abatement of pollution - ministry of environment and forests

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Annual Report 2004-2005

ABATEMENT OF POLLUTION

Control of Pollution

The concern for environmental quality has been an issue of concern in the backdrop of increasingurbanization, industrial and vehicular pollution as well as pollution of water courses due to discharge ofeffluents without confirming to the environmental norms and standards. Realizing the trend of pollutionin various environmental media like air and water, soil etc., Ministry adopted policy for abatement ofpollution, which provides multi-pronged strategies in the form of regulations, legislations, agreements,fiscal incentives and other measures to prevent and abate pollution. To give effect to various measures andpolicies for pollution control, various steps have been initiated which include stringent regulations,developmental environmental standards, control of vehicular pollution, spatial environmental planningincluding Industrial Estates and preparation of Zoning Atlas etc.

Major achievements/activities undertaken on various Pollution Control Schemes are:

Industrial Pollution Abatement through preventive strategies

This scheme is an amalgamation of the three on-going sub-schemes viz. Environmental Audit, Adoptionof Clean Technologies in Small Scale Industries and Environmental Statistics and Mapping and activitiesunder each component are as follows:

Environmental Audit

Under the Environmental Audit, various studies relating to preparation of sector specific performa havebeen initiated. A project has been sponsered to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in this regardfor development of environmental statements in the sectors of sugar, pesticide, thermal power stations,cement, textile, iron & steel, tanneries, petrochemicals, oil refineries, pulp & paper and bulk drugindustries. For wider dissemination of the model Performa in these sectors, an additional project onawareness has also been sponsored to CPCB. This would be beneficial to entrepreneurs, consultants andthose involved in assessing the environmental audit statements.

Adoption of Cleaner Technologies

Adoption of cleaner technologies and cleaner production strategies is considered to provide a balancebetween development and environment through economic benefits by way of increased resource efficiencyinnovation and reduced cost for environmental management. The scheme in this regard aims at promotingsuch technologies and strategies. Significant activities undertaken are as follows:

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Studies

Different sectors in which LCA studies have been initiated so far include; (i) Steel (ii) Coal/Lignitebased Thermal Power Plants, (iii) Pulp and Paper and (iv) Cement. While the studies in steel and thermalpower sector were completed earlier, the final Report on pulp and paper sector has been submitted duringthe year. The Life Cycle Assessment Study in cement sector has also been continued during the year. FourCement Plants namely, Ambuja Cement, Unagarh (Gujarat), ACC, Bilaspur (Himachal Pradesh), RajshreeCement (Andhra Pradesh), and Ultratech Cements (Chattisgarh) have been included in the study.

Field Demonstration and Development of Bamboo based Composites/Panels

During the year the ongoing project on field demonstration and development of bamboo basedcomposites/panels was continued. Commercial production of horizontal and vertical laminates have beenmade using Bambusa bamboo species. Construction of demonstration houses in north-east using thesebamboo laminates has been taken up.

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Ministry of Environment & Forests

Recycling of Marble Slurry in Udaipur, Rajasthan

The ongoing demonstration project relating to manufacture of bricks and tiles from marble slurry inUdaipur and Rajsamand Districts of Rajasthan, with the aim of utilizing wastes arising out of marblecutting and processing for the purpose of improving the local environment, was continued during the year.Based on the successful demonstration of technology at the above two locations, the Indian EnvironmentalSociety, who are implementing the project, have also been asked to set up brick and tiles manufacturingunit utilizing stone slurry at Kota. Awareness workshops were also organized to make the products madeout of marble slurry, popular and to promote its usage.

Bio-remediation of Railadevi Lake in Thane, Maharashtra

The ongoing demonstration project relating to cleaning of Railadevi Lake in Thane District inMaharashtra using bio-remediation technique was continued during the year. The activities inter-aliaincluded cleaning of lake through application of bioclean product. Water quality of the lake is beingcontinuously monitored by Thane Municipal Corporation.

Technology Up-gradation for Small and Medium Enterprise Clusters

The ongoing project for technology up-gradation in small utensil manufacturing units in a representativecluster at Jagadhari, Haryana has been completed. Under this project, two units from each of the industrysectors namely; (I) steel utensils, (ii) brass utensils and (iii) aluminium utensils were identified fordemonstrating the technology up-gradation options. Awareness workshop with the involvement of localindustry associations, Central Pollution Control Board and State Pollution Control Board was organizedto disseminate the information relating to technology up-gradation options.

Development, Demonstration and Dissemination of Bio-degradable Emulsion Technology for increasingthe Shelf Life of Fruits and Vegetables

This multi-ministerial sponsored ongoing demonstration project at Indian Institute of Technology(IIT), Delhi was continued during the year. Pilot plant for treatment of fruits and vegetables withbiodegradable emulsion has also been set up at IIT, Delhi.

Utilization of Anode Mud and Chips, the Solid Wastes generated in the Zinc Industry

This study has been sponsored to Regional Research Laboratory (RRL), Bhopal and aimed at developingsuitable process for making active chemical manganese dioxide from the wastes generated in the cell housein zinc plant and to separate lead from these wastes. The manganese dioxide so generated will be used inbattery manufacture.

Development of domestic unit employing a complexing resin for removing Arsenic from water

The study undertaken by Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarataims at the development of a resin and to establish the relationship between the resin structure and itscoordinating ability for scavenging arsenic from raw as well as chemically treated water. The projectenvisages development and testing of a portable domestic unit to meet the drinking water needs of a smallfamily of five for a period of one month.

Environmental Statistics & Mapping

Various studies under this component have been initated through research institutions, organisations,universities and State Pollution Control Boards which are at various stages of completion. Two new studieshave also been initiated during the year.

❑ Techno-Economic Suitability of Silt from Beas Saltuj Link (BSL) Project in the manufacture of ordinaryportland cement by National Council for Cement and Building Materials, Ballabhgarh, Haryana; and

❑ Environmental Mapping of Sutlej Catchment, Himachal Pradesh by Himachal Pradesh StateEnvironment Protection and Pollution Control Board (HPSEP&PCB).

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Waste Minimization/Cleaner Production

Waste minimization is one of thestrategies adopted for prevention of industrialpollution with an objective to optimize theconsumption of raw material, save energyand water requirement and reduce wastegeneration. This approach provides forutilizing the existing production facilitywithout changing the operations. This isespecially suitable for small and mediumenterprises in adoption of cleaner productionpractices.

As a part of the scheme on IndustrialPollution Abatement through PreventiveStrategies, financial assistance is provided forestablishment and running of WasteMinimization Circles (WMCs) in clustersof small scale industries, with a view to facilitate capacity building in the areas of cleaner production andestablishment of demonstration units in selected industrial sectors etc. Financial assistance is providedthrough National Productivity Council (NPC) who have pioneered in the activity. NPC in their continuedactivity have established a total of 118 Waste Minimization Circles (WMCs) in 41 industrial sectorsthrough which 600 small scale industries have been benefited. Facilitators have been trained for replicatingthe activities and creating awareness amongst the small and medium enterprises. Financial assistance is alsoprovided for conducting awareness programmes by the Developments Commissioner on Small Sale Industries(DCSSI), Ministry of Small Scale Industry. The Ministry has also taken initiative to facilitate R&Dactivities under the National Networking programme of Council for Scientific & Industrial Research(CSIR) on Waste Minimization for the small and medium enterprises. This activity would be carried outby some of the CSIR laboratories. A meeting in this regard was held in April, 2004, at NEERI, Nagpurwherein the detailed programme for the same was worked out.

Guidelines detailing eligibility criteria, application format etc. have been developed for submission ofthe proposal under the scheme. During the year, the scheme has been revisitied and the process forimplementation of the scheme has been streamlined. The Screening Committee has prioritized certainsectors for inviting proposals.

So far, the implementation of the scheme has helped in identifying the polluting small and mediumindustries, evaluating the causes of pollution and facilitating them to adopt cleaner production practicesleading to preventive strategies. Also it has provided a platform for creating awareness amongst the smalland medium industries for adopting simple waste minimization principles.

Environmental Health

The Project Appraisal and Evaluation Committee on Environmental Health considered 14 proposalspertaining to generation of baseline data on environmental health as also on increasing environmentalhealth awareness. Out of these proposals eight projects were recommended for financial assistance. Interventionmeasures based on the complete environmental health studies were suggested to the concerned StateAuthorities for taking appropriate measures with the ultimate objective of protecting human health againstthe environmental hazards.

