PART

I.

1902

BY

W. M.

FLINDERS PETRIE

Hon. D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., Hon. P.S.A. (Scot.)

MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL GERMAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY, BERLIN;MEMBER OF THE ROMAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES; EDWARDS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY, UiNlVERSlTY COLLEGE, LONDON.;

With Chapter byA.E.

WEIGALL

TWENTY-SECOND MEMOIR OF

THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUNDPUBLISI1ED

BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE

LONDONSOLD AT

The OFFICES OFand byB.

THE EGYPT EXPLOEATION FUND,and5i,

37,

Great Russell Street,

W.C

Temple Street, Boston,

Mass., U.S.A.

KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Paternoster QUARITCH, 15, Piccadilly, W. ASHER & CO., 13, Bedford and HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner,;

House, Cuaring Cross Road, W.C.Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

EC.

1902

t

ABYDOS.

TEMENOS OF

OSIRIS.

HEADS OF AAHMES

I.

AND AMENHOTEP

I.

FRONT.

AAHMES.

\l

f1

jff(eiinni)

*yi

M tN MU

I

tr

AAHMES.

ABYDOSPAETI.

1902

BY

W. M.

FLINDERS PETRIEF.R.S., Hon. P.S.A. (Scot.)I.

Hon. D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D., Ph. I).,

MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL GERMAN ARCHAEOLOG HA INSTITUTE; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY, BEKLINMEMBER OF THE ROMAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY; MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES; EDWARDS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON.

;

With Chapter byA.E.

WEIGALL

TWENTY-SECOND MEMOIR OF

THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUNDPUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE

LONDONHOLD AT

The

OFFICES OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND,and59,

37,

Great Russell

Street,

W.O.

Temti.e Street, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.

and byB.

KEGAN

PAUL, TRENCH,15,

QTJAR1TCH,

TRUBNER & CO., 1'atkknostkb W. ASHER & CO., 18, BEDFORD Piccadilly, and HENRY PROWDB, Amen Cobsee,;

House, Charing Cross Road. \V .y

the

the long blade of the

same king, and8 of the

fig.

51

is

amount

of curvature iu the back, as this enables

mosf

likelast

the

knives of A/.al> andfig.I,

Mersekha.1th

a comparison with any other specimen to be

The

example,itis

is

X

X

I

Ith

most readily made.is

The whole

of the flaking

Dynasty, asxxii,PI.

closely like those in Dendereh,

rough compared with the prehistoric work, and it resembles that of the knives of the 1st

Kahun,xx.

xvi,

and lllahun,FlintSoes.

vii, xiii.

Tin:

These

form

a

Dynasty tombs and the Hierakonpolis

deposit.

Many

of the specimens are greatly changed in

well-marked group, none being found below 38, and most being within 20 inches, from 75 to 95.

outline

by wear

;

for instance, the

snubbing of

the edge of 27 shows plainly in the drawing.

The form underwent very slight changes down to the Xllth Dynasty (lllahun, vii.). Most ofthese hoes

This snubbing

is

always on the side next theis

show the high

polish due tois

wear

in

person when the Hint

held in the right hand

;

use

;

and the mode of setting

seen in hieroin

and was doubtless the result of scraping awayfrom the person.

glyphs of the Vth Dynasty, where three boes

Sometimes a Hintface

will

be

a line are bound OD to the end of a long handle,at right angles toPis.it.

snubbed half the length on one

and half onThis wear5, 7, 14, 19,

the other face, having been held sometimes by

xxi

xxiii.

The Scbapebs.tailed, irregular,

These

are;

one end, sometimes by the other.

roughly classed as

and round

may

be noticed in the drawings of

in each class they are arranged in the order of

27, 35,

and 36, outer end.

The wide

finely

their levels.

re-curved knives 30, 35, 36, 37, 40, 41 and 42

Theupis

tailed scrapers are mostly

poor and

slight

belong to levels 22 to 65 (as thecut into the ground, see below);

M

tombs werethis corre-

to

about

10 level;

but from 36 to 51 there

and1st

a class of thick, carefully-flaked, pieces, with

sponds to the

first

half of the

Dynasty,

the

edge often notched.onesare

After 51

only twoofthis

agreeing to the fine one of this type in the

slight

known.

The

history

Naqada tomb

of Mena's queen.

No

butt ends

form

is

therefore very definite.are mainly beforeI

of this type of knife were found in the royal

The irregular scrapers22 being in thefirst

11

:

tombs, excepting perhaps one of Zet and one of

40 inches, and only 8 in

Mersekhabeing

;

but owing to only the broken piecesthose tombs,it is difficult is

the next such space.

known from;

to

The roundAs

scrapers are similarly distributed,

make comparisons.one of Zerof Zet.Pis. xviii, xix.

The

tip

40

muchis

like

three-quarters in the lowest part of the town.in the royalflints

and the recurved tip 39

like

one

tombs

it is

only

when

the finer-

workedFlint Knives with Handles.

were given up that the rougherit is

scrapers were buried,

useless to

compare

These

seem

to cover the

same range of

levels

the few scrapers found there with those fromthe town.flint

as those without handles.

Theyis

are arranged

At

the base of the plate are twoflint,

here in order

from the most concave backs to

borers: a broken disc of

probably

in

the most convex.

The work

generally rougher;

course of working for a bracelet; and acore.PI.

flint

than

is

seen on those from the royal tombs

a

natural difference between working articles androyal

xxiv.

Long Scbapebs.for scraping a

These

have:

all

specimens.

Nonethe

of the very

pointed

been used

wide

sin face

some193),

toes are found on the handles, and the blades

may probably194, 195, 198.

be misused knives

(189,

are

far

thicker thanfig.

royal

knives.

We

but others are evidently made for scraping, as

may

well compare

53 with the knives of

Khasekhemui, the long narrow blade 60 with

Flakes

are classified into plain flakes

(199

12

ABTDOS

I.

236), tipped flakes

(237 2G6), worked

flakes

Stone.

(267281), rounded flakes (282285), and The simpler forms square flakes (286291). the rounded distributed are pretty equally;

ends

are

wide before 60, and

narrow

after,

much

as in the

tombs they are wide

to Merneit,

and narrow from Den onward.square form does not here begin

till

The regular 40, and we

knowPI.

that

it

continued in use

till

the end of the

Illrd Dynasty (Medum, xxix, 26). xxvi.

Three pieces offlint

animal figures

chipped in

were found;

and such(see

are

already known from elsewhereart. 14).

Man, 1902,

The

figure

294

is

certainly a crocodile,

and the othersbeast.

may

be intended for the same

The smaller sawsickles;

flints

are probably

all

from

they belong to the lower levels in the

town.

The crescentlevels,

flints

are nearly

all

of the higheris

over 50 inches.

The use of themin;

suggested

by finding a great quantitythat

a

stratum of white sand and stone dustindicates

this

they

were used

like

the

vase

grindersearlier

(pi.

liii.

23

34),315

but probably for the

rough stages of drilling out alabaster vases.flintsit

The comb

327fish.pi.

are hitherto un-

known

;

but

seems likely that they are a

development of the round scraper, perhaps forscraping the scales from15.

Thein

stone vases,

xxvii,

which were

found

the temenos strata are mostly frag-

mentary.several

They show, however, the periodsall

of

well-known types, which may

be

placed here within the 1st Dynasty or abeforeit.

little

Referring to the stone vases which

are dated\lvi

liii),

by the Royal Tombs we may compare hereLevel.

(/i\:

T.

ii,

pis.

Stone.

I

Number.

I

MenaZer

297

Alab.Basalt

3045

(Zer

29854

THE TEMBNOS OFsmall saucers, 10

OSIE1

18

14, are so easily(see

invented

al

store grain.

A

recess

around the mouthto

(see

any time that they are not important.Tlic everted bowls 15

section inrouirh

si) was

made

retain a lid.little

The

27 are both ofR24,26,

Levels stated

here are taken a

below the

brown potterypolished(see

N.

28)

or ofquality

top, at the probable

groundof

level.

The samewas foundprobably

red

ware ofIS).

poor and

late

form of mouthalong

to a spheroidal jar

N.

P

15, 17,

with

a

cylinder

Ka-Ka,

The brim bowls, 28but of various ware;

31,

are of late origin,

Khaires

who

reigned either just before or afterin the

some red polished (N.

Khasekhemui

find Dynasty

(/.'/

Kab,

ii,

2).

P

14),

some rough brown, but more usually

This would be probably rather later than the

of hard late ware (N.

L

7, 8, 9, 10).

examples here, which are at 68 to 88of

level.-.

