‘central’, or ‘fricative’, vowel in the ikema dialect of … · 2018-12-18 ·...
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‘Central’, or ‘fricative’, vowel in the Ikemadialect of Miyako Ryukyuan: Acoustic and real‐time MRI analyses
Shigeko Shinohara, Laboratoire de Phonétique et Phonologie (UMR7018, CNRS – Sorbonne Nouvelle)Masako Fujimoto, Advanced Research Center for Human Sciences, Waseda Univ.
PFC 22 Nov 2018
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Outline
• Ryukyuan Language• The ‘central’ or ‘fricative’ vowel, /I/, in IkemaMiyako Ryukyuan
• Fricative and apical vowels cross‐linguistically• Purpose of study• Methods• Results• Discussion• Conclusion• Future work
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Ryukyuan Language
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Okinawa
Where is Ryukyuan spoken?
Population of Okinawa prefecture: 1 423 000 (2012 Wikipedia)¼ of population died during WWII. 4
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Currently endangered
• The UNESCO Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger in 2009 included six Ryukyuan languages
– Amamian, Kunigami, Uchinaaguchi, and Miyakoan: definitely endangered
– Yaeyaman and Dunan: critically endangered
• We refer to them as ‘major dialect groups’ of Ryukyuan
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Where does Ryukyuan come from?
Japonic language family
Japanese Ryukyuan
• Separation occurred around A.C. 7 or before.
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Different from Japanese?Basic syntactic structure: roughly similar to Japanese
Phonological system: • Moraic structure plays a role• Pitch accent systems exist• Distinct segment set and segment combinations in
each dialect
Typologically rare sounds: Ex. Ikema dialectInitial geminates: [tta] ‘tongue’ [vva] ‘you’ [ffa] ‘ child’Voiceless nasal geminates: [n̥na] ‘rope’, [m̥mu] ‘cloud’Fricative vowel: [zI:] ‘soil’, [tsI:] breast milk’ (Today’s topic)
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Relation with Japanese sounds
Karimata , S. (1998) Sohubo no kotoba, Gekkan Gengo8
Ex. Correspondence of5 Japanese vowels ‐‐ 4 Miyako Ryukyuan vowels
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TokyoMiyakojima inOkinawa
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Where is MiyakoRyukyuan spoken?
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Miyakojima is composed of severalislandsIkema dialect: Ikema Island,Nishihara in Miyako Island,Sarahama in Irabu Island
10Picture from Kibe 2012
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The Ikema bridge
from HP of Miyakojima City
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The ‘central’ or ‘fricative’ vowel, /I/, in the Ikema dialect of Miyako Ryukyuan
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Vowel system in Ikema dialect
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/a, i, u, I/
Some limited lexical items are pronounced with /e/ (/ee/ ‘yes’) and /o/ (/gakkoo/ ‘school’)
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/I/ ‐ a central, apical or fricative vowel?
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• /I/ in Miyako and southern Ryukyuan has been called• ‘central’ vowel, /" _ _/ (Uchima 1984), /ɨ/
(Hayashi 2010)• ‘apical’ vowel, /ɿ/ (Sakiyama 1963, cited
in Ohno et al. 2000; Pellard and Hayashi 2012)
• Its place of articulation has been an issue of debate
• It accompanies some friction noise of [z] or [s], may be called ‘fricative’ vowel
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•The vowel /I/ in Ikema dialect is reported to be losing its friction
•Frication noise is heard in certain speakers•/zI/ ‘soil’ by M1 /tsI/ ‘breast milk’•/zI/ by M2 /tsI/
•/zI, hazI, mizI/ ‘soil’, ‘leg’, ‘water’ by M2
Quality of /I/ in Ikema Ryukyuan
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Asymmetric distribution of /I/ in Ikema
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Ikema consonants :
/(p) b t d k g ts s z f v h m n r j w N N̥/
/I/ occurs only after /ts, s, z/: [tsI, sI, (d)zI]No other vowels occur after these consonants
(adapted from Pellard & Hayashi, 2012)
*/fI/ Hayashi (2010)* /p/ dia‐, ideo‐lectal
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Fricative and apical vowel cross‐linguistically
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Assimilative context (same place and manner)•Mandarin: /s, ts, tsh/ followed by apical vowel (Lin2008) described as [an alveolar approximantarticulation, and transcribed with IPA symbols [z]with, subscript, the lowering diacritic [˕], and afollowing superscript [ɯ] to show theaccompanying close back unrounded coloration](Wells 2007)• Lanzhou and Loufan Chinese: /u/ realized as [v]after labiodental fricatives and affricates, creating aprolongation of friction noise (Dell 1994)
Apical or fricative vowel cross‐linguistically
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Dissimilar context•Karimata dialect of Miyako Ryukyuan: Strong friction noise occurs in /I/ after /p, b, t, d, k, g/, but not after /s, ts, z/ (Ohno et al. 2000), (contra p.c. Pellard, p.c. Karimata – frication also after /s, ts, z/)
Apical or fricative vowel cross‐linguistically. cont’d
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Mixed contexts?• Len in Mambila language group spoken in Cameroon has two phonetic fricative vowels contrasting with /i/ or /u/ (Connell 2007)•Alveolopalatal fricative vowel [ʑ ͡i] occurring after [b, ʃ], • Labiodental fricative vowel [v ͡ɯ] after [t, d, k, f]
• Jixi dialect of Huizhou Chinese: Fricative vowel [z]after /p, ph, m, n, s, ts, tsh/ This vowel contrastswith other high vowels after the same set ofconsonants (Shao 2018)
Apical or fricative vowel cross‐linguistically. cont’d
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Purpose of study
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Research questions on /I/in Ikema
•How is it articulated?
