Rwanda Orphanage -- 1 TFT Session of 20-60 min
72%72% 18%18% 16%16%Self-Self-
RatingRating
100%100% 6%6% 8%8%
Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSD:Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSD:
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
After After TreatmentTreatment
1-Year 1-Year Follow-upFollow-up
Care-GiverRating
50 Teens – Rwanda Orphanage -- 1 TFT Session of 20-60 min50 Teens – Rwanda Orphanage -- 1 TFT Session of 20-60 min
International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 2010International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 2010
72%72% 18%18% 16%16%Self-Self-
RatingRating
100%100% 6%6% 8%8%
16 Adolescents – 1 EFT Session -- RCT16 Adolescents – 1 EFT Session -- RCT
16 Adolescents – 1 EFT Session -- RCT16 Adolescents – 1 EFT Session -- RCTPeru, males, ages 12 – 17, with a history of abusePeru, males, ages 12 – 17, with a history of abuse
Changes in PTSD Changes in PTSD ScoresScores
16 Adolescents – 1 EFT Session -- RCT16 Adolescents – 1 EFT Session -- RCTPeru, males, ages 12 – 17, with a history of abusePeru, males, ages 12 – 17, with a history of abuse
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
ControlControlGroupGroup
Score onPTSD Scales
Changes in PTSD Changes in PTSD ScoresScores
16 Adolescents – 1 EFT Session -- RCT16 Adolescents – 1 EFT Session -- RCTPeru, males, ages 12 – 17, with a history of abusePeru, males, ages 12 – 17, with a history of abuse
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
ControlControlGroupGroup
36Score onPTSD Scales
Changes in PTSD Changes in PTSD ScoresScores
16 Adolescents – 1 EFT Session -- RCT16 Adolescents – 1 EFT Session -- RCTPeru, males, ages 12 – 17, with a history of abusePeru, males, ages 12 – 17, with a history of abuse
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
ControlControlGroupGroup
36 3Score onPTSD Scales
Changes in PTSD Changes in PTSD ScoresScores
16 Adolescents – 1 EFT Session -- RCT16 Adolescents – 1 EFT Session -- RCTPeru, males, ages 12 – 17, with a history of abusePeru, males, ages 12 – 17, with a history of abuse
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
ControlControlGroupGroup
36 3Score onPTSD Scales
Changes in PTSD Changes in PTSD ScoresScores
16 Adolescents – 1 EFT Session -- RCT16 Adolescents – 1 EFT Session -- RCTPeru, males, ages 12 – 17, with a history of abusePeru, males, ages 12 – 17, with a history of abuse
p p << .0001.0001
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
ControlControlGroupGroup
36 3Score onPTSD Scales
32 Before32 Before
Changes in PTSD Changes in PTSD ScoresScores
16 Adolescents – 1 EFT Session -- RCT16 Adolescents – 1 EFT Session -- RCTPeru, males, ages 12 – 17, with a history of abusePeru, males, ages 12 – 17, with a history of abuse
p p << .0001.0001
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
ControlControlGroupGroup
36 3Score onPTSD Scales
32 Before32 Before31 After 31 After
Changes in PTSD Changes in PTSD ScoresScores
16 Adolescents – 1 EFT Session -- RCT16 Adolescents – 1 EFT Session -- RCTPeru, males, ages 12 – 17, with a history of abusePeru, males, ages 12 – 17, with a history of abuse
p p << .0001.0001
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
ControlControlGroupGroup
