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72. A CASE REPORT OF AUTISTIC BEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS IN A CAPTIVE JUVENILE CHIMPANZEE (PAN TROGLODYTES). Holly Harvey, ’ E.J. Struthers, ’ and J Wilbargeti

‘Coulston Foundation, PO Box 1027, HAFB, NM, 88330; 2Denver Children ‘s Hospital, CO. A juvenile male chimpanzee (age=4 years) displayed fixed stereotypic activity from early infancy. The

infant was rejected by mother and nursery-reared. The subject displayed inability for normal social inter- action and eye contact. He displayed periodic disjunctive nystagmus. An increase in repetitive patterns occurred upon presentation of novel stimuli. The subject developed a dependent relationship with a nurs- ery mate, and often whimper-wooed inconsolably when separated. Sixteen one-hour focal sessions uti- lized continuous sampling to evaluate repetitive patterns and frequencies. A modified Form E-2 “Diag- nostic Check List For Behavior-Disturbed Children” was administered to caretakers. The subject was assessed as having “autistic-like” behavior. A subsequent treatment period utilized environmental enrich- ment and occupational therapy based treatment intervention models in an attempt to mitigate the behavior. Results showed minimal decreases in fixed and repetitive motion patterns. It may be inferred from this case that there are two classes of abnormal behavior to be addressed in providing adequate husbandry for chimpanzees; 1) abnormal behaviors that are induced by restrictive captive environments, and 2) innate behaviors non-responsive to enrichment and possibly having pathologically induced origins.

73. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN RESPONSE OF YOUNG TIT1 MONKEYS (CALLICEBUSMOLOCH) TO UNFAMILIAR SPATIAL AND SOCIAL OPPOR- TUNITIES. K. A. Hoffman, W. A. Mason, and S. P. Mendoza.

Cabfornia Regional Primate Research Center and Animal Behavior Graduate Group, Univer- sity of Calij!ornia, Davis CA 95616.

In an effort to understand proximate mechanisms underlying natal dispersal, we investigated spatial and social exploration in 3 cohorts of titi monkeys, each consisting of 2 males and 2 females between 22 and 43 months of age. We released each cohort into a 90m X 90m field enclosure for 16 90-minute sessions. Subjects entered the outdoor enclosure from smaller 2m X 2.5m X 2.5m cages located at oppo- site ends of the enclosure; these cages included subjects’ parents (to minimize separation distress) who did not have access to the larger field enclosure. For all of the 16 test days, average latencies-to-exit the cages were less for females than for males (16min, 07sec vs. 45min, 46sec; pc.01). Latency-to-exit did not vary with the age of the subjects. Both females and males tended to stay near their cages, being within 5m on mean of 90% of sessions. All behavioral interactions between subjects occurred as the result of one individual entering the cage of another. Two females entered other subjects’ cages a total of 3 times, while one male entered another cage once. Our results confirm previous findings that parents are highly attrac- tive stimuli for titi monkeys up to 3.5 years old, and suggest that young females are somewhat more inclined than males to leave the proximity of their parents and explore new surroundings and social oppor- tunities.

74. SOCIAL GROUP FORMATION IN CAPTIVE CHIMPANZEES (PAN TRO- GLODYTES): A COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO INSTITUTIONS. S.M. Howell,’ L. Drummer,2 and J. Fritz’

‘Primate Foundation of Arizona, P. 0. Box 2002 7, Mesa, AZ 852 77-002; 2Knoxville Zoological Gardens, Knoxville, TN.

The process of forming chimpanzee social groups at the Knoxville Zoo and the Primate Foundation of Arizona (PFA) are compared. Introduction processes were similar which allowed behavioral comparison. Focal animal, interval-sampled data were collected for 11 subjects (6 Knoxville Zoo, 5 PFA) throughout the introduction process for a total of 123.10 observation hours (105.6 hours at Knoxville Zoo, 17.50 hours at PFA) The introduction of new group members to an established group was accomplished in two

