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THE TEMPLE OF KING SETHOST BYDOS

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TH TEMPLE OF KINSETHOS AT ABYDOSCOPIED BY AMICE M CALVERLEY WITH

THE ASSISTANCE OF MYRTLE F BROOMEAND EDITED BY ALAN H GARDINER

VOLUME THE OSIRIS COMPLEX

JOINT PUBLICATION OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION SOCIETY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY)AND OF THE ORIENTAL INSTITUT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

LONDON:CHIC GO

TH EGYPT EXPLORATION SOCIETYTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

MCMXXXPRESS

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Internet publication of this work was made possible with the

generous support of Misty and Lewis Gruber


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PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAINBY THE CHISWICK PR SS LTD. LONDON N

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CONTENTS

PAGEINTRODUCTION vi

I T H E OSIRIS COMPLEX vii 2 TH PRESENT VOLUME vii 3 NOTES O P RTICUL R PL TES viii

LIST O F P L T E S xi

PLATES x

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INTRODUCTION 1 THE OSIRIS COMPLEX

The area covered by the sixty-five Plates contained in the presentvolume is an oblong rectangle some fifty-seven metres in length bythirteen metres in breadth lying immediately behind the seven chapelspublished in the two previous volumes, and forms the westward con-clusion of all that part of the temple which lies in the main axis. To theright of the said rectangle, in the north--western' angle of the temple, are apair of superimposed chambers with two pillars (marked 3 in the Plan,Vol. I P1. IA ; these are absolutely isolated, and having no doors, nosculptures and no inscriptions, their purpose is a complete mystery. Theremainder of the rectangle consists of a series of eight interconnected roomsto which the western door in the Chapel of Osiris 5 in the Plan) providesthe sole means of access. A large hall with ten columns in two rows formsthe centre of this complex, and through its north wall are entered threechambers here called the Shrines of Horus Sethos and Isis respectively. Inthe Plan the central shrine is labelled Osiris and that designation has acertain rightness in so far as the group is obviously dedicated to the Osirianfamily. On the other hand, examination of the hieroglyphic legends showsthat the Osiris in question is the dead king Sethos, so that the name Shrineof Sethos is, on the whole, preferable. At the southern end of the rectangleare three more shrines now almost completely destroyed (Rooms xo, i r and: in the Plan and our captions); these counterbalance the northern shrines,but are separated from the main central hall, here known as the Inner OsirisHall by a square chamber with four columns here called the Second OsirisHall. This arrangement enabled the Inner Osiris Hall to lie absolutely inthe centre of the rectangle, i.e. to be bisected by the main axis, whilst bothon north and south there was a symmetrical termination consisting of threechapels. The inscriptions throughout the eight rooms justify the designation Osiris Complex for the whole, and it is obvious that in the purposeful

scheme devised by the priestly architects this part of the temple was simplyan extension of the Chapel of Osiris giving access to it. With extraordinaryingenuity it was thus contrived that the central chapel of the seven 4 in thePlan) should be retained by Amfn the greatest god of Egypt at the period,while at the same time the apartments of Osiris possesses the amplitudedemanded by his status as the chief local deity.

Although the carving of the reliefs was completed in the more impor-tant portions of the temple, the painting, being the final stage in thedecoration, was never finished. All the rooms of the Osiris Complex were,however, both carved and painted in the time of King Sethos, a conditiontrue only of one other entire chamber, namely the Chapel of Amen-RUy.It would thus seem that the most important parts were the first to be finished,the painters starting on the west and working their way eastward.

The entire area has sunk towards the west owing to being built uponearth filled into a canal used in the construction of the Osireion. As aconsequence the floor slopes and the walls lean outwards; many blocks haveshifted and there are breaks in all the north and south walls.

Throughout the following descriptions the river direction is followed, not the magnetic points of he compass.

