Abnormal PsychologyAbnormal Psychology

Psychological DisordersPsychological DisordersHow common are they?How common are they?

1994: Michigan Institute for Social Research1994: Michigan Institute for Social Research Nearly ½ of people age 15-54 have Nearly ½ of people age 15-54 have

experienced at least one bout with psych experienced at least one bout with psych disorderdisorder

Psych disorders peak between ages 25 and Psych disorders peak between ages 25 and 3434

Only 1 out of 4 ever receive helpOnly 1 out of 4 ever receive help Many are mild, thus recover without helpMany are mild, thus recover without help Most common disordersMost common disorders

Major depressive episode, alcohol Major depressive episode, alcohol dependence, social phobia, simple phobiadependence, social phobia, simple phobia

Psych Disorders in the U.S. Psych Disorders in the U.S. ….….

Psych disorders are often culturally Psych disorders are often culturally based…based… Examples p. 8Examples p. 8

Michigan study…Michigan study… ¼ of Americans met criteria for mental illness ¼ of Americans met criteria for mental illness

within prior yearwithin prior year ¼ of those had serious disorder¼ of those had serious disorder

U.S. posed to rank #1 in mental illness…U.S. posed to rank #1 in mental illness… So what is a mental illness and what So what is a mental illness and what

criteria qualify somehow as mentally ill…?criteria qualify somehow as mentally ill…?

What is Abnormal Psych??What is Abnormal Psych??

Abnormal PsychologyAbnormal Psychology Study of people who suffer from Study of people who suffer from

psychological disorderspsychological disorders Behavior and or thoughtsBehavior and or thoughts From depression, substance abuse, From depression, substance abuse,

learning difficulties to learning difficulties to schizophrenia and bipolar disorderschizophrenia and bipolar disorder

What constitutes Abnormal?What constitutes Abnormal? 4 Criteria to characterize as abnormal4 Criteria to characterize as abnormal

UUnjustifiablenjustifiable (irrational) : can’t justify / (irrational) : can’t justify / doesn’t make sensedoesn’t make sense

MMaladaptivealadaptive: Harmful / disturbing to the : Harmful / disturbing to the individualindividual

AAtypical typical (unusual): not shared by members (unusual): not shared by members of populationof population

DDisturbingisturbing (irrational): Disturbing to others (irrational): Disturbing to others All or most not required to be All or most not required to be

diagnoseddiagnosedOR…..OR…..

““Deviant, Distressful, DysfunctionalDeviant, Distressful, Dysfunctional””

DSM-IVDSM-IV

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental DisordersMental Disorders Resource to Resource to diagnose patients (only)diagnose patients (only) Symptoms of everything considered to Symptoms of everything considered to

be psychological disorderbe psychological disorder 16 clinical syndromes16 clinical syndromes Weakness: assumption / labeling of Weakness: assumption / labeling of

mental illness based on symptoms…mental illness based on symptoms…

Rosenhan StudyRosenhan Study Dangers of labeling patients with Dangers of labeling patients with

disordersdisorders 8 participants who faked symptoms8 participants who faked symptoms All acted completely normal except for All acted completely normal except for

testifying to hearing voices (3 words)testifying to hearing voices (3 words) All diagnosed with Schizophrenia and All diagnosed with Schizophrenia and

discharged as “Schizophrenia in discharged as “Schizophrenia in remission”remission”

Average stay in institutions- 18 daysAverage stay in institutions- 18 days

Perspectives on Causes…Perspectives on Causes… Psychoanalytic theoristsPsychoanalytic theorists

Unconscious conflicts (traumatic events during Unconscious conflicts (traumatic events during psychosexual stages)psychosexual stages)

BehavioristsBehaviorists History of reinforcementHistory of reinforcement

Cognitive theoristsCognitive theorists Maladaptive ways of thinkingMaladaptive ways of thinking