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steps. All subjects were acclimated through mesh barriers as adjacent cagemates prior to introductions. Facility design and length of the introduction process differed between institutions. A MANOVA was used to test for behavior effects of facility, group (Knoxville group 1 or group 2; PFA group 1 or 2) introduction stage (through mesh, or at introduction), age, sex, and rearing. A subsequent univariate F test was conducted for significant MANOVA results. The overall MANOVA indicated significant differences in behavior by facility and rearing. Subsequent univariate results indicate social play was higher in mother- reared, as compared to hand-reared, individuals. Results suggest that a systematic, documented, intro- duction process will minimize levels of aggression at introduction. The need for public viewing time vs. a closed colony resulted in a variation of time needed to complete the process. Different types of chim- panzee holding institutions can successfully apply social group formation methods similar to those previ- ously published by PFA. PFA funded by NIH Grant# 2U42 RR0 3602-10. Knoxville Zoo research funded by IMS Grant# IC-30 169-93.

75. THE TOPOGRAPHIC ORGANIZATION AND CONNECTIONS OF SOMA- TOSENSORY AREA 3A IN THE MARMOSET MONKEY (CALLZTHRZX JACCHUS). K. J. Huflman and L. Krubitzer

Centerfor Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, University of Cahfornia, I544 Newton Court, Davis, USA.

The topographic organization of somatosensory area 3a, the area of cortex rostra1 to the primary soma- tosensory area (SI), was examined in marmosets using electrophysiological recording techniques. Neural activity was recorded at a number of closely spaced sites; receptive fields for neurons were determined; and stimulus preferences were identified. In all cases, neurons in area 3a consistently responded to stimu- lation of deep receptors on the contralateral body. By examining sequences of receptive field progression and order, maps of the body surface were constructed. Like SI, the mediolateral organization of area 3a progressed from the toes and foot, to the hindlimb, trunk and forelimb medially, to the hand, digits and face representations laterally. When electrophysiological results were related to myeloarchitecture, it was found that the map in area 3a was coextensive with a strip of lightly myelinated cortex just rostra1 to the darkly myelinated SI. Injections of fluorescent tracers were made into electrophysiologically identified regions in area 3a, and connections were predominantly with areas 1,2, posterior parietal cortex, primary motor cortex, and the region of the supplementary motor area in the ipsilateral hemisphere. Because neurons in area 3a respond primarily to stimulation of deep receptors and since 3a receives cortical input from both somatosensory and motor areas, we propose that it is involved in somato-motor integration of the limbs and motor control.

76. WITHDRAWN

77. CHIMPANZEE ANT-DIPPING TOOLS FROM WEST CAMEROON. E.J. hgmanson

Anthropology Department, Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA 17013. One of the most important realizations to come out of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) field research

during the last two decades is the extent of the diversity in chimpanzee behavioral patterns. Tools for ant- dipping, for example, have been found in some sites in both east and west Africa, but are conspicuously absent from others. Where they are used, the size and form varies. Possible explanations for this variation include ecological factors, such as the presence of raw materials, and group traditions. During 1994, ant- dipping tools were found at a site near Ntale, southeast of Nguti, in the Southwest Province of Cameroon. Seven individual tools were found at an active driver ant (Dorylus spp.) nest, with indications of very recent use. All had been left inserted into the nest, with four of them in a single hole. They ranged in length from 41-80 cm, and were approximately 2.5 cm in circumference. The last 2-3 cm of each stick had been formed into a brush end. These measurements are similar to those from Guinea, but are considerably longer than reported for the Ivory Coast. Though this is a single observation, it is the first report from this region and thus extends the known geographic range for this form of chimpanzee tool use.

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78. DISTRIBUTION OF BIRTHS IN CORRAL-HOUSED CYNOMOLOGOUS MONKEYS. MK. Izard and D.M. Taub

LABS of Virginia, P. 0. Box 557, Yemassee, SC 29945. The birth records of a colony of corral-housed cynomolgous monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) estab-

lished in 199 1 were examined over a four year period, beginning in 1993 and ending in 1996. The objec- tives were to determine in 1) the distribution of births changed over time, 2) there was any evidence of seasonality in births, and 3) the sex ratio differed from 1: 1 in any particular month or year. The month in which each live birth occurred and the sex of the offspring were recorded. There were 3 15 births in 1993, 323 in 1994,277 in 1995, and 286 in 1996. Of these 1201 births, 602 were males (50%). Although births occurred in all months of the year, there appeared to be seasonal birth peaks. However, the peak birth month differed from year to year. For example, in 1993, it was June, in 1995 it was September, and 1996 it was July. At present, the reasons for the shifting birth peaks remain unclear.