2. THE PRESENT VOLUMEThe execution of the work has, as hitherto, lain almost entirely on the

shoulders of Miss Calverley and Miss Broome, of whom the former had,in addition, charge of the entire organization, was responsible for therunning of the camp, devised down to the last detail the methods employed,and personally carried out nearly all the photography. Some help was givenalso by Mr. Charles Little and Dr. Otto Daum. Very great service wasagain rendered by Professor Junker who has visited the site for a numberof days each year, and has controlled the inscriptions with meticulous care.His learning and accuracy are such that the Editor has deemed it un-necessary to repeat in the present volume the notes on the texts that appearedin the other two. Students will by this time be sufficiently aware of theblunders to which the original sculptors were prone, and the indication ofthem in specific cases belongs rather to the sphere of a philological com-mentary than to an Introduction such as this.

It has already been pointed out that the scenes in the Osiris Com-plex had received their colouring. So much of this adornment has sufferedthrough fire and mutilation that, apart from the expense entailed, it wouldhave been a work of supererogation to reproduce the whole in colour andaccordingly fifteen scenes have been carefully selected for that purpose.The greater part of the remaining scenes have been rendered by a methodhitherto employed only for the false doors of the seven chapels. Thismethod takes as its base a photograph on which is drawn the outline ofevery hieroglyph and sculptural detail; traces of paint are darkened slightly,shadows deepened, and the high lights accentuated. It will, we believe, beagreed that this process conveys both a greater sense of reality and moreinformation than the outline drawings that preponderated in the previousvolumes. The texture of the stone can be better realized, and the state ofthe preservation properly gauged.

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Here for the first time in our enterprise was encountered the problemof reproducing columns, and it is hoped that the method devised will givesatisfaction. That method will be explained in the notes on Pls. 9-26. Inthe nature of the case line-drawing was here alone possible, and the sameprocess has been retained for other scenes and inscriptions of second-rateimportance or bad state of preservation.

This volume places on record every scrap of scene and inscription no wexisting in the area treated. Much of the material has been publishedbefore--after a fashion. A careful scrutiny of the earlier publicationsreveals, however, such an astonishing degree of inaccuracy that it is hardlytoo much to say that not one of our reliefs has been adequately reproducedhitherto. A number of Mariette's scenes are printed in reverse, and thesame is true of at least one published photograph. The north walls of thethree northerly shrines are absolute inedita as are also all the scenes on thecolumns. Of the Second Osiris Hall and the southern shrines no scene ortext has been recorded before, but this pant of the temple is largely destroyed,and little more than a dozen Plates suffice to render all that can still begleaned. Apparently only a few blocks have vanished since the earlier

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publications, but the future translator of our texts will have to consult thesesedulously for the small number of signs that have perished in the interval.

In offering to students of Egyptology and lovers of Art a volume ofthis importance, it is meet once again to make grateful acknowledgment ofthe generosity that has made it possible. We are happy to announce thatthe grant accorded us by Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jnr., will suffice forone further volume of at least equal size, and this will embrace the wholeof the Second Hypostyle Hall. Our indebtedness to Professor Junker forhis voluntarily lavished aid has already been acknowledged. We take thisopportunity of stating how pleasant our continued co-operation with theOriental Institute of the University of Chicago has been made to us. Forthis we have to thank Professor Wilson, the new Director as well as hisExecutive Secretary, Mr. H. B. Matthews.

3 NOTES ON PARTICULAR PLATESPI. i This is a detail from the centre of the west wall of the Shrine of

Horus (P1. 34) and has been chosen as the Frontispiece onaccount of the undamaged faces and the fine condition of thecolouring-the thick friable green usually disappears but is hereadmirably preserved. Noteworthy are the crown and girdle ofIsis. Several of the hieroglyphs show peculiarities of interest,e.g. the green foxes' skins nited by red ties, the finely detailedand coloured


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colour. The long east and west walls display three separate ritualacts each in every case, while the short north walls have only one.A common feature is that all these ritual acts are represented astaking place in a golden inner shrine with an elaborate cornice ofuraei and with doors open at each end. Above these goldeninner shrines runs throughout an identical frieze, samples ofwhich may be seen in Pls. 42 and 45