Humanistic theoristsHumanistic theorists A person’s feelings, self-esteem, self-conceptA person’s feelings, self-esteem, self-concept

Biomedical theoristsBiomedical theorists Hormonal / neurotransmitter imbalances, brain Hormonal / neurotransmitter imbalances, brain

structure, genetic abnormalitiesstructure, genetic abnormalities

An Eclectic ApproachAn Eclectic Approach Specific fields are not exclusive to Specific fields are not exclusive to

their theoriestheir theories

Consider any/ all theories as Consider any/ all theories as potential influence to a specific potential influence to a specific illnessillness

6 Major Types of Disorders…6 Major Types of Disorders… Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders Somatoform disorders (psych issue Somatoform disorders (psych issue

causes physiological problem)causes physiological problem) Dissociative disorders (disruption in Dissociative disorders (disruption in

conscious processes)conscious processes) Mood / affective disorders (extreme / Mood / affective disorders (extreme /

inappropriate emotions)inappropriate emotions) Schizophrenic disorders: (Disordered, Schizophrenic disorders: (Disordered,

distorted thinking)distorted thinking) Personality Disorders: (Maladaptive Personality Disorders: (Maladaptive

behavior that affects functioning)behavior that affects functioning)

Don’t Get Paranoid…Don’t Get Paranoid… Intern’s SyndromeIntern’s Syndrome

Tendency to see in oneself the characteristics Tendency to see in oneself the characteristics of a disorder one is studying.of a disorder one is studying.

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders When do we classify it as a disorder?When do we classify it as a disorder?

Distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive Distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors to reduce anxiety behaviors to reduce anxiety

Think of one of one of the most stressful Think of one of one of the most stressful moments or events in your lifetime. Choose moments or events in your lifetime. Choose three adjectives to describe how you felt and three adjectives to describe how you felt and three physical characteristics that you three physical characteristics that you experienced.experienced. Heart palpitations, sweaty palms, dizziness, Heart palpitations, sweaty palms, dizziness,

ringing in ears, muscular tension, sleeplessness....ringing in ears, muscular tension, sleeplessness....

Types of Anxiety DisordersTypes of Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder Generalized Anxiety Disorder

(GAD)(GAD) Constant low-level anxiety (nervousness)Constant low-level anxiety (nervousness) 2/3 are women2/3 are women Patient can’t identify its cause and thus Patient can’t identify its cause and thus

can’t deal with or avoid it.can’t deal with or avoid it. Often accompanied by depressionOften accompanied by depression Tense, jittery, muscular tension, Tense, jittery, muscular tension,

agitation, sleeplessness, difficulty agitation, sleeplessness, difficulty concentrating (fidgeting, twitching, concentrating (fidgeting, twitching, trembling)trembling)

Panic DisordersPanic Disorders Acute episodes of intense anxiety Acute episodes of intense anxiety

without provocation (panic attack)without provocation (panic attack) Tend to increase in frequency Tend to increase in frequency

(minutes long)(minutes long) 1 in 75 (smokers 2-4 x more likely)1 in 75 (smokers 2-4 x more likely) Heart palpitations, shortness of Heart palpitations, shortness of

breath, choking sensations, trembling, breath, choking sensations, trembling, dizziness…dizziness…

““feels like a heart attack”feels like a heart attack” Charles Darwin (age 28)Charles Darwin (age 28)

PhobiasPhobias Focuses anxiety on a specific object, Focuses anxiety on a specific object,

activity or situation.activity or situation. Irrational fear that disrupts behaviorIrrational fear that disrupts behavior Identify these phobias:Identify these phobias:

AgoraphobiaAgoraphobia Social phobiaSocial phobia AndrophobiaAndrophobia CoulrophobiaCoulrophobia CynophobiaCynophobia DidaskaleinophobiaDidaskaleinophobia