36 3Score onPTSD Scales
32 Before32 Before31 After 31 After
Changes in PTSD Changes in PTSD ScoresScores
16 Adolescents – 1 EFT Session -- RCT16 Adolescents – 1 EFT Session -- RCTPeru, males, ages 12 – 17, with a history of abusePeru, males, ages 12 – 17, with a history of abuse
p p << .0001.0001
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
ControlControlGroupGroup
36 3Score onPTSD Scales
32 Before32 Before31 After 31 After
Large Effect SizeLarge Effect Size
Changes in PTSD Changes in PTSD ScoresScores
16 Adolescents – 1 EFT Session -- RCT16 Adolescents – 1 EFT Session -- RCTPeru, males, ages 12 – 17, with a history of abusePeru, males, ages 12 – 17, with a history of abuse
p p << .0001.0001
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
ControlControlGroupGroup
36 3Score onPTSD Scales
32 Before32 Before31 After 31 After
Large Effect SizeLarge Effect Size
Church et al., Church et al., Traumatology,Traumatology, 2011 2011
Changes in PTSD Changes in PTSD ScoresScores
16 Adolescents – 1 EFT Session -- RCT16 Adolescents – 1 EFT Session -- RCTPeru, males, ages 12 – 17, with a history of abusePeru, males, ages 12 – 17, with a history of abuse
p p << .0001.0001
145 Adult Survivors of the Rwanda Genocide 145 Adult Survivors of the Rwanda Genocide
145 Adult Survivors of the Rwanda Genocide 145 Adult Survivors of the Rwanda Genocide (Presenting with PTSD Symptoms – 1 TFT Session – RCT)(Presenting with PTSD Symptoms – 1 TFT Session – RCT)
Severity of Symptoms ScoresSeverity of Symptoms Scores
145 Adult Survivors of the Rwanda Genocide 145 Adult Survivors of the Rwanda Genocide (Presenting with PTSD Symptoms – 1 TFT Session – RCT)(Presenting with PTSD Symptoms – 1 TFT Session – RCT)
Severity of Symptoms ScoresSeverity of Symptoms Scores
145 Adult Survivors of the Rwanda Genocide 145 Adult Survivors of the Rwanda Genocide (Presenting with PTSD Symptoms – 1 TFT Session – RCT)(Presenting with PTSD Symptoms – 1 TFT Session – RCT)
74 assigned to wait-list
group
71 assigned to TFT group
Pre- Treatment
Scores
Post- Wait or Tx
Scores
In PTSD Range
Participants
Severity of Symptoms ScoresSeverity of Symptoms Scores
145 Adult Survivors of the Rwanda Genocide 145 Adult Survivors of the Rwanda Genocide (Presenting with PTSD Symptoms – 1 TFT Session – RCT)(Presenting with PTSD Symptoms – 1 TFT Session – RCT)
74 assigned to wait-list
group
71 assigned to TFT group
45.0
Pre- Treatment
Scores
Post- Wait or Tx
Scores
In PTSD Range
Participants
Severity of Symptoms ScoresSeverity of Symptoms Scores
145 Adult Survivors of the Rwanda Genocide 145 Adult Survivors of the Rwanda Genocide (Presenting with PTSD Symptoms – 1 TFT Session – RCT)(Presenting with PTSD Symptoms – 1 TFT Session – RCT)
74 assigned to wait-list
group
71 assigned to TFT group
26.945.0
Pre- Treatment
Scores
Post- Wait or Tx
Scores
In PTSD Range
Participants
Severity of Symptoms ScoresSeverity of Symptoms Scores
145 Adult Survivors of the Rwanda Genocide 145 Adult Survivors of the Rwanda Genocide (Presenting with PTSD Symptoms – 1 TFT Session – RCT)(Presenting with PTSD Symptoms – 1 TFT Session – RCT)
74 assigned to wait-list
group
71 assigned to TFT group
26.945.0
Pre- Treatment
Scores
Post- Wait or Tx
Scores
In PTSD Range
Pre-/Post Pre-/Post p < .p < .001001
Participants