Pl. 33. The king's skirt here shows the sculptor and painter at variance. Adelicately carved ribbon with loop and the leopard s head havebeen spoilt by another design roughly painted over it. Also theinscription behind Horus reveals some unusual features, viz., ared - and red outlines instead of the usual black for the blue andgreen hieroglyphs.Pl. 34. It is from the central scene of these three that our Frontispiece(P1. I has been taken.PI. 37. The markings on the leopard-skin of Horus Pillar-of-his-motherhere differ in treatment from those in PI. 40. Also the so-called lock of youth differs, consisting in the one case of the normalsingle plait and in the other of three tresses bound together.

PI. 39. The artist failed to make up his mind about the decoration of thedoorpost of the inner shrine on the right, and this has, in conse-quence, never been finished.PI. 40. See above on P1. 37 Attempts have been made to cut out the in-scription on the jar upon the altar.PI. I. The depiction of the god Ophois (Wep-wawet) is of the finest,

showing the pupil of the eye and hair upon the muzzle. Theinscription on the king's apron is beautifully wrought.Pl. 42. This Plate shows the decorative scheme employed around thedoorways S. wall) in all three shrines. That the door wasdesigned as a single one from the start is shown by the twocolumns of inscription on one side as opposed to only one onthe other. The two columns are on the same side as the pivot onwhich the door turned ; for this see PI. 30 tOp right. On PI. 3otop left, are shown the variations in the inscriptions of the Shrinesof Horns and Isis from the inscriptions of Sethos shown here.PI. 7 Here are reproduced the inscriptions on the door-jambs, i.e. thethicknesses of the narrower parts of the doorways (see on P1. 3o)leading into the three shrines. There is an undecorated portionbeneath these long cartouches as beneath all the wall-scenes, andthe lintel rests where an upper margin has been indicated. Thehieroglyphs here are in raised relief and exquisitely coloured.

Pls. 48-5 0 give the thicknesses of the doorways into the three shrines. Theinscriptions are identical on each side and executed in exactly thesame manner as those shown in P1. x8. They constitute anexception to the general rule that in the case of single doors onlythe side covered by the door when open was worked en creux,while the other side is in raised relief.

PI. 5 i. This view is intended to show the much damaged condition of theSecond Osiris Hall and the central of the three terminal rooms orshrines ; beyond this last is visible the S. wall of the Chapel ofPtah-Sokar (No. 9 in the Plan, Vol. I, P1. IA). The block onthe right showing a lion-headed demon holding knives is one ofthe loose ceiling fragments reproduced in PI. 59 The niches

Indeed the north walls (Pls. 33, 38, 45 envisage a pair of golden shrines, one within the other, recalling thosein the tomb of Tut ankhamfin.

seen on the left are mere restoration, but this is based on adequateevidence, portions of three scenes still remaining within theniches and small portions of the outside shelf and of the recessedframes being preserved. Likewise in the W. wall there is sufficientevidence that the same decorative scheme was repeated. Thelimestone block seen above the central niche (PI. 65, c) is notin its original position, which is unknown.

Pls. 5265. All the decorations in the Second Osiris Hall and adjacentrooms are recorded in line, being too fragmentary for successfultreatment by photography. The scenes throughout were carvedin relief and painted.

PI. 52. The wall from which these scenes are taken was covered with thicklime-wash, which, when removed, revealed faint painted inscrip-tions with the name of Ramesses (II) on the door-posts of theshrine. A similar inscription, but in the name of Sethos, is uponan altar. It is clear that these texts are original, not later additions.