Initiatives have also been taken to identify and assess the environmental health hazards posed byemissions of mercury from industries using mercury as one of the raw materials including chlor-alkaliplants based on mercury cell process.

Fig 46. Crude Lindane ETP with improved activated charcoal

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Charter on Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection (CREP)

The industrial activities without proper precautionary measures for environmental protection createspollution and associated problems. It is, therefore, not adequate to comply with regulatory norms forprevention and control of pollution but go beyond compliance through adoption of clean technologies andimproved environmental practices. After a series of industry specific interaction meetings, the Charter onCorporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection (CREP) was released in March, 2003. This charteris a commitment for partnership and participatory action of concerned stake holders and is a road mapfor progressive improvement in environmental management system for 17 categories of polluting industries.

For effective implementation of action points enlisted in the charter, eight task forces have beenconstituted incorporating experts and members from institutions and industry associations. These taskforces meet regularly and have also undertaken site inspections for assessing the compliance to stipulatethe standards. A Steering Committee under the Chairmanship of Secretary (E&F) has also been constitutedto oversee the functioning of these Task Forces and to take necessary policy decisions.

Noise Pollution

Due to various activities, religiousfunctions, festivals and related celebrations,noise levels have been a matter of concern.To regulate and control noise pollution, theGovernment has issued various notificationsunder the Environment (Protection) Act,1986. The general standards for industrial,commercial, residential areas and silencezones had also been notified. To controlcommunity noise, Noise Pollution(Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 hadbeen notified on 14th February, 2000, whichmakes it mandatory for the local authoritiesto control noise in their respective areas andempowers the designated authorities to takelegal action against the violators.

Ministry has been encouraging control of community noise through various steps such as awarenessprogrammes though electronic and print media, celebration of functions at community level, training ofpersonnel from regulatory agencies, notification of source specific standards for fire crackers, generator sets,automobiles etc. The fire cracker industry has been directed to indicate the noise levels and colour codeon each of their packet for the people to make a choice at the time of buying. The Governments of allthe States and Union Territories have been requested to conduct surveys in major cities of the States,particularly, during festivals to assess the noise pollution. The Central Pollution Control Board in coordinationwith the State Pollution Control Boards is also monitoring the ambient noise levels.

The noise limits for Diesel Generator (DG) sets up to 1000 kVA were notified in May, 2002. Afterreview of the preparedness by the manufacturers to comply with the standards and at their requests, thetime for its implementation was extended initially up to 1st July, 2004 and subsequently, up to 1st January,2005 vide notification No. GSR 448(E) dated 12th July, 2004 and GSR 520(E) dated 12th August, 2004.

Spatial Environmental Planning

The Spatial Planning programme was conceptualised for ensuring protection of environment and itsresources through planned and sustainable development. The programme commenced earlier in fourteenvolunteering states with district-wise environmental assessment for siting of industries. The programme wasextended under the Environmental Management Capacity Building Technical Assistance Project funded bythe World Bank during April, 1997 to June, 2003. To implement the programme, the needed infrastructure

Fig 47. Noise monitoring at Panchpatmalai Bauxite Mine

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to undertake spatial environment planning and the technical competence was developed within the StatePollution Control Boards and other executing agencies. The programme has now been extended for theTenth Five Year Plan and following activities have been evolved under this programme.

Zoning Atlas for Siting of Industries

The Zoning Atlases for Siting of Industries has been taken up for 142 districts in different States andUnion Territories of the country. It provides the details of ambient air quality, water quality, noise levels,details of demographic profile of the area and other major natural resources. It enables the planner todecide on the suitable areas and zones for new developmental projects. The studies have been completedin 50 districts so far and some more are at various stages of completion.

Industrial Estate Planning & Development of Eco-Industrial Estates

To check the haphazard growth of the industries in the non-conforming areas, a scheme has been takenup to evolve the eco-friendly industrial estates. Such Estates are expected to contain pollution within thestipulated norms as the ambient air quality, water quality and other natural resources have been studiedin detail before the identification of environmentally acceptable sites for the development of future industrialestates and to control the land use patterns surrounding these industrial estates. Central Pollution ControlBoard has identified 12 acceptable sites for the development of eco-industrial estates, out of which, threeareas, including Special Economic Zone, Visakhapatnam, Industrial Development Area, Nacharam andIndustrial Development Area, Mallapur are in the first phase of the development of eco-industrial estates.The status report of these areas are being taken up through Environmental Protection Training andResearch Institute (EPTRI) and Andhra Pradesh Infrastructure Investment Corporation (APIIC).

A training of Andhra Pradesh Infrastructure Investment Corporation officials was held in Delhi on Sitingof Industries, Industrial Estates, Geographical Information System in December, 2004. Another trainingprogramme on Eco-Industrial Estates was carried out at Ahmedabad, during December, 2004. The firstvisit of a group of German experts (Bayer Industrial Services and Bayer Technology Services) to AndhraPradesh during 21st to 29th September, 2004 to work out a strategy and road map for the Special EconomicZone, Visakhapatnam.

Eco-Cities

A scheme of Eco cities is under implementation under Tenth Five Year Plan. Twelve towns have beenidentified for environmental improvement on the basis of population, occupation and environmentalconstraints of the locality. During the first phase, the towns of Vrindavan, Ujjain, Puri, Tirupati, Kottayamhave been taken up. CPCB has signed Memorandum of Understanding with concerned Municipality andState Pollution Control Board. The draft report for five identified town are at different stages of development.A conference of “Eco cities in Making” for the officials of concerned Municipalities and State PollutionControl Boards was held at Auroville, Pondicherry for exchange of information and networking.

Urban Environmental Information System

After the 73rd and 74th Amendments of the Constitution of India, the local self bodies, includingMunicipalities are bestowed with the responsibility of town planning and environmental protection. Aprogramme called URBAN ENVIS has been initiated which targets at developing Urban EnvironmentalInformation System involving the local bodies and publishing an environmental statement or environmentalprofile bi-annually for each of the identified Municipalities to make information and the environmentimprovement strategy of the local bodies transparent. So far, eight Municipalities have volunteered to carryout this programme.

Air Pollution

Air quality has increasingly been an issue of social concern in the backdrop of rising industrial andvehicular pollution. The air quality of 92 cities/towns is regularly monitored with respect to three criteriapollutants (sulpher dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and respirable suspended particulate matter) by Pollution

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Control Boards, Universities and Research Institutes. Besides this, additional parameters, such as respirablelead and other toxic traces matters and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are also being monitored inselected cities of the country. The whole data generated are transmitted to CPCB for scrutinisation analysis,compilation and publication as a consolidated report. The exceedence factor is calculated as follows:

Observed annual mean concentration of criteria pollutantExceedence factor = ————————————————————————–

Annual standard for the respective pollutant and area class

The available data indicates that the levels of sulphur dioxide is within limit and the levels of oxidesof nitrogen and respirable suspended particulate matter exceeds the limits at certain times of the day inreligious cities of the country. The details of locations where the values of Particulate Matter exceeded thestandards for more than 5% of the stipulated norms is given in Table –7.

Non-attainment areas

Based on the ambient air qualitydata from 1995-2003, CentralPollution Control Board has deviseda list of non-attainment cities as perTable–8.

It could be observed from the abovedata that:

❑ High levels of SPM is moreprevalent form of air pollution.

❑ Motor vehicles is the majorsource of air pollution in almostall the metro ceities.

❑ High domestic use of coal orbiomass fuel is still a seriousproblem resulting in highhuman exposure to SPM andSO

2.

Auto-Fuel Policy

The Government constituted anExpert Committee on Auto-FuelPolicy which proposed policymeasures to reduce air pollution inthe selected major cities of thecountry and a road map for theirimplementation which includes, cleaner fuels, automobile technologies and enforcement measures. Thesalient features of the proposed Policy are:

❑ Suitable auto fuels with their specifications, taking into consideration the availability and logistics offuel supplies, the economics of processing auto fuels, and the possibilities of multi-fuel use in differentcategories of vehicles;

❑ Appropriate automobile technologies, and fiscal measures for ensuring that the social costs of meetinga given level of environmental quality are minimised;

❑ Institutional mechanisms for certification of vehicles and fuels, as also monitoring and enforcementmeasures.