Obsessive-Compulsive DisorderObsessive-Compulsive Disorder OCDOCD Persistent obsessive (uncontrollable) Persistent obsessive (uncontrollable)

thoughts lead to compulsive thoughts lead to compulsive (uncontrollable) actions(uncontrollable) actions

Obsession creates anxiety / reduced by Obsession creates anxiety / reduced by compulsive behaviorcompulsive behavior

Cleanliness, security, symmetry, Cleanliness, security, symmetry, organizationorganization

Often late teens, early twenties (2-3%)Often late teens, early twenties (2-3%) Howard HughesHoward Hughes

Post-Traumatic Stress DisorderPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder PTSDPTSD Cause: experiencing / witnessing a traumatic Cause: experiencing / witnessing a traumatic

event (fear, helplessness, horror)event (fear, helplessness, horror) Nightmares, flashbacks, social withdrawal, Nightmares, flashbacks, social withdrawal,

insomniainsomnia Combat veterans, disaster or accident Combat veterans, disaster or accident

survivors, sexual assault victims, 2/3 of survivors, sexual assault victims, 2/3 of prostitutesprostitutes

Basic trust erodes, sense of hopelessnessBasic trust erodes, sense of hopelessness 15% of Vietnam vets (45% for heavy combat)15% of Vietnam vets (45% for heavy combat) 1 in 6 Iraqi combat infantry veterans1 in 6 Iraqi combat infantry veterans

Theories Explaining Anxiety Theories Explaining Anxiety DisordersDisorders

Brainstorm with a partner.Brainstorm with a partner. How would the How would the Psychoanalytic Psychoanalytic

theoristtheorist explain the cause of anxiety explain the cause of anxiety disorders?disorders?

Create an example.Create an example.

Unconscious conflictUnconscious conflict Conflict of id, ego, superegoConflict of id, ego, superego Anxiety disorder is the outward Anxiety disorder is the outward

manifestation of an internal, unconscious manifestation of an internal, unconscious conflictconflict

Theories Explaining Anxiety Theories Explaining Anxiety DisordersDisorders

How would the How would the behavioral theoristbehavioral theorist explain the cause of anxiety disorders?explain the cause of anxiety disorders?

Learned response: Classical, or Learned response: Classical, or Operant learningOperant learning

Provide an example for each. (Pick a Provide an example for each. (Pick a specific anxiety disorder for the specific anxiety disorder for the example.)example.)

Chronically anxious, ulcer-prone rats Chronically anxious, ulcer-prone rats by unpredictable electric shockby unpredictable electric shock

Theories Explaining Anxiety Theories Explaining Anxiety DisordersDisorders

How would the How would the cognitive theoristcognitive theorist explain the cause of anxiety disorders?explain the cause of anxiety disorders?

Dysfunctional , maladaptive ways of Dysfunctional , maladaptive ways of thinkingthinking

Example: Example: GAD the result of unreasonably high GAD the result of unreasonably high

standards set for oneself: thus standards set for oneself: thus constant anxiety from impossibility of constant anxiety from impossibility of meeting goalsmeeting goals

Theories Explaining Anxiety Theories Explaining Anxiety DisordersDisorders

Biological PerspectiveBiological Perspective Natural SelectionNatural Selection

Fear of spiders, snakes, storms, heights Fear of spiders, snakes, storms, heights etc. increase survival (genetic)etc. increase survival (genetic)

GenesGenes Twin studies (together and apart)Twin studies (together and apart)

The BrainThe Brain OCD: Anterior cingulate cortex: monitors OCD: Anterior cingulate cortex: monitors

actions, checks for errors (hyperactive actions, checks for errors (hyperactive region- like a hiccup…)region- like a hiccup…)

Theories Explaining Anxiety Theories Explaining Anxiety DisordersDisorders

Two biggest perspectives today:Two biggest perspectives today: Behavioral (learning) and biologicalBehavioral (learning) and biological

Mood DisordersMood DisordersExperiencing extreme or Experiencing extreme or

inappropriate emotions.inappropriate emotions.Two major forms:Two major forms:

Major depression (unipolar depression)Major depression (unipolar depression)Bipolar Disorder (manic depression)Bipolar Disorder (manic depression)

Major Depressive DisorderMajor Depressive Disorder

““common cold” of psychological common cold” of psychological disordersdisorders

Biggest cause of therapy (Biggest cause of therapy (mental health mental health services)services)

2 weeks or more (with absence of 2 weeks or more (with absence of clear reason)clear reason)

Fatigue, loss of appetite, feelings of Fatigue, loss of appetite, feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, worthlessness, hopelessness, disinterestedness, changed sleeping disinterestedness, changed sleeping patternspatterns

SAD: Seasonal-Affective DisorderSAD: Seasonal-Affective Disorder

Facts about Major Depressive Facts about Major Depressive DisorderDisorder

Women are nearly 2 x more likely to Women are nearly 2 x more likely to have ithave it

Leading cause of disability worldwide Leading cause of disability worldwide (5.8 % of men, 10.5% of women)(5.8 % of men, 10.5% of women)

Most major depressive episodes self-Most major depressive episodes self-terminateterminate

Stressful events often precede Stressful events often precede depressiondepression

Rate is increasing with each new Rate is increasing with each new generationgeneration

Bipolar DisorderBipolar Disorder

Depressed and manic episodes (alternate)Depressed and manic episodes (alternate)Depression- typical characteristicsDepression- typical characteristics (1% of pop. , equal between genders, yrs. 20-(1% of pop. , equal between genders, yrs. 20-

30)30)Manic- high energy (and often highly Manic- high energy (and often highly

illogical)illogical)Overly active, elated, outspoken, less sexual Overly active, elated, outspoken, less sexual

inhibitioninhibitionOften reckless, poor judgmentOften reckless, poor judgmentMild cases can produce creative geniusMild cases can produce creative genius

““Famous Folks with Famous Folks with Disorders”Disorders”

DepressionDepression Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill Meriwether LewisMeriwether Lewis Emily DickensonEmily Dickenson Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton MozartMozart Woody AllenWoody Allen Buzz AldrinBuzz Aldrin Drew CareyDrew Carey Harrison FordHarrison Ford Beyonce KnowlesBeyonce Knowles

BipolarBipolar Walt WhitmanWalt Whitman Ernest HemingwayErnest Hemingway Virginia WolfVirginia Wolf Mark TwainMark Twain Edgar Allen PoeEdgar Allen Poe Kurt CobainKurt Cobain Mel GibsonMel Gibson Ozzy OsbourneOzzy Osbourne Robert Downey Jr.Robert Downey Jr.

Explaining Mood DisordersExplaining Mood Disorders

Biological PerspectiveBiological PerspectiveWhole-body disorderWhole-body disorderGenetic predispositions (runs in families), Genetic predispositions (runs in families),

biochemical imbalancesbiochemical imbalances NeurotransmissionNeurotransmission

Norepinephrine (increases arousal, mood)Norepinephrine (increases arousal, mood)Too little = depressionToo little = depressionToo much = maniaToo much = mania

SerotoninSerotoninToo little = depression (Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil) / Too little = depression (Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil) /

Exercise!Exercise!

Explaining Mood DisordersExplaining Mood Disorders

Social-Cognitive PerspectiveSocial-Cognitive Perspective ((Cognitive-Behavioral)Cognitive-Behavioral)

Aaron Beck: Cognitive TriadAaron Beck: Cognitive Triad Depression stems from unreasonably negative Depression stems from unreasonably negative

ideas about ideas about oneself, one’s setting and one’s futureoneself, one’s setting and one’s future (Thus depression is mostly cognition based, not (Thus depression is mostly cognition based, not

mood based)mood based)

Martin SeligmanMartin Seligman Learned HelplessnessLearned Helplessness (prior events convince a (prior events convince a

person of the inability to control future) = passivity person of the inability to control future) = passivity and depressionand depression

