aannual report nnual report 22015015 - ichtj

INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGYINSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY60th Anniversary60th Anniversary

of the former Institute of Nuclear Research (IBJ)of the former Institute of Nuclear Research (IBJ)1955-20151955-2015

ANNUAL REPORT ANNUAL REPORT 20152015

ISSN

142

5-20

4X

ANNUAL REPORT2015

INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY

AND TECHNOLOGY

© Copyright by the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warszawa 2016All rights reserved

EDITORSProf. Jacek Michalik, Ph.D., D.Sc.

Ewa Godlewska-Para, M.Sc.

CONTENTS

GENERAL INFORMATION 7

MANAGEMENT OF THE INSTITUTE 9

MANAGING STAFF OF THE INSTITUTE 9

HEADS OF THE INCT DEPARTMENTS 9

SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL (2011-2015) 9

SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL (2015-2019) 10

ORGANIZATION SCHEME 12

SCIENTIFIC STAFF 13

PROFESSORS 13

SENIOR SCIENTISTS (Ph.D.) 13

CENTRE FOR RADIATION RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 15 RADIATON-INDUCED SELF-REPAIRING EPOXY RESINS – CONCEPTION AND FIRST EXPERIMENTSG. Przybytniak, A. Nowicki, K. Mirkowski 17

THE PROPERTIES AND IONIZING RADIATION EFFECTS IN THE STARCH-PVA FILMS PREPARED BASED ON VARIOUS SUBSTRATES K. Cieśla, A. Abramowska, M. Buczkowski 20

PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF LIGNIN SULPHONATE IN CELLULOSE RADIOLYSISW. Głuszewski, H. Kubera, K. Kozera 23

DEDICATED RF DRIVING GENERATOR FOR LINEAR ACCELERATOR BASED ON PLL FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER UNDER MPU CONTROLS. Bułka, Z. Zimek 25

CENTRE FOR RADIOCHEMISTRY AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 27ACTINIDE COMPLEXATION WITH A HYDROPHILIC SO3-Ph-BTP LIGAND, STUDIED BY LIQUID-LIQUID DISTRIBUTIONJ. Narbutt, Ł. Steczek, M. Rejnis, I. Herdzik-Koniecko 29

NOVEL PROCEDURE FOR THE REMOVAL OF THE RADIOACTIVE METALS FROM AQUEOUS WASTES BY THE MAGNETIC CALCIUM ALGINATEL. Fuks, A. Oszczak, W. Dalecka 32

PREPARATION OF URANIUM CARBIDE BY THE COMPLEX SOL-GEL PROCESSM. Rogowski, M. Brykała, D. Wawszczak, W. Łada, T. Olczak, A. Deptuła, T. Smoliński, P. Wojtowicz 36

RESEARCH TOWARDS A NEW REPOSITORY FOR LOW- AN INTERMEDIATE-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE IN POLANDA. Miśkiewicz, G. Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz, W. Olszewska, L. Lankof, L. Pająk 40

TACRINE DERIVATIVE LABELLED WITH 68Ga FOR PET DIAGNOSISE. Gniazdowska, P. Koźmiński, E. Mikiciuk-Olasik, P. Szymański, K. Masłowska 43

COMPUTATIONALLY ASSISTED LOW-WAVENUMBER SPECTROSCOPY OF HYDROGEN-BONDED SUPRAMOLECULAR SYNTHONS K. Łuczyńska, K. Drużbicki, K. Łyczko, J.Cz. Dobrowolski 46

THE RECOVERY OF VALUABLE METALS FROM FLOWBACK FLUIDS AFTER HYDRAULIC FRACTURING OF POLISH GAS-BEARING SHALESG. Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz, D. Gajda, A. Abramowska, A. Miśkiewicz, K. Kiegiel 50

CENTRE FOR RADIOBIOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL DOSIMETRY 53 TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL BIODOSIMETRY FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF IRRADIATED INDIVIDUALS AND ASSESSMENT OF ABSORBED RADIATION DOSEK. Brzóska, I. Grądzka, B. Sochanowicz, M. Kruszewski 54

GENOTOXICITY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES IN LEUKOCYTES AND ERYTHROCYTE PRECURSORS AFTER ORAL OR INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION TO RATS I. Grądzka, I. Wasyk, T. Iwaneńko, S. Sommer, I. Buraczewska, K. Sikorska, T. Bartłomiejczyk, K. Dziendzikowska, J. Gromadzka-Ostrowska, M. Kruszewski 55

WEAK EFFECT OF HALLOYSITE ON HUMAN LUNG CARCINOMA A549 CELLS AND THEIR NORMAL COUNTERPART – BEAS-2B CELLSS. Męczyńska-Wielgosz, I. Grądzka, M. Wojewódzka, I. Wasyk, T. Bartłomiejczyk, L. Zapór 57

IMPACT OF SELECTED TYPES OF CARBON NANOMATERIALS ON DNA REPAIR AND CLONOGENIC SURVIVAL IN VITROM. Kowalska, A. Węgierek-Ciuk, M. Kruszewski, H. Lisowska, S. Męczyńska-Wielgosz, T. Iwaneńko, M. Wojewódzka, A. Lankoff 58

FORMATION OF GLUTATHIONYL DINITROSYL IRON COMPLEXES PROTECTS AGAINST IRON GENOTOXICITYH. Lewandowska, J. Sadło, S. Męczyńska-Wielgosz, T.M. Stępkowski, I. Szumiel, G. Wójciuk, M. Kruszewski 59

LABORATORY OF NUCLEAR ANALYTICAL METHODS 61CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF SELECTED PERFLUOPRINATED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND TOTAL ORGANIC FLUORINE IN NATURAL WATERS AND MILK SAMPLESM. Trojanowicz, M. Koc, K. Chorąży 62

OPTIMIZATION OF SAMPLE PROCESSING IN AUTOMATED FLOW PROCEDURE FOR ICP-MS DETERMINATION OF 90Sr AND 99TcK. Kołacińska, E. Chajduk, J. Dudek, Z. Samczyński, A. Bojanowska-Czajka, M. Trojanowicz 66

STABILITY TESTING OF NEW POLISH CERTIFIED REFERENCES MATERIALS FOR INORGANIC TRACE ANALYSIS BY INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRYI. Kużelewska, H. Polkowska-Motrenko, Z. Samczyński 70

LABORATORY OF MATERIAL RESEARCH 73METAL ORGANIC FRAMEWORK COMPOSITE MATERIALS WITH POLYMER OR CERAMIC BASEB. Sartowska, W. Starosta, O. Orelovitch, P. Apel, M. Buczkowski 75

ARCHAEOMETRICAL STUDY OF MEDIAEVAL SILVER COINS FROM POLAND AND CENTRAL EUROPE BY PROMPT-GAMMA ACITIVATION ANALYSISE. Pańczyk, L. Waliś, Zs. Kasztovszky, B. Maróti, M. Widawski, W. Weker 77

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES LABORATORY 81INVESTIGATION ON THE HIGH INLET CONCENTRATION OF NOx REMOVAL UNDER ELECTRON BEAM IRRADIATIONJ. Licki, E. Zwolińska, S. Bułka, A.G. Chmielewski, Y. Sun 83

OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS PARAMETERS INFLUENCING THE REMOVAL OF SO2 AND NOx DURING ELECTRON BEAM FLUE GAS TREATMENT PROCESS BY MATHEMETICAL MODELLING IN MATLABE. Zwolińska, V. Gogulancea, V. Lavric, Y. Sun, A.G. Chmielewski 85

STABLE ISOTOPE LABORATORY 89STUDY OF ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF CO2 IN SPARKLING DRINKSR. Wierzchnicki 90

LABORATORY FOR MEASUREMENTS OF TECHNOLOGICAL DOSES 93VALIDATION OF METHODS FOR MEASURING THE DOSE USING CALORIMETERSA. Korzeniowska-Sobczuk, M. Karlińska 94

LABORATORY FOR DETECTION OF IRRADIATED FOOD 97INVESTIGATION WITH THERMOLUMINESCENCE AND PHOTOLUMINESCENCE METHODS OF IRRADIATED DIET SUPPLEMENTS AND THEIR VEGETAL COMPONENTSM.W. Sadowska, G.P. Guzik, W. Stachowicz, G. Liśkiewicz 99

LABORATORY OF NUCLEAR CONTROL SYSTEMS AND METHODS 103

HYBRID NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN THE MULTIPHASE FLOW INVESTIGATIONSJ. Palige, O. Roubinek, A. Dobrowolski, W. Ołdak, W. Sołtyk 104

PUBLICATIONS IN 2015 106

ARTICLES 106

BOOKS 114

CHAPTERS IN BOOKS 114

THE INCT PUBLICATIONS 118

CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS 119

CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS 120

SUPPLEMENT LIST OF THE PUBLICATIONS IN 2014 129

NUKLEONIKA 132

POSTĘPY TECHNIKI JĄDROWEJ 141

INTERVIEWS IN 2015 144

THE INCT PATENTS AND PATENT APPLICATIONS IN 2015 145

PATENTS 145

PATENT APPLICATIONS 145

CONFERENCES ORGANIZED AND CO-ORGANIZED BY THE INCT IN 2015 147

Ph.D./D.Sc. THESES IN 2015 150

Ph.D. THESES 150

D.Sc. THESES 150

EDUCATION 151

Ph.D. PROGRAMME IN CHEMISTRY 151

TRAINING OF STUDENTS 152

MASTER’S AND BACHELOR’S DISSERTATIONS 152

RESEARCH PROJECTS AND CONTRACTS 153

RESEARCH PROJECTS GRANTED BY THE NATIONAL SCIENCE CENTRE IN 2015 153

PROJECTS GRANTED BY THE NATIONAL CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN 2015 153

APPLIED RESEARCH PROGRAMME OF THE NATIONAL CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN 2015 154

INTERNATIONAL PROJECTS CO-FUNDED BY THE MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND HIGHER EDUCATION IN 2015 154

STRATEGIC PROJECT “TECHNOLOGIES SUPPORTING DEVELOPMENT OF SAFE NUCLEAR POWER ENGINEERING” 155

IAEA RESEARCH CONTRACTS IN 2015 155

IAEA TECHNICAL AND REGIONAL CONTRACTS IN 2015 156

PROJECTS WITHIN THE FRAME OF EUROPEAN UNION FRAME PROGRAMMES IN 2015 156

OTHER INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH PROGRAMMES IN 2015 156

PROJECTS GRANTED BY THE FOUNDATION FOR POLISH SCIENCE IN 2015 157

ERASMUS+ PROGRAMME 157

THE NCBR STRATEGIC RESEARCH PROJECT “TECHNOLOGIES SUPPORTING DEVELOPMENT OF SAFE NUCLEAR POWER ENGINEERING” 158

LIST OF VISITORS TO THE INCT IN 2015 160

THE INCT SEMINARS IN 2015 161

LECTURES AND SEMINARS DELIVERED OUT OF THE INCT IN 2015 162

LECTURES 162

SEMINARS 164

AWARDS IN 2015 166

INDEX OF THE AUTHORS 170

7GENERAL INFORMATION

GENERAL INFORMATION

In 1955, Poland decided to start a national nuclear energy programme and the Institute of Nuclear Research (IBJ) was established. Research in nuclear and analytical chemistry, nuclear chemical engineering and technology (including fuel cycle), radiochemistry and radiation chemistry, and radiobiology were carried out mainly in the Chemistry Division, located at Warsaw Żerań, which became the interdisciplinary Institute of Nuclear Chem-istry and Technology (INCT) in 1983.

In 2015, the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology (INCT) together with the National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ) and the Radioactive Waste Management Plant (RWMP) – the successors of the Institute of Nuclear Research (IBJ), celebrated the IBJ’s 60th anniversary. For this occasion the main ceremonial meeting under auspicies of the President of Poland took place on June 11, 2015 in Royal Castle in Warsaw. The workers of the above-mentioned institutions and guests from the government and other research institutions participated in the meeting. The outstanding scientists working in the fi eld of nuclear physics, chemistry and engineering were awarded with the highest state distinctions by the President’s representative (Offi cer’s Cross of the Order of the Rebirth of Poland, Knight’s Cross of the Order of the Rebirth of Poland, Silver Cross of Merit, Bronze Cross of Merit). The Medals for Long-Time Service, Honorary Medals of Merit for Economic Development in the Polish Republic and Pro Masovia commemorative medals were also given. Out of this main event the more local jubilee ceremonies took place in Żerań and Świerk. The emeritus and present workers of the INCT were invited for picnic on the premises of the INCT. On the jubilee occasion the NCBJ and INCT organized to-gether the scientifi c meeting “60th Anniversary of IBJ: Nuclear physics and chemistry for medicine”.

The INCT is Poland’s most advanced institution in the fi elds of radiochemistry, ra-diation chemistry, nuclear chemical engineering and technology, application of nuclear methods in material engineering and process engineering, radioanalytical techniques, de-sign and production of instruments based on nuclear techniques, environmental research, cellular radiobiology, etc. The results of work at the INCT have been implemented in vari-ous branches of the national economy, particularly in industry, medicine, environmental protection and agriculture. Basic research is focused on: radiochemistry, chemistry of isotopes, physical chemistry of separation processes, cellular radiobiology, and radiation chemistry, particularly that based on the pulse radiolysis method. With its nine electron accelerators in operation and with the staff experienced in the fi eld of electron beam ap-plication, the Institute is one of the most advanced centres of science and technology in this domain. The Institute has four pilot plants equipped with six electron accelerators: for radiation sterilization of medical devices and transplantation grafts; for radiation modifi cation of polymers; for removal of SO2 and NOx from fl ue gases; for food hygiene. The electron beam fl ue gas treatment in the EPS Pomorzany with the accelerators power over 1 MW is the biggest radiation processing facility ever built.

The Institute represents the Polish Government in the Euroatom Fuel Supply Agency, in Fuel Supply Working Group of Global Nuclear Energy Partnership and in Radioactive Waste Management Committee of the Nuclear Energy Agency (Organisation for Eco-nomic Co-operation and Development).

The INCT Scientifi c Council has the rights to grant D.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in the fi eld of chemistry. The Institute carries out third level studies (doctorate) in the fi eld of nuclear and radiation chemistry and in 2015 three Ph.D. and one D.Sc. theses were de-fended.

The Institute won one of the ten projects granted in the action 2 of Erasmus+ pro-gramme. This project “Joint innovative training and teaching/learning program in enhancing development and transfer of application of ionizing radiation in materials processing” is in-tended to fi ll up the gap of education quality between different region of EU countries.

8 GENERAL INFORMATION

The Institute trains many of IAEA’s fellows and plays a leading role in agency regional projects. Because of its achievements, the INCT has been nominated the IAEA’s Collabo-rating Centre in Radiation Technology and Industrial Dosimetry.

The INCT is editor of the scientifi c journal “Nukleonika” (www.nukleonika.pl) and the scientifi c-information journal “Postępy Techniki Jądrowej” (www.ptj.waw.pl).

In 2013, the Evaluation Committee of Scientifi c Units in the Ministry of Science and Higher Education conferred the INCT cathegory A+.

The INCT is the leading institute in Poland regarding the implementation of nu-clear energy related EU projects. Its expertise and infrastructure was the basis for partici-pation in FP7-EURATOM grants: • ASGARD: Advanced fuels for generation IV reactors: reprocessing and dissolution;• RENEB: Realizing the European Network in Biodosimetry;• ARCADIA: Assessment of regional capabilities for new reactors development through

an integrated approach;• EAGLE: Enhancing education, training and communication processes for informed

behaviors and decision-making related to ionizing radiation risks;• PLATENSO: Building a platform for enhanced societal research related to nuclear energy

in Central and Eastern Europe;• SACSESS: Safety of actinide separation processes;• TALISMAN: Transnational access to large infrastructure for a safe management of acti-

nide;• UCARD-2 WP4: Applications of accelerators: The industrial and environemntal ap-

plications of electron beams.In 2015, the INCT scientists published 80 papers in scientifi c journals registered in

the Philadelphia list, among them 53 papers in journals with an impact factor (IF) higher than 1.0. Four scientifi c books and 39 chapters were written by the INCT research workers.

The following annual awards of the INCT Director-General for the best publica-tions in 2015 were granted:• fi rst degree team award to Ewa Gniazdowska, Przemysław Koźmiński, Leon Fuks for

a series of three original and valuable publications concerning the investigations of radiopharmaceuticals;

• second degree team award to Jacek Boguski, Leon Fuks, Ewa M. Kornacka, Krzysztof Łyczko, Krzysztof Mirkowski, Andrzej Nowicki, Grażyna Przybytnik, Jarosław Sadło, Marta Walo, Zbigniew P. Zagórski, Zbigniew Zimek for a series of twelve publications dedicated to radiation chemistry;

• third degree team award to Grażyna Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz, Katarzyna Kiegiel, Łu-kasz Steczek, Irena Herdzik-Koniecko, Ewelina Chajduk, Jakub Dudek for a series of four publications dedicated to obtaining uranium ores for fabrication of nuclear fuel.

In 2015, the research teams in the INCT were involved in the organization of 13 scien-tifi c meetings.

9MANAGEMENT OF THE INSTITUTE

MANAGEMENT OF THE INSTITUTE

MANAGING STAFF OF THE INSTITUTE

DirectorProf. Andrzej G. Chmielewski, Ph.D., D.Sc.

Deputy Director for Research and DevelopmentProf. Jacek Michalik, Ph.D., D.Sc.

Deputy Director of FinancesWojciech Maciąg, M.Sc.

Deputy Director of Maintenance and MarketingRoman Janusz, M.Sc.

Accountant GeneralMaria Małkiewicz, M.Sc.

HEADS OF THE INCT DEPARTMENTS

• Centre for Radiation Research and TechnologyZbigniew Zimek, Ph.D.

• Centre for Radiochemistry and Nuclear ChemistryProf. Grażyna Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz, Ph.D., D.Sc.

• Centre for Radiobiology and Biological DosimetryProf. Marcin Kruszewski, Ph.D., D.Sc.

• Laboratory of Nuclear Control Systems and MethodsJacek Palige, Ph.D.

• Laboratory of Material ResearchWojciech Starosta, Ph.D.

• Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical MethodsHalina Polkowska-Motrenko, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in INCT

• Stable Isotope LaboratoryRyszard Wierzchnicki, Ph.D.

• Pollution Control Technologies LaboratoryAndrzej Pawelec, Ph.D./Yongxia Sun, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in INCT

• Laboratory for Detection of Irradiated FoodWacław Stachowicz, Ph.D./Grażyna Liśkiewicz

• Laboratory for Measurements of Technological DosesAnna Korzeniowska-Sobczuk, M.Sc.

SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL (2011-2015)

1. Prof. Grzegorz Bartosz, Ph.D., D.Sc.University of Łódź

2. Prof. Aleksander Bilewicz, Ph.D., D.Sc.Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

3. Prof. Krzysztof Bobrowski, Ph.D., D.Sc.(Vice-chairman)Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

4. Marcin Brykała, Ph.D.Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

5. Prof. Andrzej G. Chmielewski, Ph.D., D.Sc.Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

6. Andrzej Chwas, M.Sc.Ministry of Economy

7. Jadwiga Chwastowska, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in INCTInstitute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

8. Krystyna Cieśla, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in INCTInstitute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

10 MANAGEMENT OF THE INSTITUTE

9. Jakub Dudek, Ph.D.Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

10. Prof. Rajmund Dybczyński, Ph.D., D.Sc.Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

11. Prof. Zbigniew Florjańczyk, Ph.D., D.Sc.(Chairman)Warsaw University of Technology

12. Prof. Zbigniew Galus, Ph.D., D.Sc.University of Warsaw

13. Prof. Henryk Górecki, Ph.D., D.Sc.Wrocław University of Technology

14. Prof. Leon Gradoń, Ph.D., D.Sc.Warsaw University of Technology

15. † Jan Grodkowski, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in INCTInstitute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

16. Edward Iller, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in NCBJNational Centre for Nuclear Research

17. Adrian Jakowiuk, M.Sc.Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

18. Prof. Marcin Kruszewski, Ph.D., D.Sc.(Vice-chairman)Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

19. Prof. Anna Lankoff, Ph.D., D.Sc.Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

20. Prof. Marek Wojciech Lankosz, Ph.D., D.Sc.AGH University of Science and Technology

21. Prof. Janusz Lipkowski, Ph.D., D.Sc.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences

22. Zygmunt Łuczyński, Ph.D.Institute of Electronic Materials Technology

23. Prof. Jacek Michalik, Ph.D., D.Sc.Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

24. Wojciech Migdał, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in INCTInstitute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

25. Prof. Jarosław Mizera, Ph.D., D.Sc. Warsaw University of Technology

26. Prof. Jerzy Ostyk-Narbutt, Ph.D., D.Sc.Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

27. Andrzej Pawlukojć, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in INCTInstitute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

28. Dariusz Pogocki, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in INCTInstitute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

29. Halina Polkowska-Motrenko, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in INCTInstitute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

30. Grażyna Przybytniak, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in INCTInstitute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

31. Prof. Janusz Rosiak, Ph.D., D.Sc.Technical University of Łódź

32. Lech Waliś, Ph.D.Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

33. Maria Wojewódzka, Ph.D.Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

34. Prof. Grażyna Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz, Ph.D., D.Sc.(Vice-chairman)Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

35. Zbigniew Zimek, Ph.D.Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

1. Prof. Sławomir Siekierski, Ph.D.2. Prof. Zbigniew Szot, Ph.D., D.Sc.

3. Prof. Irena Szumiel, Ph.D., D.Sc.4. † Prof. Zbigniew Paweł Zagórski, Ph.D., D.Sc.

HONORARY MEMBERS OF THE INCT SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL (2011-2015)

SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL (2015-2019)

1. Prof. Aleksander Bilewicz, Ph.D., D.Sc.Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

2. Prof. Krzysztof Bobrowski, Ph.D., D.Sc.Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

3. Prof. Ewa Bulska, Ph.D., D.Sc.University of Warsaw

4. Sylwester Bułka, M.Sc.Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

5. Prof. Andrzej G. Chmielewski, Ph.D., D.Sc.Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

6. Tomasz Ciach, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in WUTWarsaw University of Technology

7. Prof. Jan Czesław Dobrowolski, Ph.D., D.Sc.Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

8. Prof. Rajmund Dybczyński, Ph.D., D.Sc.Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

11MANAGEMENT OF THE INSTITUTE

9. Prof. Zbigniew Florjańczyk, Ph.D., D.Sc.(Chairman)Warsaw University of Technology

10. Prof. Zbigniew Galus, Ph.D., D.Sc.University of Warsaw

11. Prof. Janusz Gołaszewski, Ph.D., D.Sc.University of Warmia and Mazury

12. Prof. Henryk Górecki, Ph.D., D.Sc.Wrocław University of Technology

13. Edward Iller, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in NCBJNational Centre for Nuclear Research

14. Michał Jamróz, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in INCTInstitute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

15. Prof. Marek Janiak, Ph.D., D.Sc.Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology

16. Rafał Kocia, Ph.D.Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

17. Prof. Marcin Kruszewski, Ph.D., D.Sc.(Vice-chairman)Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

18. Krzysztof Kulisa, Eng.Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

19. Prof. Anna Lankoff, Ph.D., D.Sc.Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

20. Prof. Marek Wojciech Lankosz, Ph.D., D.Sc.AGH University of Science and Technology

21. Prof. Jacek Michalik, Ph.D., D.Sc.Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

22. Wojciech Migdał, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in INCTInstitute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

23. Prof. Jarosław Mizera, Ph.D., D.Sc. Warsaw University of Technology

24. Prof. Jan Namieśnik, Ph.D., D.Sc. Gdańsk University of Technology

25. Prof. Jerzy Ostyk-Narbutt, Ph.D., D.Sc.Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

26. Andrzej Pawlukojć, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in INCTInstitute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

27. Halina Polkowska-Motrenko, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in INCT(Vice-chairman)Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

28. Marek Pruszyński, Ph.D.Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

29. Grażyna Przybytniak, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in INCTInstitute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

30. Prof. Janusz Rosiak, Ph.D., D.Sc.Technical University of Łódź

31. Yongxia Sun, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in INCTInstitute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

32. Prof. Marek Trojanowicz, Ph.D., D.Sc.Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

33. Lech Waliś, Ph.D.Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

34. Maria Wojewódzka, Ph.D.Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

35. Prof. Grażyna Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz, Ph.D., D.Sc.(Vice-chairman)Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

HONORARY MEMBERS OF THE INCT SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL (2015-2019)

1. Prof. Sławomir Siekierski, Ph.D.2. Prof. Zbigniew Szot, Ph.D., D.Sc.

3. Prof. Irena Szumiel, Ph.D., D.Sc.

12 MANAGEMENT OF THE INSTITUTE

DIRECTOR

ORGANIZATION SCHEME

Scientifi c Council

Laboratory of Nuclear Control Systems and Methods

Deputy Director for Research and Development

Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry

Centre for Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry

Deputy Director of Maintenance and Marketing

Accountant General

Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Methods

Stable Isotope Laboratory

Pollution Control Technologies Laboratory

Laboratory for Detection of Irradiated Food

Laboratory of Material Research

Laboratory for Measurements of Technological Doses

Centre for Radiation Research and Technology

Deputy Director of Finances

13SCIENTIFIC STAFF

SCIENTIFIC STAFF

PROFESSORS

1. Bilewicz Aleksanderradiochemistry, inorganic chemistry

2. Bobrowski Krzysztofradiation chemistry, photochemistry, biophysics

3. Chmielewski Andrzej G.chemical and process engineering, nuclear chemical engineering, isotope chemistry

4. Cieśla Krystyna, professor in INCTphysical chemistry

5. Dobrowolski Jan Cz.physical chemistry

6. Dybczyński Rajmundanalytical chemistry

7. Gniazdowska Ewa, professor in INCTchemistry

8. Grigoriew Helena, professor in INCTsolid state physics, diffraction research of non-crystalline matter

9. Jamróz Michał, professor in INCTchemistry, physics

10. Kruszewski Marcinradiobiology

11. Lankoff Annabiology

12. Lipkowski Januszphysical chemistry

13. Michalik Jacekradiation chemistry, surface chemistry, radical chemistry

14. Migdał Wojciech, professor in INCTchemistry, science of commodies

15. Ostyk-Narbutt Jerzyradiochemistry, coordination chemistry

16. Pawlukojć Andrzej, professor in INCTchemistry

17. Pogocki Dariusz, professor in INCTradiation chemistry, pulse radiolysis

18. Polkowska-Motrenko Halina, professor in INCTanalytical chemistry

19. Przybytniak Grażyna, professor in INCTradiation chemistry

20. Siekierski Sławomirphysical chemistry, inorganic chemistry

21. Sun Yongxia, professor in INCTchemistry

22. Szumiel Irenacellular radiobiology

23. Trojanowicz Marekanalytical chemistry

24. Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz Grażynaprocess and chemical engineering

SENIOR SCIENTISTS (Ph.D.)

1. Bartłomiejczyk Teresabiology

2. Boguski Jacekchemistry

3. Bojanowska-Czajka Annachemistry

4. Borowik Krzysztofchemistry

5. Brykała Marcinchemistry

6. Brzóska Kamilbiochemistry

7. Chajduk Ewelinachemistry

8. Danilczuk Marekchemistry

9. Dobrowolski Andrzejchemistry

10. Dudek Jakubchemistry

14 SCIENTIFIC STAFF

11. Fuks Leonchemistry

12. Głuszewski Wojciechchemistry

13. Grądzka Iwonabiology

14. Herdzik-Koniecko Irenachemistry

15. Kciuk Gabrielchemistry

16. Kiegiel Katarzynachemistry

17. Kocia Rafałchemistry

18. Kornacka Ewachemistry

19. Koźmiński Przemysławchemistry

20. Kunicki-Goldfi nger Jerzyconservator/restorer of art

21. Latek Stanisławnuclear physics

22. Lewandowska-Siwkiewicz Hannachemistry

23. Łyczko Krzysztofchemistry

24. Łyczko Monikachemistry

25. Majkowska-Pilip Agnieszkachemistry

26. Męczyńska-Wielgosz Sylwiachemistry

27. Miśkiewicz Agnieszkachemistry

28. Nowicki Andrzejorganic chemistry and technology, high-temperature technology

29. Ostrowski Sławomirchemistry

30. Palige Jacekmetallurgy

31. Pawelec Andrzejchemical engineering

32. Pruszyński Marekchemistry

33. Ptaszek Sylwiachemical engineering

34. Rafalski Andrzejradiation chemistry

35. Rode Joannachemistry

36. Roubinek Ottonchemistry

37. Sadło Jarosławchemistry

38. Samczyński Zbigniewanalytical chemistry

39. Sartowska Bożenamaterial engineering

40. Sochanowicz Barbarabiology

41. Sommer Sylwesterradiobiology, cytogenetics

42. Stachowicz Wacławradiation chemistry, EPR spectroscopy

43. Starosta Wojciechchemistry

44. Sterniczuk Macinchemistry

45. Strzelczak Grażynaradiation chemistry

46. Szreder Tomaszchemistry

47. Waliś Lechmaterial science, material engineering

48. Walo Martachemistry

49. Warchoł Stanisławsolid state physics

50. Wawszczak Danutachemistry

51. Wierzchnicki Ryszardchemical engineering

52. Wiśniowski Pawełradiation chemistry, photochemistry, biophysics

53. Wojewódzka Mariaradiobiology

54. Wójciuk Grzegorzchemistry

55. Wójciuk Karolinachemistry

56. Zimek Zbigniewelectronics, accelerator techniques, radiation processing

CENTRE CENTRE FOR RADIATION RESEARCH FOR RADIATION RESEARCH

AND TECHNOLOGYAND TECHNOLOGY

Electron beams (EB) offered by the Centre for Radiation Research and Technology located at the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology (INCT) are dedicated to basic research, R&D and radiation technology applications.

The Centre, in collaboration with the universities from Poland and abroad, apply EB tech-nology for fundamental research on the electron beam-induced chemistry and transformation of materials. Research in the fi eld of radiation chemistry includes studies on the mechanism and kinetics of radiation-induced processes in liquid and solid phases by the pulse radiolysis method. The pulse radiolysis experimental set-up allows direct time-resolved observation of short-lived intermediates (typically within the nanosecond to millisecond time domain), is com-plemented by steady-state radiolysis, stopped-fl ow absorption spectrofl uorimetry and product analysis using chromatographic methods. Studies on radiation-induced intermediates are dedi-cated to energy and charge transfer processes and radical reactions in model compounds of biological relevance aromatic thioethers, peptides and proteins, as well as observation of atoms, clusters, radicals by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electron nuclear double reso-nance (ENDOR), also focused on research problems in nanophase chemistry and radiation-in-duced cross-linking of selected and/or modifi ed polymers and copolymers.

This research has a wide range of potential applications, including creating more environ-mentally friendly and sustainable packaging, improving product safety, and modifying ma-terial properties. Electron accelerators provide streams of electrons to initiate chemical reac-tions or break of chemical bonds more effi ciently than the existing thermal and chemical approaches, helping to reduce energy consumption and decrease the cost of the process. The Centre may offer currently fi ve electron accelerators for study of the effects of accelerated electrons on a wide range of chemical compounds with a focus on electron beam-induced polymerization, polymer modifi cation and controlled degradation of macromolecules. EB technology has a great potential to promote innovation, including new ways to save energy and reduce the use of hazardous substances as well as to enable more eco-friendly manufac-turing processes.

Advanced EB technology offered by the Centre provides a unique platform with the ap-plication for: sterilization medical devices, pharmaceutical materials, food products shelf-life extension, polymer advanced materials, air pollution removal technology and others. EB ac-celerators replace frequently thermal and chemical processes for cleaner, more effi cient, lower-cost manufacturing. EB accelerators sterilize products and packaging, improve the per-formance of plastics and other materials, and eliminate pollution for industries such as phar-maceutical, medical devices, food, and plastics.

The Centre offers EB in the energy range from 0.5 to 10 MeV with an average beam power up to 20 kW and three laboratory-size gamma sources with Co-60. Research activity are sup-ported by such unique laboratory equipment as:• nanosecond pulse radiolysis and laser photolysis set-ups,• stopped-fl ow experimental set-up,• EPR spectroscopy for solid material investigation,• pilot installation for polymer modifi cation,• laboratory experimental stand for removal of pollutants from gas phase,• laboratory of polymer characterization,• pilot facility for radiation sterilization, polymer modifi cation and food product processing.

The unique technical basis makes it possible to organize a wide internal and international cooperation in the fi eld of radiation chemistry and radiation processing including programmes supported by the European Union and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). It should be noticed that currently there is no other suitable European experimental basis for study radiation chemistry, physics and radiation processing in a full range of electron energy and beam power.

Since 2010, at the INCT on the basis of the Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, an IAEA Collaborating Centre for Radiation Processing and Industrial Dosimetry is function-ing. That is the best example of capability and great potential of concentrated equipment, methods and staff working towards application of innovative radiation technology.

17CENTRE FOR RADIATION RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY

RADIATON-INDUCED SELF-REPAIRING EPOXY RESINS – CONCEPTION AND FIRST EXPERIMENTS

Grażyna Przybytniak, Andrzej Nowicki, Krzysztof Mirkowski

Some metals, ceramics, polymers and their com-posites damaged through thermal, mechanical, ionizing radiation, ballistic or other means, have the ability to self-repairing, i.e. to heal and restore the substance to its original set of properties. This process is especially important when materials are located in unavailable for service places, such as space, nuclear installation, underwater equipment, etc.

In the past, we studied curing of epoxy resins supported by ionizing radiation in which the treat-ment provided materials of high glass transition tem-peratures, fl exural strength comparable to thermally cured ones and of advantageous mechanical para-meters. Enhanced toughness and unusual long-term stability make the resins usable under harsh/degra-dable conditions for many years. In order to obtain a good-quality material, usually photoinitiator is applied at the concentration lower than 1%. The fi nal product shows better features than the resins based on amine hardeners [1-3].

Radiation treatment is usually considered as a cold processing during which thermal effects are small and do not infl uence the fi nal functionality of the products. Contrary to this usually legitimate assumption, radiation-induced cationic polymeri-zation is characterized by the substantial thermal effect which is a consequence of two following phe-nomena: conversion of supplied radiation energy into the heat (insignifi cant effect that increases temperature to less than 50oC) and generation of heat during exothermic polymerization process which, in some cases, increases temperature to al-most 300oC.

According to the analysis proposed by Coqueret et al. [4], the second process initially is dominat-ed by the combination of radicals in the viscous liquid which, with increasing conversion degree, is being replaced gradually by the monomolecular occlusion of residual active centres due to mobil-ity restrictions.

The polymerization based on accelerator tech-nique used in former work [5] shows some restric-tions with respect to limited penetration of elec-tron beam (EB). However, when gamma or X-rays are applied as radiation sources, even thick prod-ucts can be cured. Then, the radiation processing

might be used for the large structures applied in aeronautic, transport industry or marine. The dose necessary to reach complete curing of the resins is about tenfold lower for gamma treatment than for EB irradiation [6]. Generally, as curing involves chain reactions, the dose required for the process is usually lower than in the case of typical polymer crosslinking resulting from radical recombination. Gamma irradiation is considered to be specially suitable for curing; however, due to low dose rates, the process is much time consuming than the EB treatment.

Schemes 1 and 2 show reactants used in our work. DGEBA was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich, whereas Epidian 5 and Epidian 6 were obtained from Z. Ch. Sarzyna-Organika, Poland. Gamma irradiation was performed in Gamma Cell 5000 chamber at a dose rate of 6 kGy/h. The cationic initiator IPB was used for polymerization of sev-eral bisphenol based resins. The mechanism of ac-tivation of the initiator by ionizing radiation is presented in Scheme 3. Weakly bound with anion protons produced continuously during the expo-sure to ionizing radiation, participate in the initia-tion of exothermic chain reaction. Simultaneously with reaction progress, the glassy phase grows (vitrifi cation) limiting polymerization rate which eventually results in the termination of the process due to diffusion problems.

Scheme 1. Formulae of cationic initiator Rhodorsil 2074 used for radiation-induced curing (p-methyl-p-cumyl-iodo-nium (tetrakis(pentafl uorophenyl))borate, IPB) [4].

Scheme 2. Formulae of epoxy resins used in our works. Depending on the “n” value the formulae mean: diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), n = 0, or commercial epoxy resins Epidian 5, Epidian 6, mixture of various amounts of com-pounds with n = 0 and n = 1.

18 CENTRE FOR RADIATION RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY

Syntheses of polymer microcapsules contain-ing epoxy resin were conducted according to the literature methods [7], and chemicals used were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich.

In order to estimate the effects related to the absorption of radiation energy by the walls of the chamber and absorption by the resin, thermal measurements were conducted for the chamber

loaded with epoxy resin free from initiator and for different resins containing 1 wt% of initiator IPB (Fig.1). The diagrams indicate that even after 6 h, the temperature in the loaded chamber is less than 45oC if the resin is free from initiator, and has not reached equilibrium yet. On the basis of these re-sults, it was assumed that ionizing radiation ef-

fects predominantly initiate polymerization in the presence of the initiator. The conclusion confi rms thermogram recorded by DSC method showing intensive thermal curing of the system above 170oC (Fig.2).

Several commercially available materials were investigated under the same conditions. At con-stant dose rate and the same concentration of cationic initiator, the radiation polymerization ef-fects depend on the type of epoxy resin. It seems that induction time of the process is a function of the contribution of epoxy groups. The content of epoxy groups in the resins decreases in the fol-lowing order: DGEBA > Epidian 6 > Epidian 5. The induction time of curing is changing in the

Scheme 3. Mechanism of initiation of ionic polymerization by irradiated initiator in the form of iodonium salt. Irreversible reaction of radicals’ recombination supports the creation of strong complex acid. Chemical structure of the initiator is simplifi ed for clarity.

Fig.1. Thermal effects for the selected resins irradiated in a Gamma Chamber 5000 at a dose rate of 6.0 kGy/h.

Fig.2. Thermogram of DGEBA, Epidian 5 and Epidian 6 in the presence of 1% initiator IPB; heating rate – 5oC/min.


opposite direction which reveals that the begin-ning of polymerization is strongly infl uenced by the availability of oxirane units. The data suggest that the acceptable level of impurities inhibiting the initiation is not the only factor infl uencing in-duction time which naturally is proportional to the dose absorbed. The accumulation of active centres to the critical level is also associated with the population of epoxy rings, and both variables infl uence the beginning of polymerization. Then, the dominant driving force of the reaction pro-gress is the heat emitted gradually in the exo-thermic reaction causing autoacceleration of the process.

The results were confronted with the exother-mic effects of the thermally cured resins (Fig.2). The data obtained using these two procedures seem to be in correlation: the shorter the induction time of radiation-induced processes, the higher the temperature of thermal polymerization. The trends observed are diffi cult to interpret in terms of vari-ous contributions of epoxy groups. The activation of the initiator in the primary stage of the processes does not depend on the type of oligomers used but on the nature of energy deposited (radiation or thermal). It can be assumed that in the model DGEBA, the defi ciency of proton donors hinders the beginning of the process which results in the shift of thermal effects towards higher tempera-tures observed in Fig.2, whereas in Epidians, hav-ing hydroxyl groups, these barriers are abolished. Hydroxyl group content is higher in Epidian 5 than in Epidian 6 which is refl ected by the posi-tion of peaks in the thermograms recorded by calo-rimetric method.

The above results allowed us to propose a self--repairing system of crosslinked epoxy resins. The liquid epoxy resin as a healing material is incor-porated in the form of microcapsules into cured epoxy resin. The healing agent is released upon crack intrusion. Polymerization of the healing agent is then triggered by contact with an embedded catalyst, bonding the crack faces. The idea of the process is demonstrated in Fig.3.

It was assumed that:• initiator cannot react with epoxy resin of mi-

crocapsules during curing,

• walls of microcapsules should be chemically inert and thermally resistant,

• healing agent from microcapsules should be able to polymerize in contact with initiator dis-persed in the crosslinked resin,

• during manufacturing objects should be insus-ceptible to elevated temperatures.Taking into account these limitations, “exotic”

systems of healing agents for epoxy resins were proposed in the past, e.g. dicyclopentadiene and Grubbs’ catalyst (high price), or high excess of typical multifunctional amines used for curing re-sulting in poor properties of epoxy resin [8].

Our proposal meets the above requirements, is cheap and simple. Inactivated IPB does not re-act with epoxy resins, is stable in contact with matrix to 170oC and after irradiation reacts with epoxy groups at room temperature with high de-gree of conversion. Relationships presented in Fig.1 suggest that the best repairing medium is DGEBA. Our fi rst attempts to obtain microcapsules on the basis of urea-formaldehyde resin result in rela-tively high distribution of particles (Fig.4).

The experiments will be continued based on other components prone to create microcapsule

Fig.3. Concept of self-repairing epoxy resin: A – cured epoxy resin contains microcapsules with liquid epoxy resin and non-active initiator; B – after irradiation, the initiator forms active species; C – crack introduced into the material, liquid resin released from microcapsules fi lls crack; D – after contact with active form of initiator, epoxy resin yields polymerized material that bonds the crack sur-faces.

Fig.4. SEM images of the particles constructed from urea-formaldehyde resin microcapsules containing epoxy resin.


shells constructed from hydrophobic-hydrophilic hybrid structures, e.g. 2,6-dimethylphenol.

The work reported was co-funded by the In-ternational Atomic Energy Agency (CRP F22051, Research Contract no. 16666) and the Polish Min-istry of Science and Higher Education (Contract no. 3141/IAEA/2014).

References[1]. Degrand, H., Cazaux, F., Coqueret, X,, Defoort, B.,

Boursereau, F., & Larnac, G. (2003). Thermal effects on the network structure of diglycidylether of bisphe-nol-A polymerized by electron-beam in the presence of an iodonium salt. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 68 (5), 885-891. DOI: 1016/S0969-806X(03)00208-1.

[2]. Alessi, S., Parlato, A., Dispenza, C., De Maria, M., & Spadaro, G. (2007). The infl uence of the processing temperature on gamma curing of epoxy resins for the production of advanced composites. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 76 (8-9), 1347-1350. DOI: 10.1016/j.radphy-schem.2007.02.029.

[3]. Alessi, S., Dispenza, C., Fuochi, P.G., Corda, U., Lav-alle, M., & Spadaro, G. (2007). E-beam curing of epoxy--based blends in order to produce high-performance

composites. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 76 (8–9), 1308-1311. DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2007.02.021.

[4]. Coqueret, X., Krzeminski, M., Ponsaud, P., & De-foort, B. (2009). Recent advances in electron-beam curing of carbon fi ber-reinforced composites. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 78 (7-8), 557-561. DOI: 10.1016/j.rad-physchem.2009.03.042.

[5]. Pitarresi, G., Alessi S., Tumino D., Nowicki, A., & Spa-daro, G. (2014). Interlaminar fracture toughness be-havior of electron-beam cured carbon-fi ber reinforced epoxy-resin composites. Polym. Composites, 35 (8), 1529-1542. DOI: 10.1002/pc.22806.