79. MATING SUCCESS AMONG MALE JAPANESE MACAQUES AT ARASHIYAMA WEST. K. Jack

Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H4, Canada. A male’s ability to attract mates has been attributed to many factors and variability in male mating

success has been documented in many primate species. This study examines male spatial distribution (peripheral/heterosexual troop member), age and behaviors engaged in during the mating season as pos- sible explanatory variables for variation in male mating success. 25 male Macaca fuscata, aged 4.5-26.5 years (10 peripheral, 15 heterosexual troop members), were observed during the 1994/l 995 mating season at Arashiyama West. 125 hours of focal animal data and 36.75 hours of scan data were collected during this period. During the mating season males were observed to engage in several behaviors which have been previously suggested to influence a male’s ability to gain access to mates: aggressive acts directed towards females; affiliative interactions with females; long-distance displays and; courtship displays. Using stepwise regression these behaviors, as well as male age and spatial distribution, were tested for their usefulness in explaining variation observed in male mating success. Analysis found that male aggression (t=2.886, p<.OOl), affiliation (L-2.295, pc.05) and age (t=-2.250, pc.05) explained 63% (F=l 1.903, p<.OOOl; R2 = .63) of the variation in male mating success. Among the variables included in this study the number of aggressive acts males directed towards females was the best predictor of male mating success (positive linear relationship).

80. CONSERVATION STATUS OF COSTA RICAN SQUIRREL MONKEYS (SAIMYIRI OERSTEDI OERSTEDI, S. 0. CITRINELLUS).

K. Jack,’ C. Lamarsh, ’ S. Boinski,2 and J Coltrune’ ‘University of Alberta, Department of Anthropology, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H4, Canada; 2Uni- versity of Florida.

The historical range of Central American squirrel monkeys (Saimiri oerstedi oerstedi and S. o. citrinellus) has been restricted to the Pacific Wet Lowlands of Panama and Costa Rica. With the exception of one small population of S. o. oerstedi in Panama (~25) Costa Rica holds the only remaining representatives of both subspecies of this taxon. In 1996 we surveyed S. oerstedi populations in Costa Rica to document the current distribution of the two subspecies, estimate population sizes, identify threats and make projections and recommendations for their future survival. We estimate that less than 3000 S. oerstedi remain in Costa Rica: <2000 S. o. oerstedi and ~700 S. o. citrinehs. The vast majority of these remaining populations live in isolated forest patches. The major threats to the survival of S. oerstedi, in order of severity, are: (1) deforestation and tourist development; (2) forest succession and habitat fragmentation; (3) production of export crops, and; (4) the internal pet trade. With only three government reserves containing S. oerstedi (Parque National Manuel Antonio, P.N. Corcovado, Refugio National Golfito) local cooperation to pro- tect the few remaining S. oerstedi habitats is necessary

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81. BEHAVIORAL COMPETENCIES FOR SOCIAL GAZE IN BONOBOS.

Christine M. Johnson

Dept. of Cognitive Science, University of Calgornia at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-05I5.

In humans, the relationship between seeing and knowing enables us to attribute knowledge to others based on what we see them see, and to mislead others by modifying what we allow them to see of our own gaze behavior. In contrast, in observing social gaze in non-human primates, we do not have the same freedom to assume that the capacities to make attributions or to intentionally deceive are operating. As a result, we are forced to focus on how the animals behave, and on what they apparently observe and re- spond to in one another’s behavior. In my studies of social gaze in captive bonobos (Panpaniscus), I have documented correlations between gaze and social behaviors in dyadic interactions. If these socially astute primates are themselves able to detect and act on such correlations (e.g. that eye contact predicts a decrease in interanimal distance), this should be apparent in their triadic interactions. Analyzing patterns of change within extended triadic sequences, and describing the animals’ competencies in performative terms, can serve two goals: It can 1) emphasize the collaborative nature of such interactions, assessing them as negotiations influenced by both shared history and immediate context and 2) promote the development of evolutionary theories that depend on careful specification of the behavioral contexts that may have exerted selective pressures for capacities such as attribution and deceit.