The inturned bowlsall,

are

the

commonesttheythe

Thefound

largest jar (Fig. 83)at

is

much

later,

beingofyet

and descend from early ages;into

are

551

inches;

under the pavementheight

divided

four columns

here,

straight

sided, the

curved sided, the rounded sided, and

the wide based.It

Amenhotep unknown. The cylinderlate

the

over sand

is

jars,is

8486,found

are of the usualin

should be noted that the different classes

type, such as

the latest

pre-

of bowls were not in use similarly at all levels.

historic

graves,in

probably contemporary with

The rough small saucersthe everted bowls at

are all ofto 25,;

or 3 levellater

smhseries

jars

the

Mena and Zer tombs.of this

Theis

and one

of further degradationin E. T.i,

form

the wide bases usually 25 to 50

the brim bowls

given

119129.

19 to 85; the rounded bowls 18 to 115.

This

The minute

forms, 88

91, seem to be modelsThey92areall early.

shows that fluctuations

in fashion

went on from

of the large jars 102, &c.

one sreneration to another, within the widerrange of the mere existences of such forms whichcover

The rough broAvnform of thegraves(.V.

jars,

97,

are of

tic-

late

ash jars of the

prehistoric

much

longer periods.

L

30).

In two or three houses long

The rough-bottomed bowls, 57 62, were made by dropping a lump of mud into a hole in the ground, and then shaping it up by haud.

lines of these

were found stacked against a walljars,

in

one case 21

along a chamber 145 by 86

inches,(fig.

standing;

mouth

down ona

the

sand

Theybaked

are

all;

very thick, and ofsigns

soft,

poorlyfinger

92)(fig.

elsewhere moi'e than a dozen, mouth97);

mud

marked with

the

up

elsewhere

longall

line,

mouth-

often occur on the inside of the bowls,

and such

down

(fig.

95); and in nearlyoil'.

of these cast

The earlier forms are flatter, the later ones more upright. The great pans, 6669, were probably usedare copied here.for

the bottoms were broken

The smooth,are not sograves.

hard, lightin

common

brown the town102

jars,

98

101,quitethat

as they are in

storage,

as

also

the

ovatein

jars

70

77.

These

forms are not

except very rarely

known a jar. But

the

graves,

Thedistinct

class

of great jars,all

105,earliest'/'.

isis

the great pans

from

others.

The(Ii.

Avere used to invert over a contracted body, soas to constitute a grave;

from the tomb of King Rothis is a

i,

2),

which

and they are commonlytheir

has the raised bauds marked to imitate rope;

knownmagur.

to explorers

by

modern namein all levels,

of

copy of a jar slung

in cords, like the

The pans are foundjars with

but

example carved

in stone found

by Amelineau

the jars only range from 18 to 62.

narrow mouths (78 S3) were probably sunk in the ground and used to

The great

(Dk Morgan, Rech. ii, fig. 823). For a small pottery model of the same see B. T. ii, pi. Such jars were found by me with xxxviii,1.

14

ABYDOSthemin the

I.

the remains of actual cordage uponofferings to Merneit;

The model vases 182ware

187

are of hard fawn

and the impression of theis

like their larger prototypes.

ring of cord round the neck

usually found onsealings.

the

lower edge of

the

great

The Thewas

The ring stand 192 is one of the rudest forms. In 193 there is a combined cup and stand inone piece.197one.

successive stages of degradation of these jars

194

is

a

dish with lip.

In 195in

have been already noted in sectionelaborate pattern onarchaistic

6.

we

see

combined bowls and stands madebut seem to be quite unknowntriangularholes (198)xvi,

105 must be due to an

Such are founds.D.,

in late prehistoric time, in

imitation, or j:>ossibly the piece

72

76

dug out from the lowestcertainlylevel.itis

level in early times

the Illrd

Dynasty and onwards.one in Dendereh,

The standis

not in place in the series at 63

pierced with

almost

of1

The plain jars without bands (104) are the same age as those with bands, see R. T. i,but they are generally of a fuller formjars.

exactly like

38.

Theis

large globular jar on a small stand (211)

an

12;

extreme instance of the combined form.decoration of red lines

The

than the banded

on the fawn pottery in

The hand-made pottery, with diagonalmarks, 106

finger

205

116,

211

belongs to the late prehistoric age.is

is

well

known

in

the Oldxii,

The triangular tube 203

unknown

elsewhere.

Kingdom (Medum, xxxi, 15; El Kab,butit

23);It

Several solid cylinders of pottery (204) were

does not occur in prehistoric graves.

found, with wiped lines around the ends, and

appears from the levels to belong to the Ilnd

diagonal finger marks

;

they werefloor

probably

Dynasty and onwardsuch as in B.

;

and may be a degrada-

used

to

support a wooden

above the

tion of the well-made jars of the 1st Dynasty,T.i,

earth, like the jars at Koptos.

16

31,jars.

or the forms 122,earlier

17.

Outside of the smaller enclosure, close

129

131, 136 here,

which aredeep

than the

around the Osiris temple, the town had sprung

majority of these rough

up before the118

1st

Dynasty

;

and when four orDynasty,as thirteen

The

jars with

a

collar,

121,34c).

are

five feet of

rubbish and ruins had accumulated,earlier half of the 1st

probably the latest stage of the ash-jar of theprehistoric graves (N.

at about the

L

33,

34

;

J). L.

several largefeet

tombs (some as much

The wholeare

class

of rotund

jars,

123

140,times.

by six)town

were sunk within the town, just outProbably that partafter

usuallyis

of

hardin

fawn-colouredlate

pottery,

side the temple gateway.

which

common

prehistoric

of the

site

was unoccupied then, and

They run onsee 135

into the Illrd Dynasty,11;

compare

standing a couple of generations the houses

L29 and Medium, xxx,

and the Vth Dynasty,jars,

had crumbled clown, and the place seemed bare

and Veshasheh, xxxiii, 20.round-bottomed141

enough

for a cemetery,

although

it Avas

after-

The

little

150, are:

wards

again

covered

bythat

theto

town.

These

rare in tombs, but

commonknown

in the

town

they

tombs were then subjected

such pressurecontents and

do not occur1st(.V.

in

the lowest levels, before thein the prehistoric

and wet

in

the

soil

their

Dynasty, but are1!

walls are hardly to be distinguished from the

63) from 50 s.D. to the end.

The

earlier

town rubbish outside of them.

It isis

only when

ones are well shaped with a good brim, and

a group of pottery or stone vases

found that

they become ruder in later instances.

we can beare

certain of the presence of a tomb,settle the

The

small

globular

pots,

151

174,all

and

it

needs careful examination to

commonforms, N.

in the earlier levels,

but arelate

more

height of the walls.

As

will be seen

in

dis-

rounded at the bottom than the

prehistoric

cussing the dates in section 20 the walls aretraceable

R64 69.

up

to,

or within a few inches, of the

THE TEMBNOS OP OSIRISlevel

15

which corresponds

to the

ago

f

the

tomb

:

sketched

into a plan a>

it

appeared, with oftenposition,to

and hence the tombs were cut down throughaboutfourto

orthe

five

feet

of

town(sec

rubbish,ofpi.

some measurements to Becure the then a number was marked onii

andit

identify

generally

clean

sand

top

again.

After making the drawings of the forms,

Ixxx), and lined with a wall which rose to the

the plan-;

were fair-drawn from the dimensionsall in

ground surface of thatdoubtless

aye.

The

rooting was

on the plates of forms, lining them

in to

the

of branches, twigs, and

earth

likeand

dimensions measured as they stood

the tomb.

the prehistoricletfill

tombs

which

gavefall

way, andover,

The bodies werewere kept,all

far

i

nuch rotted, with thehe

the rubbish from the surface

wet and pressure,in

to

preserved;

the skulls

up the hollow.

Most of these tombs seem

some

cases,

ont

never to have been disturbed; the bodies wereunbroken, the jars complete, and the fine stonevases in place;

too

much crushedtheall

Lump of earth, hut he of any value fora

measurement:

positions

were,

however,it

but as no gold work was found,

noted carefully in

but one case, where

and the only valuables were some beads, andin one case copper tools,it

was broken up.

may be

that covetable

The

direction of the

tombs was

parallel

to

objects had, perhaps, been

taken away.

Oneii,

the temenos wall in most cases, and

they are

of these tombsago,pi.

was found by accident two years

drawn here withreally N.N.YV.

the reputed north

upwards,

and

its

contents are published in B. T.

xxxiii,

numbered

M

1.

This year eleven

The tombs are arranged heretheir character,

in the order of

more tombs or interments of that age were found, and the plans are shown in pis. xlviii, xli, the stone xlix, the pottery in pis. xxxvi

placing

next to one anotherThisis

those

most

comparable.

not in theage.

order of numbers nor the

order of the

vases inpi.1,

pis.

xlii

xlviipi.