•What are its acoustic correlates?
•Is there any reason for synchronic occurrence of /I/ only after alveolar sibilants?
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Methods
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Rt‐MRI filming
•Mid‐sagittal head and neck area • Two speakers•10 frames per sec.•16 word lists• Speakers uttered test words in a list repeatedly • Each session took 50 seconds
•6 ‐ 12 repetitions depending on the words
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Rt‐MRI analysis
• Images/frames corresponding to the target phones identified
•Shapes of the articulators observed
•Premier Elements, Photoshop Elements (by Adobe) and Praat were used
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Audio recording and analysisThe speakers uttered words in the dialect when shown by the experimenter the corresponding words in standard Japanese
3‐4 times each in isolation Sony PCM‐D50 integrated microphone48 Hz sampling,digitized at 16 bit
F1,F2 at midpoints of the target vowels measured by Praat 6.0.21 (Boersma and Weenink 2016) and mean values calculated
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Test words and numbers of utterance
/I/ /i/ /u/ /a/
Audio tsI [tsI:]‘breast milk’
M1: 3M2: 4
ti [ti:] ‘hand’M1: 3M2: 4
tu [tu:]‘ten’M1: 4M2: 4
ta [ta:] ‘rice field’
M1: 3M2: 4
rt‐MRI nttsII [nttsI:] ‘soup’M1: 10M2: 8
ti [ti:] ‘hand’M1: 10M2: 8
tu [tu:] ‘ten’
M1: 10M2: 8
ta [ta:]‘rice field’
M1: 10M2: 8
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Result rt‐MRI
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nttsII ‘soup’ M1
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nttsII ‘soup’ M2
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4 vowels
/I/ /i/ /u/ /a/
M1
M2
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Comparison among 4 vowels
•Position of constriction/I/: tongue front and the front part of
hard palate/i/: tongue blade and the back part of
hard palate /u/: back of the tongue and soft palate/a/: upper part of pharynx
•/I/:constriction is farther front than that for /i/, not between /i/ and /u/
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10 utterances of /I/ in nttsI ‘soup’ by M1
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8 utterances of /I/ in nttsI ‘soup’ by M2
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Result 2 Formants
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Articulation and formants
•Jaw opening: close – low F1open – high F1 [a]
•Tongue position: front – high F2 [i]back/round – low F2 [u]
Ladefoged (2001)
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F1 F2 Chart
●M1, ■M2
F1
F2
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Discussion
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•MRI: /I/ is articulated at the front part of hard palate with front of the tongue by the two speakers apical vowel (cf. Sakiyama 1963, 1965)
•F2:/I/ is between /i/ and /u/, indicating central quality (cf. Ohno et al 2000)
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MRI: Compatibility with sibilant consonants
[s]ata ‘sugar’ [z]II ‘soil’ ntts[II] ‘soup’
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•Articulation & acoustic correlates:Very front articulation even though it sounds central when without frication noise
•Phonological distributionPreceding alveolar sibilant consonants /ts, s, z/ and /I/ are articulated at the similar position in mid‐sagittal observationThus, the vowel /I/ occurs in assimilative context in Ikema
Conclusion
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Future work
•Examine the observed difference quantitatively
•For [z]‐like frication noise in /I/, some grooved tongue shape may be necessary Coronal plane to observe horizontal contact dimension and groovedness
•/I/ in other Miyako dialects
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Acknowledgement
We thank our participants
This study was supported by a research grant from SOLIFIC, Sophia University Phonetics Laboratory attributed to both authors, and Kakenhi No. 26370470 and No. 17K02707 to Masako Fujimoto
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