82. PEERING IN MATURE, CAPTIVE BONOBOS.

C. M. Johnson,’ R. Frank,’ and D. Flynn3

‘Department of Cognitive Science, University of Cal$!ornia San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093- 0515; 2Department of Anthropology, UC San Diego; ‘Institute of Biological Anthropology, University of Oxford.

“Peering” - staring at the mouth of an eating other from less than one-half meter away - was recorded 344 times, in two groups of bonobos at the San Diego Zoo and Wild Animal Park. Each group consisted of 4 mature (at least 6 yrs old), mostly unrelated animals, and various immatures. The mature animals in- cluded one adult male in each group, three females (including two sisters, raised apart) in one group, and two females and one subadult male in the other group. These observations were made in over 200 hours of scan sampling, at 2 minute intervals, in which the first interaction between all possible pairs of animals was recorded. Consistent with results from the wild, we found that the dominant female of each group received the most peering (average, 62%) and that the adult males participated in peering interactions significantly less often than did the other animals. In dyads not involving the adult males, the younger animal of a given pair was always more likely to peer at the older than vice versa. Although this behavior appears similar to food-begging in immature bonobos, food was shared following peering on only 4 occasions among the mature animals. As a result, we suggest that this behavior might be seen as a ritualized adoption of the infantile role in the presence of another animal possessing a desirable resource.

83. RHESUS MACAQUES (MACACA MULATTA) CONTINUE TO EXHIBIT CAUTION TOWARD NOVEL FOODS WHEN FOOD STRESSED.

Elizabeth C. Johnson

Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.

As part of a larger study on the role of neophobia in individual diet choice, the reactions of 87 semi-free ranging rhesus macaques toward two novel foods (beets and avacados) were measured during normal provisioning and when provisioning had been suspended. It was expected that if caution toward new foods has biological significance in primate diet selection, then the monkeys’ would continue to be cau- tious even during a period of hunger. The monkeys’ behavior was characterized as more or less cautious

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using three measures, 1) latency to first tasting the test food, 2) number of times the food was sniffed while handling, and 3) the total handling time for one piece of test food. No significant difference was found between the behavior of male and female adults and no difference was found between monkeys in the normal and food stressed conditions. These results suggest that the rhesus macaques’ typically cautious behavior toward novel foods (as compared to familiar foods) may be a robust trait that is not modified by a condition of food stress alone. These data will be discussed in relation to continuing studies on factors that do modify the monkeys’ reactions toward novel foods. For example, pilot data shows that corral living rhesus monkeys exhibit no caution toward novel foods, as compared to familiar foods, when deliv- ered to them directly by the experimenter.

84. EFFECTS OF CAGE SIZE ON SELF-INJURIOUS AND ABNORMAL BE- HAVIOR IN MACAQUES. 1M. J Jorgensen, J Kinsey, M. A. Novak

New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, One Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA OI 772-9102, USA.

Cage size is commonly assumed to have a impact on abnormal behavior in captive primates despite inconsistent scientific evidence. The degree to which cage size is varied may contribute to inconsistent outcomes. We examined the effects of two different cage types varying substantially in size (Harford or baboon cages vs. floor-to-ceiling pens) in a group of 25 individually housed male rhesus monkeys. Four- teen subjects had a veterinary history of self-injurious behavior (SIB); the remaining 11 subjects were controls. Over a two year observation period, we had the opportunity to move a subset of the SIB and control subjects from small cages to large pens. We conducted both 2-way between- and within-subjects analyses of SIB status by cage type. For the between subjects analysis, monkeys were assigned to the cage type in which they were more frequently observed. For the within subject analysis, we examined 7 sub- jects with minimally 30 observations in both cage types. Monkeys in small cages did not show higher levels of abnormal behavior than monkeys in pens. When monkeys were moved from small cages to large pens, abnormal behavior increased in controls and decreased slightly in monkeys with SIB. These data suggest that even when there is a marked difference in cage size, there is relatively little effect on abnormal behavior or the effect is opposite to expected.