PI. 53 shows the decoration of the outer frames of the niches. Above itthere is space for an inscription and a frieze like that over theentrance to the Shrine of Horus (see P1. 9, c), but of these nothingremains.P1. 54. The portions of scenes from inside Niche i a, b) are in situ, butthat marked as from Niche 2 c) has been placed there during therestoration. The fragment from the S. wall (top right) can just

be seen beside the broken column in the photograph, P1. 5I.It seems to represent the King in front of Osiris; the god is on apedestal upon which Isis kneels facing him.The thicknesses of the doorways into the Second Osiris Hall andits inner shrines differ in their decoration from those shown pre-viously in this volume, but are not without parallels elsewhere inthe temple.Pls. 5- 58 The decoration of the columns agrees completely with thoseof the Inner Osiris Hall (see above on Pls. 19-26, 27, 28) andthe method of recording employed (see on Pls. i 9- 26 wasexactly the same, so that we can here dispense with further cmments.P1. 59. Of hese blocks belonging to the astronomical ceiling of the SecondOsiris Hall only one-the right-hand piece of the representationin the centre of the Plate-is n situ. The remainder lie on thefloor. All are of sandstone, and some show traces of paint. Theoriginal position is, save for the exception already mentioned, amatter of conjecture.Pls. 60-64. The ribbon pattern at the base of all the walls is merely painted.The fragmentary scenes in Room i o (Pls. 60- x) are very finelycarved and coloured.

P1. 65. The original position of these fragments has not been determined.The fact that a and 6 are of sandstone with traces of paint limitsthe possibilities, since (i) the use of sandstone for wall-scenes isunusual, and 2) much of the temple has not been painted. Thescale and the character of the carving seem to point either to thearea treated in this volume, or to the chambers dedicated to Ptah-sokar and Nefer-tem, but there paint is not apparent except for abeginning of painting operations traceable in the Passage of theLists. The limestone fragment c) ought from its style and treat-ment to belong to the Nefer-tem Hall, but there is seemingly nogap where it could fit, and that Hall is not painted.

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LIST OF PLATESThe names of the authors of the coloured plates are indicated by initials as follows : M.F.B., Miss M. F. Broome A.M.C., Miss A M. Calverley.

OSIRIS AND ISIS Frontispiece). Detail from Plate 34 M.F.B.) ColouredVIEW LOOKING NORTH-EAST FROM THE CENTRE OF THE WEST WALL OF THE INNERINNERINNERINNERINNERINNERINNERINNERINNERINNERINNERINNERINNERINNERINNERINNER

OSIRIS HALL PhotographOSIRIS HALL, NORTH WALL, ENTRANCE TO HORUS SHRINEOSIRIS HALL, NORTH WALL, ENTRANCE TO SETHOS SHRINEOSIRIS HALL, NORTH WALL, ENTRANCE TO ISIS SHRINEOSIRIS HALL, WEST WALL, FIRST SECTION FROM NORTH M.F.B.) ColouredOSIRIS HALL, WEST WALL, SECOND SECTION FROM NORTH, LOWER SCENES A.M.C.) ColouredOSIRIS HALL, WEST WALL, THIRD SECTION FROM NORTH, LOWER SCENES A.M.C.) ColouredOSIRIS HALL. a. West wall second section from north, upper scenes. b. West wall, third section from northupper scenes. c North wall, only existing fragment of frieze, over entrance to Horus shrineOSIRIS HALL, WEST WALL, FOURTH SECTION FROM NORTH A.M.c.)OSIRIS HALL, WEST WALL. a. Fifth section from north, b Sixth and last section from northOSIRIS HALL, SOUTH WALL. a. Portion west of entrance to Second Osiris Hall. b Portion east ofentrance to Second Osiris HallOSIRIS HALL, EAST WALL, FIRST SECTION FROM SOUTHOSIRIS HALL, EAST WALL, SECOND SECTION FROM SOUTHOSIRIS HALL, EAST WALL, THIRD SECTION FROM SOUTHOSIRIS HALL, EAST WALL, FOURTH SECTION FROM SOUTHOSIRIS HALL, EAST WALL, SCENES BETWEEN ENTRANCE TO CHAPEL OF OSIRISAND NORTH WALL