Severity of Symptoms ScoresSeverity of Symptoms Scores
145 Adult Survivors of the Rwanda Genocide 145 Adult Survivors of the Rwanda Genocide (Presenting with PTSD Symptoms – 1 TFT Session – RCT)(Presenting with PTSD Symptoms – 1 TFT Session – RCT)
74 assigned to wait-list
group
71 assigned to TFT group
44.6
26.945.0
Pre- Treatment
Scores
Post- Wait or Tx
Scores
In PTSD Range
Pre-/Post Pre-/Post p < .p < .001001
Participants
Severity of Symptoms ScoresSeverity of Symptoms Scores
145 Adult Survivors of the Rwanda Genocide 145 Adult Survivors of the Rwanda Genocide (Presenting with PTSD Symptoms – 1 TFT Session – RCT)(Presenting with PTSD Symptoms – 1 TFT Session – RCT)
74 assigned to wait-list
group
71 assigned to TFT group
44.6 40.7
26.945.0
Pre- Treatment
Scores
Post- Wait or Tx
Scores
In PTSD Range
Pre-/Post Pre-/Post p < .p < .001001
Participants
Severity of Symptoms ScoresSeverity of Symptoms Scores
145 Adult Survivors of the Rwanda Genocide 145 Adult Survivors of the Rwanda Genocide (Presenting with PTSD Symptoms – 1 TFT Session – RCT)(Presenting with PTSD Symptoms – 1 TFT Session – RCT)
74 assigned to wait-list
group
71 assigned to TFT group
44.6 40.7
26.945.0
Pre- Treatment
Scores
Post- Wait or Tx
Scores
In PTSD Range
Pre-/Post Pre-/Post p < .p < .001001
Participants
72% 39%
Severity of Symptoms ScoresSeverity of Symptoms Scores
145 Adult Survivors of the Rwanda Genocide 145 Adult Survivors of the Rwanda Genocide (Presenting with PTSD Symptoms – 1 TFT Session – RCT)(Presenting with PTSD Symptoms – 1 TFT Session – RCT)
74 assigned to wait-list
group
71 assigned to TFT group
44.6 40.7
26.945.0
Pre- Treatment
Scores
Post- Wait or Tx
Scores
In PTSD Range
Pre-/Post Pre-/Post p < .p < .001001
Participants
72% 39%
Moderate to Large Effect
Sizes
Severity of Symptoms ScoresSeverity of Symptoms Scores
145 Adult Survivors of the Rwanda Genocide 145 Adult Survivors of the Rwanda Genocide (Presenting with PTSD Symptoms – 1 TFT Session – RCT)(Presenting with PTSD Symptoms – 1 TFT Session – RCT)
74 assigned to wait-list
group
71 assigned to TFT group
44.6 40.7
26.945.0
Pre- Treatment
Scores
Post- Wait or Tx
Scores
In PTSD Range
Pre-/Post Pre-/Post p < .p < .001001
Participants
Gains Held on 2-Yr Follow-Up
72% 39%
Moderate to Large Effect
Sizes
Severity of Symptoms ScoresSeverity of Symptoms Scores
145 Adult Survivors of the Rwanda Genocide 145 Adult Survivors of the Rwanda Genocide (Presenting with PTSD Symptoms – 1 TFT Session – RCT)(Presenting with PTSD Symptoms – 1 TFT Session – RCT)
Sakai & Connolly, 2012Sakai & Connolly, 2012
74 assigned to wait-list
group
71 assigned to TFT group
44.6 40.7
26.945.0
Pre- Treatment
Scores
Post- Wait or Tx
Scores
In PTSD Range
Pre-/Post Pre-/Post p < .p < .001001
Participants
Gains Held on 2-Yr Follow-Up
72% 39%
Moderate to Large Effect
Sizes
59 Vets with PTSD Symptoms – 6 EFT Sessions – RCT59 Vets with PTSD Symptoms – 6 EFT Sessions – RCT
Changes in PTSD Changes in PTSD ScoresScores
59 Vets with PTSD Symptoms – 6 EFT Sessions – RCT59 Vets with PTSD Symptoms – 6 EFT Sessions – RCT
Changes in PTSD Changes in PTSD ScoresScores
Before Treatment
AfterTreatment
ControlGroup
PCL-MPTSD Cutoff
= 50
59 Vets with PTSD Symptoms – 6 EFT Sessions – RCT59 Vets with PTSD Symptoms – 6 EFT Sessions – RCT