;

the copper tools in

the beads in

lii,

and the

flint

knives

They should be studied with the sections, given at the top of pi. Ixxx, which show their relation to the native sand,

in pi. xvii.

and the relative breadthburials in clay

18.jarisis

In the

plans

pis.

xlviii,

xlix,

every

and height.

shown

in outline to scale.

The potterysinglesingle-

M24, M25, M26coffins;

are threeto

in

plain outline, the stone vases are cross-

they

stood

each

other

in

the

shaded one way,

the

blocks

of stone

respective positions here

shown.

The

coffins

shaded one way, and the brick walls

24 and 26 were of black clay or mud, 25 ofwhite clay.pis. xli, xlvii.

The numbers on the vases are those which were marked on themshaded the other way.during the clearing of the tomb, and agree tothe

For the figures of the vases see

From

the stone vases

it

has been

observed already that they are most like thoseof the age of Den, Mersekha,far as

numbers

on

pis.

xxxvi

xlvii.

The

and Merneit, so

necessities of the excavation

made

it

impossible

we can

tell

by one or two examples.

By

to keep a regular order of the numbers, eitherin position or

being close together they probably belong tothe

nature

of the

objects.

Someall

sameof

age, apparently that of

Den70.

;

the town

times only a part of a tomb could be done atfirst;

levelLevels(pi.

of which time was about

Thus50

tin

sometimes

it

was needful to remove

the

coffins

at

40

and

inches

the valuable stone vases overnight, for fear of

Ixxx) would mean that the hole for burial

robbery, and do the pottery next daytimes a space had to be cleared kneelin,

;

someor

was dug 20 to 30 inches deep.of these andin theall all

Theand

position

to stand

the other burials was contracted

so as to reach the delicate parts of

usual prehistoric

manner

:

in

almost

the clearance carefully.

Almost every vase was

cases the head

was south and face west, the

16

ABYDOSThisis

I.

attitude of the prehistoric bodies.

con-

Mthexliv)

15.

From

the bareness of this tomb, andits

trary to the attitude of head north, face either

poorness ofit

contents (seeit

pis.

xxxix,

which were found most of the servants and face east, as the Illrd Dynasty of king Qaway,in;

seems probable that

had been robbed

anciently.

people of

Medum.the only instance of a bricked gravecoffin.

M

17

is

The west wall was not traced. M 18. This was another bare tomb with only the commonest pottery and broken stoneIt lay

containing a clay

The

coffin;

wasas

at 50

vases.

next to

M

15,

and had probably

inches over the sand (pi. lxxx)

and

by thethe

been robbed.

At

the

S.W. corner was therichest

stone vases the burial can hardly be later than

skeleton of a gazelle.

Merneit,

when

the surface

level

was

fiO,

M

19.

This

was the

tomb

of

all,

black clay coffin can scarcely have been covered

having twenty-two stone vases.as also in the next

We

see here,

by the grave, but was hidden by heaping overthe top.

two tombs, large blocks of

The body;

in the coffin

was that of achild,

natural rough rolled stones laid on the floor of

woman

that in the grave

was a

and

at

the grave.the feet;

These are placed at the head and

a rather lower level.

By

its

hands was a small

and

in each grave they

mark out

the

square packet of beads.

The mass below vase 10white earth, like roughin

line of the cylinder jars placed by the head.It

was a lump ofplaster,

soft

seems likely that

these

stones

were thesup-

which was

not found

any other

bases of

wooden

pillars or

props which

grave.xliv.

Theis

vases are figured on pis. xxxix,

ported

the

roofing,

and which delimitedThere

an

inner space around the body.the only instance of a burial withnorth.

may even

M 14headto

have been a central boarded chamber with someobjects placed init

The

length

of

the

femur

and others grouped outsideZet,

mm.) is usual for a man, but extreme for a woman. For the vases see pis. xxxix, xliv. The base of the tomb was inches over the sand, and therefore dug17'8 ins.

(452

of

it.

This would be like the central wooden

chamber of the royal tombs of Zer,In

andit.

Den, with the offerings in spaces outside of

1

I

M

19 the stone vases

about four feet deep from the surface of thattime.

pottery cylinders 9

;

12,

by the head, and the would all be piled upwouldlie

This

burialflint flint

was

unusuallythe

richleft

in

within the chamber

and the group of stoneoutside.

having sevenbesidesalso

bracelets on

arm,

vases at the north end

In

one

bracelet on the right

arm

;

M

12

the cylinder

jars

14, 15, bowls 4 and

a flint

knife (xvii. 28)

under the head.all

slate,

Avould be stood up inside the chamber, and

In the earthin

over the body were black lines

the other offerings in lines outside.

In

M

l(i

one plane, with streaks of bright haematite;

the large

slate

48

and alabaster 8 would be

this stuff

was probably

a rush

mat painted with

leaningvasesT>,

against22,

the

chamber50, 5118,

side,

and

the

ruddle.

Between the bowl 52 and the wall

37

40,

stacked inside;15,

was the skull of an animal (gazelle?)about"I

By

the

also the vases

10 12,

32, 43,

47, and

bead were about 8 inches of carnelian beads,ti

the bowls 42, the

inches of steatite tube beads, theball heads,

same

44 leaning against the side. On decay of the woodwork the vases wouldfall

green glaze

and some long glazed

naturally

over into the positions in which

tube beads,

in front of the

body beneath the

we

find

them.

Thus the arrangement

of the

hand was

a large

rough stone.(1

The thicknessinches),

contents points to some inner framing of wood,

of the walls was measured

_'

but thewall

which rested on the large stones as a footing.In

height could not be

traced.

The south

the section (pi. lxxx)

it

is

seen that neither

was not found.

the walls nor the interment reach

down

to the

THE TBMENOS OFclean sand;

OSIEIS.strata,

17

within the walls

is

a layerof broken

town

the

wall

is

preserved

up

to

the

bricks andstratasherds,

lumps of rubbish, and then curved

original surface.

The body had

a slate bracelet

of

town

rubbish,ii))

charcoaland

and

pot-

mi the right fore-arm, and three shell bracelets

filling

the hollow, where the roofis

on thebefore

left.

Twoa

heads, of goat or gazelle, lay

had collapsed.

There

7 to 12 inches of;

house

it:

legbones to the north of the

rubbish beneath the walls

in the

middle

heads; and behind the body

many gazelle bones,

mud wash up

to

15

inches,

and then brokenthat

brick to 25 inches over the sand.

and another head. The large pan. 20, behind For the forms of the body was base upwards.vases seepis. xl, xlv.

Aat 13

very curious point in this burial

is

upon the knees was part of the knee bone of an ox, and at 14 upon the humerus was partThese bones

M. 13.

This was the largest of the tombs,

of the shoulder blade of an ox.

and contained the greatest amount of pottery, and also copper tools but three other tombs;

must have been intendedoxto

to act

by sympatheticFor the

contained more stone vases.

So

it

is

true of

magic, in order to impart the strength of thethe

these tombs, as of others, that the pottery seemsto replace the stone vases.

limbs

of

the

deceased.

The south part

of

references to the vases see pis. xli, xlvii.large vaseit,

The

the tomb wasas

first

uncovered, and

cleared as far

16 had the lesser one 26 placed inalso

beyond the

feet of the skeleton,

and 36

in

it

beneath 26.in 78.

was placedwall of the

in 70,

and 178

Bowl 170 The northwas the

mining the side of the cutting.then put

A

by undermarker wasthe

down beyond

the

feet,

and the north;

tomb was not

traced, nor

part cleared while the south was refilled

thickness of the walls ascertained.

M.

12.

This grave was opened up late one

afternoon, and I planned and removed the stone

marker served thus to connect the measurements, but the whole space was not seen at one time, owing to the great depth of the earth.Over most of thefloor a cobble

vases before dark, but had to leave the rest for

paving of rough

daylightthat I

;

unfortunately one of the boys thoughtfinished theit

desert stones, about four to six inches across,

had

ground

in the middle,

was

laid

down.

This paving did not extend up

and cleared

out next morning, so the attitudethat was the last

to the walls init

most

parts,

but on the cast side

of the skeleton was not observed beyond theplace of the head.

Of coursexxxvi,

ran out under the line of the wall, though I could not verify if there was really walling overit

tomb that boy ever touched.are

The vasexliii;

figures

there.I

In the second clearance, of the north:

given onto

pis.

xlii,

the

Pred

end,

did not observe any pavingsee,

but

it

was

placedpottery.

some

bowls

denotes

polished

On

the N.E. stone was a slate palette4c,

4d

;

on that the basalt bowl

in

that

the

was covered with thick mud, and could only be felt for by slicing the The section of the tomb soft mud with a knife.not easy toasit

blue volcanic stone bowl 4b, and in that thebasalt

is

shown

in pi. lxxx.to

The

wall extends fromit;

bowl

4a.