[6]. Singh, A., Saunders, C.B., Barnard, J.W., Lopata, V.J., Kremers, W., McDougall, T.E., Chung, M., & Tateishi, M. (1996). Electron processing of fi bre-reinforced advanced composites. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 48 (2), 153-170. DOI: 10.1016/0969-806X(95)00424-V.

[7]. White, S.R., Sottos, N.R., Geubelle, P.H., Moore, J.S., Kessler, M.R., Sriram, S.R., Brown, E.N., & Viswana-than, S., (2001). Autonomic healing of polymer com-posites. Nature, 409 (15 Feb), 794-797. DOI: 10.1038/ 35057232.

[8]. Yuan, l., Gu, A., Nutt, S., Wu, J., Lin, Ch., Chen, F., & Liang G. (2013). Polym. Adv. Technol., 24, 81-89. DOI: 10.1002/pat.3053.

THE PROPERTIES AND IONIZING RADIATION EFFECTS IN THE STARCH-PVA FILMS PREPARED BASED ON VARIOUS SUBSTRATES

Krystyna Cieśla, Anna Abramowska, Marek Buczkowski

The increasing problem of the non-degradable plastic waste induces the interest in substitution of traditional packaging by the biodegradable ma-terials based on the mixed systems composed from a variety of natural polymers (polysaccharides or proteins) as well as from polysaccharides and ar-tifi cial biodegradable polymer.

Starch appears to be the appropriate source for the preparation of cheap biodegradable packag-ing [1-7]. However, fi lms prepared based on natu-ral starches alone have rather moderate mechani-cal properties and resistance to moisture. There-fore, for the purpose of improving the properties of starch fi lms, various methods are applied as fol-lows: using the modifi ed starches, blending starch with other natural polymer or with the artifi cial biodegradable polymer and applying various physi-cal and chemical treatments. PVA can be used for packaging purposes and is known to be the appro-priate polymer for blending with starch [3, 6]. Sim-ultaneously, radiation techniques appear to be the perspective methodology for the modifi cation of polymers and biopolymers (including the fi lms). A possible desired modifi cation of the fi lm’s struc-ture and properties [1, 2, 4-7] as well as the poten-tial for packing the products subjected to radia-tion decontamination [1, 6] lead to the interest in studies dealt with ionizing radiation infl uence on the biodegradable fi lms.

Our previous results have already shown that using the irradiated starch enables to obtain the fi lms with better functional properties as com-pared to those prepared based on the native starch [1, 2, 4, 5]. Moreover, studies concerning the preparation of the starch-PVA fi lms and the exam-ination of irradiation effects were already carried

out and have shown the ability for modifi cation of the fi lms’ properties by modifying their compo-sition and irradiation [6].

The purpose of the present work constitutes the selection of the best substrates for the prep-aration of the fi lms in the starch-PVA system in the case when the synthesis is supported or follow-ed by ionizing radiation. Accordingly, the studies were carried out dealing with the effect of using various preparation techniques of PVA and starch, and the effect was studied of gamma irradiation on the resulting fi lms’ properties.

Four selected PVAs (products of Sigma and of Alfa Aesar) characterized by various molecu-lar masses (PVA1 – 145 kDa, PVA2 – 90 kDa, PVA3 – 60 kDa and PVA4 – 15-30 kDa) were used for the fi lms’ preparation. Moreover, two corn-starches such as SC3 (Sigma) and SC2 (Cerestar) and two potato starches such as S8 (Sigma) and S7 (commercial, local market) were applied. Com-monly, the starches contain ca. 23% of amylose. These starches were degraded on the way of irra-diation with a dose of 10 kGy (in purpose to re-duce their viscosity [2]). In addition, the high--amylose cornstarch (SC4, Sigma) was applied (native and pre-irradiated using the same dose of 10 kGy).

Films characterized by a starch: PVA ratio equal to 60:40 were prepared by solution casting method. Some syntheses were also done applying starch:PVA (50:50) composition. Glycerol was in-troduced at the level of 30% (in relation to the joint starch-PVA mass). The fi lms were dried, peel-ed from the substrate and irradiated. The fi lms were conditioned during couple of days at the relative humidity of 43% before testing.


Irradiation was carried out with Co-60 gamma rays in nitrogen at ambient temperature in the Gamma Chamber GC 5000 applying a dose rate of 5.00 kGy/h. Irradiation of the fi lms were carried out using doses of 25 kGy and 10 kGy.

Mechanical tests were carried out using Ins-tröm testing machine [2]. The wetting (contact) angle measurements (enabling to evaluate the hy-drophilic/hydrophobic properties) were done us-ing the instrument constructed in the Department of Nuclear Methods of Materials Engineering, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology (INCT) with the method described in Ref. [2]. The other parameter determined in relation to the fi lms’ hydrophilicity was the capability for swell-ing in water.

In the fi rst step, studies of the effect of appli-cation of the various PVAs on the properties of starch-PVA fi lms, i.e. non-irradiated and irradi-ated were carried out. Pre-irradiated cornstarch SC3 (absorbed dose of 10 kGy) was selected as a starch component.

The results (Figs.1-4) have shown that appli-cation of PVA1 (characterized by the highest mo-lecular mass) enables to obtain the fi lms with the best properties as compared to the application of other PVAs. This was observed directly after syn-thesis as well as after subsequent irradiation. These

fi lms have revealed the highest tensile strength accompanied by a relatively high fl exibility (Figs.1 and 2) and the highest wetting angle as compared to the other ones (Fig.3); although the fi lms con-taining PVA3 were also characterized by the high contact angle.

No particular effect of irradiation with the ab-sorbed dose of 25 kGy on tensile strength of the fi lms containing PVA1 was noticed, while decrease in this parameter was observed in the cases of all other fi lms. Decreases in fl exibility and in wetting angle were detected after the irradiation in cases of all the compositions. However, only a slight de-crease in wetting angle was noticed in the case of the fi lms based on PVA1, and these fi lms have still revealed the best mechanical parameters (tensile strength and elongation at break) and the higher contact angle. Moreover, these fi lms revealed the lowest swelling parameter, and this parameter has decreased additionally after the radiation treat-ment, contrary to all the other compositions (no effect in the case of PVA2 and increase in swelling in the cases of PVA3 and PVA4), (Fig.4). Further-more, it was found that the fi lms containing PVA with the low molecular mass contain more low

Fig.1. Tensile strength of the starch:PVA (40:60) fi lms containing SC3 and various PVAs, non-irradiated and ir-radiated with gamma rays applying a dose of 25 kGy.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

PVA1 PVA2 PVA3 PVA4

Ten

sile

stre

ngth

[M

Pa]

0 kGy 25 kGy

Fig.2. Elongation at break of the starch:PVA (40:60) fi lms containing SC3 and various PVAs, non-irradiated and ir-radiated with gamma rays applying a dose of 25 kGy.

Fig.4. Swelling in water related to the dry mass of the starch:PVA (40:60) fi lms containing SC3 and various PVAs, non-irradiated and irradiated with gamma rays applying a dose of 25 kGy.

Fig.3. Wetting angle of the starch:PVA (40:60) fi lms con-taining SC3 and various PVAs, non-irradiated and irradi-ated with gamma rays applying a dose of 25 kGy.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

PVA1 PVA2 PVA3 PVA4

Elo

ngat

ion

at b

reak

[%

]

0 kGy 25 kGy

0

20

40

60

80

100

PVA1 PVA2 PVA3 PVA4W

ettin

g an

gle

[°]

0 kGy 25 kGy

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

PVA1 PVA2 PVA3 PVA4

swel

ling

[%]

0 kGy 25 kGy


molecular fractions (probably moisture) already before swelling in water. In addition, phase separa-tion was observed in the starch-PVA fi lms formed using PVA4 component. Therefore, it can be con-cluded that PVA1 constitutes the best substrate for the fi lms’ preparation.

Accordingly, PVA1 was used as the PVA com-ponent in the next step of the studies dealing with the effect of application of various prepara-tions of starch on the properties of the starch-PVA fi lms, non-irradiated and irradiated. The results are shown in Table 1 and in Figs.5 and 6.

The fi lms obtained using the starch subjected to pre-irradiation (10 kGy) were characterized by the best properties. These fi lms revealed the high-est mechanical resistance (Table 1), the highest wetting angle (Fig.5) and not very high swelling parameter. Simultaneously, the fi lms containing

the native SC4 starch were characterized by rather moderate properties, and their swelling capability was very high. The next in sequence after the fi lms containing SC4 (10 kGy) were the fi lms contain-ing the pre-irradiated cornstarch SC3. The fi lms containing both potato starches (S7 and S8) were

characterized by worst properties as compared to the fi lms containing all the cornstarches. In par-ticular, a strong swelling was observed in the case of these starches (similar to the case of the native cornstarch SC4); due to the low stability in water, the swelling parameter was not determined for the majority of these fi lms, especially the irradiated ones. Only in some cases, gamma irradiation with a dose of 25 kGy induces a very slight deteriora-tion of the mechanical properties of the fi lms, while irradiation with a dose of 10 kGy has no impact on these properties. A small decrease in wetting angle was noticed in the majority of the

Table 1. Comparison of the mechanical properties of the starch:PVA (40:60) fi lms prepared using PVA1 and various starches, non-irradiated and irradiated with gamma rays applying absorbed doses of 10 kGy and 25 kGy. Conventionally, the pre-irradiated starches (gamma rays, 10 kGy) were applied for the fi lms’ preparation.

StarchReference (0 kGy) Irradiated

tensile strength [MPa] l [%] dose [kGy] tensile strength [MPa] l [%]

SC2 17.6 ±1.4 125 ±2710 15.8 ±1.1 170 ±25

25 18.1 ±1.1 169 ±20

SC3 19.9 ±1.3 206 ±2010 19.1 ±3.0 191 ±30

25 19.9 ±2.4 186 ±9.64

SC4 20.4 ±1.4 224 ±3810 20.8 ±1.3 232 ±33

25 19.0 ±1.2 188 ±39

S7 14.7 ±1.6 139 ±810 13.9 ±0.8 139 ±6

25 12.9 ±0.7 141 ±9

S8 20.0 ±1.2 138 ±410 19.1 ±0.7 133 ±10

25 19.2 ±1.0 132 ±13

SC4 (0 kGy, non-irradiated) 17.5 ±1.1 185 ±42

10 16.9 ±1.3 139 ±27

25 15.9 ±0.7 184 ±25

Fig.5. Wetting angle of the starch:PVA (40:60) samples containing SC3 and various PVAs, non-irradiated and irra-diated with gamma rays applying doses of 25 kGy or 10 kGy.

Fig.6. Swelling in water related to the dry mass of the sample of the starch:PVA (40:60) samples containing SC3 and various PVAs, non-irradiated and irradiated with gam-ma rays applying a dose of 25 kGy.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

SC2(10kGy)

SC3(10kGy)

SC4(10kGy)

S7 (10kGy)

S8 (10kGy)

SC4 (0kGy)

Wet

ting

angl

e [°

]

0 kGy 10 kGy 25 kGy

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

SC2 (10kGy) SC3 (10kGy) SC4 (10kGy) S7 (10kGy) S8 (10kGy)

Swel

ling

[%]

0 kGy 10 kGy 25 kGy


PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF LIGNIN SULPHONATE IN CELLULOSE RADIOLYSIS

Wojciech Głuszewski, Hieronim Kubera1/, Klaudia Kozera2/

1/ Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Production Engineering, Warszawa, Poland2/ Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warszawa, Poland

cases (Fig.5), but simultaneously, a decrease in the swelling parameters can be concluded in the cases of all the pre-irradiated cornstarches – SC2, SC3 and SC4 (Fig.6).

Accordingly, it can be concluded that the use of PVA1 (characterized by the highest molecular mass) and pre-irradiated high amylose cornstarch enables to prepare the starch:PVA (40:60) fi lms characterized by the best properties, as well before as after irradiation. However, the standard pre-ir-radiated cornstarch SC3 can also be considered as the promising substrate, particularly when the high cost of the SC4 starch is taken into account. The obtained results also suggest that the fi lms obtained in the starch-PVA system can be applied for the products predicted for radiation deconta-mination.

The work was sponsored in the frame of IAEA Research Contract No. 17493 (CRP F2206).

References[1]. Cieśla, K. (2009). Przekształcenia struktury nadcząs-

teczkowej w polimerach naturalnych inicjowane pro-mieniowaniem jonizującym. Warszawa: Instytut Che-mii i Techniki Jądrowej, 223 p.

[2]. Cieśla, K., Nowicki, A, & Buczkowski, M. (2010) Pre-liminary studies of the infl uence of starch irradiation on physicochemical properties of fi lms prepared using starch and starch-surfactant systems. Nukleonika, 55, 2, 233-242.

[3]. Tang, X., & Alavi, S. (2011). Recent advances in starch, polyvinyl alcohol based polymer blends, nanocompos-ites and biodegradability. Carbohydr. Polym., 85, 1-16.

[4]. Cieśla, K., Watzeels, N., & Rahier, H. (2014). Effect of gamma irradiation on thermophysical properties of plasticized starch and starch surfactant fi lms. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 99, 18-22.

[5]. Cieśla, K., & Sartowska, B. (2016). Modifi cation of the microstructure of the fi lms formed by gamma irra-diated starch examined by SEM. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 118, 87-95.

[6]. Abramowska, A., Cieśla, K.A., Buczkowski, M.J., No-wicki, A., & Głuszewski, W.J. (2015). The infl uence of ionizing radiation on the properties of starch-PVA fi lms. Nukleonika, 60, 3, 669-677. doi: 10.1515/nuka-2015--0088.

[7]. Ryzhkova, N., Jarzak, U., Schäffer, A., Bämer, M., & Swiderek, P. (2011). Modifi cation of surface properties of thin polysaccharide fi lms by low energy electron ex-posure. Carbohydr. Polym., 83, 608.

The issue of the use of ionizing radiation for th e preservation of objects of signifi cant cultural heri-tage is still valid despite extensive scientifi c litera-ture on the subject [1]. A unique feature is the possibility of disinfestations and disinfections of a very large number of objects in a short (express) time by radiation techniques [2]. For this purpose, both the electron beam (EB) and gamma radiation are used worldwide [3]. In particular, radiation techniques are an interesting offer for conserva-

tors dealing with objects made of paper. The issue of radiation resistance of cellulose is also impor-tant from the point of view of packaging materials and preventive sterilization of postal items that could potentially be a source of bacteriological terrorist attack [4, 5].

If the protective phenomena in radiation chem-istry of polymers generally are defi ned as processes to restrain their degradation (deterioration of me-chanical properties), it is necessary to consider

Table 1. The radiolytic yield of hydrogen emission and oxygen uptake. Irradiation was carried out in air at room tem-perature.

Lignin sulphonate [%]G(H2) [mol/J] G(-O2) [mol/J]

EB (15 000 kG/h) gamma rays (5 kGy/h) EB gamma rays

0 0.168 0.163 1.444 1.746

0.6 0.129 0.116 1.150 1.533

5.3 0.100 0.092 0.888 1.398

10 0.100 0.082 0.747 1.206

16 0.088 0.079 0.715 1.191

20 0.087 0.074 0.604 1.165

25 0.082 0.067 0.542 1.115

30 0.073 0.066 0.498 1.009

43 0.072 0.065 0.267 0.882

50 0.065 0.061 0.217 0.588

100 0.064 0.057 0.057 0.061


several possible ways to achieve this goal. The pro-tective effect may be the result of electron transfer or the transfer of positive holes to the scavengers. This is the basic mechanism that prevents chemi-cal changes in the polymer. We can also explain the protective effect of energy transfer from the excited molecule to the aromatic additives. The concept of such a transfer mechanism is very in-teresting and could be explained by the ability of aromatic ring to dissipate energy. Protective addi-tives may also react with free radicals, thereby competing with the processes of crosslinking and oxidation. It should be noted, however, that the network structure of a polymer material is often advantageous from the standpoint of mechanical properties.

The study pointed out the protective effect of lignin in the cellulose radiolysis. We have studied the protective effects by gas chromatography (GC). The prepared samples contained various percent-age of lignin sulphonate (produced during the processing of wood pulp) in the cellulose. Sulpho-nate cellulose was dissolved in water and soaked in the paper. The paper web was dried. Lignin con-tent was determined by weight. They were used as the cellulose Whatman paper. An aromatic com-pound was lignin sulphonate (produced by Borre-gaard, Norway). The samples were irradiated at room temperature, in the air atmosphere. Table 1 shows radiation yields of hydrogen and absorbed oxygen in a function of the content of the aromatic compound in the paper.

Detachment of gaseous hydrogen from any hy-drogen-bearing material (from inorganics to poly-mers) at ambient temperature is unknown in the conventional chemistry. Hydrogen can appear at room temperature when generated by biological metabolic processes, outside the topic of the pre-sent paper. At elevated temperature, gaseous hy-drogen can appear over polymers heated to high temperatures, well above the melting or decom-position temperature. Free H2 formation is incor-

porated in that case in the thermal degradation process, and that phenomenon is also outside the scope of the paper.

On the contrary, in the radiolytic decomposi-tion at room temperatures and even under cryo-genic conditions, hydrogen is the main constitu-ent of the gas phase above any hydrogen-bearing products. For instance, in the case of all polymers, hydrogen dominates over the concentration of low molecular weight debris of the degraded polymers.

In the specifi c case of radiolysis cellulose/lignin sulphonate mixture, the latter constituent had pro-tective effect due to the high contribution of aro-matic rings (Fig.1). It is confi rmed both by the vol-ume of hydrogen emitted and oxidation consump-tion capacity. Quantitatively, the data also reveal the infl uence of dose rate on radiolysis and postra-diation oxidation. The use of electron beam (15 000 kGy/h) instead of gamma rays (5 kGy/h) greatly reduces oxidation of the cellulose (Fig.2).

It is worth noticing that gas chromatography in the proposed system can be a convenient tool for assessing oxidation of polymers also in classi-cal chemistry.References[1]. Głuszewski, W., Boruc, B., Kubera, H., & Abbasowa,

D. (2015). The use of DRS and GC to study the effects of ionizing radiation on paper artifacts. Nukleonika, 60, 665-668.

[2]. Głuszewski, W. (2015). Features of radiation conserva-tion of high collections of objects about of historical interest J. Herit. Conserv., 41, 84-91.

[3]. Głuszewski, W., Cieśla, K., Zimek, Z., & Kubera, H. (2014). Peculiar features of radiation treatment of the packaging materials. Towaroznawcze Problemy Jako-ści, 4, 11-17.

[4]. Głuszewski, W. (2015). Niewidzialne ale pracowite. Packaging Polska, 5, 24-15.

[5]. Głuszewski, W. (2015). Unikatowe cechy radiacyjnej konserwacji dużych zbiorów obiektów o znaczeniu his-torycznym. Postępy Techniki Jądrowej, 58, 1, 19-23.

Fig.1. Hydrogen yield as a function of the content of lignin sulphonate.

Fig.2. Oxygen yield as a function of the content of lignin sulphonate.


DEDICATED RF DRIVING GENERATOR FOR LINEAR ACCELERATOR BASED ON PLL FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER UNDER MPU CONTROL

Sylwester Bułka, Zbigniew Zimek

The experience gained during over ten years’ op-eration of the LAE 10 accelerator shows a limited reliability of microwave klystron driving genera-tors. The output power needed from the unit does not exceed 20 mW. The problems concern usually malfunction of generators’ output amplifi er stage, it was observed highly elevated chassis tempera-ture after several hours of operation. Probably that was the reason for last failure: damage of the non--volatile EEPROM containing generator’s output stage calibration data. In addition, the services re-fused to fi x the device which was too obsolete.

This situation led us to design a low cost, easy serviceable, dedicated RF generator equipped with external amplifi cation/matching module. The basis for the construction was GaP monolithic integer-N synthesizer and voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) in one Analog Devices ADF4360 chip [1].

A typical frequency range for LAE 10 accel-erator is 1.8174 GHz which should be tuned with 100 kHz step ±0.3 MHz span. The selected inte-grated synthesizer of ADF4360-x series is designed for a centre frequency of 1750 MHz (version 3 de-noted in its symbol).

As shown in Fig.1, the internal circuitry deter-mining the output frequency consists of:

• VCO tuned with the analog si gnal from phase comparator;

• dual-modulus prescaler. It takes the clock from the VCO and divides it down to a manageable frequency for the CMOS A and B counters. The prescaler is programmable. It can be set in soft-ware to 8/9, 16/17, or 32/33 and is based on a synchronous 4/5 core, along with the A and B counters, enabling the division ratio, N, to be realized (N = BP + A);

• A and B counters, in conjunction with the dual--modulus prescaler, make it possible to generate output frequencies that are spaced only by the reference frequency divided by R. The VCO fre-quency equation is as follows:

fVCO = [(P B) + A] fREFIN/Rwhere: fVCO – the output frequency of the VCO, P – the preset modulus of the dual-modulus prescaler (8/9, 16/17, or 32/33), B – the preset divide ratio of the binary 13-bit counter (from 3 to 8191), A – the preset divide ratio of the binary 5-bit swallow counter (from 0 to 31), fREFIN – the external reference frequency oscillator.

The practical values of the counters selected for the assumed performance are as follows: A = 30, B = 567, P = 32. They give n = 18 174 which

Fig.1. Internal structure of ADF4360 frequency synthesizer chip.


together with fREFIN = 10 000 MHz external refer-ence oscillator frequency provides 1817.400 tuned ±0.300 MHz with 0.100 MHz step.

As shown in Fig.2, a typical hardware confi gu-ration recommended by the manufacturer as local

oscillator is realized using the EVAL printed board [2], which can be provided with the chip. It con-tains 10,000 MHz crystal reference oscillator, PLL phase detector fi lter circuitry, 3.3 V and 5 V power stabilizers.