The Committee recommended the following road map for implementation of vehicular emission normsand Auto Fuel Policy:

Table–7: Locations where either Annual Mean or 24-hourly SuspendedParticulate Matter concentration violated respective standards

State Number of Monitoring Locations exceeding Standards

Industrial Residential Sensitive

Andhra Pradesh - 3 -Assam - 1 -

Bihar - 2 -Delhi 2 4 -Karnataka - 1 -

Gujarat 1 2 -Haryana 1 1 -Jharkhand 1 2 -

Chhattisgarh - 3 -Goa - 1 -Kerala 1 3 -

Maharashtra 1 11 -Orissa - 2 -Punjab - 2 -

Rajasthan - 2 -Tamil Nadu - 1 -Uttar Prdesh 5 9 1

Uttaranchal 1 1 -Chandigarh 1 1 -West Bengal - 3 -

Total 14 55 1

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Table–8: List of non-attainment cities in India (Based on Ambient Air Quality Data 1995-2003)

S.No. States/Union Territory City Major Sources of Pollution Pollutants of Concern

1. Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad Vehicles RSPM, SPM

Visakhapatnam Vehicles, industries No2, RSPM, SPM

2. Assam Guwahati Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM3. Bihar Patna Vehicles, Natural Dust RSPM, SPM

4. Chandigarh Chandigarh Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM5. Chattisgarh Bhilai Industries RSPM, SPM

Korba Industries RSPM, SPM

Raipur Vehicles RSPM, SPM6. Delhi Delhi Vehicles NO

2, RSPM, SPM

7. Goa Panaji Industries, Vehicles SPM

8. Gujarat Ahmedabad Vehicles, Industries SO2, RSPM, SPM

Ankleshwar Industries SO2, RSPM, SPM

Jamnagar Industries, Vehicles RSPM, SPM

Rajkot Vehicles, natural Dust SO2, RSPM, SPM

Surat Industries, Vehicles SO2, RSPM, SPM

Vadodara Vehicles, Industries SO2, RSPM, SPM

Vapi Industries RSPM, SPM9. Haryana Faridabad Vehicles, Industries SPM

Yamuna Nagar Industries, Vehicles SPM

10. Himachal Pradesh Damtal Natural Dust SPMPaonta Sahib Natural Dust SPMParwanoo Industries, Natural Dust RSPM, SPM

Shimla Natural Dust SPM11. Jharkhand Dhanbad Industries SO

2, NO

2, SPM

Jamshedpur Industries NO2, SPM

Jharia Industries, Natural Dust SPM12. Karnataka Bangalore Vehicles RSPM, SPM13. Kerala Kottayam Vehicles RSPM

Kochi Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPMThiruvananthapuram Vehicles RSPM, SPM

14. Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Vehicles RSPM, SPM

Indore Vehicles RSPM, SPM

Jabalpur Vehicles NO2, RSPM, SPM

Nagda Industries SO2, RSPM, SPM

Satna Industries RSPM, SPM

15. Maharashtra Chandrapur Industries RSPM, SPM

Mumbai Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM

Pune Vehicles NO2, RSPM, SPM

Nagpur Vehicles RSPM, SPM

Nasik Vehicles RSPM, SPM

Solapur Vehicles, Natural Dust RSPM16. Meghalaya Shillong Vehicles RSPM17. Orissa Angul Vehicles, Industries, Natural Dust RSPM, SPM

Rayagada Industries RSPMRourkela Industries RSPM, SPM

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❑ Bharat Stage II norms for new vehicles except two & three wheelers, which are in place in the fourmega cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai to be extended to Hyderabad, Bangalore,Ahmedabad, Kanpur, Pune, Surat and Agra by 1

st April, 2003 and entire country by 1

st April, 2005.

❑ Euro-III equivalent emission norms for all new vehicles except Two and Three wheelers to be applicablein 11 cities from 1

st April, 2005 and extended throughout the country by 1

st April, 2010.

❑ Euro-IV equivalent emission norms for all new vehicles except Two and Three wheelers to be applicablein eleven cities by 1

st April, 2010.

❑ Bharat Stage-II Emission norms for Two and Three wheelers to be applied through out the countryby 1

st April, 2005 and Bharat Stage III by 1

st April, 2008/2010.

❑ To meet Bharat Stage-II, Euro-III and Euro-IV equivalent emission norms, matching quality of petroand diesel should be simultaneously made available.

As per the policydecision, a roadmap for new ve-hicles is given inTable–9.

To implementthe road map of theAuto-Fuel Policy,f o l l o w i n ge n f o r c e m e n tagencies have beendelegated:

❑ Ministry of

S.No. States/Union Territory City Major Sources of Pollution Pollutants of Concern

18 Pubjab Gobindgarh Industries RSPM, SPMLudhiana Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM

Jalandhar Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM19. Rajasthan Alwar Vehicles, Natural Dust NO

2, RSPM, SPM

Jaipur Vehicles RSPM, SPM

Jodhpur Natural Dust RSPM, SPMKota Vehicles, Industries NO

2, RSPM, SPM

Udaipur Vehicles, Industries NO2, RSPM, SPM

20. Tamil Nadu Chennai Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPMMadurai Vehicles RSPM, SPM

21. Uttar Pradesh Agra Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM

Anpara Industries RSPMKanpur Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPMLucknow Vehicles RSPM, SPM

Gajraula Industries RSPM, SPMNoida Vehicles, Natural Dust, Industries RSPM, SPMVaranasi Vehicles, Natural Dust RSPM, SPM

22. Uttaranchal Dehradun Vehicles, Natural Dust RSPM, SPM23. West Bengal Kolkata Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM, NO

2

Howrah Vehicles, Industries SO2, NO

2, RSPM, SPM

Table–9: Auto Fuel Policy for new vehicles

Coverage Passenger Cars, light 2/3 wheelerscommercial vehicles &heavy duty diesel vehicles

Entire country Bharat Stage II – 1.4.2005 Bharat State-II – 1.4.2005

Euro III equivalent – 1.4.2010 Bharat Stage III

11 major cities (Delhi/NCR, Bharat Stage II – 1.4.2003 Preferably from 1.4.2008Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, but not later than 1.4.2010Bangalore, Hyderabad, Euro III equivalent – 1.4.2005Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Euro IV equivalent* – 1.4.2010Kanpur & Agra)

* These schedules would be reviewed in the year 2006 after the implementationof emission norms of Euro II in the country and Euro II for 11 major cities.

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Environment & Forests for air quality data and improvement plans.

❑ Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas for fuel quality.

❑ Ministry of Road Transport & Highways for vehicular emission norms at manufacturing stage and forin-use vehicles.

❑ State Transport Departments for monitoring ‘Pollution Under Control’ at the local level.

❑ The Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI), Pune for Type Approval.

Hon’ble Supreme Court in its various judgements has identified 16 cities as equal or more pollutedthan Delhi in which action plan for control of air pollution are required to be prepared. State-wise detailsof these cities is given below:

Central Pollution Control Board has circulated format/guidelines to all the State Pollution Control Boards/Committeesfor formulation of Action Plans to cover the following aspects–

❑ Identification of sources of air pollution.

❑ Assessment of pollution load.

❑ Preparation of city-wise Action Plan for control of pollutionfrom the identified sources. and

❑ To set up inter-agency task force for the implementationof the Action Plan.

Ministry has convened meetings with the concerned StatePollution Control Boards to review the status of preparation ofaction plans as well as steps taken to implement the same in atime bound manner.

Vehicular Pollution Control

As the vehicular emissions is the major cause for deteriorationof urban ambient air quality, Ministry is facilitating and coordinating in the field of controlling of vehicularpollution with the concerned Ministries and its associated bodies/organizations including the Ministry ofSurface Transport, the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas and the Ministry of Industry in the areassuch as up-gradation of automobile technology, improvement in fuel quality, expansion of urban publictransport systems and promotion of integrated traffic management etc. The Gross Emission Standards forvehicles have been prescribed from time to time and a road map is prepared to improve the quality of fuel.In consultation with this Ministry, the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways has published draftamendment rules, GSR.614(E), under the Central Motor Vehicles Rules (CMVR), 1989. As per this draftnotification, it is proposed to amend Rule 115 of CMVR prescribing future Road Map for Pollution UnderControl (PUC) certification procedure. It is proposed that PUC check shall be done every six monthsinstead of earlier prescribed as “six months or any lesser period as may be specified by the State Governmentfrom time to time”. The Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Hydro Carbon (HC) emission norms for newgeneration vehicles manufactured on or after the 1st April, 2000 have also been prescribed in this draftamendments and shall come into force from 1st October, 2004.