18. THICKNESSES OF THE ENTRANCE DOOR TO INNER OSIRIS HALL FROM CHAPEL OF OSIFa. North. 4. SotOSIRIS HALL,OSIRIS HALL,OSIRIS HALL,OSIRIS HALL,OSIRISOSIRISOSIRISOSIRISOSIRIS

HALL,HALL,HALL,HALL,HALL,

OSIRIS HALL,OSIRIS HALL,OSIRIS HALL,

CIS.ithCOLUMN 1COLUMN 2COLUMN 3COLUMN 4COLUMN 5COLUMN 6COLUMN 7COLUMN 8INSCRIPTIONS ON COLUMNSINSCRIPTIONS AND DECORATIONS OF COLUMNSCEILING BLOCKSARCHITRAVE AND CARTOUCHES ON CAPITALS. SHRINE OF SETHOS,CEILING OF DOORWAY. SHRINES OF HORUS AND ISIS

SURROUNDING DOORWAYS variants)OFOFOFOFOFOFOFOFOFOFOFOFOFOFOFOF

HORUS,HORUS,HORUS,HORUS,SETHOS,ETHOS,SETHOS,SETHOS,SETHOS,SETHOS,SETHOS,SETHOS,ISIS,ISIS,ISIS,ISIS,

EAST WALL, SOUTHERN PORTIONEAST WALL, NORTHERN PORTION M.F.B.)NORTH WALL A.M.c.)WEST WALL

SOUTH WALL, INSCRIPTIONS

ColouredColoured

EAST WALL, SOUTHERN PORTION M.F.B.)EAST WALL, CENTRAL PORTION M.F.B.)EAST WALL, NORTHERN PORTION M.F.B.)NORTH WALLWEST WALL, NORTHERN PORTIONWEST WALL, CENTRAL PORTION M.F.B.)WEST WALL, SOUTHERN PORTION M.F.l.)SOUTH WALL

ColouredColouredColoured

ColouredColoured

ColouredEAST WALL, SOUTHERN PORTIONEAST WALL, NORTHERN PORTION A.M.C.)NORTH WALLWEST WALL

THE THREE SHRINES, DOOR-JAMBSSHRINE OF HORUS, THICKNESSES OF DOORWAYSHRINE OF SETHOS, THICKNESSES OF DOORWAYSHRINE OF ISIS, THICKNESSES OF DOORWAYVIEW LOOKING SOUTHWARD THROUGH THE SECOND OSIRIS HALLSECOND OSIRIS HALL, NORTH WALLSECOND OSIRIS HALL, EAST WALL, SURROUND OF NICHE 1

Photograph

19.20.21.22.23.24.25.26.27.28.29.30.

31.32.33.34.35.36.37.38.39.40.41.42.43.44.45.46.47.48.49.551.52.53.54.55.

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INNERINNERINNERINNERINNERINNERINNERINNERINNERINNERINNERINNER

SHRINESHRINESHRINESHRINESHRINESHRINESHRINESHRINESHRINESHRINESHRINESHRINESHRINESHRINESHRINESHRINE

SECOND OSIRIS HALL. Niches in east wall. South wall, between rooms 11 and 12. West thickness of doorwayfrom inner to second Osiris Hall. Fragments of rooms 11 and 12

SECOND OSIRIS HALL, COLUMN 1SECOND OSIRIS HALL, COLUMN 2SECOND OSIRIS HALL, COLUMN 3SECOND OSIRIS HALL, INSCRIPTIONS AND DECORATIONS OF COLUMNSSECOND OSIRIS HALL, CEILING BLOCKSROOM 10. a 6, c West, east and north walls. d e Thicknesses of doorwayROOM 10, SOUTH WALLROOM 11, WEST, EAST AND SOUTH WALLSROOM 12, EAST WALLROOM 12, WEST AND SOUTH WALLSFRAGMENTS LYING IN SECOND OSIRIS HALL, POSITION UNKNOWN

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a. Not in situ possibly from central aisle.

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abydos temple - 3

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