The control of the chip is via simplifi ed (uni-directional) SPI bus.

Before ADF4360 starts operation, the appro-priate data for the counters, dividers and VCO op-eration mode must be transmitted into the chip. For this purpose, the single chip AVR ATTINY2313 [3] microcontroller was used (Fig.3).

The user interface of the controller is simplifi ed and contains the minimum number of necessary functions that are suffi cient to manage the gen-erator: frequency up/down, signal level up/down controls and safety button RF POWER ON/OFF.

As shown in Fig.4, the generator is located in one of the accelerators’ control racks and is easily operable by the user during the machine tune-up procedure. Right from the generator control panel, there is RF power amplifi er which provides a cor-rect microwave power level to the klystron and ad-ditionally is equipped with refl ected power ferrite isolator for operation reliability.

As shown in Fig.5, the generator is tested with the RF spectrum analyser for the linearity of fre-quency sweep step, and the plot from its screen displays the spectra of the output signal during the routine tuning of accelerator. The peaks are sharp with well-defi ned frequency step, at least 30 dB distant from noise level, and there is no trace of spurs (frequency modulation VCO para-sitic spectrum components).

References[1]. ADF4360-3 integrated synthesizer and VCO data-

sheet. (2003). Analog Devices, Inc. Rev. 0, C04437-0--11/03(0).

[2]. Evaluation board for ADF4360-3 integrated VCO & frequency synthesizer EVAL-ADF4360-3EB1. (2003). Analog Devices, Inc. REV.PrC 08/03.

[3]. 8-bit AVR microcontroller with 2K bytes in-system programmable fl ash ATtiny2313 datasheet. (2004). ATMEL. 2543DS-AVR-03/04.

Fig.2. The confi guration of ADF436 0 as local oscillator.

Fig.4. LAE 10 driving RF generator placement in accelerator control rack.

Fig.3. LAE 10 accelerator driving RF generator block dia-gram.

Fig.5. Plot from RF spectrum analyser.

RF OUT

Pre-Amp.

RF Power Amplifier

Alphanumerical LCDDisplay

ADF4360PLL Synth.

Board

Port B

Port A

ATTINY 2313

Control Panel

CENTRE FOR RADIOCHEMISTRY CENTRE FOR RADIOCHEMISTRY AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRYAND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY

Chemical issues of nuclear power and radiopharmaceutical chemistry – the two top domains of applied radiochemistry and nuclear chemistry – remained the main areas of the research activity of the Centre for Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry in 2015. The research pro-jects of the Centre were fi nanced in the form of grants from the National Centre for Research and Development (NCBR) and the National Science Centre (NCN), as well as in the form of funding the Institute’s statutory research and international collaboration from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education. International resources included the European Commis-sion (FP7 Euratom, Fission) and other (IAEA, COST).

The teams of three Centre laboratories (Radiochemical Separation Methods, Membrane Processes and Technologies, and Sol-Gel Technology) continued their studies on radioactive waste management, and on special nuclear materials. In this respect, the Sol-Gel Technology team continued the execution of the European Collaborative Project ASGARD, contributing to the development of new types of MOX nuclear fuels based on uranium oxides and car-bides. The work was accompanied by research on the synthesis of another potential nuclear fuel, mixed thorium-uranium dioxide in the form of microspheres. The Radiochemical Sep-aration team continued the research on actinide/lanthanide separation by solvent extraction, in the frame of the European Collaborative Project SACSESS (Safety of actinide separation processes). Cooperation with the CEA Marcoule, on actinide complexes with hydrophilic, polyheterocyclic-N-dentate ligands used for actinide stripping from the organic phase, was continued on the basis of bilateral research agreement and other common projects. The aim of the study was to get thermodynamic characteristics of the complexes of actinide cations from Th to Am, at different oxidation levels (+3 to +6) with the newly synthesized (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology-Institute for Nuclear Waste Disposal – KIT-INE), tri- and tetra-N-den-tate hydrophilic ligands – SO3-Ph-BTP and SO3-Ph-BTBP, especially the determination of stability constants of these complexes in acidic aqueous solutions. Advanced quantum chemi-cal calculations, which allowed explaining the reason of actinide selectivity of some ligands used for solvent extraction separation of actinides from lanthanide fi ssion products, were performed.

The knowledge based on molecular modelling may allow to design and synthesize novel, more selective ligands for such separations. Calculations of Eu(III) and Am(III) complexes in phenanthroline (Phen) with using DFT/B3LYP/6-31G**, were carried out in the frame of the NCN grant OPUS. Recovery of uranium and accompanying metals from various types of industrial wastes like phosphogypsum or waste from fl otation of copper ores was studied in the scope of the IAEA CRP.

Various aspects related to the management and storage of spent nuclear fuel and radioac-tive wastes formed in the course of exploitation of nuclear power plants, with a special em-phasis on the Polish Nuclear Power Programme, were studied. Within the statutory research, novel methods were examined by the Membrane Processes group, for the separation of radio-nuclides and heavy-metal ions, based on hybrid processes (membrane fi ltration combined with sorption or complex formation, and micellar-enhanced ultrafi ltration), as the basis for further technological advancement for radioactive waste processing. Micellar-enhanced ultra-fi ltration was studied as a method for purifi cation of reactor coolant with boric acid recovery.

The application of advanced membrane systems in nuclear desalination was tested within the frame of the IAEA CRP. The possibility of application of such methods as reverse osmosis and membrane distillation, for desalination as well as radioactive waste treatment within nuclear power plants (NPPs), was proved. Basic research on the phenomena occurring dur-ing the operation of membrane units was continued in the scope of the NCN research project

on the development of sensitive methods for studying concentration polarization and mem-brane fouling. The combination of radiotracers with optic techniques like SEM (scanning electron microscopy), FT-IR/PAS (Fourier-transform infrared/photoacoustic spectroscopy) has brought data for the future elaboration of the methodology of testing membrane units.

The Centre actively participated in European initiatives of the development of new nu-clear reactors including those of Generation IV – ALFRED and ALLEGRO. Evaluation of the potential of European institutions to participate in such initiatives was performed in the scope of PLATENSO and ARCADIA Euratom projects.

Great attention was paid to social and societal implications of nuclear energy and applica-tions of ionizing radiation. These aspects were studied with international consortia in the frame of Euratom projects PLATENSO and EAGLE. Social and socio-economic effects of implementation of the Polish Nuclear Power Programme with the development of macroeco-nomical tools for assessment were studied within the IAEA CRP in cooperation with the Ministry of Economy. On request of this ministry, the implementer of the Polish Nuclear Power Programme, other projects were developed, like elaboration of a methodology to eval-uate the safety and identify the optimal location of shallow repository for low- and interme-diate-level radioactive waste, and obtaining uranium from unconventional resources.

Research on radiopharmaceutical chemistry (Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Synthesis and Studies) was focused on obtaining and studying novel potential radiopharmaceuticals, both diagnostic and therapeutic. Novel biomolecules, derivatives of tacrine, substance P, and lapatinib, as well as antibiotics used in medical treatment of bacterial infections, were labelled with 99mTc or 68Ga, resulting in potential diagnostic tools for Alzheimer’s disease, glioma brain tumours, breast cancer and diabetic foot, respectively. A part of the research was carried out in cooperation with the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analyses, Medical University of Łódź. The 99mTc-labelled antibiotics were used in medical experiments in the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw.

New methods for cyclotron productions of diagnostic radionuclides, both SPECT (99mTc) and PET (43Sc, 44Sc, 72As) were developed in cooperation with the Heavy Ion Laboratory of the University of Warsaw, and the National Centre for Nuclear Research – POLATOM, within two projects awarded by the NCBR. Also potential therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals were ob-tained and studied. Peptides and proteins were labelled with alpha emitters (211At, 225Ac and 223Ra) via functionalized soft-metal chelates (metal bridge), and by the use of functionalized nanoparticles such as nanozeolites and gold nanoclusters. The synthesized bioconjugates exhibit high receptor affi nity and high radiotoxicity. Nanobodies labelled with either beta or alpha emitters were studied in cooperation with the Vrije Universiteit, Brussels. Studies on the use of alpha emitters to destroy very resistant cancer stem cells, initiated in 2014 in coopera-tion with the JRC Institute of Transuranium Elements, Karlsruhe, will be continued, supported from the Foundation for Polish Science.

The interest in energy related issues and our expertise in separation methods allowed build-ing the industrial consortium capable to develop a research project devoted to elaboration of the technology for treatment of fl uids after hydraulic fracturing of shale with water reuse and recovery of valuable metals. The project awarded by the NCBR in the course of the Blue Gas competition will enable to expand the expertise of the Centre to new areas of competence.

One D.Sc. degrees (habilitations) has got approval last year; two teams of the Centre were awarded with Director’s prize for publications.

The international and national scientifi c cooperation of the Centre was successfully con-tinued and enhanced, making the Centre teams desired partners not only on the national scale, but also over the European research area.

The Centre participated in organization of several meetings, conferences and seminars, among them the SACSESS project conference “Towards safe and optimized separation pro-cesses, a challenge for nuclear scientists” and the seminar on the possibility of implementa-tion of Gen III/IV systems in NMS and approaches for public participation in the decision making process in the Ministry of Economy.

The scientists of the Centre were involved in activities of large number of organizations, societies, and editorial boards of scientifi c journals in the country and abroad.

29CENTRE FOR RADIOCHEMISTRY AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY

ACTINIDE COMPLEXATION WITH A HYDROPHILIC SO3-Ph-BTP LIGAND, STUDIED BY LIQUID-LIQUID DISTRIBUTION

Jerzy Narbutt, Łukasz Steczek, Magdalena Rejnis, Irena Herdzik-Koniecko

Recycling of actinides from spent nuclear fuel by their selective separation followed by transmuta-tion in fast reactors will optimize the use of natu-ral uranium resources and minimize the long-term hazard from high-level nuclear waste. This ap-

proach focused on the closing the nuclear fuel cycle, should drastically reduce the potential long--term threat to humans and the environment from the radiotoxic nuclear waste. The new technologies will make the nuclear energy sustainable, enabling its broader development worldwide. This will re-duce the global CO2 emissions, in line with the agreement on the last UN Climate Change Con-ference (Paris, December 2015). Developing of an energy mix with a signifi cant contribution from the zero-emission nuclear energy is the only real option for our country (Polish Nuclear Power Pro-gramme, 2014) whose energy production is based mainly on fossil fuels which can hardly be replaced by renewable energy sources (wind, hydro, solar) because of our geographical conditions [1].

To meet the challenge that nuclear energy has become sustainable, extensive research is carried out worldwide on improving technologies of re-processing spent nuclear fuel. Basing on the strat-egy of Partitioning and Transmutation, the acti-nides separated (“partitioned”) from the spent fuel will be transmuted into much shorter-lived and stable nuclides by high energy (fast) neutrons, e.g. in fast nuclear reactors of Generation IV [2]. Various options, hydro- and pyrometalurgical, are being developed and tested for the actinide parti-tioning [3]. The most promising hydrometalurgi-cal (solvent extraction) technologies utilize com-pletely incinerable poly-N-dentate polyheterocyclic ‘CHON’ ligands which eagerly extract trivalent f-electron metal ions from aqueous HNO3 solu-tions. Because the separation of americium from lanthanide fi ssion products is an indispensable condition for the actinide transmutation [2, 4], novel lipophilic bis-[1,2,4]-triazinyl ligands have

been developed which exhibit a very high selec-tivity for trivalent actinides (An) over lanthanides: bis-triazinyl derivatives of pyridine (BTP), of bi-py-ridine (BTBP) and of 1,10-phenantroline (BTPhen) [4] (Fig.1).

Apart from the AnIII/LnIII separation with the use of the above lipophilic extractants (e.g. in the regular SANEX process [3, 4]), another option has been proposed – to selectively strip the AnIII ions from the loaded organic phase to nitric acid solutions using hydrophilic AnIII-selective ligands [4]. Such a ligand, 2,6-bis(5,6-di(sulphophenyl)-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)pyridine (SO3-Ph-BTP, Fig.2), was synthesized and studied as an actinide-selec-tive stripping agent by Geist and coworkers [5]. Later on, the usefulness of this anionic ligand for the separation of americium(III) from lanthanides

(in the innovative-SANEX process [3, 4]) was demonstrated in a laboratory-scale test carried out in a multistage counter-current system [6]. Also other sulphonated bis-1,2,4-triazine ligands, hydro-philic derivatives of BTBP and BTPhen appeared effective complexing reagents for separating acti-nides(III) from lanthanides(III) via selective for-mation of aqueous actinide complexes [7, 8].

The knowledge of complexing properties of the novel ligands towards actinides allows us to pre-dict their usefulness for solvent extraction sep-

Fig.1. Structural formulae of bis-triazinyl ligands: (A) R-BTP (R – aliphatic group), (B) CyMe4-BTBP and (C) CyMe4-BTPhen.

A

C

B

Fig.2. Structural formula of the SO3-Ph-BTP4– anion.

30 CENTRE FOR RADIOCHEMISTRY AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY

arations. The studies on the extraction system N,N,N’,N’-tetraoctyl-diglycolamide (TODGA)/SO3-Ph-BTP4– + HNO3 made possible to con-clude that only two Am3+–SO3-Ph-BTP4– com-plexes (1:1 and 1:2) co-existed in the aqueous phase [5]. Though no stability constants of these complexes have been reported, such data are avail-able for the analogous complexes of Cm3+ (chemi-cal properties of which are very similar to those of Am3+), determined using time-resolved laser fl uo-rescence spectroscopy (TRLFS). Moreover, not two but three (also 1:3) Cm3+–SO3-Ph-BTP4– complexes have been found in a separate dilute aqueous solution of pH 3 [9].

To conclude on the complex formation of Am3+ ions with the SO3-Ph-BTP4– (L4–) ligand in the aqueous phase and to determine the stability constants of the complexes, we studied the de-pendence of two-phase distribution of Am3+ on the concentration of the free ligand, [L4–]. The system consisted of 0.1 M TODGA in 5 vol% octanol-kerosene (the organic phase) and the SO3-Ph-BTP ligand (0.03 mM to 5 mM in total) in HNO3/NaNO3 solutions of various acidities (0.02 M to 1 M) at a constant 1 M nitrate concen-tration. The concentrations of Am in both phases at equilibrium at 25oC were measured radiometri-cally (241Am tracer) [10].

We based in this study on a simple model of Mn+ extraction in the system consisting of two competing ligands: lipophilic (TODGA) and hy-drophilic (L) in both liquid phases. It assumed the formation of some consecutive hydrophilic M–L complexes solely in the aqueous phase. The distribution ratio of Am3+ in the system studied, D = CAm,org/CAm,aq, can be expressed as:

(1)

where, in the absence of L, we have D = D0

(2)

The competition for Am3+ ions between the lipophilic (TODGA) and the hydrophilic (L4–) li-gands leads to the decrease of the D values with increasing L concentration. Moreover, a signifi -cant increase in the D values with increasing HNO3 concentration is observed, which is un-doubtedly due to an increase in the protonation of L4– in the examined range of acidity as the pro-tonated LH3– ligand does not complex metal ions in the aqueous phase.

The known solvent extraction (distribution) method of determination of stability constants of metal complexes with hydrophilic ligands [11] was applied. The log (D0/D – 1) values were plot-ted as a function of log [L4–], which also accounts

for the Am3+ complexation by NO3– anions in the

aqueous phase:

(3)

The [L4–] values were calculated as the func-tions of the total concentrations of L, CL,tot, and HNO3, [H+], assuming the protonation constant of L4–, KH,1, to be an adjustable value which en-sured the best fi t of the calculated (3) to the corresponding experimental (D0/D – 1) values in the whole range of the CL,tot and [H+] variables [10]. This “best fi t” value, log KH,1 = 0.5 was equal to the literature value determined from UV-Vis spectra [10].

In each region of L4– concentration where a complex of a given stoichiometry predominates, Eq. (3) can be simplifi ed and expressed in the logarithmic form:

rj0

NO3, j 3j 1

4L,i

Dlog 1 log 1 [NO ]D

i log [L ] log

(4)

Two such regions have been found in the ex-periment, corresponding to the two Am3+–L4– com-plexes, 1:1 and 1:2 (Fig.3). Their stability con-stants, have been calculated by extrapolation of the straight lines to the value log [L4–] = 0, and correcting the result on the complexation of Am3+ by nitrates [10]. This way, the disagreement of

S

j 3 3 orgj 1

W k3 3 j 3 4i

3 j ij 1 i 1

[Am(TODGA) (NO ) ]D

[Am ] [Am(NO ) ] [AmL ]

S

j 3 3 orgj 1

0 W3 3 j

3 jj 1

[Am(TODGA) (NO ) ]D

[Am ] [Am(NO )

Fig.3. Log (D0/D – 1) for Am3+ against log [L4–] in the system studied at a constant 1 M nitrate concentration and the HNO3 concentration equal to: () 1 M, () 0.5 M, () 0.15 M, and (●) 0.02 M, at 25oC. The “best-fi t” straight lines with the slopes of 1.00 and 2.00 are shown.

k W4 i j0

L,i NO3, j 3j 1 j 1

D[L ] 1 1 [NO ]D


the results obtained using the two-phase distribu-tion and monophasic spectroscopy methods has been confi rmed. In particular, no evidence has been found for the existence of the 1:3 complex in the aqueous phase of the two-phase system, in spite of much higher free SO3-Ph-BTP4– concen-tration than that in the monophasic system where the 1:3 Cm3+ complex had been detected (Table 1).

To explain this unexpected result, we have for-mulated a hypothesis that heteroleptic complexes can be formed in the two-phase system studied, lipophilic and extractable from the acidic aqueous phase, e.g. [Am(TODGA)2(SO3-Ph-BTP)]– extract-able as an ion pair with the TODGA·H+ cation [10]. The search of such hypothetical species has already been started by TRLFS in cooperation with Dr. Geist’s team [12]. Preliminary results obtained in a monophasic system, using a hydrophilic homo-logue of TODGA: N,N,N’,N’-te-traethyl-diglycol-amide (TEDGA), allow to detect two unknown heteroleptic complexes Cm(III)/TEDGA/SO3-Ph- -BTP (1:1:1 and 1:2:1) in dilute slightly acidic aqueous solutions. Unfortunately, no such com-plexes have been found so far in the organic phase of the two-phase solvent extraction system con-taining TODGA [12]. The research is going on. It is worth mentioning that also other authors pos-tulated a possible formation of extractable mix-ed solvates Ln(NO3)3-(TEDGA)n-DMDOHEMA (where n = 1 or 2, and DMDOHEMA is a lipo-philic malonamide), as a reasonable interpreta-tion of the observed co-extraction of hydrophilic TEDGA with the lightest lanthanides in similar systems [13, 14].

If the above hypothesis proves to be true one will need to take the following actions: (i) elabo-rate the expanded model of solvent extraction of metal ions in systems containing two competing ligands, lipophilic and hydrophilic; (ii) validate the values of stability constants of numerous metal complexes determined by this method and in-cluded in the tables and text books; and (iii) de-sign new hydrophilic ligands which do not form heteroleptic actinide complexes with TODGA. The latter task can be of signifi cant practical impor-tance because it can greatly increase the effec-tiveness of stripping certain metal ions from load-ed organic phases by the hydrophilic complexing agents.

Using the same two-phase distribution method we also studied complexation of some other acti-nides: U(VI) [15], Th and Pu(IV); by the SO3--Ph-BTP4– ligand. The same two-phase extraction system was applied (at some different TODGA concentrations). Both 1:1 and 1:2 complexes of all the metals studied were detected in the acidic aqueous phases, with the 1:1 species dominating

for uranyl and thorium under the experimental conditions. The stability constants of these 1:1 complexes have been arranged in the following order: U(VI) Th(IV) < Am(III) < Pu(IV).

This report is based on the research carried out in parts within (i) the statutory research of the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technol-ogy (INCT); (ii) the Cooperation Agreement pro-

ject 31/CA/2014 “Coordination of actinides with hydrophilic ligands” – the bilateral agreement between the INCT and the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA, Marcoule, France); and (iii) the TALISMAN, Col-laborative Project Grant co-funded by the Euro-pean Commission, JRP no. TALI-C06-15 “TRLFS search of heteroleptic Cm(III)/Eu(III) complexes with TODGA and SO3-Ph-BTP ligands in solvent extraction systems” studied in the Karlsruhe In-stitute of Technology-Institute for Nuclear Waste Disposal (KIT-INE, Karlsruhe, Germany).

The cooperation with our colleagues: Marie--Christine Charbonnel and Philippe Moisy (CEA, Marcoule), as well as Christoph Wagner, Andreas Geist and Petra J. Panak (KIT-INE) is kindly ac-knowledged.

References [1]. Narbutt, J. (2016). New trends in the reprocessing

of spent nuclear fuel. Separation of minor actinides by solvent extraction. Annales UMCS, Ser. AA (Chem-istry), in press.

[2]. Salvatores, M., & Palmiotti, G. (2011). Radioactive waste partitioning and transmutation within advanced fuel cycles: Achievements and challenges. Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys., 66, 144-166.

[3]. Bourg, S., Geist, A., & Narbutt, J. (2015). SACSESS – the EURATOM FP7 project on actinide separation from spent nuclear fuels. Nukleonika, 60, 809-814.

[4]. Panak, P.J., & Geist, A. (2013). Complexation and extraction of trivalent actinides and lanthanides by triazinylpyridine N-donor ligands. Chem. Rev., 113, 1199-1236.