85. RECONCILIATION AND OTHER POST-CONFLICT AFFILIATIVE BE- HAVIOR IN JUVENILE RHESUS MACAQUES (MACAC. MULATTA). P.G. Judge, I.S. Bernstein and T. E. Ruehlmann

Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center Field Station, Emory University, 2409 Taylor Road, Lawrenceville, GA 30243.

The post-conflict affiliative behavior of juveniles is relatively unstudied since most investigations fo- cus on adults or pool juvenile data with adults. We examined whether young rhesus monkeys exhibit reconciliation abilities and whether developmental and sex differences occur between the ages of two and three years. Observations were conducted on two groups living in outdoor corrals at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center Field Station. Affiliative responses of 39 two and three-year old rhesus macaques (N = 17 males and N = 22 females) were recorded during three-minute periods following aggression and compared to affiliative responses during three-minute matched control periods without aggression. Ex- amination of 474 post-conflict intervals indicated that juveniles reconciled: opponents were more likely to make affiliative contact during post-conflict intervals than during matched control periods (p < .02). Males and females reconciled and there were no age or sex differences in the tendency to reconcile aggression. Juveniles did not increase affiliative responding with animals other than their opponents during post con- flict intervals. Results indicate that rhesus macaques use reconciliation as a conflict resolution mechanism by their second year and that the behavior pattern is uniform among ages and sexes. More complex third- party post-conflict interactions seen in other macaque species are absent in juvenile rhesus macaques. Supported by NSF grant BNS86 1669 1 to Irwin Bernstein and NIH grant RR00 165 to the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center.

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86. VOCAL EXCHANGE AMONG FEMALE SUBGROUPS OF FREE-RANG- ING SQUIRREL MONKEYS (SAIMIRI BOLIVIENSIS) IN JAPAN. S. Kajikawa

Department of Life Sciences (Psychology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The Univer- sity of Tokyo, 3-8-I, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153, Japan.

Vocal exhange networks among female squirrel monkeys have not yet been studied. The purpose of this research was to investigate how adult female monkeys exchange contact calls with members of other subgroups. The frequent callers (FC) who were in each subgroup were expected to play a major role in vocal exchange. Chuck-calls of members of two subgroups were played back to members of a free- ranging subgroup in Japan. Twelve stimuli from six females, two of which were FC and the rest were less frequent callers (LFC), were played back 5 times each. The subjects were one FC and three LFCs. Behav- ior and vocalizations of the subjects were recorded with video cameras. The response calls were uttered significantly more to stimuli from FC than those from LFC (p < .OS), but no significant differences were found in behavioral responses. The FC subject called back equally to LFC and FC stimuli. LFC subjects called back more to stimuli from FC than from LFC. These results suggest that calls of FC may be answered more than those of LFC, and FC also may answer more than LFC. The hypothesis that FC may play a central role in maintaining social bonds by exchanging calls among female subgroups was sup- ported by ths playback experiment.

87. REHABILITATING A RHEBOON (MACACA MULATTA X PAPIO HA- i’K4DRYAS Cz7vOCEPHALUs), FROM SINGLE HOUSING TO SOCIAL HOUS- ING: A CASE STUDY. A.L. Kessel and L. Brent

Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, San Antonio, TX 78245.

Rheboons were produced in the 1970’s to provide a model for the genetic regulation of serum choles- terol. A rheboon came to the attention of the behavioral staff due to his high levels of abnormal behavior and was then included in our Behavioral Intervention Program. The goal of the Behavioral Intervention Program is to reduce levels of abnormal behavior and psychological stress. The rheboon had been indi- vidually housed for most of his life so a social rehabilitation program was initiated and data were collected under five progressively more complex situations. In each condition, ten 30 minute focal animal samples were collected over a ten day period. Abnormal behavior accounted for 46% of the observation period in the individually housed condition and was reduced to 23% when two female rhesus macaques were placed in the neighboring enclosure. Abnormal behavior declined to 18% when the females were housed with the rheboon and rebounded to 25% one month later. Introduction to a larger enclosure with 10 rhesus females resulted in abnormal behavior dropping to 4% of the observation time. Changes in the rheboon’s behavior during the study also included changes in activity levels, rest, and social and feeding behaviors. The unique morphological and behavioral characteristics of the rheboon were compared to those of the yellow baboon and rhesus macaque.