The

alabaster saucer 8

was

15 below the sandrises to

52 over

mud wash

placed in two pottery saucers containing malachite chipssix;

12

over the sand, and above that are

and the alabaster

9

was

in a pile of

curved strata of town rubbish, and broken brickat the sides.

pottery saucers.ashes.

The pan 38 contained43, 44

woodM.sand

The pot and saucerside.

were

The body wassevered at the

peculiar in having the spinevertebra, with five inches

high up on the west16.

fifth

This tomb had walls preserved higher

separation between the parts, and yet the

arm

than any of the others, being 52 inches over;

as the level of its age

is

55 inches in the

lying on the severed vertebra with its bones It seems in joint and quite undisturbed.

18

ABYDOS

I.

impossible to suppose that the spine has merelyfallen

now

to

reconstruct

in

our

museums

these

apartins.

was 19-0

The right femur (483 m.m.), the left femur 19*2 ins.during decay.is

sumptuous burialsEgyptian monarchy.19,detailItis

of the earliest

age of the

(489 m.m.) long, whichmale.

a very

full size for

aat

hardly needful to say

much

inpis.

There were

four

carnelian

beads

about the pottery of the M. tombs,

intervals

around the head.

Behind the body

xxxviin

xli,

as

the classes have beenthe

noticed

were two heads of calves and the bones of abird.

describing16.

pottery of the early town,it

section

In some plates

has not been

The vases are figured on pis. xxxvii, xxxviii, The large pottery cylinder jars made xliii.in imitation of alabaster

thought needful to repeat the varieties of thelargejai's,

but cross references are given from(Correct the lowest reference

were

filled

with clean

one to another.

sand.

A

bowl, 63, was inverted over 13.

A

on

pi.

xxxvi. 45, from 57 to 67.)

In some

second bowl was placed under bowl 12.a bone netter, a rough pan, a rough

In the

cases of large

deep bowl 2 was painted stuff (linen or leather),

brown

jar,

bird bones, and bits of limestone painted red.

numbers of bowls no separate number was attached to each, but the stars put to some forms show how many examples were The large jars M. 13 13, 14 are made found.;

The saucer 4 contained white paint. The large jar 41 was in the earth outside of the tomblimits,

of light

drab pottery in imitation of alabaster.

Theall

bottle

M.

13, 65

is

of hard pale pottery, like

and

it

hardly seems likely to belong to

the late pre-historic bottles (Naq. L. 60

66).4,

the tomb, but rather to be one of the jars leftin the

In the tomb M. 18 there were practically only

town ruin

at

an

earlier date.

Beyondis

two forms of pottery, the bowl 3 and the vaseand thein place.

the feet, near the north end, the copper tools

slight varieties are not noted separately

were found lying together

;

the position

not

certain, as they were moved in the course of

The stoneinall

vases, pis. xlii;

xlvii,

were foundas twenty-

clearing,

and

I

had

to rely

on the workman'stools described

of the M. tombs

sometimes there were

observation.

With the copper1)

only a couple, but in M. 19 astwo.

many

on

p.

23

(pi.

were

also

two polished black

They were

almostfor

always

buried

in

quartzose stones, doubtless used for

hammeringkept at the

jaerfect condition,

though the more tender

and burnishing metal.Cairo

This tomb

is

ones have often been broken, the exact positionof the fragments shows that they were buriedentire.

Museum

to be arranged as

an example

of the burial of the 1st Dynasty.Itis

In one case, M. 18, the pieces lay as

if

unfortunate that this series of fine graves

the

bowl and vase had;

been broken before

was placed in so low a situation, where, by therise of

burial

and

as this

tomb contained only very

water

level,

they aresoilis

now below highwet thatit

Nile level, and the

so

can,

common pottery, some disused broken stone vases may have been put in, for economy.Certainlythereis

with avases

little

shaking, be poured out from the

no sign of " killing

"

the

as

a

stream

of

mud.it

This wet

has

vases of either stone or pottery at the burial.

decayedto

all

the bones, so thatit

was impossible

The

alabaster cylinder jars are mostly rather

keep one whole, andto

has alsoor the

made

it

coarse

and

carelessly

made, as

if

for

funeral

difficult

trace

the walls

structural

purposes, and are not nearly as well finishedas those of the royal tombs.

details, or to find small objects in the soft

mud. But having been buried over with some twenty feet of earth above them, these tombs have been preserved from later robbers, and we are able

The splendid tombhaving much finer

M. 19

is

again exceptional

in

vases than the others.It will

be seen in

11.

T.

ii,

stone vases 77,

THE TEMBNOS OF 081RI8

19

None

20

ABYDOS15

I.

town between

and 60 inches over the sand;

M. 12; 451

Zer,

the value finally adopted for each being placedafter the bracket.

1

47

before Mersekha

)'

Zer

15

before-27

Qa|

The meaningstruction of the

of this in relation to the con-

Zerbeforeall

heights of the

tomb must be walls of the tombs:

noticed.(pi.

The

Zer

512:;M. 14; 4,6, 13,17

Qa

j

lxxx) over

the sand are thus

Merneit

(

Merneit

TombM. 12

Level of age

Top

of wall

Mersekha ?

50 4555

45

M. 16; 2127, 28

Zeras

M. 13M. 16M. 19so 3

4052 45traceable

M.

1,

ZerMerneit

6

Zet, Merneit

60

1418to

QaZer

thatto

the walls Avhere

extend

M. 18;

I

Merneit1,

Zet

15 inches belowthe.

"round level at

what was probably the. a conclusion which time;

M. 19; 50, 7557, 58

Zeras

shows that our results by the types of thepottery are probably true to a few inches oflevel.

M.

Zer

65K)

ZetZet, Merneit

Zet

B.

The datingstone.

of the

M. tombs in relationfirst

to

11

Merneitbefore Mersekha

the royal tombs depends on both the pottery

6069.

and thesee

Taking the pottery

we

94

Mersekha

Turning to the stone vases we see that they3similar to Zer

M.1:

may be comparedZerfollows;

with those in B.

T.

ii

as

51

about Zetbefore Mersekha

M.

1

being omitted as we have not the

1619

sections for comparison.

I.

12

THE TEMEN08 OPM. 182

OSIRIS.

-'I

M.222, 315,

1!)

\\.2\65,

M.265,146,

211

M. 26150,

=

Z

'.i

=

6I

=

YZ

L5

267, 304, V

T TT

=

U u

5

=

456,

V

62]17I

317,304,

V

YT T T

224,107,21l,

30

4

169,1!)!),

20

150,

U U U

Hence putting

22

ABYDOS75 inches

I.

=

AzabMersekha

8090110D.Lastly

QaPerabsenrelation of the levels

we have the

and reigns to thedates.

series of prehistoric

sequence

Of course the end of the series is the weakest point, as there is no comparison withit,

data that come aftershall here

as in other parts.

I

omit

all

comparisons with types that

have a long range of sequence dates, or a rangethat extends

up

to 80, as

they are of no useis

also those ranges before 70, as it

certain that

they cannot be in question here.material thenis:

The

useful

Type

THE TKMKNOS OFThe80,is

OSIRIS.L901L23.

23

close of the series of sequence dates, at

Mamchisel

art.

A

small

square-bodied

be9t fixed

by the cylinder

jars

which

I

was found at 25

level.

have trusted, as they are generally

in

accord

At the base of theare of

plate are

some marks on

with the vaguer indications of the other pottery.21.

pottery, others of which are on pi. xxix.

They

Plate

1.

The Slates, Tools,is

&c Atdesign

much

the same nature as those already

the top of the plate

the expanded

published, except the strongly alphabetic forms

whichthe

is

painted on a bowl of rough red pottery,of

marked broadly with the22.

finger

O K

and

P.

outlineis

which

is

shown below.at level 23,

Theandis

The amulets and

small personal objects;

painting

done with red ochre, coarsely put onIt

found in the town were not frequent

but they

with a brush.therefore

was found

are of special value as being better dated than

about the time of king Ka.left

Thein;

any foundtranslucent

before.

PL

li,

1

is

a cylinder of

animal to the

seems by the horns to be

Iceland spar, pierced to hang on

tended for the kudu,

now knownis

in

Abyssinia

a necklace, similar to the drop-shaped pendantof alabaster in2is

the design of birds on a tree

not

known onthe two

tomb M.

14, see pi. xliv.

any other Egyptian pottery.

Beyond

a slate

pendant which seems to be ain

animals in the middle are probably two forms ofsnaring nets, and a goat and kid seem to have

model of a stone axe of a form not known

Egyptin age.