[5]. Geist, A., Müllich, U., Magnusson, D., Kaden, P., Modolo, G., Wilden, A., & Zevaco, T. (2012). Acti-nide(III)/lanthanide(III) separation via selective aqueous complexation of actinide(III) using a hy-drophilic 2,6-bis(1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)pyridine in nitric acid. Solvent Extr. Ion Exch., 30, 433-444.

[6]. Wilden, A., Modolo, G., Kaufholz, P., Sadowski, F., Lange, S., Sypula, M., Magnusson, D., Müllich, U., Geist, A., & Bosbach, D. (2015). Laboratory-scale counter-current centrifugal contactor demonstration of an innovative-SANEX process using a water sol-uble BTP. Solvent Extr. Ion Exch., 33, 91-108.

[7]. Lewis, F.W., Harwood, L.M., Hudson, M.J., Geist, A., Kozhevnikov, V.N., Distler, P., & John, J. (2015). Hydrophilic sulfonated bis-1,2,4-triazine ligands are highly effective reagents for separating actinides(III) from lanthanides(III) via selective formation of aque-ous actinide complexes. Chem. Sci., 6, 4812-4821.

Table 1. Conditional stability constants of the consecutive M3+–L4– (SO3-Ph-BTP4–) complexes in aqueous solution (SX – solvent extraction).

M3+ Method Solution [L−4], [M] Log 1 Log2 Log 3 Reference

Cm3+ TRLFS 0.001 M HClO4 1 10−3 5.4 ±0.1 9.3 ±0.2 12.2 ±0.3 [9]

Am3+ SX 1 M (H,Na)NO3 2 10−2 4.35 ±0.07 7.67 ±0.06 no [10]


[8]. Kaufholz, P., Sadowski, F., Wilden, A., Modolo, G., Lewis, F.W., Smith, A.W., & Harwood L.M. (2015). TS-BTPhen as a promising hydrophilic complexing agent for selective Am(III) separation by solvent ex-traction. Nukleonika, 60, 815-820.

[9]. Ruff, C.M., Müllich, U., Geist, A., & Panak, P.J. (2012). Complexation of Cm(III) and Eu(III) with hydrophilic 2,6-bis(1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)-pyridine studied by time-resolved laser fl uorescence spectroscopy. Dalton Trans., 41, 14594-14602.

[10]. Steczek, Ł., Rejnis, M., Narbutt, J., Charbonnel, M.-C., & Moisy, P. (2016). On the stoichiometry and stability of americium(III) complexes with a hydro-philic SO3-Ph-BTP ligand, studied by liquid-liquid extraction. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. DOI 10.1007/s10967-015-4663-7.

[11]. Stary, J. (1967). The use of solvent extraction of metal chelates for the investigation of complexation in aqueous solutions. In D. Dyrssen, J.-O. Liljenzin & J. Rydberg (Eds.), Solvent Extraction Chemistry – Proceedings of the International Conference held

at Gothenburg Sweden (pp. 1-10). Amsterdam: North-Holland Publ.

[12]. Herdzik-Koniecko, I., Wagner C., Geist, A., Panak, P.J., & Narbutt J. (2016). On the formation of hetero-leptic complexes in an innovative-SANEX system. In Sustainable Nuclear Energy Conference (SNEC), Nottingham, UK, 12-14 April 2016 (submitted).

[13]. Chapron, S., Marie, C., Arrachart, G., Miguirditchian, M. & Pellet-Rostaing, S. (2015). New insight into the americium/curium separation by solvent extrac-tion using diglycolamides. Solvent Extr. Ion Exch., 33, 236-248.

[14]. Pacary, V., Burdet F., & Duchesne, M.-T. (2012). Ex-perimental and modeling extraction of lanthanides in system HNO3-TEDGA-{DMDOHEMA-HDEHP}. Procedia Chem., 7, 328-333.

[15]. Steczek, L., Narbutt, J., Charbonnel, M.-Ch., & Moisy, Ph. (2015). Determination of formation constants of uranyl(VI) complexes with a hydrophilic SO3-Ph-BTP ligand, using liquid-liquid extraction. Nukleonika, 60, 809-813.

NOVEL PROCEDURE FOR THE REMOVAL OF THE RADIOACTIVE METALS FROM AQUEOUS WASTES BY THE MAGNETIC CALCIUM ALGINATE

Leon Fuks, Agata Oszczak, Wanda Dalecka

Radioactive wastes produced either from the civil or the military nuclear industry, as well as from nu-clear medicine, still create many problems. They are dangerous both to human life and to the natu-ral environment. The majority of low- and me-dium-level wastes contain different - and -emit-ters and a very small amount of actinides with specifi c activity below 107 kBq/m3. These wastes require pretreatment both to fulfi l the norms for releasing them into the water fl ows and to mini-mize the volume of radioactive materials to be stored in the disposal sites. According to the rec-ommendations for the drinking water published by the European Union, radioactivity concentra-tions obtained from different radionuclides pre-sent in water intended for human consumption may range from 0.5 Bq/L to 11 Bq/L, with the exception of this originating from carbon-14 (240 Bq/L) [1].

Until now, adsorption technology has been con-sidered as one of the most effective methods for the removal of metal ions from water because it is convenient and easy to design and to operate. The adsorption processes with various adsorbents, among other these of the biological and waste materials origin, have been recently extensively studied (e.g. [2-4]). It could be used most effec-tively in the metal concentration range below 100 mg/L, where other techniques are ineffective or costly [5]. Thus, the development of novel, effec-tive and low-cost adsorbents and the adsorption procedures are welcome.

Among the most common biosorbents current-ly used for industrial metal-bearing effl uents are alginates, biopolymers of alginic acid extracted from different types of algae or from two forms of bacteria, Pseudomonas and Azotobacter. It was found that calcium alginate exhibits relatively higher uptake rate and distribution coeffi cient of

Am3+ than the other metals ions [6]. However, the separation of the metal-loaded sorbent from the purifi ed solution is often a problem to overcome. So the use of magnetic sorbents (in the following called magsorbents, MS) to solve this technical problem has received signifi cant attention in re-cent years (e.g. [6-12]). These magnetic materials may be tailored to fi x specifi c pollutants in waste-water.

As a result, MS may become one of the prom-ising methods for the removal of pollutants. This process does not generate secondary waste and consequently produces no additional pollution. Moreover, this approach is particularly adapted when the conditions of separation are complex, e.g. when polluted water contains solid additives.

Usually, purifi cation of the aqueous metal so-lutions by means of sorption is realized in the two-stage batch process. First, sodium alginate is added to water and particles of the magnetic ma-terial are suspended. Then, the above suspension is added drop-wise into the sodium-alginate solu-tion for cross-linking and preparing the MS beads. Finally, sorption is generally performed by batch process or in the adsorption columns.

A detailed literature inspection on the purifi -cation of the wastewater containing heavy metals has shown that when the polyvalent metal ions exist at relatively high concentrations in the aque-ous media (i.e. above 100 ppm), sodium-alginate solution may be directly dispensed into the solu-tion circulating in a loop to produce the alginate gels in situ that contain these metals [13]. Despite the fact that the method seems to be perspective, a series of studies performed in the group headed by L.K. Jang has not been undertaken. The objec-tive of the present study was to investigate a novel variant of the procedure proposed by Jang with application of the calcium alginate beads as MS


for the treatment of the radioactive liquid wastes, i.e. containing radioactive metals in the trace amounts.

Till now, the most frequently used compounds as the magnetic cores were the hematite (iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3) and the magnetite (mixed iron(II)/iron(III) oxide, Fe3O4). In contrast, in the present study, carbonyl iron has been used. Carbonyl iron is a highly pure iron, prepared by chemical de-composition of purifi ed iron pentacarbonyl. It is commonly used in electronics for the production of the magnetic high-frequency coils and as a com-ponent of the radar-absorbing materials. Carbonyl iron is also used in powder metallurgy and in phar-maceutics for treating iron defi ciency and as an iron dietary supplement. If bought in bulk, the price may be signifi cantly smaller than 5 USD per 1 kg [14].Synthesis of the alginate beads with simultaneous sorption of the radionuclides

Magnetic calcium alginate (MS) beads were prepared by the following procedure [15]: homo-genous sodium-alginate solution with a concentra-tion of 0.02 g/mL was prepared. Different amounts of the carbonyl iron were added to the sodium-al-ginate solution and the suspension was stirred for 90 min in room temperature. Obtained homoge-nous solution, constantly stirred, was dropped us-ing a peristaltic pump into the aqueous solution of the radionuclides after the addition of calcium chloride (CaCl2; different amounts). Stirring of the solution containing the synthesized grains of sorb-ent was continued for 2 h.

Initial and equilibrium radioactivity concentra-tions [Bq/L] (quotient of the activity of a material and the volume of this material) of the radionu-clides in the solutions were determined radiomet-rically using a Perkin Elmer 2480 Wizard2® Auto-matic Gamma Counter.

In the following, results of our studies were presented in terms of decontamination factor, YM (ratio of activity prior to and after the deconta-mination of radioactively contaminated objects, wastewater, air, etc. [16]).Effect of the calcium chloride concentration

In the present study, prior to the combined ge-lation-sorption process, calcium chloride has been added in the concentrations ranging from 5 g to 25 g per each litre of the decontaminated solution. Obtained values of decontamination factor for caesium(I), strontium(II), europium(III) and ameri-cium(III) radionuclides are presented in Fig.1.

It can be seen that for all metals studied, YM does not depend signifi cantly on the calcium chlo-ride concentration. These values are about 100, 72 and 29% for americium(III), europium(III) and strontium(II), respectively, while the lack of sorp-tion for caesium(I).Effect of the iron concentration

Obtained values of decontamination factor for caesium(I), strontium(II), europium(III) and ame-ricium(III) radionuclides for different amounts of iron added are presented in Fig.2. In the present study, calcium chloride has been added in the constant amount of 25 g per each litre of the de-contaminated solution.

Fig.1. Effect of the calcium chloride concentration on the decontamination factors for the radionuclides sorbed by the magnetic alginate spheres.


Fig.2. Effect of iron concentration in the sodium-alginate solution on the decontamination factors for the radionuclides sorbed by the magnetic alginate beads.

Fig.3. Effect of pH on the decontamination factors for the radionuclides sorbed by the magnetic alginate spheres.


It can be seen that for all metals studied, YM does not depend signifi cantly on the amount of the iron added and are similar to these mentioned above. It means that the magnetic characteristic of the obtained MS, which depends on the amount of iron present in the inner core, is the main limit of the procedure.Effect of the acidity of the aqueous solution

The initial acidity of the solution is one of the decisive factors determining the effi ciency of metal uptake from aqueous solutions. It affects both surface of the sorbent and speciation of the metal ion in solution which, additionally, depends on the concentration of the metal. To study the acidic dependence of sorption, pH was adjusted in the range from about 1.5 to about 7. The re-sults are presented in Fig.3. It can be seen that uptake of the metals oscillates slightly around the plateau being 99.9 ±0.2% for americum(III), 74.0 ±1.6% for europium(III), 32.2 ±3.7% for stront-ium(II), while caesium(I) is not sorbed within the whole range of the acidity.Thermogravimetric studies of the sorbent

Performing thermal analyses were important taking into account that in the industrial pro-cesses, heat is commonly used, and the thermal decomposition of MS may yield a decreased solid radioactive waste mass. It is a textbook knowl-edge that organic matter breaks down into small molecular components if heated and does not re-combine on cooling. Carbon dioxide, carbon mon-oxide and steam, with small quantities of acids, aldehydes and volatile solids, are found as main thermal decomposition products of the carbohy-drates [17].

For this purpose, thermogravimetric studies have been performed in the temperature range of 20-950oC. Raw material of the sorbent has been studied. Table 1 presents main results obtained. It can be seen that total mass loss of the sorbent is about 70%; however, already in temperatures be-low 450oC, the sorbent loses about 50% of its mass.

The analysis of the pattern of the metal uptake, as well as more results, will be published soon.Conclusions

One-step procedure for the decontamination of the radioactive wastes applying calcium alginate with the magnetic inner-core from the iron carbonyl was found to be effective for the solutions contain-ing americium(III), europium(III) and strontium(II) radionuclides. The purifi cation effi ciency depends on the cation charge.

The magnetic sorbent is suffi ciently stable to have practical application in the treatment of waste-waters, and its mass, when the radionuclide was loaded, can be diminished by heating below 450oC.

References[1]. Council Directive 2013/51/EURATOM of 22 Octo-

ber 2013 laying down requirements for the protec-

tion of the health of the general public with regard to radioactive substances in water intended for hu-man consumption. Offi cial Journal of the European Union, L296/12. Retrieved 25 January 2016, from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/ ?uri=CELEX%3A32013L0051.

[2]. Song, W., Xu, X., Tan, X., Wang, Y., Ling, J.Y., Gao, B.Y., & Yue, Q.Y. (2015). Column adsorption of per-chlorate by amine-crosslinked biopolymer based resin and its biological, chemical regeneration prop-erties. Carbohyd. Polym., 115, 432-438.

[3]. Kalaivani, S.S., Vidhyadevi, T., Murugesan, A., Thir-uvengadaravi, K.V., Anuradha, D., Sivanesan, S., & Ravikumar, L. (2014). The use of new modifi ed poly(acrylamide) chelating resin with pendent ben-zothiazole groups containing donor atoms in the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. Water Resour. Ind., 5, 21-35.

[4]. Kabiri, S., Tran, D.H.N., Aitalhi, T., & Losic, D. (2014). Outstanding adsorption performance of gra-phene-carbon nanotube aerogels for continuous oil removal. Carbon, 80, 523-533.

[5]. Schiewer, S. & Volesky, B. (1995). Modelling of the proton-metal ion exchange in biosorption. Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 3049-3058.

[6]. Banerjee, A., & Nayak, D. (2007). Biosorption of no-carrier-added radionuclides by calcium alginate beads using ‘tracer packet’ technique. Bioresource Technol., 98, 2771-2774.

[7]. Zhou, Y.-T., Nie H.-L., Branford-White, C., He, Z.-Y., & Zhu, L.-M. (2009). Removal of Cu2+ from aque-ous solution by chitosan-coated magnetic nanopar-ticles modifi ed with alpha-ketoglutaric acid. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 330, 29-37.

[8]. Huang, G., Yang, C., Zhang, K., & Shi, J. (2009). Ad-sorptive removal of copper ions from aqueous solu-tion using cross-linked magnetic chitosan beads. Chinese J. Chem. Eng., 17, 960-966.

[9]. Tran, H.V., Tran, L.D., & Nguyen, T.N. (2010). Prep-aration of chitosan/magnetite composite beads and their application for removal of Pb(II) and Ni(II) from aqueous solution. Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 30, 304-310.

[10]. Monier, M., Ayad, D.M., Wei, Y., & Sarhan, A.A. (2010). Preparation and characterization of mag-netic chelating resin based on chitosan for adsorp-tion of Cu(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) ions. React. Funct. Polym., 70, 257-266.

[11]. Wang, J.-S., Peng, R.-T., Yang, J.-H., Liu, Y.-C., & Hu, X.-J. (2011). Preparation of ethylenediamine-modifi ed magnetic chitosan complex for adsorption of uranyl ions. Carbohyd. Polym., 84, 1169-1175.

[12]. Hu, X.-J., Wang, J.-S., Liu, Y.-G., Li, X., Zeng, G.-M., Bao, Z.-l., Zeng, X.-X., Chen, A.-W., & Long, F. (2011). Adsorption of chromium (VI) by ethylenedi-amine-modifi ed cross-linked magnetic chitosan resin: Isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics. J. Hazard. Mater., 185, 306-314.

[13]. Jang, L.K., Geesey, G.G., Lopez, S.L., Eastman, S.L., & Wichlacz, P.L. (1990). Use of gel-forming biopoly-mer directly dispensed into a loop fl uidized bed re-actor to recover dissolved copper. Water Res., 24, 889-897.

[14]. http://www.alibaba.com/showroom/carbonyl-iron-powder.html.

[15]. Ani, I., Nur, S.M.I., Nursia, H., Effaliza, M., & Ngom-sik, A.-F. (2012). Synthesis of magnetic alginate beads

Table 1. Thermal decomposition of the composite sorbent.

T [oC] 30 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 450 500 600 700 800 900

M [%] 100 99.7 96.5 93.1 90.4 76.8 64.2 55.0 50.7 48.6 36.5 30.1 29.7 29.2


based on maghemite nanoparticles for Pb(II) re-moval in aqueous solution. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 18, 1582-1589.

[16]. European Nuclear Society. Decontamination factor. Retrieved January 25, 2016, from https://www.euro-

nuclear.org/info/encyclopedia/d/decontamination-factor.htm.

[17]. Puddington, I.E. (1948). The thermal decomposition of carbohydrates. Can. J. Res., Sect. B, 26, 415-431.

PREPARATION OF URANIUM CARBIDE BY THE COMPLEX SOL-GEL PROCESS

Marcin Rogowski, Marcin Brykała, Danuta Wawszczak, Wiesława Łada, Tadeusz Olczak, Andrzej Deptuła, Tomasz Smoliński, Patryk Wojtowicz

The main goal of the Institute of Nuclear Chem-istry and Technology (INCT) which works on the synthesis of uranium carbide (UC) by the com-plex sol-gel process (CSGP) was to use ascorbic acid (ASC) as a carbon substrate for carbide ma-terials [1, 2]. In the CSGP method, ascorbic acid is a complexing agent and occurs in sol and gels’ particles. So if the conditions of thermal treat-ment are chosen accordingly, it will be possible to engage ascorbic acid to produce uranium carbide. In short, the processes leading from the gel stage to uranium carbide can be presented as follows:

The gel sample (molar ratio UO3:ASC 1:0.82) was thermally treated. First, it was carbonized at T = 700oC in Ar/5% H2 to UO2-C and then it

underwent carbothermic reduction in vacuum at T = 1600oC. It results from the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis that the main product was uran-ium carbide with an additional UO phase. No phases with higher contents of carbon and oxy-gen were detected. In addition, a series of sols in which the molar ratio of UO3 to ASC were from 1:0.9 to 1:1.9 was produced. For sols with a molar ratio 1.5, ammonia was added to pH 3.75, in order to eliminate the gels’ tendency to form a hard crust. The dried microspheres of gels are spheri-cal with dense surface. Below, there are examples of the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pic-tures of gels with varying scope UO3:ASC (Figs.1 and 2).Microspheres with molar ratio up to 1.3 look simi-lar. In Fig.1A,B,D there are visible bright areas on the particle surface. The reasons for that are elec-tric charges, even though the samples consisted

Fig.1. SEM images of dried uranyl-ascorbate gels. Different UO3:ASC molar ratio: halved particle 1:0.9 (A), 1:1.1 (B), halved particle 1:0.82 (C), 1:1.3 (D).

A

C D

B

[UO3-ASC]gelT, inert atmosphereUO2-x-C

2Ar /HUO2-CT, vacuum or ArUC


of sputtered carbon. The surface of the micro-spheres is usually smooth. But for a higher con-tent of ascorbic acid (Fig.1D), a signifi cantly no-ticeable deterioration of the particle quality may be observed. There are numerous cracks and de-laminations. In the case of gels containing am-monia (Fig.2A), the particle surface is smoothed and worsened again, at yet a higher content of as-corbic acid (Fig.2B). There are also visible dimples on the surface, whose image resembles a golf ball (Fig.2C).

Obviously, the appearance and shape of gel par-ticles in a large extent determine the appearance of particles after the heat treatment.

Powders of gels were reduced in the furnace (Nabertherm VHT series) to obtain uranium car-bide in one cycle. Figure 3 shows a programme of a thermal process for preparing uranium carbide. In the beginning, powders of gels were carbonized by heating them in argon up to 300oC (1.5oC·min–1) and then up to 900oC (3oC·min–1). Afterwards, at-mosphere was shifted to the mixture Ar+5% H2

Fig.2. SEM images of dried uranyl-ascorbate gels. Different UO3:ASC molar ratio: 1:1.5 (A), 1:1.7 (B), 1:2 (C).

Fig.3. Programme of thermal treatment of uranyl-ascorbate gels.

AB

A

C

B


and being held for 4 h. The obtained mixture of UO2-C was then heated in vacuum up to 1400oC (5oC·min–1). The carbothermic reduction towards

fi nal UC was carried out for 4 h in vacuum (0.2 mbar). Cooling of the samples took place in a vacuum at a rate 10oC·min–1. Loose, dark-grey powders were obtained (Fig.4) and then were analysed by the SEM and the XRD techniques.

The SEM analysis reveals some differences in morphology of particles. It should be noted that the microspheres are partially destroyed during sample’s preparation for the analysis. That means their strength is not very high. Unfortunately, al-

most all the microspheres were externally and in-ternally cracked (Fig.5); perhaps because the heat-ing rate for these samples was too high. For the sample 1:1.3 (Fig.5D), the obtained particles had most cracks (Fig.1D).For the samples 1:0.82 and 1:0.9, there are clearly visibly shaped large crystallites of size 0.5-4 m (Fig.6A,B). For the remaining samples, meaning those with a higher carbon content, the crystal-lites are smaller, have a size lower than 100 nm and are not clearly separated (Fig.6C).

Samples for the XRD analysis were coated with silicone immediately after the removal from the furnace. This was a protection from oxidation and moisture. The results of the analysis revealed low levels of UO2 (database: JCPDS 41-1422) in the 1:0.9 sample, probably formed during the prepara-

tion of the sample for analysis. Signifi cant amount of UO2 was observed for the sample 1:0.82, which indicates an insuffi cient carbon amount during the carbothermic reduction. For samples with a molar ratio higher than 1:1.1, only UC (JCPDS 09-0214) and UC2 (JCPDS 06-0372) were detected. Also, the UC2 amounts increased with increasing molar ratio of UO3:ASC. In Fig.7, examples of diffracto-grams on a 2-theta scale for different samples of UO3:ASC are shown.