88. NATURALLY-OCCURRING MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES OF AG- ING NONHUMAN PRIMATES. Mutt J Kessler and Kenneth P.H. Pritzker

Caribbean Primate Research Center, Medical Sciences Campus and Department of Pathol- ogy, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Sabana Seca, PR 009.52-l 053; Depart- ment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto.

Amongst primate species, there is widespread variation in body mass, body proportion and locomotive biomechanics. Notwithstanding the major differences in functional morphology and scale, the growth, maturation, composition, metabolism, and biomechanical properties of nonhuman primate musculoskel- eta1 tissues closely resembles those of humans. Further, these similarities exist despite profound differ-

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ences in habitat, diet and locomotor behavior. Thus, it is not surprising that nonhuman primates are subject to naturally-occurring musculoskeletal diseases similar to humans and that experimentally induced mus- culoskeletal diseases in nonhuman primates resemble natural diseases of humans exposed to similar patho- genic agents. This presentation gives an overview of the major naturally-occurring musculoskeletal dis- eases of aging nonhuman primates including arthritis [osteoarthritis, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystal arthropathy, spondyloarthropathy] and osteoporosis.

89. DONATED VS. CO-CONSTRUCTED KNOWLEDGE IN PRIMATES Barbara J King

Dept. ofAnthropology, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187. One focus of recent literature in primate cognition is behavior directed by more experienced monkeys

and apes (“adults”) to less experienced ones (“immatures”), e.g., teaching and guided demonstration. Such behaviors are best studied in free-ranging subjects by scrutiny of social interactions without focus on underlying cognitive mechanisms, because such mechanisms can not be well understood outside of tightly controlled testing conditions. One way to carry out such scrutiny is to look for what, in my study of wild baboons (Papio cynocephalus) and my synthesis of findings from others’ studies of monkeys and apes, I have termed “social information donation.” I defined social information donation as action directed by an adult to an immature that allows the immature to obtain, or potentially obtain, more information (about, say, foraging or affiliative social interaction) than it otherwise would. I now want to shift the focus away from a process of donation to one of co-construction, in order to emphasize that information cannot be transferred across individuals as if it were a thing. Information and knowledge do not reside only in an animal’s head but also in social interaction. This perspective avoids a focus on intentionality and can illuminate reconstruction of the evolution of the teaching, guiding role in primates.

90. THE ATTENTIONAL BASIS FOR PRIMATE RESPONSES TO SNAKES. Glenn E. King

Anthropology Program, Monmouth Universi& West Long Branch, NJ 07764. Given the obvious prominence of learning in primate behavior, the relative significance and specific

roles of innate components constitute an important theoretical issue. This is a matter for specific research rather than broad assumptions. Primate responses to snakes provide a key example. Observations and experiments in field and captivity have yielded evidence for both innate and learning interpretations. This comparative study surveys the literature for patterns in the behavior of primates toward snakes that are indicative of the underlying proximal mechanisms. The resulting hypothesis is that an attentional mecha- nism is the innate component in the system. It is based on a mental template that represents shape, move- ment, and relative size. Size, ignored in many studies, is probably critical; field evidence indicates that constrictors are the greatest danger to primates. Guidance of attention by the template ensures efficient learning of critical details about particular snakes in particular habitats, including appropriate responses. Such learning is facilitated by mobbing and by the tendency to remain in the vicinity of an attack and watch. Further study of responses to snakes may provide us with a very useful model for the interaction of innate and learned components in primate behavior.

91. THE EFFECTS OF GROOMING BOARDS ON ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR IN RHESUS MONKEYS (MACACA MULATTA). J.H. Kinsey, i M. Jorgensen,’ and M Novak2

‘New England Regional Primate Research Center, Southboro, MA 01772; 2UMASS Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003.