;

found loose in top rubbish, so uncertaina rather similar pendant of green glaze,

been on the part

now

lost.

Above the drawing

are some fragments of painted pottery of thelate

3

is

prehistoric

style,

with the levels where

also undated.4,5,

found.

are

bull's

head

pendants

of

green

Atown

few

slate palettes

were found loose in theall

serpentine, of a type well

known

in prehistoric

ruins.

They

are

of late type, already

time (see

Man

1902, art. 14; Diospolis p. 26);

knownM.12,

to belong to sequence dates almost as

late as here found.

Beside these see16, 47,

pi.

xxxvi,12.

and these prove that the form continued to the early kings though the origin of it was certainlyforgotten

4d

;

pi.

xl

M.

48

;

pi.

liii,

A

when

5

was made, probably under

curious piece of yellow limestone from level 11

Mena.6is

with four holes at the corners

is;

shownof

at theis

a pendant of earthy green serpentine,shell,

beginning of

the

copper toolsflat.

one sideit is

perhaps derived from the form of aas

such

rounded and one

The use

un-

continued

in

use0.

to

the

Xllth

Dynasty.

known.

Beginning of Dyn.tools

The copperM. 13knives;

were mostly found in grave

a square axe, a round-headed adze, a

cutting-out tool (broken) and the ends of two;

pendant of clear green serpentine, shaped like the brilliant green beetles which are now brought to Egypt from the Sudan.7is

a

all

these lay together at the N. end ofpi. xlix).

Beginning of Dyn.8, 9,

0.

the grave (see

Another square axeThese tools are of

are two forehead pendants of thin slate

was found

at

level

53.

and10

shell, of

the kind usual in late prehistoric-

exactly the pattern of those found at Abadiyeh(see Diosjxdis vii)

time.is

which were dated tos.d. 79,

s.d. 78.

a piece of a model cylinder

seal,

made

Here M. 13about

is

about

and the other axewider than the24)

of clay, with the hieroglyphs k m.11is

s.n. 80.

The long double-edged cuttingis

a cylinder of light green glaze, with(Cairo

out tool found at level 20

three crocodiles incised.

Museum.)

form from the tomb of Zerfor the series of

(II. T. ii pi. vi,

12

is

such

tools,

and their

use, see

incised

a cylinder of dark violet glaze, with hieroglyphs these seem to read " give;

24";

ABYDOSthe house of bread

I.

the house of bread to thee-

limestone has the models of the various funereal

beino an early equivalent of the fer-hhe.ru oflater funeral inscriptions.

implements

let into

it.

And

thus

we

reach the

This type of inscrip-

pesh-ken amulet, of which a fine

example was

tion

is

just that found oncylinders,

most of the early

found of the

Xllth Dynasty (Diospolis xxv,Avig

black

which mention offerings and

YaIt

61, middle group), carved in carnelian, with

and usually have a figure seated before a table of offerings such cylinders seem to have been the earlier form of the prayer,provisions,;

gold

head in a

as

thethis

handle of

it.

seems also further thatis

amulet

may

be continued in what

usually classed as aof the

which was

later expressed

on the innumerable

double feather, on the

mummies

XX Vlth

funeral steles.

Reign of Zer.;

Dynasty.

Two

forms of feather amulet certainly

13 a fragment of slate palette from level 52

exist, the straight feathers,

and the two plumesfound on the sameit

about reign of Zet.

with rounded topsis

;

a third form with pointedis

14 a piece of carved ivory inlay, such asxxxix,it,

ends turned outward,

found in the royal tombs of Merneit, Den, andA/.ab71-2).

mummies withfeathers are

the other two, so;

cannot be

(B. T.

ii,

37;

xl,

458;

xlii,

a variant of either of those

andthis

asis

no suchprobably

The

level of

40

inches, points to the

shown elsewhere

beginning of the reign of Zer.

the pesh-ken amulet modified by confusion with the double plumes.

15 an ivory draughtsman, rather different

(See Man, 1902,

art. 64.)

from those of Mena and Zer, but moreof

like that

23

is

one of the discs of pottery with groundhole, several of

Den

(R, T.

ii,

xli,

74)

;

this

seems to be of

edges,

and a ground;

which wereit.

the level of Zer.16, the tip of

found

this bears a sign cut

upon

Age

of

an ivory arrow, of the formii,

Zet.

used by Zer

{It. T.

xxxiv, 47), and the level

The fourrubbish

sealings

were found just outside

shows the same reign.1

of the temenos, in

some Old Kingdom town

7

a fragment of the incised black pottery;

beneath the portal of

Ramessu

II.

with white inlay

from the

level this

may be

They seem from their style to be of about themiddle of the Ilnd Dynasty.

about the Illrd or IVth Dynasty.18,

19 ivory pin with spiral end, and ivory

crossdined cylinder.

The fish-hook is about the age of Merneit. The bone netter or bodkin, and blue glazedbutton, are undated.

20 a

shell

notched as a scraper, probably for(see

cleaning fish

Eahun,

viii,

10).

Age

of

PL

Hi.

The beadsdated.

are all

levelledto])

and so andZet.

Mena.21 a

approximately

The

string

model knife of

flint

;

age of Mena.flint;

circle of shells is of the

beginning of the Ilndstring of Zeris

11 a model forked lance of

age of Den.;

Dynasty.

The secondM. 14

or

Thisat

is

a good link in the series of such objects

The

third string

of Merneit; and the

first

we And forkedfrom theis

lances of flint in the preearliest times (Diospolis

historic age,iv).

small beads, 91 level, must be at the end of the They are of forms 1st or early Ilnd Dynasty.well

Next thereageis

a forked lance set in a gold

knowntown.

in the later prehistoric age.

handle as a funerealprehistoric

implement, of the later

The limestonein the

spindle whorls were abundant

(Awnalesthe

du

Service

ii,

131).

Many were

undated, being found

Nextmodelthis

there

implement

reduced

to

ais

in the shifted rubbish.

Those here of one date;

in the 1stin

Dynasty.

After that there

are put into the same column

and they rangeto

form

the sets of funeral offerings in the

from the beginning of Dynastytime of Den.

about theof form,

Vlth Dynasty (Dendereh xxi) where a slab of

There

is

some change

THE TEMENOS OFthe early ones being

OSIEIS.

26

more regular and

flatter

9

12.

Green glazedforms;All theseslate1

apes,

and

beads,

tube

than the later; about 30 a coarse cylinder formappears, and soon after larger and higher conicalforms.

and

hall

palette

with

CTOBSedat

corners.

removed from the earth1st

28the bottom of the plate are some later

level,

and therefore before the

Dynasty.

At

There are a large number of beads, and thewhole seems to have belonged to a woman.

objects.digits 12,

The13,

piece of a

slate

cubit

has the

and

the edge are as

marked on the top; on many divisions as the number14,

of the digit, a favouriteall

way;

of giving a scale of

The resemblance of these baboons to those of the main deposit at Hierakonpolis of the age of Narmer should be noted. (See ///< rahowpolisi,

fractions of the digit

on the base are some

xxii, 11, 12.)

fragments of hieroglyphs.

The arrowhead

is

of

13

18.

Manywhole

pieces of pottery were found,fireplace's,

bronze

;

it

was found within the thickness of aits

whichat

I

guessed to be parts ofafire

and

brick wing of the Ramesside portal, accordingto

last

ring

was

found

entireit.

the

workman, andstatement;

appearance agreed

with a deep bed of white wood-ashes within

with

this

so this gives a date for the

The forms 15 andwithits

Hi

seem to come from anthus

large quantity of such arrowheads picked

up

at

encircling serpent of pottery round the place,

The piece of a large blue glazed ankh is of Ramessu II it was probably a piece of temple furniture like the ankh of Tahutmes III (Dendereh xxiii, 7). The weight marked withAbydos.;

head turned inward to the

fire

;

combining the ao-athedaemonhearth place.fig.

domestic fetish of the prehistoric age

which was the with the:

The

levels of the pieces arefig.

four strokesor

is

of black quartzose stone, 1590 grs.lazuli

17 at 17 level, a plain zigzag likefig.

16 at:

4x397.bears thePI.liii.

The

bead was found in thesculptui'cs

18 level;

16 at 20 level;

fig.

13 at 20 level1

temple with theit

XXVIth Dynasty" Psamthek

a piece of a corner with notched ledges likeat 28 level;

7,

name1.

mer Asar."

and a piece

like

14 at 55 level.level or a

A

fragment of crocodile bone

Thus mostZet.

of these are at 17

28is

few

appears to have been carefully shaped like abull's loose,2.

reigns before

Mena

;

and one

of the age of

head,

probably as an amulet.

Found

undated.

19has at one end an attachment

22.