Fig.4. Powders after thermal treatment of uranyl-ascor-bate gels with different UO3:ASC molar ratio.

Fig.5. SEM images of microspheres after carbothermic reduction. Different UO3:ASC molar ratio: 1:0.82 (A), 1:0.9 (B), 1:1.1 (C), 1:1.3 (D), 1:1.5 (E), 1:1.7 (F).

Fig.6. SEM images of microspheres after carbothermic reduction. Different UO3:ASC molar ratio: 1:0.82 (A), 1:0.9 (B), 1:1.5 (C).

A B

D E

C

F

A B C


Fig.7. XRD diffractograms of samples after carbothermic reduction. Different UO3:ASC molar ratio: 1:0.82 (A), 1:0.9 (B), 1:1.1 (C), 1:1.7 (D).

A

B

C

D


RESEARCH TOWARDS A NEW REPOSITORY FOR LOW- AND INTERMEDIATE-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE

IN POLANDAgnieszka Miśkiewicz, Grażyna Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz, Wioleta Olszewska, Leszek Lankof1/,

Leszek Pająk1/

1/ The Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland

The XRD results indicate that the proper amount of ascorbic acid to UO3 for UC synthesis is in the range 1:0.9-1.0.

References[1]. Brykała, M., & Rogowski, M. (2015). Sposób wytwa-

rzania węglika uranu o ziarnach sferycznych i nieregu-

larnych jako prekursora paliwa do reaktorów nowej, IV generacji. Polish Patent Application P-414768.

[2]. Brykala, M., Rogowski, M., & Olczak, T. (2015). Car-bonization of solid uranyl-ascorbate gel as an indirect step of uranium carbide synthesis. Nukleonika, 60, 4, 921-925.

The issue of radioactive waste management ap-peared in Poland in 1958, when the fi rst research reactor was put into operation at the Institute for Nuclear Research in Świerk. Since then, there has been a large increase of applications of radioac-tive isotopes in different areas of science and in-dustry. All those activities generate a waste, which requires special handling (collection, processing, solidifi cation, transportation, storage and dispos-al).

Radioactive waste of low and medium activity, produced in Poland, is collected, processed, solidi-fi ed and prepared for disposal by the state-owned public utility – Radioactive Waste Management Plant (RWMP). Subsequently, the waste is disposed in the National Radioactive Waste Repository (NRWR) in Różan site. The repository is a near--surface disposal site dedicated for processed short-lived, low- and intermediate-level radioac-tive waste and sealed radioactive sources.

The amount of all waste collected in Poland every year is relatively not big; for example, in 2010, the total collected volume of stable waste was 51.3 m3 and 36.1 m3 of liquid radioactive waste. Low-level waste (LLW) constituted a volume of 87 m3, while small amount of intermediate-level waste (ILW) and alpha radioactive constituted about 1.1 m3. In addition, 17 500 smoke sensors and 5300 sealed radioactive sources were collect-ed. All this radioactive waste after the selection and preparation were placed in containers and, in this form, were disposed in Różan repository.

According to the present expectations, this re-pository is foreseen to be completely fi lled by 2025. Therefore, Poland faces the challenge of choosing a location for the new surface disposal

site for low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste.

Issues related to the new repository are, among other topics concerning the radioactive waste man-agement, discussed in recently developed docu-ment entitled “The National Plan of Radioactive Waste and Spent Nuclear Fuel Management”. This document has been prepared in accordance with the provisions of the Atomic Law Act, as well as the guidelines to the Council Directive 2011/70/Euratom of 19 July 2011, establishing Community frameworks in regard to responsible and safe management of spent nuclear fuel and radioac-tive waste. The national plan is a result of coop-eration between several institutions involved in the management of radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel, also considering experiences of other countries.

According to this plan, there is a need to build a new surface repository taking into account the needs arising from the development of the Polish Nuclear Power Programme. It is planned that the new repository will be put into operation after 2024 and will be operated by the year 2144. This repository will accumulate low- and intermedi-ate-level short-lived waste originating from their applications in medicine and industry and, in the case of the introduction of the Polish Nuclear Power Programme, the waste produced during the operation of nuclear power plants (NNPs). The amounts of waste of various applications estimat-ed according to “The National Plan of Radioactive Waste and Spent Nuclear Fuel Management” are shown in Table 1.

The issue of a new repository is also the objec-tive of the research project entitled “Study the

Table 1. The projected amounts of short-lived low- and intermediate-level waste for storage at new repository.

Waste source Volume of waste by 2050 [m3]

Volume of waste by 2144 [m3]

From two NPP operation 16 500 54 000

From decommissioning of two NPP N.A. 67 500

From medical and industrial application 1 520 12 000

From decommissioning of Maria research reactor and research laboratories 1 595 20 000


methodology to evaluate the safety and identify-ing the optimal location for surface repository for low and intermediate level waste” carried out by consortium consisting of research institutes (Polish Geological Institute-National Research Institute – PGI-NRI; Institute of Geophysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences – IGF PAS; the Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences – MEERI PAS; Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology – INCT), geo-logical company – Geoprojekt Szczecin Ltd. and Radioactive Waste Management Plant. The main objective of the project is to select the optimal location for the surface repository. Implementing this target must be preceded by many intermediate steps, which include:• the preparation of projects of geological works;• fi eld tests;• the development of numerical models of the

2D layer system in order to simulate the migra-tion of radionuclides in the geological environ-ment for different scenarios of releases;

• monitoring project of the future repository, taking into account the specifi city of location;

• geological-engineering documentation for each of the three locations.Finally, for the optimal location, methodology

for the safety assessment will be proposed.Radionuclides, constituents of the waste stored

in the repository, may move into the aquatic envi-ronment as a result of the natural evolution of the environment and the slow degradation of barriers.

3H, 60Co, 90Sr, 137Cs – due to their activity, ra-diotoxicity and mobility in the environment – and the half-life, represent a group of signifi cant radio-nuclides that should be taken into account when safety case for the surface repository is elaborated. As was mentioned above, in the new repository in Poland, waste from NPP will also be stored; how-ever, in this moment, neither the technology nor the type of the fi rst NPP in Poland was selected yet. From this reason, to assess a safety of the re-pository, it is necessary to make simulations with assumptions based on the available literature data. When assessing the activity of radioactive waste delivered to the new repository, as an example, waste from the economic simplifi ed boiling water reactor (ESBWR) from GE Hitachi was used [1]. A list of the dominant radionuclides for the ESBWR reactor is given in Table 2.

According to this list, the group of signifi cant radionuclides stored in the surface repository

should also include 134Cs and 51Cr. However, tak-ing into account relatively short half-life of the 51Cr, this nuclide will have no impact on the total activity of potential effl uents from the repository during the operation and after its closure.

In addition to the type and activity of radionu-clides, the exposure associated with the possible release to the environment will depend on rate of their release and the rate of migration in the envi-ronment. The parameter which allows estimating the possibility of migration of a particular radio-nuclide in aqueous solution in contact with the solid phase in the surroundings of radioactive waste repository is the partition coeffi cient (Kd).

Due to the variety of parameters that affect the migration of radionuclides, which include: the nature of the soil and suspended particles, mutual impact of radionuclides and other contaminants, sorption/desorption processes, bacteriological ac-tivity, physicochemical properties of groundwater and the half-life of the radionuclides, the use of partition coeffi cient in models of transport of ra-dionuclides is always some estimation [2]. There-fore, for more thorough calculations, it is prefer-able to determine the Kd values for the particular type of soil in the laboratory or fi eld, but such tests are very time consuming.

Partition coeffi cient is defi ned as the ratio of equivalent concentrations of the studied compo-nent in the two-phase system: a sorbent (soil)-the aqueous phase (ground water):

sd

w

CKC

where Cs is a concentration of compound ad-sorbed per unit of sorbent (soil) [mol/kg] and Cw is a concentration of compound in the liquid phase at equilibrium [mol/L].

Thus, the Kd is associated with the distribution of the compound between the solid and the aque-ous phase. There are several methods used to de-termine the Kd value, which include laboratory methods, methods based on measurements in the fi eld (in situ) and computational methods. Each of these methods has advantages and disadvan-tages, as well as a set of assumptions to calculate the Kd values based on experimental data. There-fore, it is expected that the Kd values measured by various methods can be different. The values of Kd for the group of radionuclides dominated in the waste, which will be stored in the surface reposi-tory of radioactive waste, are given in Table 3.

Table 2. Dominant radionuclides in solid waste from ESBWR type reactor.

Radionuclide Half-life of radionuclide

Energy [keV]

Activity in the ESBWR reactor [Bq]

The fraction of total activity of solid waste

[%]51Cr 27.7 d 5, 320 () 503 106 20.4

60Co 5.3 y 318 (), 1173, 1333 () 325 106 13.2

137Cs 30.1 y 512 (), 662 () 130 106 5.3

134Cs 2.06 y 658 () 38.2 106 1.5


There are many issues to consider when meas-uring Kd values and in selecting these values from the literature, among others, choice of simple or more complex test systems, the variability of site conditions (soil), issues related to the content of gravel or creation of colloids. Crawford et al. [8] summed up the uncertainty in the measurements of the Kd values using the data in the literature. These include the reasons for the uncertainty of the Kd values, such as random errors, mineralogical variability of soil samples, the methodological de-fects of measurement and interpretation of results and the uncertainty associated with specifi c hydro-logical and geochemical conditions (diffi culty in determining the actual fl ow path and the type of rocks encountered during water fl ow by fractured rock). Consequently, the properties of the material are averaged, and therefore, the resulting Kd values are subject to have burdened with some errors. In addition, the state of geochemical parameters in the future cannot be accurately determined due to the temporary effects of the fl ow.

The issue of migration of radionuclides has been the subject of research conducted at the

INCT, and some of the results have been publish-ed [9]. The aim of studies was a simulation of the migration of radionuclides in environment, near the radioactive waste repositories. The example of radionuclide migration in geosphere concerns hypothetical release of radionuclide in saturated porous media from a constant source. The com-putational abilities of TOUGH2 simulator was a subject of the work. Simulator uses fi nite differ-ential method for multiphase and multicompo-nent modelling in porous and fractured media in unstable conditions [10]. Discretization scheme, area localization in the coordinate system and the boundary conditions of the model are shown in Fig.1.

Two types of geological formations were dis-tinguished in the modelled area – the permeable and impermeable ones. The numeric calculations were carried out for isothermal conditions using the module (Equation of State) EOS7R intended for modelling the transport of radionuclides in geo-logical media. In the study, the migration of 137Cs radionuclide was modelled. Caesium radionuclide source was located approximately in the centre of the modelled area (Fig.1). The source generates parallel radionuclides and water. The rate of source is 0.1 kg of caesium per year and 10 kg of water

Table 3. Value of Kd for different type of soil, determined using different methods.

Radionuclide The range of Kd [L/kg]Kd [L/kg]

sand silt clay

3H 0 [3]7 [4]0 [5]

0.04 [6]26 [4]

4 [4]0 [5]

51Cr 1.7-1 729 [6]

60Co1 000 [3]

0.07-9 000 [6]60 [4] 1 300 [4] 550 [4]

90Sr20 [3]

0.05-190 [6]15 [4]27 [5]

20 [4]110 [4]300 [5]

134Cs 200 [3]0.2-10 000 [6]

70 [7]160 [5]

400 [7]5 000 [5]

137Cs 200 [3]0.2-10 000 [6]

70 [7]160 [5]

400 [7]5 000 [5]

Fig.1. Discretization scheme with area location in the coor-dinate system and the boundary conditions of the model [9].

Fig.2. The range of isosurface of 10–9 mass fraction concen-tration of 137Cs after 100 years from the beginning of radio-nuclide release from the source and groundwater fl ow rate.


TACRINE DERIVATIVE LABELLED WITH 68Ga FOR PET DIAGNOSISEwa Gniazdowska, Przemysław Koźmiński, Elżbieta Mikiciuk-Olasik1/, Paweł Szymański1/,

Katarzyna Masłowska2/

1/ Medical University of Łódź, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Łódź, Poland

2/ University of Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Warszawa, Poland, on leave

per hour. Parallel generation of radionuclides and water simulates permeation of contaminated lea-chate into saturated geological formation.

In Figs.2 and 3, the calculation results of the contamination propagation after 100 years are pre-sented. The extent of caesium contamination plum of 10–9 mass fraction concentration ranges up to 500 m in 100 years.

The aim of the calculations was to test the computational capabilities of the TOUGH2 simu-lator used for modelling radionuclide contamina-tion propagation in the geological environment taking into account the decay of radionuclides in time.

Despite the simplicity of the model, the pre-sented problem confi rms the possibility of using this software for modelling complex, three-dimen-sional issues related to the subject.

References[1]. Energoprojekt Warszawa. (2013). Wariantowa kon-

cepcja programowo-przestrzenna składowiska odpa-dów promieniotwórczych. Unpublished report, War-szawa.

[2]. Krupka, K.M., Kaplan, D.I., Whelan, G., Serne, R.J., & Mattigod, S.V. (1999). Understanding variation in partition coeffi cient, Kd, values. Review of geo-chemistry and available Kd values for cadmium, cesium, chromium, lead, plutonium, radon, strontium, thorium, tritium (3H), and uranium. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Offi ce of Air and Radiation Protection, 341 p. (EPA 402-R-99-004B).

[3]. Nair, R.N., & Krishnamoorthy, T.M. (1999). Proba-bilistic safety assessment model for near surface ra-dioactive waste disposal facilities. Environ. Model. Softw., 14, 447-460.

[4]. Heuel-Fabianek, B. (2014). Partition coeffi cients (Kd) for the modelling of transport processes of radionu-clides in groundwater. Julich: Forschungszentrum Jülich, 51 p. (Berichte des Forschungszentrums Julich 4375).

[5]. Generic repository studies. Generic post-closure per-formance assessment. (2003). Harwell, UK: United Kingdom Nirex Limited, 225 p. (Nirex Report no. N/080).

[6]. Sheppard, M.I., & Tibault, D.H. (1990). Default soil solid/liquid partition coeffi cients, Kds, for four ma-jor soil types: a compendium. Health Phys., 59(4), 471-482.

[7]. Schwartz, M.O. (2012). Modelling groundwater con-tamination above a nuclear waste repository at Gor-leben, Germany. Hydrogeol. J., 20, 533-546.

[8]. Crawford, J., Neretnieks, I., & Malmström, M. (2006). Data and uncertainty assessment for radionuclide Kd partitioning coeffi cients in granitic rock for use in SR-Can calculations. Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co., 117 p. (SKB Rapport R-06-75).

[9]. Olszewska, W., Miśkiewicz, A., Zakrzewska-Kołtu-niewicz, G., Lankof, L., & Pająk, L. (2015). Multi-barrier system preventing migration of radionuclides from radioactive waste repository. Nukleonika, 60, 3, 557-563.

[10]. Pruess, K., Oldenburg, C., & Moridis, G. (2012). TOUGH2 user’s guide, Version 2. Berkeley, Califor-nia: Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley Na-tional Laboratory, University of California, 197 p.

Fig.3. The concentration of 137Cs mass fraction after 100 years from the beginning of radionuclide release from the source.

Tacrine (1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9-acridinamine – TAC) is an oral medicament used to treat patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) – the most common form of dementia. There is no cure for this disease and worsens as it progresses leading to death [1, 2]. Tacrine belongs to the class of drugs which are cholinesterase inhibitors [3, 4]. Cholinesterase in-hibitors inhibit the action of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme responsible for the degen-eration of acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is one of several neurotransmitters in central nervous sys-tem (CNS) – chemicals which nerve cells use to communicate with one another. Reduced level of acetylcholine in the brain is believed to be respon-sible for some of the symptoms of AD. By block-

ing the enzyme that hydrolyses acetylcholine, the concentration of acetylcholine in the brain in-creases, resulting in the improvement in thinking and alleviation of the clinical symptoms of the disease [5, 6]. Tacrine in the form of monohydro-chloride was the fi rst drug approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 1993 for palliative treatment of AD. Tacrine and its ana-logues labelled with diagnostic radionuclide (e.g. 125I, 11C) were also studied from the point of view of their application as potential diagnostic agent able to defi ne the specifi c site of action in the brain [7, 8]. However, the use of tacrine is limited due to its signifi cant incidence of hepatotoxicity, cardiovascular system impairment and mild cogni-


tive benefi ts, but does not alter the course of the disease [9]. Therefore, the search for new tacrine analogues is still of interest for scientists involved in AD research [10, 11].

The aim of this work was to synthesize three radioconjugates (Fig.1C, Table 1) containing the 68Ga-DOTA complex and different tacrine deriva-tives (TACd, Fig.1A, Table 1) as the biologically active molecules. The choice of the radioconju-gate with the highest lipophilicity (blood-brain barrier can be crossed by compounds of suffi cient-ly high lipophilicity [12]) and the determination of physicochemical properties of this radioconju-gate are important from the radiopharmaceutical point of view [13]. The tacrine derivatives used in syntheses contained in aliphatic chain: seven CH2 groups (n = 7, TACd-7), eight CH2 groups (n = 8, TACd-8) and nine CH2 groups (n = 9, TACd-9). It was expected that TACd labelled with 68Ga may serve as a diagnostic receptor radiopharmaceuti-cal, used in PET method, for the diagnosis of AD at the very early stage of the disease.

The coupling reactions between DOTA-NHS (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetra- acetic acid mono-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester) and the three tacrine derivatives were performed

in DMF at 50oC and in the presence of Et3N (Scheme 1). The molar ratio of the reagents used in the coupling reactions was 1.3:1:4, respectively. Crude DOTA-TACd-n products (Fig.1B, Table 1) were purifi ed on a semi-preparative HPLC column and lyophilized, with the yield 85%.MS of DOTA-TACd-4: m/z: calcd. – 697.88, found – 698.46 [M+H+].MS of DOTA-TACd-7: m/z: calcd. – 711.91, found – 712.49 [M+H+].MS of DOTA-TACd-9: m/z: calcd. – 725.93, found – 726.47 [M+H+].

The 68Ga-DOTA-TACd radioconjugates (Table 1) were synthesized according to the following procedure: to the vial containing about 50 g of lyophilized DOTA-TACd, 300 L of acetate buffer (pH = 5.89) and 50100 L of concentrated so-lution of 68GaCl3 from the 68Ge/68Ga generator

Fig.1. A – Structure of tacrine derivatives containing different number of CH2 groups (n = 7-9) in aliphatic chain, B – structure of DOTA-tacrine derivatives, C – structure of 68Ga-DOTA-TACd radioconjugates.

Table 1. Physicochemical properties of synthesized conjugates and radioconjugates.

Compound RT [min]MS analyses

log PMw calcd. [g/mol]

Mw found [M + H+] [g/mol]

TACd-7 11.78 311.5 − −

TACd-8 12.36 325.5 − −

TACd-9 13.01 339.3 − −

DOTA-TACd-7 11.45 697.88 698.46 −

DOTA-TACd-8 12.04 711.91 712.49 −

DOTA-TACd-9 12.60 725.93 726.47 −68Ga-DOTA-TACd-7 12.26 − − -2.52 ±0.0168Ga-DOTA-TACd-8 12.62 − − -2.02 ±0.0168Ga-DOTA-TACd-9 13.20 − − -1.52 ±0.01

Ga-DOTA-TACd-9 13.10 793.6 794.37 −

N

NH(CH2)n

NH2

NH2(CH2)nTAC 1a-1c.

A)

O

OH

OOH

N

NN

N

OO

OH

N

NH(CH2)n

NH

DOTA-TACd 2a-2c.

B)

O

O

OOH

N

NN

N

OO

OGa68

N

NH(CH2)n

NHC)

68Ga-DOTA-TACd 3a-3c.

a: n=7b: n=8c: n=9

A B C


(70100 MBq) were added. The reaction mixture was heated for 30 min at 95oC, and the reaction progress was checked by HPLC method. The radio-chemical yield of the synthesized conjugate was higher than 98%.

In order to verify the identity of the 68Ga-DOTA- -TACd-9 radioconjugate synthesized in n.c.a. scale, the non-radioactive reference compound – the Ga-DOTA-TACd-9 conjugate – was prepared in milligram scale, isolated by HPLC method and characterized by MS analysis (Table 1).MS of Ga-DOTA-TACd-9: m/z: calcd. – 793.6, found – 794.37 [M+H+].

The lipophilicity of 68Ga-DOTA-TACd-n radio-conjugates isolated from the reaction mixture (using HPLC method) was characterized by the determination of the logarithms of their partition coeffi cients, log P, in the n-octanol/PBS (pH 7.40) system (Table 1). The stability of the chosen 68Ga-DOTA-TACd-9 isolated radioconjugate was investigated both as a function of time and in challenge experiments (in the presence of excess of histidine or cysteine), as well as in human serum and cerebrospinal fl uid.

Conditions of HPLC system were the follow-ing: Phenomenex Jupiter Proteo semi-preparative column (4 m, 90 Å, 250 10 mm), UV/Vis de-tector (220 nm); elution conditions: solvent A – water with 0.1% TFA (v/v), solvent B – acetoni-trile with 0.1% TFA (v/v); gradient – 0-20 min 20% to 80% of solvent B, 20-35 min 80% solvent B; 2 mL/min.