For reduction of pollution from in-use vehicles, some of the recommended measures include:

❑ New improved Pollution Under Control (PUC) checking system

❑ Inspection & maintenance (I&M) system

❑ Performance checking system of catalytic converter and conversion kits for CNG/LPG and

❑ Compliance of emission norms by city public service and inter state vehicles.

For new two and three wheelers, Bharat Stage-II and EURO-III equivalent norms would be introducedin the entire country by April 2005 and April 2008/2010.

S.No. State City

1. Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad2. Bihar Patna3. Gujarat Ahmedabad

4. Haryana Faridabad5. Jharkhand Jharia6. Karnataka Bangalore

7. Maharashtra PuneMumbaiSholapur

8. Rajasthan Jodhpur9. Tamil Nadu Chennai

10. Uttar Pradesh AgraKanpurLucknowVaranasi

11. West Bengal Kolkata

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In addition to various steps taken to control vehicular pollution, studies have been initiated forscientific data collection, source apportionment, emission factors etc. An International conference on BetterAir Quality Management was jointly organized by Ministry with Clean Air Initiatives (CAI) Asia during6-8th December, 2004 at Agra, to promote and demonstrate innovative ways to improve air quality of Asiancities through partnership, sharing of experience and networking of information through close interactions.More than 600 delegates attended this workshop at Agra, and exchanged the ways to implement projectsand schemes for improved air quality.

Promotion of the Ethanol Blended Petrol and Bio-diesel have also been taken up. A notification hasbeen issued by Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas in September, 2002 regarding use of 5% ethanolblended petrol in nine States and four Union Territories. This notification is being implemented from 1st

January, 2003 in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab,Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and in UTs namely; Chandigarh, Pondicherry, Daman and Dadra & NagarHaveli.

Industrial Pollution ControlThe Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has identified 2301 medium and large-scale polluting

units covered under 17 categories of highly polluting industries. Out of these 2,301 industries, 1,927 haveprovided the requisite pollution control facilities, 139 are still defaulting and the remaining 235 are closed.The State-wise status of 2,301 industries as on June, 2004 as detailed in Table–10.

Table-10. State-wise status of the medium and large scale polluting units covered under 17 categories ofhighly polluting industries.

Sl. No. State/UT Status (No. of Units)

Total Complied Closed Defaulting

1. Andhra Pradesh 269 240 29 02. Assam 16 12 3 13. Bihar 46 27 19 04. Chattisgarh 25 21 2 25. Goa 8 8 0 06. Gujarat 283 273 10 07. Haryana 107 69 24 148. Himachal Pradesh 11 11 0 09. Jammu & Kashmir 10 7 3 010. Jharkhand 21 16 3 211. Karnataka 116 102 14 012. Kerala 43 37 6 013. Madhya Pradesh 78 61 15 214. Maharashtra 392 356 26 1015. Meghalaya 1 1 0 016. Orissa 51 42 2 717. Punjab 102 58 17 2718. Rajasthan 108 96 8 419. Sikkim 1 1 0 020. Tamil Nadu 216 187 2 2721. Tripura 5 5 0 022. UT – Chandigarh 1 0 1 023. UT – Delhi 5 4 1 024. UT – Pondicherry 8 7 1 025. Uttaranchal 38 20 2 1626. Uttar Pradesh 263 232 27 427. West Bengal 77 34 20 23

TOTAL 2301 1927 235 139

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Legal action has been taken under theEnvironment (Protection) Act, 1986 inrespect of the defaulting units and in manycases, the matter is pending before thevarious Courts. Almost all the defaultingunits are either in the advance stage ofinstalling the pollution control measures orunder legal action for default. The Ministryis also pursuing number of court cases ondifferent subjects like stone crushing, brickkilns, air, water & noise pollution from theindustries in High Courts of various states.

Industrial Pollution Complaints

During the year, Ministry received morethan 200 complaints from variousindividuals/organization/NGOs etc. regarding various pollution problems. These complaints were attendedto by calling reports along with the status and comments from the state Pollution Control Boards/PollutionControl Committees. The complaints were mostly related to pollution being caused in environmentalmedia like air, water, land and noise resulting in degradation of the eco-system. Some of the complaintswere also related to discharge of untreated or partially treated effluent thereby contaminating water bodies,land and ground water. Air pollution complaints were received for certain cement plants, thermal powerprojects and brick kilns units and complaints for water pollution were received for sugar mills, distilleries,tanneries, paper and pulp industries. Action as required, based on the reports of the Pollution ControlBoards were taken and the industries were directed to provide the necessary pollution control measures.The Ministry also under took visits to some of the persistently polluting industries and directed therespective boards for necessary actions.

Environment Protection Authorities

National Environment Appellate Authority (NEAA)

The NEAA was established under the National Environment Appellate Authority Act 1997 (22 of1997) to hear appeals in regard to restriction of areas in which any industries, operations or class ofindustries, operations or processes shall not be carried out or shall be carried out subject to certainsafeguards under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and for matter connected therewith or accidentalthereto:

The composition of NEAA is as follows:

● A Chairperson (retired Judge of the Supreme Court or Chief Justice of a High Court);

● A Vice Chairman

● Members not exceeding three, as the Central Government deems fit

The Authority is located in Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Complex, New Delhi and continued to functionduring the year.

The Loss of Ecology (Prevention and Payments of Compensation) Authority for the State of Tamil Nadu

In compliance with the Hon’ble Supreme Court’s order dated 28th August, 1998 in Writ Petition (Civil)No. 914 of 1991 namely; Vellore Citizen’s Welfare Forum Verus Union of India and Others; the Ministryconstituted the Loss of Ecology (Prevention and Payments of Compensation) Authority for the State ofTamil Nadu under the Chairmanship of a retired Judge of Madras High Court (vide notification SO671(E) dated 30th September, 1996) to deal with the situation created by the tanneries and otherpolluting industries in Tamil Nadu. The tenure of the Authority has been extended up to 30th September,2006.

Fig 48. Effluent settling plants with greenery

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Environmental Protection and Control Authority (EPCA)

Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority (EPCA) for the National Capital Regionwas constituted under sub-section (1) and (3) of the Section 3 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 on29th January, 1998 under the chairmanship of Dr. Bhure Lal initially for two years. Subsequently, thecomposition of the Authority has been enlarged and its tenure extended up to 28th January, 2006.

A large number of meetings of the Authority were held and various sites/projects were inspected. Theissues considered by the Authority during the period include development of new forest area in Delhi,strengthening of CNG refilling infrastructure, RSPM control in various cities, adulteration of fuels and thematters referred by Hon’ble Supreme Court in its various judgements. The EPCA also reviewed ActionPlans for Air Quality Improvements for the cities of Banglore, Kanpur, Hyderabad, Chennai, Sholapur,Lucknow & Ahmedabad and reports are being submitted from time to time to the Hon’ble SupremeCourt.

Development of Environment Standards

In order to control pollution from various sources, the Ministry notifies general as well as industryspecific emission and effluent standards for various categories of industries under the provisions of Environment(Protection) Act, 1986. The standards are reviewed from time to time and new ones are notified. Thestandards which are under consideration for notification include emissions from coke oven plants andasbestos units, in effluents of pulp and paper mills, emission standards for Boilers using Agricultural Waste(other than the bagasse) as a fuel, pollution control in Ginning Mills and guidelines for disposal of DrillCutting and Drilling Fuels for Offshore and On-shore Oil Drilling Operation etc.

Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs)

The Ministry has undertaken a Centrally Sponsored Scheme for enabling the Small Scale Industries (SSI)to set-up Common Effluent Treatment Plants in the country for installation of pollution controlequipment for treatment of effluents.

The criteria for consideration for financial assistance are as follows:

❑ CETPs should be in industrial estates or in a cluster of Small Scale Industrial units.

❑ Central Assistance will be available only for clusters of SSIs.

❑ Projects for assistance will be prioritized on the basis of toxicity of pollutants; Pollution load beinggenerated and to be treated; and number of units covered.

❑ The CETPs are to be set up and managed by the State Industrial Infrastructure Corporation (bywhatever name known) or through an appropriate institution including a cooperative body of theconcerned units as may be decided by the State Governments/SPCBs concerned.

❑ The project should be self-supporting for repayment of the loan and meeting operation and maintenancecosts.

❑ The project must formulate adequate institutional arrangements for cost sharing, recovery of dues andmanagement and ensure observation of prescribed standards.