Many

pieces of ribbed tiles coveredlike

A

flint flake

with green or violet glaze were found,those found at Hierakonpolis.the earliest, found at 19 level, before

which seems to be calcareous clay or cementthe material might be a natural concretion; but

The piece 19 is or some reigns The

the symmetry of the form ofthatit

it

seems to show

Mena

;

the others were from 42, 36 and

has been intentionally modelled like two

38

levels,

or about the reign of Mena.

horns.3.

Unle veiled.theyso well

style of ribbed inlay

ornament, and the coloured

Disc of gold and strip with turned edge,;

glaze on other objects, are both familiar in the

found doubled up togetherthatit

fit

royal tombs of the 1st Dynasty.

seems likely they were stripped from astick.

23

34.

In

manyfound,

parts of the

town stone

gold-headed

Level

91

;

beginning of

grinders were

which from their forms

Ilnd Dynasty.4. 5.

Pieces of glazed quartz, with holes for

were evidently used in manufacturing the innumerable stone bowls of the early dynasties.

affixing.6.

Found

loose.loose.

The examples here34, are allin

are arranged to

show the">">.

Limestone figure of a bird, foundage of Den.

different views of the grinders;side view,

24, 30, 31,

7, 8.

Green glazed figures of baboons, foundlevel,

showing the curvaturefor a

at

about 70

which they would produce. 21 being

deep

26

ABYDOSfor a;

I.

wide shallow dish the other grinders are placed in base view, showing the hollow or notch on each side by which they

cup and 34

hippopotamus head, and a kneelingdated

leg,

were

found loose in the rubbish, and therefore un;

they are of the same class as the early

were held in a

stick so as to bein

turned round.

pottery figures from Koptos.37.stone,

They were usually found

a layer of white

A A A

very rough squatting figure in limestrange piece of a large object of red

sand and stone dust, evidently the refuse of the grinding powder which was used with them.

found at the base of the town.

38.

Theall

levels of these

showed that they belong to

pottery,triangles39.;

markedtorso

all

over

with

deeply

cut

parts of the 1st Dynasty.

With

these

we

possibly part of an animal figure.of a

must connect the crescent flints (xxvi, 305 314), which were mostly found in a stratum of sand and stone dust, sloping between 80 and50 level;

humanof

figure

in

rough

pottery.40. Pottery

figuresfairly

kine,:

of

which the

from such association

it

is

clear that

upper one

is

modelled

they were found

they were used for the vase business, and as

at 55 level, about the age of Zet, in the S.E.

preliminary

drills

they would be effective on

corner of a space

filled

with sand, whichof a building.

mayIn

most of the stones that were worked. Their Similar age runs throughout the 1st Dynasty.crescent flints have been

have beenthat

the foundation

case the space

was probably dug downlevel

found in the Illrd

as a hollow,

and hence the townthen,

would1st

Dynasty35, 3G.

at Beit Khallaf.

be

hisrher

about the end of

the

These rough red pottery figures of a

Dynasty.

-'7

(

'1IAITKI;

III.

THE OSIRIS TEMPLE.23.

As we have

already stated, the Osiris

The

inscriptions, as such, are dealt within

by

temple occupied but a small part of the great

Mr. Weigall

chap, v; so here

we

are con-

temenos which was later built around the

site.is

cerned more with the position and historical

The templeclose

of the

XVIIIth Dynasty, whichsite,

meaning of the various sculptures.

the lowest level yet cleared on this

had

around

it;

a

massive

brick

wall,

some

thirty feet thick

in the west side of

which was

The remains before the Xllth Dynasty are not numerous (see pis. liv -lvii), as the work has not yet reached the true level of that24.

a great pylon of red granite, opening into therest of the larger temenos.

age in the temple ground, andthat

all

the stonesTlxe

As

the plans are

have

been

obtained

are

re-used.(pi.liv),

necessarily

still

so;

incomplete,

they are

not

blocks of Merenra,

Mehtiemsaf

were

published this yearof the siteis

but a general surface view

found in the foundation of theof

hall

next to that

given in Mr. Garstang's El Arabah.principally consist ofis

Amenhotep

I

:

they are of slight and rough

The temple buildingstwo parts:

work, but show that some building was donein the

the

first,

or easternmost,

a square

Vlth Dynasty,

so

more may be foundso

in

building, of which nothing but foundations andloose blocks

future.

No

buildings of thishis

king were yet

remain

;

the second part has

still

known, except

pyramid

;

any further

the lower few feet of the walls of two pillaredhalls

results will be of value.

and some chambers.

The threesite.

pieces of large private steles, pi.in the square

liv,

In the square building were blocks of the

were found near together

temple

and foundation Vlth Dynasties. deposits of the XVIIIth XX The halls behind were built by Amenhotep I,Dynasties,

XVIIIth

XXXth

From

the work

it

seems likely that they

belong to

the Vlth Dynasty.is

The

left;

handthe;

upper pieceloweris

from the

left

of a stele

and

perhaps

added

to

until

the

XXVIth

the bottom of the right side of a steleis

Dynasty.

Outside of the whole temple block,great temenos are other

the right hand piece

from the upper rightto

in the south of the

hand

of a stele.;

These belong

two

if

not

buildings

of

the

XlXth andtheto

the

XXXtliare

three stelesis left,

and unfortunately only one name

Dynasty.pletedit

Untilis

excavationsdiscussit

comexact

that of a mother, a royal favourite

Adu.

prematuresite.

the

The clay sealing of Shepses-kafthe

(pi. lv, 1), is

history of the

At

least

may

be said

only such

knownis

in

the IVth

Dynastyrare.

that as the

town

of the earliest dynasties liessite, it is

and other remains of him are extremely

just behind this temple

probable that;

The

royal

name

seen

in

the third column,

the earliest temple stood there also

for a later

and the

first

column gives

his hi

name, which"the

temple would not be built on town ruins, nor

was hitherto unknown.

It reads Shepses,

would

it

be likely to abandon the primitive

noble"; and

it

gives a further proof that the

sacred ground.

hawk name was

that of the king's ha, for as

28

AMY DOSltd

I.

this

name

is

Shepses, so the king's thronek;iis

welv,

left

the block on thefit

site.

Theat

pieces of

nameis

is

Shepses-kaf, "his

noble."

This

columns do not4 and5,

together,fit

excepting

that

the only instance of a personal

name derived

mayis

reasonably

an original

from the hi name.

joint in the stone.is

On

pi. Ivi

the total height

The Vth Dynastypartofa(pi. lv, 2).

represented by the lowerseatedfigure

of the columnsfirst

indicated at the top by the

limestone

of Assa

column,

and

continued

below

by

the

No;

figures of this king are hitherto

parallel inscription

on the second.1

The dimen-

known.limestonejoined on

Theby

stone

is

a

soft

fawn-coloured

sions of the capital are 18'

inches wide at top,

and the upper part was originallytenons, the dowel holes of

17-1

below, 8-8 high;

the shaft 17-4 wide at

whichis

24 down, but dressed narrow just below thecapitalto

are seen on the upper surface.fine

The workinscription

give

it

some

projection.

It

is

and detailed, making us regret thehead andl-n

lossis

remarkable that, even inthe kinjris

this

temple of

Osiris,

of the

body.

The

named

as beloved of

Anher

of Theni.is

merely the

name and throne name.

The

The piece of column on therather adifferentstyle,

left

in pi. Ivi

of

Vlth Dynasty inscriptions have already beendescribed.

and might be of aI.

another reign, perhaps of Usertesenof these

Mostfor the

The Xlth Dynasty opens with an important stele of Nekht, a son of King Antef (pis. lv, 8,lvii).

pieces of columns are taken

Cairo

Museum.Of the Xllth and XHIth Dynasty therestriking

Unhappily

only

two

quarters

of

it

25.are

remain, which were found in the square temple

many

remains

;

the

colossal

red

The stone is a coarse, soft, limestone, which was cut very thick in order to give it The signs are roughly cut, sufficient strength. and were coloured red. The figures are those of a king Antef and his son Nekht, beforeruins.

granite statues of Usertesen I found by Mariette,

showing that the temple was greatly adornedat this time.

To

the later part of the Xllth,

or to the XlLIth Dynasty,

must be attributedgranite

the

head of a

colossal

statue of red

whomOsiris.

probably stood a figure of Anher or of

(lv, 6, 7),

which was found with other fragmentslittle

The temple of Antef is named, which we might call the Antefeum in Abydos. And Nekht is the follower of the royal son of the IL,/ Antef; so he must have been attached to The mention of the an elder brother's retinue.Hieg points

beneath a mass of loose dust a south of the Kom es Sultantemenos.

to

the

in

the

great

Theand

slab of Usertesen

I,

shown

in pi. lv, 9, 10,

pi. lviii, is

of a form as yetit is

unknown.