The HPLC chromatograms of the compounds DOTA-TACd-9 (UV/Vis detection, RT = 12.60

min), 68Ga-DOTA-TACd-9 (gamma detection, RT = 13.20 min) and Ga-DOTA-TACd-9 (UV/Vis detection, RT = 13.10 min), synthesized in this study, are shown in Fig.2. The conjugate 68Ga--DOTA-TACd-9 was formed with high yield and purity. The non-radioactive reference conjugate Ga-DOTA-TACd-9 isolated from the reaction mix-ture was characterized by MS. Almost the same RT values of 68Ga-DOTA-TACd-9 and Ga-DOTA--TACd-9 conjugates confi rmed the existence in n.c.a. scale of the 68Ga-DOTA-TACd-9 conjugate in the reaction mixture.

The determined lipophilicity values of 68Ga--DOTA-TACd-n radioconjugates increased with increasing number of CH2 groups (from 7 to 9) in the aliphatic chain and were in the range from -2.52 to -1.52 (Table 1), which indicates hydro-philic character of the designed compounds. How-ever, the log P values of 68Ga-DOTA-TACd-n radio-conjugates can be easily modifi ed using macro-cyclic ligand DOTA in the form of the DOTA--tris(tBu)ester.

The studied 68Ga-DOTA-TACd-9 conjugate ex-hibited high stability. After about 5 h of incubation in 10 mM histidine or cysteine solution or in hu-man serum, as well as in cerebrospinal fl uid, the obtained HPLC chromatograms have shown main-ly the existence of only one radioactive species in the solution, with the retention time characteristic for the studied radioconjugate. Thus, we can con-sider that the 68Ga-DOTA-TACd-9 radioconjugate does not undergo the ligand exchange reactions with amino acids or other strongly competing natural ligands containing SH or NH groups. In the case of studies on stability in human serum and in cerebrospinal fl uid, the protein compo-nents were precipitated using ethyl alcohol and the radioactivity of both the supernatant and pre-cipitate (protein) fractions was measured. 68Ga--DOTA-TACd-9 conjugate showed to be stable also in human serum and cerebrospinal fl uid – the percentage of 68Ga-DOTA-TACd-9 conjugate, which has been bound by the serum or by cere-brospinal fl uid components, was in the range of 2-10%, while about 90% of the studied conjugate remained in the liquid phase in unchanged form.

In conclusion, one can say that the physico-chemical properties of the 68Ga-DOTA-TACd-9 conjugate can be an important basis for further consideration of this conjugate as a potential di-agnostic radiopharmaceutical. From the view-point of application in nuclear medicine, it is im-portant to note that the 68Ga-DOTA-TACd-n conjugates can be easily synthesized in hospital

Scheme 1. Coupling reaction of DOTA with tacrine derivatives.

N

NH(CH2)n

NH2

N

O

O

OH

O OH

N

N N

N

O

O

OH

O

OH

NNH

(CH2)nNH

O OH

N

N N

N

O

O

OH

O

OH

ON

O

O

+ +

Fig.2. The HPLC analyses of the reaction mixtures after the synthesis of DOTA-TACd-9 (A), 68Ga-DOTA-TACd-9 (B) and Ga-DOTA-TACd-9 (C) compounds prepared in this study.


COMPUTATIONALLY ASSISTED LOW-WAVENUMBER SPECTROSCOPY OF HYDROGEN-BONDED SUPRAMOLECULAR SYNTHONS

Katarzyna Łuczyńska1,2/, Kacper Drużbicki2,3,/ Krzysztof Łyczko1/, Jan Cz. Dobrowolski1/

1/ Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warszawa, Poland2/ Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Dubna, Russia

3/ Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Physics, Poznań, Poland

laboratories using previously prepared lyophilized kit formulations and the portable 68Ge/68Ga gen-erator. 68Ga-DOTA-TACd-9 can be a useful tool for the diagnosis of early stage of AD.

The work has been supported by the statutory activity of the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology (INCT). The authors thank Prof. S. Siekierski (INCT) for the valuable discussion and review of the text.

References[1]. Ewers, M., Sperling, R.A., Klunk, W.E., Weiner, M.W.,

& Hampel, H. (2011). Neuroimaging markers for the prediction and early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease dementia. Trends Neurosci., 34, 430-442.

[2]. Petrella, J.R., Coleman, R.E., & Doraiswamy, P.M. (2003). Neuroimaging and early diagnosis of Alz-heimer disease: A look to the future. Radiology, 226, 325-336.

[3]. Mehta, M., Adem, A., & Sabbagh, M. (2012). New acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer’s dis-ease. Int. J. Alzheimer’s Dis., 2012, Article ID 728983, 8 p.

[4]. Szymański, P., Lázničková, A., Lázniček, M., Bajda, M., Malawska, B., Markowicz, M., & Mikiciuk-Ola-sik, E. (2012). 2,3-Dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]quino-line derivatives as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors—synthesis, radiolabeling and biodistribution. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 13, 10067-10090.

[5]. Szymański, P., Żurek, E., & Mikiciuk-Olasik, E. (2006). New tacrine-hydrazinonicotinamide hybrids as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors of potential inter-

est for the early diagnostics of Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmazie, 61, 4, 269-273.

[6]. Szymański, P., Markowicz, M., & Mikiciuk-Olasik, E. (2011). Synthesis and biological activity of deriva-tives of tetrahydroacridine as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Bioorg. Chem., 39, 138-142.

[7]. Kabalka, G.W., & Akula, M.R. (1999). Synthesis of 7-[123I]Iodotacrine: a potential SPECT agent to map acetylcholine esterase. J. Labelled Compd. Radio-pharm., 42, 959-964.

[8]. Tavitian, B., Pappata, S., Bonnot-Lours, S., Prenant, C., Jobert, A., Crouzel, C., & Di Giamberardino, L. (1993). Positron emission tomography study of [11C]methyl-tetrahydroaminoacridine (methyl-tacrine) in baboon brain. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 236, 229-238.

[9]. Davis, K.L., & Pochwik, P. (1995). Tacrine. Lancet, 345, 8950, 625-630.

[10]. Musiał, A., Bajda, M., & Malawska, B. (2007). De-velopment of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for Alz-heimer’s disease treatment. Curr. Med. Chem., 14, 2654-2679.

[11]. Tumiatti, V., Minarini, A., Bolognesi, M.L., Milelli, A., Rosini, M., & Melchiorre, C. (2010). Tacrine de-rivatives and Alzheimer’s disease. Curr. Med. Chem., 17, 1825-1838.

[12]. Ambikanandan, M., Ganesh, S., Aliasgar, S., & Shre-nik, P.S. (2003). Drug delivery to the central nerv-ous system: a review. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 6(2), 252-273.

[13]. Welch, M.J., & Redvanly, C.S. (2003). Handbook of radiopharmaceuticals: radiochemistry and applica-tions. West Sussex, England: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.

The f ormation of molecular architectures driven by specifi c interactions such as hydrogen-bonds (H-bonds) has been one of the most important areas of research in structural chemistry over the last few decades. For the purpose of crystal engi-neering, the term supramolecular synthons has been proposed, as referring to “building blocks” that control the molecular aggregation on a large scale [1]. In that sense, donor-acceptor type or-ganic complexes appear to be of vital importance, being related both to the proton and electron transfer phenomena. Of these, the family of anilic acids was found to be particularly interesting [2-6].

From the scientifi c perspective, it is thus impor-tant to deeper examine the crystallographic struc-tures and competing intermolecular interactions therein. To this end, multiple complexes of hetero-cyclic aromatic amines with bromanilic and chlo-ranilic acids have been synthesized. An extensive physical-chemical characterization of these sys-tems was conducted thanks to the long-term col-laboration with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Re-search (JINR) in Dubna, Russia. Thanks to this col-laboration, we can provide a novel complementary

approach to study low-energy vibrational excita-tions in molecular crystals by combining state-of--the-art theoretical calculations in the framework of solid-state density functional theory (DFT) with time-domain terahertz (TDs-THz) and inelastic neutron scattering (INS) spectroscopy. Here we re-port the case study of (1:1) co-crystal of bromanilic acid and 2,6-dimethylpyrazine (BrA:2,6-DMP) [7].

This report is constructed as follows. First, we acquaint the reader with the basic principles of this rather unique experimental methodology. Then we illustrate the research on low-wavenumber vibrational dynamics using BrA:2,6-DMP as an example.

In the well-established middle-infrared or Ra-man spectroscopy, one can routinely probe internal molecular vibrations that can generally be attrib-uted to the presence of particular atoms or func-tional groups. These experiments are usually per-formed at higher wavenumbers, since access to the spectral range below 150 cm–1 is technically diffi -cult. However, the terahertz features give the most unique fi ngerprint arising from complex vibrations of the entire molecules or from vibrations that can


be ascribed to long-range inter-molecular vibra-tions (external modes).

Terahertz radiation can be loosely defi ned as the frequency between 0.1-10 THz (< 300 cm–1) and was called the “THz gap”, since one could not access this region effi ciently for a long time. Nowadays, this gap is fi lled thanks to the photo-conductive and electro-optic emitters, which have given rise to the so-called time-domain terahertz spectroscopy. A simplifi ed scheme of a typical TDs-THz setup is illustrated in Fig.1A. In prin-ciple, in TDs-THz electron-hole pairs are generat-ed in a semiconducting crystal (e.g. GaAs) using an ultra-short femtosecond pulse (e.g. < 100 fs from Ti:Sapphire laser). These photo-excited charge carriers are further accelerated by an applied elec-tric fi eld, emitting THz radiation. According to Fig.1A, the a small portion of light is directed on the THz receiver through an optical delay line,

acting as the probe beam in the time-domain. The pump beam shines onto the THz emitter, result-ing in a continuous spectrum covering the range of ~0.1-3 THz (3-100 cm–1). The emitted radiation follows an optical path and passes the sample placed in a transparent matrix (e.g. HDPE). In the TDs-THz experiment, we observe a delay of the signal due to sample absorption. The reference dis-tance is therefore scanned by an optical delay line using the probe signal. Optionally, the Fourier transform (FT) is performed, converting the spec-trum from the time- into the frequency domain.

TDs-THz probes the absorption of terahertz radiation due to vibrational excitations, where the transition probability is constrained by the same selection rules as in infrared spectroscopy. The transition arises from the interaction of the elec-tric component of the photon with the electronic cloud of the system. Alternatively, the low-wave-number vibrational excitation may be induced by an inelastic collision of the nucleus with an un-charged, non-zero mass particle, that is the neu-tron, which is then called inelastic neutron scatter-ing.

The major differences between vibrational neu-tron and optical spectroscopy arise from the neu-tron’s mass which leads to the signifi cant transfer of both energy and momentum. The accessible wavevectors in the momentum space are propor-

tional to the factor k 2/. Therefore, a radia-tion of several thousand Å (), which is used in Raman and infrared spectroscopy is only a few thousandths of that of a typical Brillouin zone di-mension. As a consequence, Raman, IR or TDs-THz refer to the Brillouin zone-centre phonons (-point vibrations), where the selection rules are constrain-ed by the symmetry of each normal mode [9]. In contrast, there is no such constraint in INS. Ad-ditionally, the spectral intensity is defi ned here in a simple way, as it is directly proportional to the amplitude of atomic motion and incoherent neu-tron scattering cross-section of an atom (inc), which is an isotope-specifi c property independent of its chemical environment. Since the cross-sec-tion value for hydrogen (80 barns) is far greater that of all other elements (typically ca. 5 barns), the INS spectrum emphasizes the modes that in-volve substantial hydrogen motion [9].

Thanks to the long-term collaboration with the JINR, employees of the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology actively participate in the experiments conducted at the IBR-2 neutron source, including INS measurements with the NERA spectrometer. The simplifi ed scheme of NERA has been given in Fig.1B (see [8] for more details). In brief, NERA is an inverted-geometry spectrometer, which means that the fi nal energy of the scattered neutrons is fi xed, and the wave-length spectrum of polychromatic incident neu-trons is analysed according to the de Broglie rela-tion by the time of fl ight on the ~110 m path. The scattered neutrons are Bragg refl ected from a py-rolytic graphite analyser and higher-order refl ec-tions beyond (002) are suppressed by cooled fi lters so as to defi ne the fi nal energy of scattered neu-trons at Ef as 4.65 meV. The spectrometer consists of two symmetrical sections, A and B, which both consist of eight chambers of 3He detectors for INS measurements. The spectrometer is also intended for simultaneous measurements of INS, QENS (quasi-elastic neutron scattering) and NPD (neu-tron powder diffraction), fully covering the low--wavenumber range [8].

BrA:2,6-DMP was synthesized and structur-ally characterized with a low-temperature (100 K) single-crystal X-ray diffraction (using the Super-Nova Dual Source single-crystal diffractometer).

Fig.1. A simplifi ed scheme of the TDs-THz (A) and INS (B) spectrometers used throughout this work. The labels in fi gure B stands for: 1 – the sample, 2 – fi lters, 3 – collimators, 4 – 3He detectors (INS and QENS), 5 – a pyrolytic graphite analyser, 6 – a single crystal QENS analyser, 7 – a detector for high intensity diffraction, 8 – a detector for high resolution diffraction, 9 – spectrometer shielding, 10 – an Ni-coated mirror neutron guide in a vacuum tube, 11 – a vacuum neutron guide [8].

BA


The molecular structure of the system containing BrA and 2,6-DMP in a 1:1 molar ratio, is present-ed in Fig.2.

The studied system can be described as a su-pramolecular superstructure built by the hydro-gen-bonded ···2,6-DMP···BrA··· chains, formed by alternating molecules, which are propagated to-ward the crystallographic axis a. The neighbour-ing acid and base molecules are linked into chains by a pair of non-equivalent intermolecular hydro-gen bonds. The system crystallizes in the mono-clinic, centrosymmetric P21/c (C2h

5) space group, with four molecules equivalent by symmetry per unit cell. The molecular chains in the crystal are arranged in the opposite directions (anticlinic con-fi guration), where the associated polarization vec-tors compensate each other, resulting in a centro-symmetric structure.

The low-wavenumber vibrational response was probed by combining TDs-THz (Teraview TPS 3000) and INS spectroscopy (NERA) [8]. The ex-perimental spectra are collected in Fig.3 and com-pared with the results of the fi rst-principles calcu-lations for solid-state.

In 2015, we optimized the numerical proce-dure for predicting low-wavenumber optical and neutron spectra in the framework of density func-tional perturbation theory (DFPT), by taking peri-odic boundary conditions into account [10, 11]. We have adopted the ab initio simulation method, based on the plane-wave pseudopotential approach as implemented in CASTEP code [12]. In brief, DFPT provides analytical solutions for the calcu-lation of lattice dynamics in solids, where the ionic displacement along with an external electric fi eld are treated as perturbations acting on the equilib-rium crystal structure. The example analysis of the

BrA:2,6-DMP crystal clearly illustrates that the aforementioned methodology is capable of accu-rately predicting the position and intensity of both the optical and INS spectra as well as identifying the normal modes of vibration in the THz region, as well as identify the normal modes of vibration in the THz region of both optical and INS spectra.

As illustrated in Fig.3, the highly-accurate nu-merical methodology allows one to achieve a very good match with the experimental spectra, allowing for more complete interpretation of such a chal-lenging spectral range. In Table 1, the full analysis of the external modes has been delivered.

By employing theoretical calculations it was also possible to probe the infl uence of the long--range dipole-coupling on the optical spectrum, which has been shown to be of importance as it signifi cantly affects the TDs-THz band intensities (see LO and TO components in Fig.3).

By inspection of these data, one can fi nd, for example, that the most intense spectral feature in the TDs-THz can be attributed to the hydrogen bridge stretching, that is, the lowest-energy hydro-gen-bond mode, which in fact cannot be studied with any other technique. One can also note that the analysed spectra could be generally divided into two parts, namely that above and below 50 cm–1. While the upper range engages multiple librational modes of co-molecules, the lower part expresses the highly collective nature of the related vibrations, which involve rotational (screwing) and transla-tional motions (breathing, shearing) of the whole hydrogen-bonded chains.

While the INS intensity is generally driven by hydrogen contributions due to its large scattering cross-section, the spectrum mainly refl ects the con-tributions coming from the methyl groups, that is, the 2,6-DMP counterpart. Such modes are not vis-ible on their own in optical vibrational spectros-copy, since their motion does not affect the dipole moment (nor polarizability), but are the most in-tense in INS spectroscopy. By contrast, the most intense features in the TDs-THz spectrum can be associated with partially charged oxygen atoms, whose motion affects the polarization in the crys-tal cell, that is, the BrA moieties.

Fig.3. Theoretical (PBE) and experimental low-wavenumber (A) TDs-THz (298 K) and (B) INS (10 K) spectra of BrA:2,6-DMP (1:1) co-crystal.

Fig.2. The geometry of hydrogen-bonded synthon formed in a (1:1) co-crystal of BrA and 2,6-DMP.

BA


This research was supported in part by PL-Grid Infrastructure (grant IDs: phd2013, phd2014).

K. Łuczyńska and K. Drużbicki gratefully ac-knowledge the fi nancial support of the Polish Go-vernment Plenipotentiary for the JINR in Dubna (grants no. 118-8/1069-5/2014; 44/27-01-2015/ 7/1121/5) along with OMUS scholarship for the outstanding young scientists at the JINR.

References[1]. Desiraju, G.R. (1995). Supramolecular synthons in

crystal engineering – A new organic synthesis. Angew. Chem., 34, 2311-2327. DOI: 10.1002/anie.199523111.

[2]. Horiuchi, S., & Tokura, Y. (2008). Organic ferroelec-trics. Nat. Mater., 7, 357-366. DOI: 10.1038/nmat2137.

[3]. Horiuchi, S., Kumai, R., & Tokura, Y. (2007). Supra-molecular ferroelectric realized by collective proton transfer. Angew. Chem., 46, 3497-3501. DOI: 10.1002/ anie.200700407.

[4]. Horiuchi, S., Noda, Y., Hasegawa, T., Kagawa, F., & Ishibashi, S. (2015). Correlated proton transfer and ferroelectricity along alternating zwitterionic and non-zwitterionic anthranilic acid molecules. Chem. Mater., 27, 6193-6197. DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b0295.

[5]. Kobayashi, K., Horiuchi, S., Kumai, R., Kagawa, F., Murakami, Y., & Tokura, Y. (2012). Electronic ferro-electricity in a molecular crystal with large polariza-

tion directing antiparallel to ionic displacement. Phys. Rev. Lett., 108, 23, 237601-237605. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.237601.

[6]. Adam, M.S., Parkin, A., Thomas, L.H., & Wilson, C.C. (2010). Bifurcated hydrogen-bonded synthons in mo-lecular complexes of picolines with chloranilic acid. CrystEngComm, 12, 917-924. DOI: 10.1039/B912539F.

[7]. Łuczyńska, K., Drużbicki, K., Łyczko, K., & Dobro-wolski, J.Cz. (2015). Experimental (X-ray, 13C CP/MAS NMR, IR, RS, INS, THz) and solid-state DFT study on (1:1) co-crystal of bromanilic acid and 2,6-di-methylpyrazine. J. Phys. Chem. B, 119, 6852-6872. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b03279.

[8]. Natkaniec, I., Chudoba, D., Hetmanczyk, Ł., Kazimi-rov, V.Yu., Krawczyk, J., Sashin, I., & Zalewski, S. (2014). Parameters of the NERA spectrometer for cold and thermal moderators of the IBR-2 pulsed re-actor. J. Phys., Conf. Ser., 554, 012002. DOI: 10.1088/ 1742-6596/554/1/012010.

[9]. Parker, S.F., & Haris, P.I. (2008). Inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy of amino acids. Spectroscopy, 22, 297-307. DOI: 10.3233/SPE-2008-0354.

[10]. Baroni, S., Giannozzi, P., & Testa, A. (1987). Green’s- -function approach to linear response in solids. Phys. Rev. Lett., 58, 1861-1864. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRev-Lett.58.1861.

[11]. Gonze, X. (1997). Dynamical matrices, born effective charges, dielectric permittivity tensors, and inter-

Table. 1. Collection of experimentally identifi ed TDs-THz and INS wavenumbers ( [cm–1]) for the BrA:2,6-DMP (1:1) complex along with a tentative band assignment. The experimental data are presented against the results of the plane--wave DFT lattice dynamics calculations (fi xed-cell PBE/1050 eV data) as divided into the transverse (TO) and longi-tudinal (LO) optical components.

[]

Theory – PBE Experiment

Tentative mode assignmentLO TO THz INS

[cm–1]

Bu 107.7 104.7 97 N···O (BrA ab; transl. DMP a); CH3)DMP

Bg 99.4 90 BrA(oop Br C6O4H2 ); DMP lib. ab; CH3)DMP

Bu 92.9 92.4 89 N···O (BrA(oop Br C6O4H2 ) + transl. DMP b)

Ag 85.1 82 DMP lib. acCH3)DMP

Bu 84.5 84.5 79 DMP lib. bcCH3)DMPBrA(oop Br C6O4H2 )

Bg 80.7 75 DMP lib. bcBrA(oop Br C6O4H2 )CH3)DMP

Bu 74.1 73.6 68 68 DMP lib. ab; BrA lib. ac

Bu 68.5 67.9 63 BrA···DMP ab (+ – – +)BrA(oop Br C6O4H2 )

Au 66.9 66.9 59 BrA···DMP ab (+ + + +)

Bu 66.0 65.3 58 BrA···DMP ab (+ – – +);

Ag 57.7 50 BrA···DMP ab (+ – + –)BrA(oop Br C6O4H2 )

Bu 56.3 56.1 52 Breathing mode b ()BrA(oop Br C6O4H2 )

Au 48.3 48.3 44 ScrewingDMP ab (+ + + +)

Ag 46.8 39 ScrewingDMP ab (+ – + –)

Au 36.0 36.0

24

Shearing BrA a (+ – – +)

Bu 34.6 34.6 33 ScrewingBrA bc (+ – + –)

Ag 31.1 Chain shearing BrA a (+ + – –)

Bg 29.5 Chain shearing BrA c (+ – + –)

Au 27.1 27.1 20 Chain shearing BrA c (+ – – +)

Ag 22.8 Chain shearing c (+ + – –)


THE RECOVERY OF VALUABLE METALS FROM FLOWBACK FLUIDS AFTER HYDRAULIC FRACTURING OF POLISH GAS-BEARING SHALES

Grażyna Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz, Dorota Gajda, Anna Abramowska, Agnieszka Miśkiewicz, Katarzyna Kiegiel

atomic force constants from density-functional per-turbation theory. Phys. Rev. B, 55, 10337-10354. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.55.10355.