❑ The scheme must have the technical recommendation of the State Pollution Control Boards.

❑ The CETP project should have the conveyance system from the individual units to the CETP.

❑ Sludge characteristics (i.e. hazardous vs. non-hazardous) from the primary and secondary treatment ofthe CETP should be estimated. Therefore, the CETP should have a sludge management plan whichshould be prepared based on the sludge characterization and be documented in the feasibility reportof the CETP project.

❑ Possibility of recycling/reusing the treated effluent from the CETPs by the member units should beexplored and be documented in the feasibility report of the CETP project.

❑ Possibility of recycling/reusing the treated effluent from the CETPs by the member units should beexplored and be documented in the feasibility report of the CETP project.

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❑ An environmental management and monitoring plan/programme to be prepared for the CETP and bedocumented in the feasibility report of the CETP project.

❑ A legal agreement between the CETP Co. and its member units to be executed be reflected in thefeasibility report of the CETP project.

❑ The cost recovery formula developed for the CETP project should be ratified by all members and bedocumented in the feasibility report of the CETP project.

❑ Necessary clearance be obtained from the concerned State Pollution Control Board for discharging thetreated effluent and be reflected in the feasibility report of the CETP project.

❑ All hazardous waste facilities associated with these CETPs should obtain clearance from the concernedState Pollution Control Board and be documented in the feasibility report of the CETP project.

Pattern of Financial Assistance and other related criteria

❑ State subsidy – 25% of the total project cost;

❑ Central subsidy – 25% of the total project cost;

❑ Entrepreneurs contribution – 20% of the total project cost;

❑ Loan from financial institutions – 30% of the total project cost.

(e.g. IDBI, ICICI or any other nationalized banks, State Industrial Financial Corporation etc.)

❑ If the CETP Co. does not desire to have loans from financial institutions/banks they may augment thesame out of their own resources/contributions, i.e. the entrepreneurs would then contribute 50% ofthe project cost.

❑ Central assistance upto 25% of the total cost of the CETP would be provided as a grant to theCommon Effluent Treatment Plant(s) on the condition that a matching grant is sanctioned andreleased by the State Government. The CETP Company should meet the remaining cost by equitycontribution by the industries and loans from financial institutions.

❑ Central assistance will be provided only for the capital costs. No assistance will be provided forrecurring costs. The assistance will be released in four equal installments. The first installment of 25%of the assistance will be released when a body has been identified for the purpose of implementingthe project, financial arrangements have been tied up, institutional arrangements have been finalized,consent has been obtained from the State Pollution Control Board and State Government has committedits contribution.

❑ It may be of advantage to combine some components of CETP with the municipal system. On suchschemes, the municipalities have to pay their share of the cost.

❑ An assessment may be made about the present physical and financial status of the CETPs. Fundsreleased for the CETPs should be utilized for the CETP only and not for payment for debts/banksloans etc.

❑ Large and medium scale industries other than 17 categories of heavily polluted industries may join theCETP after the primary treatment or as considered necessary by the State Pollution Control Board forthe purpose of hydraulic load and for techno-economic viability of the CETP. The 17 categories ofindustries need to provide their own full-fledged effluent treatment facilities to confirm to the prescribedstandards before the effluent is discharged. However, the large and medium scale industries would notbe entitled for any subsidy meant for SSIs.

Financial assistance has been provided for the on-going project in the States of Maharashtra, Gujarat,Punjab and Andhra Pradesh. Three new projects have been received and are being reviewed for considerationof financial assistance.

Taj Protection Mission

As per the Hon’ble Supreme Court’s Order the protection of the Taj Mahal is a national priority forthe country. In order to implement various schemes for the protection of the Taj, the Planning Commissionapproved Rs.600 crores on a 50:50 cost sharing basis with the State Government of Uttar Pradesh to

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implement various schemes in the Taj Trapezium Zone in the context of environmental protection of theTaj Mahal. In the first phase during the Ninth Five Year Plan, ten projects were approved and are beingimplemented by the State Government of Uttar Pradesh. The projects are:

❑ Improvement in Electric Supply at Agra,

❑ Improvement in Electric Supply in and around the rural areas of Agra and Fatehpur Sikri,

❑ Water supply (Agra),

❑ Water Supply (Mathura-Vrindavan),

❑ Gokul Barrage

❑ Solid Waste Management,

❑ Storm Water Drainage System (Agra),

❑ Consruction of one part of Agra bye-pass,

❑ Widening of Agra Bye-Pass, and

❑ Improvement of Master Plan of Roads of Agra City.

The Ministry has decided to have a post-evaluation study through National Environmental EngineeringResearch Institute (NEERI) for the approved ten projects. The State Government is providing the detailsproject reports and the status to NEERI. No new proposals have been received by the Ministry from theState Government of Uttar Pradesh so far for consideration.

UPDATES 2004-05

● A project has been sponsored for development of environmental statements in several sectorsunder environmental audit for the benefit of entrepreneurs, consultants and those involved inassessing the environmental audit statements.

● The final report of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies on pulp andpaper sector has been completed during the year.

● Studies on techno-economic suitability of silt from Beas-Satluj Link (BSL)project in the manufacture of ordinary portland cement and environmental mappingof Satluj catchment has been taken up during the year.

● A total of 118 Waste Minimization Circles (WMCs) in 41 industrial sectorshave been set up in clusters of Small Scale Industries to facilitate capacity building

in the area of cleaner production.

● Initiatives have been taken to identify and assess environmental health hazards posed by emissions of mercury from industriesusing mercury as one of the raw materials.

● Eight task forces have been constituted by the Ministry for effective implementation of action points enlisted in the Charter onCorporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection (CREP).

● The Ministry has extended the time limit upto 1st January, 2005 to comply with the standards for noise limits of the dieselgenerator sets up to 1000 KVA,

● Monitoring of the available air quality data of 92 cities/towns conducted by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) revealedthat while the levels of Sulphur Dioxide is within the standard limit, but those for Oxides of Nitrogen and Respirable SuspendedParticulate Matters (RSPM) exceeded the limits at certain times of the day in religious cities of the country. It also revealed thathigh levels of Suspended Particulate Matters (SPM) is more prevalent form of air pollution and motor vehicles were the majorsource of air pollution in almost all the metro cities.

● As per Auto Fuel Policy, Euro-III equivalent emission norms for all new vehicles except two and three wheelers will beapplicable in 11 cities from 1st April, 2005 and for other cities/towns from 1st April, 2010. Bharat Stage-II Emission norms for twoand three wheelers will be applied throughout the country by 1st April, 2005 and Bharat Stage-III by 1st April, 2008/2010.

● An international conference on better air quality management was jointly organized by the Ministry with Clean Air Initiatives Asiaduring 6-8 December, 2004 at Agra to promote and demonstrate innovative ways to improve air quality of Asian cities throughpartnership, sharing of experience and networking of information through close interactions.

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Central Pollution Control Board

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), an autonomous body of the Ministry was set up inSeptember, 1974, under the provision of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. Itcoordinates the activities of the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) and Pollution Control Committees(PCCs) and also advises the Central Government on all matters concerning the prevention and control ofenvironmental pollution. Central Pollution Control Board, SPCBs, and PCCs are responsible for implementingthe legislation, regulations and guidelines relating to prevention and control of pollution; They alsodevelop rules and regulations which prescribe the standards for emissions and effluents of air and waterpollutants and noise levels. CPCB also provides technical services to the Ministry for implementing theprovisions of the Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986.

Air Quality Assessment

The air quality of different cities/towns has been compared with the respective National Ambient AirQuality Standards (NAAQS). The air quality has been categorized into four broad categories based on anExceedence Factor (EF) (the ratio of annual mean concentration of a pollutant with that of a respectivestandard).

The four air quality categories are:

❑ Critical pollution (C) : when EF is more than 1.5;

❑ High pollution (H) : when the EF is between 1.0 – 1.5;

❑ Moderate pollution (M) : when the EF is between 0.5 – 1.0; and

❑ Low pollution (L) : when the EF is less than 0.5.

It could be seen from the above categorization, that the locations in either of the first two categoriesare actually violating the standards, although, with varying magnitude. Those, falling in the third categoryare meeting the standards as of now but likely to violate the standards in future if pollution continues toincrease and is not controlled. However, the locations in low pollution category have a rather pristine airquality and such areas are to be maintained at low pollution level by way of adopting preventive andcontrol measures of air pollution.