More prevalent in Western societies More prevalent in Western societies Epidemic hopelessness due to individualism and Epidemic hopelessness due to individualism and

decline of commitment to family and religiondecline of commitment to family and religion

Explanatory StylesExplanatory Styles and and DepressionDepression

The Social-Cognitive Dilemma The Social-Cognitive Dilemma

Chicken and Egg ArgumentChicken and Egg ArgumentDoes learned hopelessness, self-Does learned hopelessness, self-

defeating beliefs and negative defeating beliefs and negative explanatory styles cause depression, explanatory styles cause depression, or does depression cause them…???or does depression cause them…???

Multiple Factors…Multiple Factors…

Depression’s Vicious CycleDepression’s Vicious Cycle

Characteristics, factors of depression Characteristics, factors of depression tend to promote each other in a tend to promote each other in a wicked cycle…wicked cycle…helplessness, lethargy, sorrow, isolation, helplessness, lethargy, sorrow, isolation,

dismissal, failure dismissal, failure

Somatoform DisordersSomatoform Disorders ““soma” = bodysoma” = bodyPsychological problem manifested in a Psychological problem manifested in a

physiological symptom physiological symptom (IOW: physical problem (IOW: physical problem without a physical cause)without a physical cause)

Common among those claiming disabilityCommon among those claiming disability Two major disordersTwo major disorders: :

hypochondriasishypochondriasis: : imagined or exaggerated illnesses (no imagined or exaggerated illnesses (no medical cause)medical cause)

Conversion disorderConversion disorder: : involves motor or sensory involves motor or sensory problems with no biological explanation / causeproblems with no biological explanation / cause Conversion blindness, conversion paralysis Conversion blindness, conversion paralysis

Explaining SomatoformExplaining Somatoform

PsychoanalyticPsychoanalyticOutward manifestations of unconscious Outward manifestations of unconscious

conflictconflictBehavioristsBehaviorists

Reinforcement for behavior (can’t work or Reinforcement for behavior (can’t work or sympathy / attention)sympathy / attention)

Clinical Distinction…Clinical Distinction…

Somatoform patient: unconscious of Somatoform patient: unconscious of psychological causes (does not seek to psychological causes (does not seek to maintain role of patient)maintain role of patient)

factitious patient: Consciously creating the factitious patient: Consciously creating the symptoms, …prolonging role of patientsymptoms, …prolonging role of patient

Malingering patient: consciously creating Malingering patient: consciously creating symptoms,…end goal (often financial)symptoms,…end goal (often financial)

Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Disorders

Disruption in conscious processes (lose Disruption in conscious processes (lose identity)identity)

Usually from traumatic event Usually from traumatic event

Famous films: Sybil, Three Faces of Eve, Famous films: Sybil, Three Faces of Eve, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. HydeDr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

Types of Dissociative Disorders Types of Dissociative Disorders

Psychogenic AmnesiaPsychogenic Amnesia: Amnesia with no : Amnesia with no physiological basisphysiological basis biologically induced amnesia = biologically induced amnesia = organic organic

amnesiaamnesia))

FugueFugue = = Psychogenic Amnesia +Psychogenic Amnesia + unfamiliar environment (fugue = unfamiliar environment (fugue = flightflight / / loss of identity and flee)loss of identity and flee)

Types of Dissociative DisordersTypes of Dissociative DisordersDissociative Identity Disorder (DID)Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) AKA Multiple Personality DisorderAKA Multiple Personality Disorder Usually from traumatic eventUsually from traumatic event / / overwhelming overwhelming

stressstress (high % report child abuse)(high % report child abuse) often at young age (3-5 years)often at young age (3-5 years) Self-protection / coping mechanismSelf-protection / coping mechanism Distinctive identities for different events Distinctive identities for different events