Changes in PTSD Changes in PTSD ScoresScores
Before Treatment
AfterTreatment
ControlGroup
61.4PCL-M
PTSD Cutoff= 50
59 Vets with PTSD Symptoms – 6 EFT Sessions – RCT59 Vets with PTSD Symptoms – 6 EFT Sessions – RCT
Changes in PTSD Changes in PTSD ScoresScores
Before Treatment
AfterTreatment
ControlGroup
61.4 34.6PCL-M
PTSD Cutoff= 50
59 Vets with PTSD Symptoms – 6 EFT Sessions – RCT59 Vets with PTSD Symptoms – 6 EFT Sessions – RCT
Changes in PTSD Changes in PTSD ScoresScores
Before Treatment
AfterTreatment
ControlGroup
61.4 34.6PCL-M
PTSD Cutoff= 50
59 Vets with PTSD Symptoms – 6 EFT Sessions – RCT59 Vets with PTSD Symptoms – 6 EFT Sessions – RCT
p p << .0001.0001
Changes in PTSD Changes in PTSD ScoresScores
Before Treatment
AfterTreatment
ControlGroup
61.4 34.6PCL-M
PTSD Cutoff= 50
59 Vets with PTSD Symptoms – 6 EFT Sessions – RCT59 Vets with PTSD Symptoms – 6 EFT Sessions – RCT
66.6 Before
p p << .0001.0001
Changes in PTSD Changes in PTSD ScoresScores
Before Treatment
AfterTreatment
ControlGroup
61.4 34.6PCL-M
PTSD Cutoff= 50
59 Vets with PTSD Symptoms – 6 EFT Sessions – RCT59 Vets with PTSD Symptoms – 6 EFT Sessions – RCT
p p << .0001.0001
66.6 Before65.3 After
Changes in PTSD Changes in PTSD ScoresScores
Before Treatment
AfterTreatment
ControlGroup
61.4 34.6PCL-M
PTSD Cutoff= 50
59 Vets with PTSD Symptoms – 6 EFT Sessions – RCT59 Vets with PTSD Symptoms – 6 EFT Sessions – RCT
Church et al., in press, Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease
p p << .0001.0001
66.6 Before65.3 After
12 CBT/Exposure Sessions 12 CBT/Exposure Sessions
12 CBT/Exposure Sessions 12 CBT/Exposure Sessions 24 Combat Veterans24 Combat Veterans
Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSDPercent Meeting Criteria for PTSD
12 CBT/Exposure Sessions 12 CBT/Exposure Sessions 24 Combat Veterans24 Combat Veterans
Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSDPercent Meeting Criteria for PTSD
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
No No ImprovementImprovement
12 CBT/Exposure Sessions 12 CBT/Exposure Sessions 24 Combat Veterans24 Combat Veterans
Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSDPercent Meeting Criteria for PTSD
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
No No ImprovementImprovement
100%
12 CBT/Exposure Sessions 12 CBT/Exposure Sessions 24 Combat Veterans24 Combat Veterans
Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSDPercent Meeting Criteria for PTSD
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
No No ImprovementImprovement
100% 60%
12 CBT/Exposure Sessions 12 CBT/Exposure Sessions 24 Combat Veterans24 Combat Veterans
Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSDPercent Meeting Criteria for PTSD
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
No No ImprovementImprovement
100% 60% 50%
12 CBT/Exposure Sessions 12 CBT/Exposure Sessions 24 Combat Veterans24 Combat Veterans
Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSDPercent Meeting Criteria for PTSD
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
No No ImprovementImprovement
100% 60% 50%
12 CBT/Exposure Sessions 12 CBT/Exposure Sessions 24 Combat Veterans24 Combat Veterans
“This trial provides some of the most encouraging results of PTSD treatment for veterans with chronic PTSD.”