The ambient air quality monitoring was carried out by CPCB at 201 monitoring stations andadequate data for annual average concentration (with 50 and more day of monitoring) for SO

2 was received

for 182 stations and for NO2 for 180 stations, for RSPM for 166 stations and for SPM for 160 monitoring

stations.

Details of Monitoring Stations where Ambient Air Quality Monitoring was carried out during 2003

Ozone

Ozone is monitored atBahadur Shah Zafar Marg,Delhi using chemical method.Ozone formation introposphere occurs as a resultof oxidation of NO to NO

2 by

reaction with hydrocarbonsfollowed by photodissociationof NO

2 and combination of

nascent oxygen with oxygenmolecule to form ozone. The range of annual average concentration varied from BDL to 88 µg/m3 whichis less than the USEPA standard of 235 µg/m3 (BDL not detectable below 20 µg/m3).

Details of Monitoring Stations where Ambient Air Quality Monitoring was carried outduring 2003

Area Type Number of monitoring stations

Adequate data Inadequate data

SO2

NO2

RSPM SPM SO2

NO2

RSPM SPM

Residential 105 104 96 91 5 6 8 18

Industrial 76 75 69 68 7 8 7 12

Sensitive 1 1 1 1 – – – –

Total 182 180 166 160 12 14 15 30

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Carbon Monoxide

Carbon monoxide is also monitored at Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, Delhi using Non-Dispersive InfraredSpectrometry (NDIR) method. The annual average concentration of CO was 2831 µg/m3 and monthlyaverage concentration varied from 2143 µg/m3 to 4481 µg/m3 . The percentage violation of NAAQS (8-hourly average) of CO was 63%. High levels of CO might be attributed to increase in vehicular populationespecially passenger cars in Delhi.

Benzene

Benzene was also measured in Delhi using Passive method (GC-FID) at various locations in Delhi. Themonthly average concentration varied from 2 µg/m3 (JNU in July 2004) to 26 µg/m3 (ITO in Nov. 2003).The UK standard for Benzene is 16 µg/m3 (running annual average concentration).

Conclusion

It is revealed from the assessment that NAAQS of RSPM and SPM are violated at most of themonitoring stations. NAAQS (Annual average) of SPM was violated at 76% of the monitoring stations inresidential areas and 16% of the monitoring stations in industrial areas. NAAQS (Annual average) ofRSPM was violated at 75% of the monitoring stations in residential areas and 48% of the monitoringstations in industrial areas. There was no violation of NAAQS of SO

2 at any monitoring station. NAAQS

(Annual average) of NO2 was violated at six monitoring stations and NAAQS (24 hourly average) of NO

2

was violated at ten monitoring stations.

Water Quality Monitoring of National Aquatic Resources

The Central Pollution Control Board in collaboration with State Pollution Control Boards has establisheda network comprising of 784 stations in 26 States and five Union Territories spread over the country forwater quality monitoring of aquatic resources. The monitoring is done on monthly or quarterly basis insurface waters and on half yearly basis in case of groundwater. The monitoring network covers 168 Rivers,53 Lakes, five Tanks, two Ponds, three Creeks, three Canals, 12 Drains and 181 groundwater Wells.

The monitoring results obtained indicate that organic pollution continues to be the predominantpollution of aquatic resources. The organic pollution measured in terms of Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand(BOD) and coliform count gives the indication of extent of water quality degradation in different partsof our country. It is observed 67% of the observations, out of nearly 3000 observations are having BOD

Number of Monitoring stations violating NAAQS (Annual average and 24-hourly average).

Area Class SO2

NO2

RSPM SPM

24-Hourly Annual 24-Hourly Annual 24-Hourly Annual 24-Hourly Annual

Residential – – 8 4 85 72 75 69

Industrial – – 2 2 48 33 31 11

Sensitive – – – – – – 1 –

Total 0 0 10 6 133 105 107 80

Ambient Air Quality in India during 2003

Pollution level Annual Mean Concentration Range (µg/m3)

Industrial (I) Residential (R)

SO2 & NO

2RSPM SPM SO

2 , NO

2SPM

and RSPM

Low (L) 0-40 0-60 0-180 0-30 0-70Moderate (M) 40-80 60-120 180-360 30-60 70-140High (H) 80-120 120-180 360-540 60-90 140-102

Critical (C) >120 >180 >540 >90 >102

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List of Cities in which National Ambient Air Quality Standards are violated

S.No. State/Union City Major Sources Air Pollutants Air Pollutants ViolatingTerritory of Pollution Violating NAAQS

NAAQS (24 hourly average)(Annual Average)

1. Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad Vehicles SPM RSPM, SPMVisakhapatnam Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM

2. Assam Guwahati Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM3. Bihar Patna Vehicles, Natural Dust RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM4. Chandigarh Chandigarh Vehicles, Industries RSPM RSPM, SPM5. Chattisgarh Bhilai Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM

Korba Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPMRaipur Vehicles RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM

6. Delhi Delhi Vehicles RSPM, SPM NO2, RSPM, SPM

7. Goa Panaji Vehicles, Industries SPM8. Gujarat Ahemadabad Industries, Vehicles RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM

Ankleshwar Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPMJamnagar Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPMRajkot Vehicles, Natural Dust RSPM RSPMSurat Industries, Vehicles RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPMVadodara Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPMVapi Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM

9. Haryana Faridabad Vehicles, Industries SPM SPM10. Himachal Pradesh Damtal Natural Dust SPM SPM

Paonta Sahib Natural Dust SPM SPMParwanoo Industries, Natural Dust RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM

11. Jharkhand Dhanbad Industries NO2, SPM NO

2, SPM

Jamshedpur Industries – SPMJharia Industries, Natural Dust – SPMSindri Industries, Natural Dust – SPM

12. Karnataka Bangalore Vehicles RSPM, SPMMysore – RSPM

13. Kerala Kottayam Vehicles RSPM RSPM, SPMKochi Vehicles, Industries RSPM RSPM, SPMThiruvanantha-puram Vehicles RSPM RSPMKozhikode Natural Dust – RSPM

14. Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Vehicles RSPM RSPMIndore Vehicles RSPM RSPMJabalpur Vehicles RSPM RSPMNagda Industries RSPM RSPMSatna Industries RSPM RSPM

15. Maharashtra Chandrapur Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPMMumbai Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPMPune Vehicles NO

2, RSPM, SPM NO

2, RSPM, SPM

Nagpur Vehicles RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPMNashik Vehicles RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPMSolapur Vehicles, Natural Dust RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM

16. Meghalaya Shillong Vehicles RSPM RSPM17. Nagaland Dimapur Natural Dust RSPM RSPM18. Orissa Angul Vehicles, Industries,

Natural Dust – RSPM, SPMRourkela Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPMTalcher Industries – RSPM

19. Punjab Gobindgarh Industries RSPM, SPM RSPMLudhiana Vehicles, Industries RSPM RSPMJalandhar Vehicles, Industries RSPM RSPM

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S.No. State/Union City Major Sources Air Pollutants Air Pollutants ViolatingTerritory of Pollution Violating NAAQS

NAAQS (24 hourly average)(Annual Average)

20. Rajasthan Alwar Vehicles, Natural Dust RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPMJaipur Vehicles RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPMJodhpur Natural Dust RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPMKota Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPMUdaipur Vehicles, Natural Dust RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM

21. Tamil Nadu Chennai Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPMMadurai Vehicles RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPMCoimbatore Vehicles – RSPM, SPMTuticorin Vehicles – RSPM

22. Uttar Pradesh Agra Vehicles, Industries SPM SPMAnpara Industries RSPM RSPM, SPMKanpur Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPMLucknow Vehicles RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPMGajraula Industries SPM SPMNoida Vehicles, Natural Dust,

Industries RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPMVaranasi Vehicles, Natural Dust RSPM, SPM RSPM, SPM

23. Uttaranchal Dehradun Vehicles, Natural Dust SPM RSPM, SPM24. West Bengal Kolkata Vehicles, Industries NO

2, RSPM, SPM NO

2, RSPM, SPM

Howrah Vehicles, Industries RSPM, SPM NO2, RSPM, SPM

Haldia Industries, Vehicles RSPM

less than three mg/l, 18% between three to six mg/l and 15% above six mg/l. Similarly Total and Faecalcoliform, which indicate presence of pathogens in water, are also of major concern. About 45% observationsare having Total coliform and 58% observations are having Faecal Coliform less than 500 MPN/100 ml.