(toddler to adult)(toddler to adult) Norm- 3-6 identities (2 to qualify)Norm- 3-6 identities (2 to qualify) Almost entirely confined to N. AmericaAlmost entirely confined to N. America Very controversial as medical diagnosisVery controversial as medical diagnosis

Explaining Dissociative DisordersExplaining Dissociative Disorders

Psychoanalytic theorist:Psychoanalytic theorist: Extremely traumatic event so repressed that Extremely traumatic event so repressed that

causes split in consciousnesscauses split in consciousness

BehavioristBehaviorist putting event out of mind is reinforcing (to putting event out of mind is reinforcing (to

feel better)feel better)

SchizophrSchizophreniaenia

SchizophreniaSchizophrenia Disordered / distorted thinkingDisordered / distorted thinking

Breakdown in selective attention (Can’t Breakdown in selective attention (Can’t filter out information)filter out information)

►Disturbed perceptionsDisturbed perceptions Delusions: beliefs that have no basis in Delusions: beliefs that have no basis in

realityreality►Delusions of persecution = paranoiaDelusions of persecution = paranoia►Delusions of grandeur = greatness Delusions of grandeur = greatness

Hallucinations: Perceptions in the Hallucinations: Perceptions in the absence of sensory stimulationabsence of sensory stimulation

► Inappropriate actions / emotionsInappropriate actions / emotions

Things to consider…Things to consider…

►Most severe of psych disordersMost severe of psych disorders►Usually starts in late teens / early Usually starts in late teens / early

twentiestwenties►1 out of every 100 people have 1 out of every 100 people have

SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

Types of SchizophreniaTypes of Schizophrenia Disorganized SchizophreniaDisorganized Schizophrenia Paranoid SchizophreniaParanoid Schizophrenia Catatonic SchizophreniaCatatonic Schizophrenia Undifferentiated SchizophreniaUndifferentiated Schizophrenia

Acute vs. Chronic SchizophreniaAcute vs. Chronic Schizophrenia What’s the difference?What’s the difference? Acute: Abrupt display of symptoms- can be Acute: Abrupt display of symptoms- can be

short duration and never return or become short duration and never return or become longterm issuelongterm issue

Chronic: Long-term struggle with SchizophreniaChronic: Long-term struggle with Schizophrenia

Disorganized SchizophreniaDisorganized Schizophrenia

►Odd use of language (Word Salad = Odd use of language (Word Salad = fragmented speechfragmented speech

Neologisms: made up wordsNeologisms: made up words Clang associations: string together nonsense Clang associations: string together nonsense

words that rhymewords that rhyme

► Inappropriate effect: Inappropriate effect: Laugh in sorrowful settingLaugh in sorrowful settingFlat effect: no emotional response at allFlat effect: no emotional response at all

Paranoid SchizophreniaParanoid Schizophrenia

►Delusions of persecutionDelusions of persecution►““out to get me”out to get me”

Catatonic SchizophreniaCatatonic Schizophrenia

►Engage in odd movementsEngage in odd movements►Remain motionless for hours (odd Remain motionless for hours (odd

positions / poses / Waxy flexibility positions / poses / Waxy flexibility ► parrot-like repeating of speech, parrot-like repeating of speech,

movementmovement

Undifferentiated Undifferentiated SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

►Disordered thinking, but no Disordered thinking, but no symptoms of other types of symptoms of other types of SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

Schizophrenic Symptoms: 2 TypesSchizophrenic Symptoms: 2 Types

Positive SymptomsPositive Symptoms► Excesses in behavior, Excesses in behavior,

thought, moodthought, mood

Negative SymptomsNegative Symptoms► Deficits, such as Deficits, such as

flat effect, or flat effect, or catatonia. (Absence catatonia. (Absence of normal behavior)of normal behavior)

Explaining SchizophreniaExplaining Schizophrenia►BiologicalBiological

Dopamine hypothesisDopamine hypothesis►Excessive levels = Schizophrenia (average 6x Excessive levels = Schizophrenia (average 6x

normal levels)normal levels)