In

to this king being the first of the

the photograph (9)finished

seen to be a thick slab,sides,

Antefs, as the later kings use the usual royaltitles.

on the front and9 inches thick, 3

but rough belowItft.

with a projection downward along the back.is

Antef V built largely at Abydos, probablyrenewing the temple ofofOsiris, as lie

about

ft.

deep back, and 4

did thatpieces of3

wide.of theof the

Miu

at

Koptos.fine

We

found

many

Now Kom

not far from

it,

also to the south

es Sultan, lay another block (LO),a

columns ofIvi);

white limestone

(pis. lv.

5;on

same width, and of

depth backwardin

and one architrave with cartouches readaillch,

which would just end clear of the projectionthe upper block.is

ing in each direction from a centralthe slab of Psertesen(pi. lviii);

as

What

clenches their relationin the front of

but the edges

that the

two strange grooveslit

had been trimmedoctagonalpillarin

off,

so as to

form a roughandonlya

the upper block (9) exactlyholes in the lower block (10).is

over the two

later

times,

The lower block

narrow middle

strip of the face remains, so thai

ipiite

rough and unfinished around the edges,

TIIK

OSIRIS TEMPLE.salt.

29

and

was certainly

to

be

sunk

in

an

unseen

Behind the kinga pole,

was his

lea

emblem,it,

a

foundation.

Hencestep,

(lie

upper block must have(he floor.fco

head on

with the kalea

name behind

and

been only a

9 inches high, on

the description suten

ankh, "living ka of the

The

holes

seem

to have been for poles

be

set

king

"

above

it.

upright, inn

the

flat

upperIviii),

are

three

of

lix

is

there

completed

ae

Ea'sekhem'nefer'of the same typeIt

inscription

(pi.

which

from

their style

hotep; anas

unknown name, but

seem

to be of the

XHIth

Dynasty.

Thus

the

Ea'sekhem'neferleJiau,

Dp-uat-em-saf.

surface of the step was always clear and hare.

might

however be a combined

eartwuehe

of

The middleside lines;

line

is

rather more

worn than thepoles,

Ra'hha'8eshes'Nefer'hotep, with a badly formedseshes, like sekhem.

hut the space between theis

13 inches,

not enough for passing, and theto

The

altar of offerings, outlined in small size

wear must be due

placing objectsis

upon

it.

at the left foot of the plate,

was found

in the

The whole arrangementAve

unlike anything that

cemetery G, lyingthefront

still

in place before a part of

know

in temples elsewhere.

of a

mastaba of about the Vllth

The ends of the large front inscription run round the sides of the block, bearing anhh zetta;

Dynasty.above.

The inscription is shoAvn more fully The block with deeply cut inscription,it,

this proves that the step was not built into

next tocemetery.uartit

Avas

found near

it,

in

the

sameof

a

line,

but stood clear and apart, except at the

The two-columntheprince'stable,

inscription

a

back edge. but

The names

of the king in the later

of

and

the

seven

inscriptions have all been carefully

hammered

columns of another such

official,

Sebekhotep andlast

out

;

Ave

can recoA'er Ka-sekhem, and in the:

his Avife Nefert-uben, Avere

foundI).

year in

personalthe

name three groups of different heights Horus name in three groups Avith n, isfeAV

the Xllth Dynasty cemetery.

In

pi. lx,

No.

1 is

a piece of a limestone stelelast

almost useless to us owing to so

examples

from cemetery D, tomb 7b, foundNo. 2is-

year.

being knoAvn of this period.kings there are the Nos.of the Xlllth2,

Of the possible 15, 20, 74 and 88Turin papyrus.

inscribed on

the

front of a

kneeling

statue of soft limestone found in the temenos

Dynasty

in the

behind the temple enclosure, near the statue ofPtah-em-ua.stone

No. 2

is

barred by the Horus name se-anlch-taui.Avill

No. 3

is

a part of a stele of limein-

No. 88, Sebek-em-saf,

not

fit

the sizes of the

from cemetery G, which bears the

three groups in the personal name.

Nos. 15tit

congruousNo. 4is

names

of

Araeny

andstele

Sit-pepy.

and

20,

SebekhotepI

I

and

II, Avould

wellI

if

a piece of limestone

from theis

written out s.b.k.t.p.fit;

crocodile on shrineis

hotep

temenos, of the Xlllth

Dynasty.

No. 5

a

but No. 74 Avhose name

unknoAvn mightare

fragment of a sandstone figure of a scribe Ab.Beside thesealargestele

equally well.

The gods here honouredThis block andits

of

limestone

was

TJp-uat of the south, TJp-uat of the north, andOsiris

foundlists

behind the temple, giving long

family

Khentamenti.

base

connected Avith the queen Auhet-abu; buthe copying ofleftit

are taken for the Cairo

Museum.

as

i

occupied so long a time,

it

In the halls at the back of the square temple were several blocks of black syenite, from alargeis

must be26.

over to appear next year.thefirst

It

gateway of Ramessu II. On one of them an inscription of Sebekhotep III, see pi. lix. is shallow in the cutting, and almost effaced

XVIIIth Dynasty the important work was a huge hall, about 30Of

feet

wide and 40 feet long, the roof of which Avasborne by six pillars; three chambers adjoinedthis

in parts

by the crumbling

of the stone, due to

hall;

and another and larger

hall

to the

30

ABYDOSit

I.

north ofhulls lie

may be

rather later in date.

These

A great quantity of finely-scnlpturedTahutmestemple ruins.

blocks of

behind the square mass of temple ruins.yet remain about 30 inches high,

III were found in the square mass of

The

walls

The

largest

was a long architrave

bearing the ends of some lines of inscription

with richly-coloured hieroglyphs, which

may

be

around the doors

:

and

in the hall

and chambers

removedII in the

to the Cairo

were several loose blocks of sculpture.

of the rest, had been takenpis.

Museum. This, and most down by Aahmes

Fromlxii

the sculptures (Frontispiece, and

XXVIth

Dynasty, and buried for the

lxiv)

erected

we see that by Amenhotepis

theseI.

buildings were

foundations of his temple.

Many

blocks that

His personal name

we have removed only boreOsiris,

usual figures, of

has been erased from the cartouches, but his

throneerasure

namebeing

intact,

which

points

to

the

doneis

by Akhenaten.a figure of

BesideI (top

Amenhotep therepi.

Aahmes

lxii)

;

but only as deceased, since he wears

the menat like Osiris, whileliving, is

Amenhotep

I,

then

&c, and are not here published. One Tahutmes III, which was still in bright condition of colouring, was sent direct it measured 65 inches to the Boston Museum wide and 35 inches high. Another lintel, which was of the same width, was found broken up inlarge lintel of;

without that ornament.

Besides the

several pieces, asitis

shown on

pis.

lxi,

2

;

lxiv

above head of Aahmes, weat the top right

may

identify another;

of valueII

historically,

as

it

proves that

hand ofof

pi. lxiii

the featuresit

Tahutmesjointly

and Tahutmes III were reigningat

are like those

Aahmes, and

wears the

together

one

time,

regardlesstitles.

of

menat.

It

has been back to back with a figureAll

Hatshepsut, and each bearing the same

of Osiris, as on the upper scene of pi. lxii.possiblefits

At

the base of;

pi.

lxiv are

two

slabs

from the

of these

blocks

were

tried,

and

square temple

that with the

armis

of a goddesscertainly of;

several were thus connected together.

It ap-

maytitle

be

later,

but the sphinx

pears that there was a

list

of offerings along the;

Tahutmesovergreater

IIIit

byis

base of the wall, 28 inches high

then groups

work and portrait the not known elsewhere. Thethe

of the king offering to deities above that, about

partIIIes

of

a

broken seated

figure

of

42 high

;

and a second

line

of

groups yet

Tahutmesthe

was

also found, to the south

of

higher up, of the king and his ha about 36

Kom

Sultan.titles

high

;

or

altogether about

9

feet

height

of

part of thecarved.

of

The slab on pi. lxi has Tahutmes III, delicatelybears the ha

sculpture, besides the plain footing to the wall.

AnotherII,

slab

name

of

In the

list

of offerings possibly the left

hand top

Amenhotep

and names

his sed festival, as

on

piece might agree better with the base pieceif

the pillar published by Prisse.

transferred one

column fartherin/

out, as thenebt at Dcir;

Within the square mass of ruins were found

offering henekel

rw seems to endpi. cxiii,

two foundation deposits of Tahutmespits full of sand,all

III

in

Bahri (D. B.

lowest line)

but

if

so

showing that the

site

was not

a short piece

must have been

fitted in

between

the blocks in the upper part here.

dug out when the later temple was built. The deposit contained the usual pottery of thattime (see Koptosknives, adzes,pi.