A small but persisting percentage of individually housed rhesus monkeys display pathological behav- ior resulting in tissue damage. Monkeys with self-injurious behavior (SIB) bite their arms or legs occa- sionally with enough severity to produce wounds. The purpose of this study was to determine whether an environmental enrichment device (foraging/grooming board) would alleviate this disorder. Fifteen indi-

123 /Abstracts

vidually housed monkeys (9 of whom had a veterinary record of SIB and 6 controls) were studied prior to, during, and after a 2-week period of exposure to the board. The monkeys were observed twice a day, in the morning after the board had been filled with crumbles and several hours later in the afternoon. The grooming board, a piece of fleece attached to Lexan, was filled with crumbles each morning, reattached to the cage, and observations collected. All the animals used the device; but usage was high during the AM and almost absent in the PM even though crumbles remained in the fleece. Grooming boards did not reduce self-biting or other abnormal behavior in monkeys with SIB. Pacing was reduced in control sub- jects but only during AM observations. Grooming boards may temporarily reduce some kinds of abnor- mal behavior but have no advantage in treating pathological behavior. These and other findings suggest that SIB is a biological disorder that cannot be remediated through simple environmental changes alone.

92. LOCOMOTORY PATTERNS AND OBJECT MANUIPULATION OF OR- ANGUTANS (POlVGO PYGMAEUSXABELZO AFTER INTRODUCTION TO A NATURALISTIC ZOO EXHIBIT. B. Kirkevold, A4 Lindstrom, A. Antilla, V. Impett and A. Roach

Dept. of Psych., Box 351525, Univ. of Wash., Seattle, WA 981954525 The current focus of many zoological gardens is to house species in naturalistic habitats to promote

natural behaviors. We compared the locomotive patterns and object manipulation of orangutans after they were moved from a traditional concrete wire mesh enclosure to a large open naturalistic exhibit. The group of five captive bred orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus x abelii) were housed at the Woodland Park Zoological Gardens. The exhibit was divided in to two outdoor sections (approximately 60.5m x 7.5m and 27m and 10.5m) and two indoor sections (approximately 18m x 4.5m and 9m x 3m). About 100 hours of data were collected from July-December 1996. Focal animal instantaneous recording was used. During the first 3 months in the new enclosure, the orangutans spent less time arboreal (range=5-28%, with one female outlier at 78%) compared to their previous exhibit (range=2852%). Additionally, object and tool use occurred less often in the new exibit (range=3.2-18.1%) compared to the previous exhibit (range=8.8- 32.8%). Factors that may explain the initial decrease in arboreality include a lack of shade available in exposed high locations and terrestrial feeding by the keepers in the new exhibit. The decrease in object manipulation after introduction to the new exhibit may be attributed to differences in available objects between the previous and new exhibits, and possibly little interest by captive born orangutans in “natural objects.”

93. SOMATOMETRIC UNIFORMITY IN A POPULATION OF LABORA- TORY-REARED MACACA FASCZCULARZS’. N. Klepper-Kilgore

Mount Ida College, 777 Dedham Street, Newton, MY 02159. Mixed longitudinal growth data from a laboratory population of Macaca fascicularis were examined

for effects of inbreeding and paternal heritability. As the founding population was acquired over 18 years, diversity in body size and proportion was anticipated. Subjects were 55 female and 56 male M fascicularis born at the New England Regional Primate Research Center (NERPRC). Identity of both sire and dam is known for 98 subjects. Five males each sired 9 or more sample members; 10 male and 9 females subjects are known to be inbred. Mean weight, linear and cranial measurements were calculated at 90-day inter- vals from birth to a maximum of 7.4 years for males and females separately. CoefIicients of variation (V%) for most linear and cranial dimensions ranged from 3 to 7 percent. Total body weight was more variable, with V% ranging from 10 to 20 percent. The linear measurement with the greatest V% was thigh length. Mean values for inbred subjects differ little from the larger sample means. Comparison of weight and linear dimensions of half sibling cohorts to sample means showed an effect of sire for only one of four sires. These data suggest strong selection for uniform body size in this species, at least in areas represented by the founders of this population. Variation in adiposity in this population may have environmental as well as heritable components.