Enlarged brain ventriclesEnlarged brain ventricles Genetic predispositionsGenetic predispositions Abnormality of 5Abnormality of 5thth chromosome chromosome

►Social-CognitiveSocial-Cognitive Double binds: contradictory messages = Double binds: contradictory messages =

distorted ways of thinkingdistorted ways of thinking

Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders(Notes = Dark Green)(Notes = Dark Green)

Enduring, maladaptive behavior Enduring, maladaptive behavior that negatively affects one’s ability that negatively affects one’s ability to function.to function.

Usually less serious than other Usually less serious than other disorders.disorders.

Nurture basedNurture based

Personality DisorderPersonality Disorder

Antisocial disorderAntisocial disorder ( (most seriousmost serious)) No regard for others’ feelings / world as No regard for others’ feelings / world as

hostile / look out for oneself / absence of hostile / look out for oneself / absence of conscienceconscience

No fear, no shameNo fear, no shame serial criminals, serial killers (worst case)serial criminals, serial killers (worst case)

Electric shock: no increased anxiety in Electric shock: no increased anxiety in anticipationanticipation

Causes: Both Biological and PsychologicalCauses: Both Biological and Psychological• Nurture influential: hero or villain…Nurture influential: hero or villain…

More Personality DisordersMore Personality Disorders Borderline PersonalityBorderline Personality

Disorder of emotions (intense instability) self-mutilationDisorder of emotions (intense instability) self-mutilation Severe anxiety, depressionSevere anxiety, depression

Dependant personality disorderDependant personality disorder Overly dependant on attention, help from othersOverly dependant on attention, help from others

Paranoid Personality DisorderParanoid Personality Disorder Feel persecuted, very distrustfulFeel persecuted, very distrustful

Narcissistic DisorderNarcissistic Disorder Self-love, grandiose self-importance, entitlement, failed Self-love, grandiose self-importance, entitlement, failed

relationships, “”narcissistic paradox”relationships, “”narcissistic paradox” Histrionic DisorderHistrionic Disorder: (center of attention): (center of attention)

Overly dramatic behaviorOverly dramatic behavior Obsessive-Compulsive DisorderObsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Overly concerned with thoughts and behaviorsOverly concerned with thoughts and behaviors

Other Personality DisordersOther Personality Disorders Paraphilia: sexual attraction to things not Paraphilia: sexual attraction to things not

normally seen as sexual (object, person,normally seen as sexual (object, person, activity) Examples below:activity) Examples below: Pedophilia / childrenPedophilia / children Zoophilia / animalsZoophilia / animals Fetish (objects, shoes, feet etc.)Fetish (objects, shoes, feet etc.) Voyeur: watching others sexual activityVoyeur: watching others sexual activity Masochist / having pain inflicted on oneselfMasochist / having pain inflicted on oneself Sadist: inflicting pain on othersSadist: inflicting pain on others

More common in men (exception is More common in men (exception is masochism)masochism)

Other Personality DisordersOther Personality Disorders Eating Personality DisordersEating Personality Disorders

Anorexia Nervosa, BulimiaAnorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Substance Abuse Disorder (Addictions)Substance Abuse Disorder (Addictions)

Drugs, alcoholDrugs, alcohol Developmental DisordersDevelopmental Disorders

Autism, Attention deficit / hyperactivity Autism, Attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)disorder (ADHD)

Remember…Remember…

Personality disorders are more minor than Personality disorders are more minor than other disorders ( in thought and behavior)other disorders ( in thought and behavior)

ExampleExample Paranoid personality disorderParanoid personality disorder

• Suspicion of persecution, but not the delusions, Suspicion of persecution, but not the delusions, hallucinations of the Paranoid Schizophrenichallucinations of the Paranoid Schizophrenic

Mental Disorders by NationMental Disorders by Nation