– Monson et al., J Consulting and Clinical Psychology
Loose Comparison of Major CBT and EFT Studies
Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSDPercent Meeting Criteria for PTSD
Loose Comparison of Major CBT and EFT Studies
Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSDPercent Meeting Criteria for PTSD
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
No No ImprovementImprovement
Loose Comparison of Major CBT and EFT Studies
6 EFT Sessions6 EFT Sessions(49 Veterans)(49 Veterans)
12 CBT 12 CBT SessionsSessions(24 Veterans)(24 Veterans)
Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSDPercent Meeting Criteria for PTSD
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
No No ImprovementImprovement
100%
Loose Comparison of Major CBT and EFT Studies
6 EFT Sessions6 EFT Sessions(49 Veterans)(49 Veterans)
12 CBT 12 CBT SessionsSessions(24 Veterans)(24 Veterans)
Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSDPercent Meeting Criteria for PTSD
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
No No ImprovementImprovement
100%
100%
Loose Comparison of Major CBT and EFT Studies
6 EFT Sessions6 EFT Sessions(49 Veterans)(49 Veterans)
12 CBT 12 CBT SessionsSessions(24 Veterans)(24 Veterans)
Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSDPercent Meeting Criteria for PTSD
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
No No ImprovementImprovement
100% 14%
100%
Loose Comparison of Major CBT and EFT Studies
6 EFT Sessions6 EFT Sessions(49 Veterans)(49 Veterans)
12 CBT 12 CBT SessionsSessions(24 Veterans)(24 Veterans)
Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSDPercent Meeting Criteria for PTSD
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
No No ImprovementImprovement
100% 14%
100% 60%
Loose Comparison of Major CBT and EFT Studies
6 EFT Sessions6 EFT Sessions(49 Veterans)(49 Veterans)
12 CBT 12 CBT SessionsSessions(24 Veterans)(24 Veterans)
Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSDPercent Meeting Criteria for PTSD
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
No No ImprovementImprovement
100% 14% 0%
100% 60%
Loose Comparison of Major CBT and EFT Studies
6 EFT Sessions6 EFT Sessions(49 Veterans)(49 Veterans)
12 CBT 12 CBT SessionsSessions(24 Veterans)(24 Veterans)
Percent Meeting Criteria for PTSDPercent Meeting Criteria for PTSD
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
No No ImprovementImprovement
100% 14% 0%
100% 60% 50%
Loose Comparison of Major CBT and EFT Studies
6 EFT Sessions6 EFT Sessions(49 Veterans)(49 Veterans)
12 CBT 12 CBT SessionsSessions(24 Veterans)(24 Veterans)
Does Acupoint Stimulation Improve Does Acupoint Stimulation Improve CBT Outcomes?CBT Outcomes?
Does Acupoint Stimulation Improve Does Acupoint Stimulation Improve CBT Outcomes?CBT Outcomes?
91 Earthquake Survivors in China with PTSD91 Earthquake Survivors in China with PTSD
Does Acupoint Stimulation Improve Does Acupoint Stimulation Improve CBT Outcomes?CBT Outcomes?
91 Earthquake Survivors in China with PTSD91 Earthquake Survivors in China with PTSD
Cognitive Behavior Therapy Significant Improvement
Does Acupoint Stimulation Improve Does Acupoint Stimulation Improve CBT Outcomes?CBT Outcomes?
91 Earthquake Survivors in China with PTSD91 Earthquake Survivors in China with PTSD
Cognitive Behavior Therapy Significant Improvement
CBT + Acupoint Stimulation Greater Improvement
Does Acupoint Stimulation Improve Does Acupoint Stimulation Improve CBT Outcomes?CBT Outcomes?
91 Earthquake Survivors in China with PTSD91 Earthquake Survivors in China with PTSD
Cognitive Behavior Therapy Significant Improvement
CBT + Acupoint Stimulation Greater Improvement
CBT + Acupoint Stimulation Exceeded CBT at p < .01
Does Acupoint Stimulation Improve Does Acupoint Stimulation Improve CBT Outcomes?CBT Outcomes?
91 Earthquake Survivors in China with PTSD91 Earthquake Survivors in China with PTSD
Adding acupoint stimulation led to significantly stronger results than cognitive-behavior therapy used alone.