These blocks were mostly fresh with colour

xiv),

and copper models ofwith an

when foundall

;

but, unhappily, an extraordinaryfell,

and axes

(see pi. lxi, 5),

torrent of rain which

washed away nearlythestones so

alabaster vase inscribed, and a model shell of alabaster with traces of paint inscription.of the copper tools bear the

the surfaces, and destroyedthat several areall

Some

much

now

not worth transport.

name

of the king,

Tiny had been

drawn, and the photographs

and probably

all will

be found to be inscribedposition of the

taken, before this damage.

when

cleaned.

The plan and

THE OSIRIS TEMPLE.deposityear.will

31

be

given

in

the

survey

next

figures

(Ixv,

!),

10

1,

of I'n-nefer and

his

wife

Thiy, surnamed Nefertari.pit

The splendid

pair of

Another deposit

was found, which onlyplaque, brokenIII,

seatedhis

figures

in

red granite, of I'n-nefer and

contained a green glazed

up,solid

father,

with a long genealogy,is

found

two

with the name of Amenhotepstand of limestone of same king,

and a

years ago,

published.

in

Messrs.

Maclver and

pi, lxi, 3,is

-1.

Mace's volume El

lm/rah,

The

slab of inscription pi. lxi, 6,

injured

Amid

the varied

ruins over the early town

by incrustations of lime, and has not yet beenstudied.

The jasper head,;

fig. 7, is

from some

was found a stone building, of which the plan is given in pi. lxxx, "In Temenos." Thewas a great tomb, uncovered forty years ago by the sebakhin, whonative taleis

inlayedasif

work it is highly finished, and seems it might be of the XVIIIth Dynasty.head,fig. 8,

that

it

The

steatite

may

be later

:

but

found three pounds weight of gold ornamentsinit,

the blue glass

fish, fig. 9, is

of finely-cut glass

which were taken by the Mudir.it

Our

and, by the colour, not far from the time of

interest inall

was that

it

had been

built

up from:

Amenhotep III. 27. The XlXth Dynasty hassculptures, but not

kinds of odd stones that were lying aboutin its walls,

left

several

and containedit,

and scattered from

any large quantity of build-

many

inscribed

blocks.

Among

these was

ing like the previous age.is

Theis

principal piece

the great stele of the family of queen Auhet-ab,

a limestone statue of an2

official

Ptah-em-ua,

mentioned before, and the pieces of a greatstele

pis. Ixv,life size,

4

;

lxvii.

He

represented nearly

of the high official Khay, with1;

his wife

standing, and holding a statue of Osiris

before

him.

His

offices

were

keeper of theII,

Ymamu, pis. Ixv, 1 and lxvi. Among the minor pieces on pl.fragment of theis

lxvi the trial:

cattle in the

temple of Ramessu

and royal

piece with birds should be noticedlea

and theI,

scribe of the divine offerings of all the gods

name

of

Ramessu

whichis

and

his full

name was Amen-em-per- Ptah-emin the temple,

rare.

The

last

piece in the top line

a

ua, "

Amenstatue

Ptah

in the barque."hole,

rough

flake of limestone, with the cartouche of II scrawledin

The

was found over a deep squarewallof

Ramessu

with a brush of ink.

not yet cleared out, at the back of the innerenclosure

Onofas

pl. lxvii

the inscription of

Bay

is

on

a piece

the

temple.

WithHora,

it

was

woodenheis

furniture, probably not from a coffin,

another figure in soft limestone of the greatUn-nefer,or

not called maahheru.

Twotitle

pieces of

rather of his

son

kneel-

black granite squatting figures of Unnefer are

ing and holding a standing statue of Osiris,pi. Ixv, 8.

copied

here

;

one giving the

priest

of

Sokari, which he had inherited, see Lieb. Diet.

In the later hall behind the square temple

905.

The two

inscriptions of Mentu-em-hat, the

was a squatting granite figure of the ubiquitous It was greatly 7. Un-nefer, see pi. Ixv, 5

great vizier of Taharqa, are roughly

hammeredare

upon natural blocks of limestone, whichthevisit,

crumbled bytoo

salt,

and

I

was able

to

lift

off the

lying loose in the floor of the valley leading toroyal

face in one block, the rest of the figure being

tombs

;

one appears to record his maakheru, was pro-

much broken upis

to be removed.

On

the

and the

other, with

back

the

inscription

naming

his

mother

bably placed in his memory.

Maatinuy, or Maa-anuy, and his wife Thiy (seeLieblein,Diet.

28.

The square mass

of the temple of the

895).

While near the great

temenos wall, apparently turned out from the

XVIIIth Dynasty, was rebuilt by Aahmes II. He took down what remained of the previouswork,

Nectanebo temple, was a granite group of two

and

laid

it

in

his

foundations.

He

32

ABYDOS

I.

enlarged the plan, but without caring to relay

Osiris.

Fig.

1

is

an unusual figure of Horus,Fig. 2is

proper foundationsthe

;

so his stone walls rest

onthe

with the double feather of Amen.

top

of

the

brick

retaining-wallsIII.

of

Sekhet

;

fig.

3

is

the

mummified(figs.

Osiris.

foundation of Tahutinestion at

On one

founda-

Near these bronzes was found a portrait headin quartzite sandstonelife-size.

block

are

his

cartouches

roughly cut,the

4-5), larger

than

528 inches from the inside of

S.W.

The

style could hardly be referred to

corner.

any foreignprincipal

influence, except that of the

Romanand as

Thegreat

monument

of his time

was a

portrait

school of the late

Republic

;

monolith shrine of red granite, in the

that

is

entirely out of the question here, sinceis

usual style of such works, which are familiar to

nothing even of Ptolemaic timesthe

found insolely to

us at Esneh, Thmuis, Nebesheh, and other latetemples.

temple,

we mustbonesis

attribute

this

The

flat sides

of this shrine have long

Egyptian sources.

The modelling

of the skullis

since been broken

off

and carried away, leaving

and

facial

very good, and

of the

only parts of the unmanageable top.

The main

same

class as the fine

heads in basalt which areto

piece has nearly half of two sides of the pyra-

already

known

as belonging

the

XXVIth9,

midion, bearing a large cartouche of Haa-ab-rain

Dynasty.

the

middle of each

side,

flanked

by thesides

The

foundation

deposits,

figs.

6

were

vulture of Nekheb and the uraeus of Uazit.

found in various positions.of Haa-ab-ra,(fig.

A

square plaque

The smallershows

piece of the

opposite

two

6),

had been placed on the

evidently

a similar design.

The twoor possibly

top of the pit containing an undisturbed foundation

pieces placed upright at each side of the plate

deposit(fig.

of8),

Tahutines

III.

A

cartouche

belong to some other graniteto the sides of the shrine,

work

;

plaque

and a square one, were placed

which may have been

on the top of another such deposit.

But thealabaster,(figs.

made during the joint reign of Haa-ab-ra and Aahmes. The form of the name, Aahmes sonof Osiris, instead of Neit,is

group of smallfig.

objects, fig.

9,

the

7,

and a large number of plaqueswere found scattered loosethe

6

very unusual, andthis temple.is

and

8)

in the sand,

was evidently used

in

honour of

near together, having apparently been the mainadepositof

The upperthinslab

table of offerings, pi. lxix,

XXVIth

Dynasty

building,of the

of limestone,

roughly carved, with

disturbedstones.

by the subsequent removal

prayer to Osiris and Khentamenti for the sealbearer Heru, a son of Sit-Hathor.table of

The lowerblock,It

These deposits show the continuance of thestyle of the

offerings

is

a thick

limestonehalf.

XlXth Dynasty, which wasThe

hitherto

with a deep tank in the lowerdedicated by

was

unknown

at so late a date.

bulls' heads,all

Aahmes

II,

with his usual

titles

haunches, grains of corn, and flowers, aresimilar to the deposits of the

and was placed

later in the

temple of Nectanebo,it

Ramesseum, which

south of the Osiris temple, whence

was

cast

we

should not have expected after the different

out on the westplace.

side, in the destruction of the

style

knownI,

in the deposits of Ta-usert, Siptah,

Psamtckplate lxx arc other objects of the

and Aahmes.for

The materials are(i,

On

XXVIth

green

glaze

the

plaques,

8

;

jasper,for

Dynasty.a large

The bronze

figures,

1

3,

are part of

carnelian,

green;

felspsar,

and

glass

theiron,

quantity which were found scattered on

small figures

and the same

stones,

with

the floor of the great hall, to the north of thehall of

copper, and silver, for the rectangular blocks.

Amenhotep.

Nearly

all

of these were

No

gold was found.

The meaning(fig.

of the semi-

the very

common,

small, roughly-cast figures of