The trends of percentage of observation obtained during different levels of pollution with respect toBOD and Total coliform and Faecal Coliform are presented ahead, indicating different ranges of BOD andColiform organisms. It is revealed from the data that there is an increasing trend in percentage ofobservations having BOD below three mg/l. This indicates that there is a gradual improvement in waterquality with respect to organic pollution.

Fig 49. National Water Quality Monitoring Network

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Management of Hazardous Substances

Planning and overseeing the implementation of policies and programmes on management of chemicalemergencies and hazardous substances are carried out by the Hazardous Substances Management Division(HSMD) in the Ministry with a mandate to promote safe handling, management and use of hazardoussubstances including hazardous chemicals and hazardous wastes, in order to avoid damage to health andenvironment. The activities of the division can be grouped under three main thrust areas, viz., ChemicalSafety; Hazardous Wastes Management and Solid Waste Management. The following three InternationalConvenions are also handled by HSMD:

❑ The Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and theirDisposal.

❑ The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure for Certain HazardousChemicals & Pesticides in International Trade.

❑ The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).

Activities carried out during the year in these areas are as follows:

Chemical Safety

❑ The main instruments for ensuring chemical safety in the country are the Manufacture, Storage andImport of Hazardous Chemical (MSIHC) Rules, 1989 and the Chemical Accident (Emergency Planning,Preparedness and Response) Rules, 1996. As on date, there are 1,580 Major Accident Hazard (MAH)units in 236 Districts, 17 States and two UT’s) of the country. As per the latest report, 1,107 OnsitePlans and 138 Offsite Plans have been prepared. State level Crisis Groups have also been constitutedby all States/UTs except Andaman & Nicobar, Arunachal Pradesh, Daman & Diu, Dadra & NagarHaveli, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand, Lakshadweep, Mizoram, Nagaland, Uttaranchal, HimachalPradesh and Manipur.

UPDATES 2004-2005

● The CPCB has identified 2,301 medium and large scale polluting units under 17 categories ofhighly polluting industries. Out of these units, 1,927 have provided the requisite pollution controlfacilities, 139 are still defaulting and the remaining 235 were closed as on June, 2004.

● The tenure of Loss of Ecology (Prevention and Payments of Compensation) Authorityfor the State of Tamil Nadu has been extended upto 30th September, 2006 to deal with thesituation created by the tanneries and other polluting industries in Tamil Nadu.

● Financial assistance was provided for the on-going Common Effluent TreatmentPlants (CETPs) in the States of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab and Andhra Pradesh duringthe year as per the norms of central assistance of CETP Scheme.

● The ambient air quality monitoring was carried out by CPCB at 201 monitoring stations and adequate data for annual averageconcentration for oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, RSPM and SPM were received for analysis by CPCB. It has been revealedfrom the assessment that National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of RSPM and SPM are violated at most of themonitoring stations. NAAQS of SPM was violated at 76% of the monitoring stations in residential areas and 16% of themonitoring stations in industrial areas. The same for RSPM was 75% in residential areas and 48% in industrial areas. Noviolation of NAAQS of SO

2 was observed at any monitoring station.

● The CPCB in association with State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) continued water quality monitoring of aquatic resourcesat 784 stations in 26 States and five Union Territories of the country. The monitoring results revealed that organic pollutioncontinued to be the predominant pollution of aquatic resources. It is also revealed from the data that there is an increasing trendin percentage of observations having Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) below 3 mg/litre which indicates that there is agradual improvement in water quality with respect to organic pollution.

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❑ The Red Book containing details of duties to be performed during emergency, names, addresses andtelephones of key functionaries of State Governments, State Pollution Control Boards, Chief Inspectorateof Factories, Experts/Institutions has been updated and published.

❑ Out of 180 identified hazard prone industrial pockets, Hazard Analysis studies have been undertakenfor 78 pockets. Out of these 78 studies, 77 studies have been completed.

❑ A Feasibility Study on Vulnerability and Risk Assessment of Transportation of Dangerous Chemicalshas been completed for four States having a large number of Maximum Accident Hazardous (MAH)units namely – Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu (i.e., two stretches in Gujaratand Maharashtra and one stretch in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu having maximum traffic fortransportation of hazardous chemicals). The objectives of the study included identification of risk,consequences, mitigation measures including preparation of Disaster Management Plans, assessment ofstatus of compliance of the provisions laid down in the Motor Vehicle Act, 1988 for hazardousmaterials transportation and development of emergency response procedures. The study has beenextended to a few more high traffic density transport corridors in Gujarat, Maharashtra and TamilNadu.

❑ Financial assistance was provided during the year to National Safety Council, Disaster ManagementInstitute (DMI), Bhopal, Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry, AssociatedChambers of Commerce and Industry and other State run institutions for conducting training programmeson Emergency Preparedness, Accident Prevention and Hazardous Waste Management. The main objectiveof the programme is to effectively prepare, prevent and mitigate emergencies arising due to thehandling of chemicals and to impart training in chemical emergency/disaster management and hazardouswastes management.

❑ Ministry has initiated a project on developing the National Chemicals Management Profile (NCMP)for India under the Indo-Canada Environment Management initiative. The main objective of theproject is to develop a national profile to assess India’s infrastructure for managing chemicals, as animportant first step to strengthen national capacities and capabilities for sound management of chemicals.A workshop aimed at sensitizing all concerned stakeholders to various aspects of chemical safety in thecountry was organised in New Delhi where experts from UNITAR provided guidance on the processof preparation of the NCMP for India.

❑ The study on Rapid Ranking of Chemical Industries (Batch type handling based on Risk Potentialinitiated earlier through CPCB was continued. The manual is customized for situations arising out ofchemical accidents or emergency situations, which result in sudden loss of containment, rather thanchronic or continuous type of emissions. These accidental releases typically cover losses where the entirehazardous material inventory is released within a very short time. A rapid ranking method has beenemployed for chemical industries handling hazardous chemicals in terms of i) Hazard (basically acombination of consequence effect and frequency of occurrence) and ii) Management Capability forhandling the identified hazards.

❑ The pilot study entitled “GIS based Emergency Planning and Response System with respect tochemical accidents in Major Accident Hazard (MAH) installations” in major industrial clusters in fouridentified industrial States namely – Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh initiatedearlier has been completed. The system has been designed to help response agencies namely CentralCrisis Group (CCG), District Crisis Group (DCG) and Local Crisis Group (LCG), for planning andrehersing responses to chemical disasters and also during actual emergency situations so as to organisea well planned response and minimize the damages. To ensure proper implementation of the softwareat the district level, training programmes have been conducted involving personnel of the State andDistrict Crisis Groups of the districts covered under this project. This project has now been extendedto cover Delhi-NCT, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, West Bengal, Assam,Madhya Pradesh and Punjab.

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❑ Under the Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 as amended in 1992, all the MAH units handlingchemicals in excess of the threshold quantities referred to in the Schedule, are mandated to take aninsurance policy and deposit an equal amount in the Environment Relief Fund (ERF) to ensureimmediate payment to the chemical accident victims. Discussions have been initiated to streamline theimplementation of the Act.

Hazardous Waste Management

❑ The legal instruments for management of hazardous wastes are the Hazardous Wastes (Management& Handling) Rules (HW Rules), 1989, as amended in 2000, 2003 and 2004, the Biomedical Wastes(Management & Handling) Rules, 1998/2000/2003 and the Batteries (Management & Handling)Rules, 2001. Major responsibility for implementing these rules is with the Central Pollution ControlBoard and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)/Pollution Control Committees (PCCs) and alsowith the State Departments of Environment. The status of implementation of all these rules isregularly monitored by the Ministry.

❑ The HW Rules enable the regulatory authorities to control the handling, movement and disposal ofhazardous wastes, both indigenously generated as well as imported. The Rules were amended in May2003 with a view to streamline the implementation of these Rules in an effective manner. The HWRules were further amended during July – August 2004 to provide time upto 31

st December 2004

to used oil reprocessors to switch over to any of the Environmentally Sound Technologies (EST)specified under Rule 21(1) of the HW Rules 2003.