– Zhang et al. (2011) Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Cognitive Behavior Therapy Significant Improvement
CBT + Acupoint Stimulation Greater Improvement
CBT + Acupoint Stimulation Exceeded CBT at p < .01
18 College Students Scoring in the Moderate to Severe Depression Range on the BDI
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
18 College Students Scoring in the Moderate to Severe Depression Range on the BDI
4 90-Min EFT 4 90-Min EFT SessionsSessions
Wait ListWait List
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
23.4
18 College Students Scoring in the Moderate to Severe Depression Range on the BDI
4 90-Min EFT 4 90-Min EFT SessionsSessions
Wait ListWait List
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
23.4
18 College Students Scoring in the Moderate to Severe Depression Range on the BDI
4 90-Min EFT 4 90-Min EFT SessionsSessions
Wait ListWait List
BDI Scores: < 10 = No Depression 10 – 18 = Mild Depression 19 – 29 = Moderate Depression > 29 = Severe Depression
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
23.4 6.1
18 College Students Scoring in the Moderate to Severe Depression Range on the BDI
4 90-Min EFT 4 90-Min EFT SessionsSessions
Wait ListWait List
BDI Scores: < 10 = No Depression 10 – 18 = Mild Depression 19 – 29 = Moderate Depression > 29 = Severe Depression
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
23.4 6.1
18 College Students Scoring in the Moderate to Severe Depression Range on the BDI
4 90-Min EFT 4 90-Min EFT SessionsSessions
Wait ListWait List
BDI Scores: < 10 = No Depression 10 – 18 = Mild Depression 19 – 29 = Moderate Depression > 29 = Severe Depression
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
23.4 6.1
20.3
18 College Students Scoring in the Moderate to Severe Depression Range on the BDI
4 90-Min EFT 4 90-Min EFT SessionsSessions
Wait ListWait List
BDI Scores: < 10 = No Depression 10 – 18 = Mild Depression 19 – 29 = Moderate Depression > 29 = Severe Depression
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
23.4 6.1
20.3 18.0
18 College Students Scoring in the Moderate to Severe Depression Range on the BDI
4 90-Min EFT 4 90-Min EFT SessionsSessions
Wait ListWait List
BDI Scores: < 10 = No Depression 10 – 18 = Mild Depression 19 – 29 = Moderate Depression > 29 = Severe Depression
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
23.4 6.1
20.3 18.0
18 College Students Scoring in the Moderate to Severe Depression Range on the BDI
4 90-Min EFT 4 90-Min EFT SessionsSessions
Wait ListWait List
BDI Scores: < 10 = No Depression 10 – 18 = Mild Depression 19 – 29 = Moderate Depression > 29 = Severe Depression
Stats
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
23.4 6.1SignificanceSignificance
P P < .001< .001
20.3 18.0
18 College Students Scoring in the Moderate to Severe Depression Range on the BDI
4 90-Min EFT 4 90-Min EFT SessionsSessions
Wait ListWait List
BDI Scores: < 10 = No Depression 10 – 18 = Mild Depression 19 – 29 = Moderate Depression > 29 = Severe Depression
Stats
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
23.4 6.1SignificanceSignificance
P P < .001< .001
20.3 18.0
18 College Students Scoring in the Moderate to Severe Depression Range on the BDI
4 90-Min EFT 4 90-Min EFT SessionsSessions
Wait ListWait List
BDI Scores: < 10 = No Depression 10 – 18 = Mild Depression 19 – 29 = Moderate Depression > 29 = Severe Depression
Stats
Cohen’s Cohen’s d:d: 2.28 2.28= Large Effect Size= Large Effect Size
Before Before TreatmentTreatment
AfterAfterTreatmentTreatment
23.4 6.1SignificanceSignificance
P P < .001< .001
20.3 18.0
18 College Students Scoring in the Moderate to Severe Depression Range on the BDI
4 90-Min EFT 4 90-Min EFT SessionsSessions
Wait ListWait List
BDI Scores: < 10 = No Depression 10 – 18 = Mild Depression 19 – 29 = Moderate Depression > 29 = Severe Depression
Stats
Church et al. (in press). Depression Research and
Treatment.
Cohen’s Cohen’s d:d: 2.28 2.28= Large Effect Size= Large Effect Size
Observed or hypothesized Observed or hypothesized biochemical effects of acupoint biochemical effects of acupoint tapping while a problem is mentally tapping while a problem is mentally activated:activated:
Observed or hypothesized Observed or hypothesized biochemical effects of acupoint biochemical effects of acupoint tapping while a problem is mentally tapping while a problem is mentally activated:activated:• Reduced limbic threat reactionsReduced limbic threat reactions
Observed or hypothesized Observed or hypothesized biochemical effects of acupoint biochemical effects of acupoint tapping while a problem is mentally tapping while a problem is mentally activated:activated:• Reduced limbic threat reactionsReduced limbic threat reactions• Greater hippocampus and prefrontal accesGreater hippocampus and prefrontal acces
Observed or hypothesized Observed or hypothesized biochemical effects of acupoint biochemical effects of acupoint tapping while a problem is mentally tapping while a problem is mentally activated:activated:• Reduced limbic threat reactionsReduced limbic threat reactions• Greater hippocampus and prefrontal accessGreater hippocampus and prefrontal access• Precise changes in neural pathwaysPrecise changes in neural pathways
Observed or hypothesized Observed or hypothesized biochemical effects of acupoint biochemical effects of acupoint tapping while a problem is mentally tapping while a problem is mentally activated:activated:• Reduced limbic threat reactionsReduced limbic threat reactions• Greater hippocampus and prefrontal accessGreater hippocampus and prefrontal access• Precise changes in neural pathwaysPrecise changes in neural pathways• Reduced cortisol levelsReduced cortisol levels
Observed or hypothesized Observed or hypothesized biochemical effects of acupoint biochemical effects of acupoint tapping while a problem is mentally tapping while a problem is mentally activated:activated:• Reduced limbic threat reactionsReduced limbic threat reactions• Greater hippocampus and prefrontal accessGreater hippocampus and prefrontal access• Precise changes in neural pathwaysPrecise changes in neural pathways• Reduced cortisol levelsReduced cortisol levels• Increased production of serotonin, opiods, Increased production of serotonin, opiods,
and other neurotransmitters associated with and other neurotransmitters associated with pleasure. pleasure.
Observed or hypothesized Observed or hypothesized biochemical effects of acupoint biochemical effects of acupoint tapping while a problem is mentally tapping while a problem is mentally activated:activated:• Reduced limbic threat reactionsReduced limbic threat reactions• Greater hippocampus and prefrontal accessGreater hippocampus and prefrontal access• Precise changes in neural pathwaysPrecise changes in neural pathways• Reduced cortisol levelsReduced cortisol levels• Increased production of serotonin, opiods, Increased production of serotonin, opiods,
and other neurotransmitters associated with and other neurotransmitters associated with pleasure. pleasure.
• Stress-reducing genes are activatedStress-reducing genes are activated
Observed or hypothesized Observed or hypothesized biochemical effects of acupoint biochemical effects of acupoint tapping while a problem is mentally tapping while a problem is mentally activated:activated:• Reduced limbic threat reactionsReduced limbic threat reactions• Greater hippocampus and prefrontal accessGreater hippocampus and prefrontal access• Precise changes in neural pathwaysPrecise changes in neural pathways• Reduced cortisol levelsReduced cortisol levels• Increased production of serotonin, opiods, Increased production of serotonin, opiods,
and other neurotransmitters associated with and other neurotransmitters associated with pleasure. pleasure.
• Stress-reducing genes are activatedStress-reducing genes are activated• Aberrant brain wave patterns are normalizedAberrant brain wave patterns are normalized
Conclusions of EP Research Survey Conclusions of EP Research Survey published in published in Review of General Review of General PsychologyPsychology ::
Conclusions of EP Research Survey Conclusions of EP Research Survey published in published in Review of General Review of General PsychologyPsychology ::• A review of current evidence revealed that the use
of acupoint stimulation in treating psychological disorders has been examined in a number of studies that met accepted scientific standards.
Conclusions of EP Research Survey Conclusions of EP Research Survey published in published in Review of General Review of General PsychologyPsychology ::• A review of current evidence revealed that the use
of acupoint stimulation in treating psychological disorders has been examined in a number of studies that met accepted scientific standards.
• These studies have consistently demonstrated strong effect sizes and other positive statistical results that far exceed chance after relatively few treatment sessions.
Conclusions of EP Research Survey Conclusions of EP Research Survey published in published in Review of General Review of General PsychologyPsychology ::• A review of current evidence revealed that the use
of acupoint stimulation in treating psychological disorders has been examined in a number of studies that met accepted scientific standards.
• These studies have consistently demonstrated strong effect sizes and other positive statistical results that far exceed chance after relatively few treatment sessions.
• Investigations in more than a dozen countries by independent research teams have all produced similar results.