❑ As per the earlier available assessment, 4.4 million tonnes of hazardous wastes get generated annuallyby 13011 units spread over 373 districts of the country, of which the States of Maharashtra, Gujaratand Tamil Nadu account for over 63%. This data was based on the waste categories as per theHazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989. In view of the amendments to the HWRules carried out in 2003 and also in view of the directions of the Supreme Court in the matter ofW.P. No. 657/95 on hazardous wastes management, fresh inventorisation programmes for hazardouswaste generation have been initiated in all the States/UTs of the country by SPCBs/PCCs. So fartwenty two States have completed inventorization as per 2003 amendments. CPCB is carrying outrandom checks on the inventories prepared by the SPCBs after which a National Inventory on hazardouswastes shall be compiled. Preliminary results indicate that the figures relating to the quantity ofhazardous wastes generated in the country are likely to be higher than the current available figures.

❑ As per the HW Rules, all hazardous wastes are required to be treated and disposed off in anenvironmentally sound manner as prescribed. During the Tenth Plan period, focus has been given tothe setting up of common Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities (TSDFs) in different parts of thecountry. While support would be provided for setting up two such common facilities in majorhazardous waste generating states, onefacility would be supported in otherstates. The Ministry has so far supportedthe setting up of one common TSDF atMaharashtra at TTC-Belapur area, twoin Gujarat (Anklesher and Surat) andone in Andhra Pradesh (RR District).The States of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,West Bengal, Orissa, Haryana andPunjab are in the process of setting upsuch facilities. During the year theimplementation of the Ankleshwar andSurat TSDF projects were monitored.

❑ The Batteries (Management andHandling) Rules, 2001 were notified in

Fig 50. A view of the secured landfill after capping and closureat the TSDF, Ankleshwar

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May, 2001 to regulate the colelction,channelization and recycling of used leadacid batteries – both indigenously generatedas well as imported. These rules inter-aliamake it mandatory for consumers to returnused batteries. All manufacturers / assemblers/ reconditioners / importers of lead acidbatteries are responsible for collecting usedbatteries against new one sold as per aschedule defined in the rules. During theyear, one time Registration of importers ofnew lead acid batteries has been initiated asper the provisions of the Battery Rules. Over65 importers have been Registered with theMinistry till date. The list of Registered

importers of new lead acid batteries has been put up in the web site of the Ministry and is updatedregularly. The importers have been directed to file the returns regarding collections of used batteriesto the concerned SPCBs/PCCs.

❑ Comprehensive directions on hazardous wastes management have been given by the Hon’ble SupremeCourt on 14

th October 2003, in the matter of W.P. No. 657/95 filed by the Research Foundation for

Science Technology and Natural Resource Policy, against Union of India and others. Major directionsrelate to immediate closure of industries operating in violation of HW Rules, preparation of a NationalInventory on hazardous wastes by CPCB based on State Inventories to be prepared by all SPCPs,inventorisation of illegal dump sites of hazardous wastes and preparation of rehabilitation plans for thesame, disposal of hazardous wastes lying at various Ports/ICDs/Docks of the country, rationalisationand amendment of Hazardous Wastes Rules 2003, strengthening of SPCBs, CPCB and HSM Divisionof the Ministry etc.

❑ A Supreme Court Monitoring Committee (SCMC) on Hazardous Waste Management constituted bythe Ministry in November 2003, in accordance with the directives of the Supreme Court, oversees thecompliance to directions of the Court. During the year, four meetings of the SCMC have been held.Based on the discussions of the Committee and inputs provided by the CPCB and other SPCBs/PCCs,three quarterly Monitoring Reports have been filed to the Hon’ble Court.

❑ Hearings in respect of W.P. No. 967/89 filed by Indian Council for Enviro Legal Action against UoIand Others on Ground water Pollution and Soil Degradation in Bichhri Village, Udaipur (Rajasthan)due to indiscriminate disposal of toxic wastes, are still continuing in the Supreme Court.

❑ The Biomedical Wastes (Managementand Handling) Rules first notified in1998 seek to regulate the managementof wastes generated by Health CareEstablishments of the country. Ministry,through the network of CPCB andSPCBs/PCCs, ensures strictimplementation of the Rules.

❑ The project on the monitoring andanalysis of Dioxins/Furans emissionsfrom the Bio-medical Waste Incineratorshas progressed satisfactorily and has beenextended during the year. The projectbeing carried out by the Regional

Fig 51. Rotary kiln furnace of the common hazardous waste incinerator

Fig 52. Wheel wash facility at the common TSDF at Surat

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Research Laboratory, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala is targeted to be concluded by May 2005.

Solid Waste Management

The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000, the Fly Ash Notification,1999 as amended in September 2003 and the Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules 1999 asamended in June 2003 constitute the regulatory framework for the management of solid wastes in thecountry.

The utilisation of fly ash by Thermal Power Plants is being continuously monitored. The total ashgeneration by Thermal Power Plants including Captive Power Plants was reported as 106 million tonnesin the year 2003-04. Of this, about 31 million tonnes have been utilised by different sectors which includecement, road embarkments, fly ash bricks and products and back filling of mines.

During the year the status of implementation of the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling)Rules was reviewed. All the SPCBs/PCCs have been requested to take up the matter with the relevant localauthorities/civic bodies for preparation of time bound action plans for management of Municipal SolidWaste in accordance with the rules. The Hon’ble Supreme Court also, in the matter of W.P. No.888/96filed by Ms. Almitra H. Patel against the Union of India and others, has given directions regardingpreparation of action plans for metro cities and State capitals for proper management of municipal solidwaste. During the year, the project relating to development of a model system on solid waste managementbeing implemented in Kozhikode city in Kerala was reviewed.

The Ministry is regularly following up the implementation of the Recycled Plastics Manufacture andUsage Rules, 1999/2003 with the SPCBs/PCCs, who have been empowered to register the manufacturersof carry bags or containers of virgin/recycled plastics.

International Conventions/Protocols

Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-Boundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal

❑ India is a signatory to the Basel Convention since 1992, which requires countries to ensure thathazardous wastes are managed in an environmentally sound manner and transboundary movements ofsuch wastes are reduced to a minimum.

❑ An Indian delegation led by Hon’ble Minister for Environment and Forests participated in the 7th

Conference of Parties to the Basel Convention held at Geneva during 25-29th October, 2004.

Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals andPesticides in International Trade

❑ The Ministry participated in the 11th Session of the Inter Governmental Negotiating Committee

Meeting as well as in the first Conference of Parties held in September 2004. A high level officialdelegation participated in these meetings.

❑ Action has been initiated to ratify and accede to this Convention, which has come into force inFebruary, 2004.

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

India has signed the Stockholm Convention on POPs in May 2002. The Convention seeks to eliminateproduction, use, import and export of 12 POPs wherever technol-economically feasible and in the interimperiod restrict the production and use of these chemicals. This Convention has come into force in May2004.

Ministry has assigned Industrial Toxicology Research Centre (ITRC), Lucknow the study “A preliminaryEnabling Activity Project to prepare a National Implementation Plan (NIP) as a fist step to implementthe Stockholm Convention on POPs” with UNIDO as an Executing Agency, under GEF assistance. Underthis study, 10 interactive workshops were organized in different cities to collect and collate POPs relateddata. Based on the studies, ITRC has prepared the Final Project Brief. The Inter-ministerial Steering

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Committee has reviewed the report and further follow up actions on the recommendation and findings ofthe study are being taken by the Ministry.

Institutional Strengthening

The scheme for strengthening the manpower and infrastructure of the SPCBs/PCCs to ensure effectiveimplementation of various Rules relating to Hazardous Substances Management was continued during theyear.

UPDATES 2004-2005

● Feasibility study on vulnerability and risk assessment of transportation of dangerous chemicalswere completed for four States, namely, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Naduhaving a large number of Maximum Accident Hazard (MAH) units.

● The pilot study entitled ‘GIS based Emergency Planning and Response System withrespect to Chemical Accidents in MAH Installations’ in major four industrial clusters in the fourStates, namely, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh has been completedand now been extended to cover other States including NCT of Delhi.

● The Ministry has provided financial assistance for setting up of one common Treatment,Storage and Disposal Facility (TSDF) in Maharashtra, two in Gujarat and one in Andhra Pradesh.

● An Indian delegation led by Hon’ble MEF participated in the VII Conference of Parties to the Basel Convention on the Controlof Trans-boundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, held at Geneva during 25-29th October, 2004.

● A high level official delegation of the Ministry participated in the XI Session of Inter-Governmental Negotiating Committee Meetingas well as in the First Conference of Parties held in September, 2004 on Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed ConsentProcedure (PIC) for certain hazardous chemicals and pesticides in international trade.

abatement of pollution - ministry of environment and forests

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