[12]. Clar k, S.J., Segall, M.D., Pickard, C.J., Hasnip, P.J., Probert, M.J., Refson, K., & Payne, M.C. (2005). First

principles methods using CASTEP. Z. Kristallogr., 220, 567-570. DOI: 10.1524/zkri.220.5.567.65075.

Shale gas is natural gas that we use every day for cooking or heating. This name does not describe the special type of resources, but it is used to em-phasize specifi c properties of the rock where gas is accumulated. The shale gas is extracted from these rocks using special exploration and produc-tion technologies, namely, hydraulic fracturing. The fracturing fl uid is pumped under high pres-sure into the borehole. The fl uid pumping rate typically ranges from 8 m3/min to 18 m3/min, and the pumping pressure might be as high as 800 bars. The hydraulic action of the fracturing fl uid crushes the rock formations and creates fractures. This fl uid is typically slurry of water, proppants and other chemical additives. The rocks contain various metals that can be extracted by fracturing fl uids.

By-product of shale gas production is the huge amounts of toxic fl uids. These fl uids are charac-terized by high salinity and contain heavy metals, inter alia, also rare earth metals, radioactive ele-ments and organic matter.

Pyrocat Catalyse World, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology and Polish Geological

Institute take an action to develop the new pro-ject that will create the prototype of installation that can be used for the treatment of fl owback fl uids from hydraulic fracturing of Polish gas--bearing shales. In this paper, the initial results of the studies on the examination of composition and purifi cation of fl owback fl uids are presented.

The fracturing fl uids are very diverse in terms of chemical composition, depending on the bore-hole and fracturing technology applied. However, they consist of components such as water (more than 90%), proppants (quartz sand/resin-coated quartz sand/other high-resistance proppants, e.g. zirconium oxide), natural polymers (derivatives of Indian guar beans: Xantham gum, E415; guar gum, E412), crosslinkers (boron, titanium and zirconium compounds), buffers (inorganic acids

and bases, e.g. hydrochloric acid, ammonium bi-sulphate), natural biocides, stabilizers (sodium chloride, calcium chloride, isopropanol), surfac-tants (amines, glycol ethers), viscosity breakers (lithium hypochlorite, sulphates, peroxides), clay and shale inhibitors – phosphonates, polyglycols, gelling agents (polymers, hydroxyethylcellulose,

Table 1. The composition of selected fracking fl uid used in Poland.

IngredientsMaximum ingredients

concentration [%mass]

IngredientsMaximum ingredients

concentration [%mass]

Water 94.535 Proppant 4.667

Hydrotreated light distillate 0.0274 Alcohols, C12-15, ethoxylated 0.0027

Choline chloride 0.0795 2-Butoxyethanol 0.0272

Isopropanol 0.0274 Ethoxylated C11 alcohol 0.0274

Ethoxylated alcohol 0.0183 Sasol DHR 200 0.0169

Lutensol TO-8 0.0001 Propylene carbonate 0.0002

Elementis Bentone® 150 0.0008 Guar gum powder 0.0151

Propylene glycol 0.0003 Formic acid 0.0002

Ammonium persulphate 0.0016 Hydrochloric acid 15% 0.4741

Table 2. The content of main elements [mg/L] found in selected fl owback fl uid samples.

n.d. – not determined.

Examined sample Cl Na K Li Mg Ca Ba Sr Cs

B1 100 000 10 000 900 1 500 2 000 20 000 n.d 800 60

L1 65 400 23 740 489 12 849 7 836 212 1 159 n.d


guar gum). The example of composition of the fracking fl uid, which was used in Poland, is re-ported in Table 1 [1].

Hydraulic fl uid works as a lixiviant for many minerals found in shales [2], and different minerals are leached during the hydraulic fracturing process. Flowback fl uid typically contains large amounts

of salt, various quantities of metals including heavy metals and rare earth metals, and small amounts of naturally occurring radioactive elements and organic matters. The fl owback fl uid composition can vary depending on the location and the method of fracturing. The constituents of two fl owback fl uids (B1 and L1) from fracturing in two loca-tions in Poland are given in Tables 2, 3 and 4.

The content of Na+, Ca2+ and Cl– in fl owback fl uid is high. Compared to these ions, the other ions, such as Sr2+ and Cs+, occur in low concen-tration. Moreover, the fl uid contains moderate con-centration of organic materials, at 100-254 mg/L.

The conductivity of the fl owback fl uid samples is high on the level 130 mS/cm and pH is in the range 5.4-8.2.

The characteristics of presented fl uids un-doubtedly show that to reduce negative effects on

the environment, they must be treated prior to further use or fi nal disposal as treated sewage that can be introduced into water or ground. The removal of heavy metals is one of the aims of pro-cessing. In addition, the separation of valuable metals from the solution can improve the profi t-ability of the proposed technology.

The combined treatment scheme of membrane and ion exchange processes that can be used to treat fl owback fl uids from shale gas wells being

drilled in Poland was shown in Fig.1. At the be-ginning, the fl uid should be pretreated with using the depth fi lters. In this process, turbidity is signifi -cantly reduced from 0.2 NTU to > 0.2 NTU. There

Fig.1. The possible scheme for the treatment of fl uids after hydraulic fracturing.

Table 3. The content of trace elements [mg/L] found in selected fl owback fl uid samples.


Examined sample U La V Y Mo Mn

B1 3.5 12.4 1.3 1.3 2 9.7

L1 n.d n.d < 0.1 n.d < 5·10–3 9.4

Table 4. The content of organic and inorganic carbon [mg/L] found in selected fl owback fl uid samples (TOC – total organic carbon, TIC – total inorganic carbon).


Examined sample TOC TIC

B1 108 14

L1 254 152


is also a reduction of the organic carbon content of about 20%.

The fi ltration by the activated carbon bed, oxi-dation by Fenton reaction and ozonation are much more suitable for the treatment of aqueous solu-tion with high organic content. Then, the adequate sequence of cation and anion exchange resins will allow to separate rare earth elements and uranium.

The main result of the project will be the elab-oration of cheap and effi cient te chnology which allows the treatment and reuse of fl owback fl uids and recovery of valuable metals. The design and

construction of the mobile installation which can demonstrate the feasibility of technology at full scale will complete the studies.

References[1]. Organizacja Polskiego Przemysłu Poszukiwawczo-Wy-

dobywczego. http://www.opppw.pl. [2]. Chermak, J.A., & Schreiber, M.E. (2014). Mineralogy

and trace elements geochemistry of gas shales in the USA: Environmental implications. Int. J. Coal Geol., 126, 32-44.

CENTRE FOR RADIOBIOLOGY CENTRE FOR RADIOBIOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL DOSIMETRYAND BIOLOGICAL DOSIMETRY

Studies carried out in 2015 focused on implementation of new biodosimetric tools that have been developed in the frame of the strategic research project “Technologies supporting devel-opment of safe nuclear power engineering” from the National Centre for Research and Devel-opment (SP/J/6/143 339/11), as well as in the “Development of a multi-parametric triage ap-proach for an assessment of radiation exposure in a large-scale r adiological emergency” funded in the frame of the Operational Programme Innovative Economy (POIG 01.03.01-14-054/09). A new approach based on the identifi cation a panel of genes that expression changes in re-sponse to ionizing radiation has been elaborated toward the development of transcriptional biodosimetry.

The Centre also participates in the Coordination Action project RENEB founded within the 7th EU Framework Programme EURATOM – Fission. The project is aimed at establish-ing a sustainable European network in biological dosimetry involving 23 organizations from 16 EU countries. Their competence has been identifi ed by a survey carried out in 2009 and proofed by the interlaboratory comparison in 2011. The project will signifi cantly improve the response capabilities in the case of a large-scale radiological emergency. An operational net-work has been created, based on coordination of the existing reliable and proven methods in biological dosimetry. This will guarantee the highest effi ciency in processing and scoring of biological samples for fast, reliable results implemented in the EU emergency management. We take part in WP1, WP3 and WP4 of the RENEB project. Besides dicentric assay, micronu-clei assay and histone -H2AX assay, which are implemented and calibrated in the Centre, other two methods of biological dosimetry are being introduced in the frame of RENEB: PCC and FISH-translocation assay. The Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology (INCT) is the leader organization of Task 4.1 of WP4 “Infrastructure, transport, linking to fi rst re-sponders, disaster management units” and is the only Polish partner of the project. The re-sults obtained in the frame of the RENEB project were described in several publications and presented at international conferences.

An important research topic for the last few years has been the oxidative stress, its mo-lecular and cellular mechanisms in mammalian cells exposed to ionizing radiation and/or nanomaterials and its role in development of neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, the impact of nanoparticles on the cellular signalling activated by tumour necrosis factor was studied in the frame of the project UMO-2014/13/D/NZ7/00286 and the role of nanopar-ticles in response of microglia cells to -amyloid was studied in the frame of the project UMO-2013/11/N/NZ7/00415.

54 CENTRE FOR RADIOBIOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL DOSIMETRY

TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL BIODOSIMETRY FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF IRRADIATED INDIVIDUALS

AND ASSESSMENT OF ABSORBED RADIATION DOSEKamil Brzóska, Iwona Grądzka, Barbara Sochanowicz, Marcin Kruszewski

Biological dosimetry is the quantifi cation of ex-posure to ionizing radiation by means of measur-able biological changes (biological indicators) that take place in the biological system. Based on such indicators, cases of individual exposure to ioniz-ing radiation can be detected and possible conse-quences of the exposure predicted. This enables the planning of adequate medical treatment, when information from physical dosimetry is not avail-able.

The most frequently used and the best estab-lished method of biological dosimetry at present is the dicentric chromosome assay, which is poor-ly suitable for a mass casualties scenario. This gives rise to the need for the development of new, high--throughput assays for rapid identifi cation of the subjects exposed to ionizing radiation. In the pre-sent study, we tested the usefulness of gene ex-pression analysis in blood cells for biological do-simetry.

The schematic representation of the experiment is shown in Fig.1. Human peripheral blood from

three healthy donors was X-irradiated with doses of 0 (control), 0.6, and 2 Gy. The mRNA level of 16 genes (ATF3, BAX, BBC3, BCL2, CDKN1A,

Fig.1. Schematic representation of the experimental pro-cedure.

Fig.2. Cluster analysis of 36 blood samples based on Ct values of GADD45A, CDKN1A, BBC3, BAX, DDB2, GDF15, TNFSF4, FDXR.

55CENTRE FOR RADIOBIOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL DOSIMETRY

GENOTOXICITY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES IN LEUKOCYTES AND ERYTHROCYTE PRECURSORS

AFTER ORAL OR INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION TO RATSIwona Grądzka, Iwona Wasyk, Teresa Iwaneńko, Sylwester Sommer, Iwona Buraczewska,

Katarzyna Sikorska, Teresa Bartłomiejczyk, Katarzyna Dziendzikowska1/, Joanna Gromadzka-Ostrowska1/, Marcin Kruszewski

1/ Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warszawa, Poland

DDB2, FDXR, GADD45A, GDF15, MDM2, PLK3, SERPINE1, SESN2, TNFRSF10B, TNFSF4, and VWCE) was assessed by reverse transcription quantitative PCR 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after exposure with ITFG1 and DPM1 used as reference genes. The panel of radiation-responsive genes was select-ed comprising GADD45A, CDKN1A, BAX, BBC3, DDB2, TNFSF4, GDF15, and FDXR.

Among radiation-responsive genes, a signifi -cant difference between samples irradiated with 0.6 Gy and 2 Gy was observed only for TNFSF4. For the other genes, signifi cant differences were observed between irradiated samples and control samples, but not between samples irradiated with different doses, even though a positive correlation between the dose and mRNA level was observed. This lack of a sharp difference between samples irradiated with different doses is refl ected in the cluster analysis, where one of the samples irradiat-ed with 2 Gy is grouped with 0.6 Gy samples (Fig.2). This result is in agreement with the data published by other authors, from which it appears that gene expression analysis performs better in distinguishing between irradiated and non-irra-diated samples than in predicting the actual ab-sorbed dose (e.g. [1-3]). Cluster analysis showed that Ct values of the selected genes contained suffi cient information to allow discrimination be-tween irradiated and non-irradiated blood samples. The samples were clearly grouped according to the absorbed doses of radiation and not to the time interval after irradiation or to the blood donor.

Thus, in the present study, we have selected and tested a new panel of radiation-responsive genes proving its usefulness for biological dosimetry pur-poses. Our results confi rm that the analysis of ex-pression of a carefully selected group of genes can provide suffi cient information to discriminate be-tween irradiated and non-irradiated blood samples. The full description is available in [4].

References[1]. Badie, C., Kabacik, S., Balagurunathan, Y., Bernard,

N., Brengues, M., Faggioni, G., Greither, R., Lista, F., Peinnequin, A., Poyot, T., Herodin, F., Missel, A., Ter-brueggen, B., Zenhausern, F., Rothkamm, K., Meineke, V., Braselmann, H., Beinke, C., & Abend, M. (2013). Laboratory intercomparison of gene expression assays. Radiat. Res., 180, 2, 138-148.

[2]. Tucker, J.D., Divine, G.W., Grever, W.E., Thomas, R.A., Joiner, M.C., Smolinski, J.M., & Auner G.W. (2013). Gene expression-based dosimetry by dose and time in mice following acute radiation exposure. PLoS One, 8(12), e83390.

[3]. Tucker, J.D., Joiner, M.C., Thomas, R.A., Grever, W.E., Bakhmutsky, M.V., Chinkhota, C.N., Smolinski, J.M., Divine, G.W., & Auner, G.W.J. (2014). Accurate gene expression-based biodosimetry using a minima set of human gene transcripts. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 88, 933-939.

[4]. Brzoska, K., & Kruszewski, M. (2015). Toward the development of transcriptional biodosimetry for the identifi cation of irradiated individuals and assessment of absorbed radiation dose. Radiat. Environ. Biophys., 54, 3, 353-363.

Nowadays the use of nanoparticles (NPs) is very widespread, both in everyday life (e.g. food addi-tives, cosmetics, packaging systems) and in medi-cine (e.g. drug delivery, bioimaging, tissue engi-neering, detection of proteins, cancer treatment) [1]. NPs can easily reach different parts of the body and accumulate; thus, it is reasonable to consider the health consequences of their use. Silver nano-particles (AgNPs) belong to the most commonly used, characterized by antimicrobial properties arising from free radical formation and oxidative stress induction [2]. AgNPs present in consumer goods are released into the environment, where they could be bioaccumulated or enter the food chain or drinking water supplies, potentially result-ing in adverse and unpredictable effects. Hence, estimation of their genotoxicity in vivo may bring important information on their impact on human health.

We investigated the genotoxic effects of AgNPs (20 nm) in leukocytes and erythrocyte precursors of rats (male Wistar, 14-week old). AgNPs were ad-ministered to the animals (10 mg/kg body weight/day) intravenously, through the tail vein, or orally, per os. After different time periods (from 24 h to 28 days), the rats were sacrifi ced, blood was taken by heart puncture and bone marrow was fl ushed from the femora. The positive control were rats, 24 h and 48 h after X-irradiation with the 3 Gy dose. The percentage of micronuclei in reticulo-cytes – a measure of DNA damage in erythroid pre-cursors – was evaluated both in the bone marrow and blood. The bone marrow was prepared and stained with acridine orange, according to the mod-ifi ed method of Hayashi et al. [3], then examined under fl uorescence microscope (Nikon, Japan). For micronucleus test in blood, a cytometric method of Harada et al. [4] was applied, with additional


Fig.2. Alkaline comet assay: direct and oxidative DNA dam-age in rat peripheral blood leukocytes after intravenous injection (24 h or 28 days) or oral (per os, 7 days or 28 days) administration of AgNPs . Bars show means (N 6) + 95% confi dence intervals. Stars indicate values that are signifi canly different from adequate controls (P < 0.05 by t-test).

staining of platelets; a fl ow cytometer BD LSR Fortessa (USA) was used and the results were analysed by a BD FACS Diva software. Direct DNA damage (single and double strand breaks) in peripheral blood lymphocytes was assessed by the comet (single cell gel electrophoresis) assay as described by Kruszewski et al. [5]. DNA base damage (oxidative damage) was assessed after ad-ditional incubation of the cells with formamido--pyrimidine glycosylase (FPG) according to Kru-szewski et al. [6]. Image analysis of the data was performed by the Comet Assay IV Image Analysis System (Perceptive Instruments, UK); the percen-tage of DNA in the comet’s tail was used as a measure of DNA damage.

In spite of a very thorough analysis by several methods both of cells present in the bone marrow and blood no signifi cant damage was found. No differences were found in micronuclei frequency in reticulocytes independently of the way of nano-particle administration or of the time of estima-tion (Fig.1). The same applied to the directly esti-mated DNA damage by the comet assay in peri-pheral blood lymphocytes (Fig.2A). In contrast, the oxidative DNA damage in these cells was sig-nifi cantly increased 7 days after per os adminis-

tration. Yet it was lowered 24 h after intravenous administration (Fig.2B). These data support our earlier results obtained for cell cultures treated with AgNPs in vitro, where oxidative DNA dam-age was the main adverse effect [7].

Such type of damage may be considered as pre--mutagenic, leading to genetic instability [8]; thus, in spite of the apparently minor damage estimat-ed, the adverse effect of AgNPs for human health cannot be excluded.

References[1]. Yang, F., Jin, C., Subedi, S., Lee, C.L., Wang, Q., Jiang,

Y., Li, J., Di, Y., & Fu, D. (2012). Emerging inorganic nanomaterials for pancreatic cancer diagnosis and treat-ment. Cancer Treat. Rev., 38, 6, 566-579.

[2]. Gaillet, S., & Rouanet, J.M. (2015). Silver nanopar-ticles: their potential toxic effects after oral exposure and underlying mechanisms – a review. Food Chem. Toxicol., 77, 58-63.

[3]. Hayashi, M., Morita, T., Kodama, Y., Sofuni, T., & Ishi-data, M. (1990). The micronucleus assay with mouse peripheral blood reticulocytes using acridine orange- -coated slides. Mutat. Res., 245, 245-249.

[4]. Harada, A., Matsuzaki, K., Takeiri, A., Tanaka, K., & Mishima, M. (2013). Fluorescent dye-based simple staining for in vivo micronucleus test with fl ow cytometer. Mutat. Res., 751, 85-90.

[5]. Kruszewski, M., Green, M.H., Lowe, J.E., & Szumiel, I. (1995). Comparison of effects of iron and calcium chelators on the response of L5178Y sublines to X rays and H2O2. Mutat. Res., 326, 155-163.

[6]. Kruszewski, M., Wojewódzka, M., Iwaneńko, T., Col-lins, A.R., & Szumiel, I. (1998). Application of the comet assay for monitoring DNA damage in workers

A

B

A

B

Fig.1. Percentage of micronucleated reticulocytes (% MN in RET) in bone marrow and in blood after intravenous injection (24 h or 28 days) or oral (per os, 7 days or 28 days) administration of AgNPs. Bars show means (N 6) + 95% confi dence intervals. In rats X-irradiated with a dose of 3 Gy, the level of micronuclei in bone marrow in-creased to 23.3% and 44.6% after 24 h and 48 h, respec-tively, while in blood the corresponding values were 1.4% and 6.4% (not shown).


WEAK EFFECT OF HALLOYSITE ON HUMAN LUNG CARCINOMA A549 CELLS

AND THEIR NORMAL COUNTERPART – BEAS-2B CELLSSylwia Męczyńska-Wielgosz, Iwona Grądzka, Maria Wojewódzka, Iwona Wasyk, Teresa Bartłomiejczyk,

Lidia Zapór1/

1/ Central Institute for Labour Protection – National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB), Warszawa, Poland

exposed to chronic low dose irradiation. II. Base dam-age. Mutat. Res., 416, 37-57.

[7]. Kruszewski, M., Grądzka, I., Bartłomiejczyk, T., Chwa-stowska, J., Sommer, S., Grzelak, A., Zuberek, M., Lan-koff, A., Dusinska, M., & Wojewódzka, M. (2013). Oxidative DNA damage corresponds to the long term survival of human cells treated with silver nanopar-ticles. Toxicol Lett., 219, 2, 151-159.

[8]. Hudecová, A., Kusznierewicz, B., Rundén-Pran, E., Magdolenová, Z., Hasplová, K., Rinna, A., Fjellsbø,

L.M., Kruszewski, M., Lankoff, A., Sandberg, W.J., Refsnes, M., Skuland, T., Schwarze, P., Brunborg, G., Bjøras, M., Collins, A., Miadoková, E., Gálová, E., & Dušinská, M. (2012). Silver nanoparticles induce pre-mutagenic DNA oxidation that can be prevented by phytochemicals from Gentiana asclepiadea. Muta-genesis, 27, 6, 759-769.

Halloysite clay nanotubes have been developed for a controlled release of anticorrosion agents [1] sus-tained release of drugs and proteins has also been obtained. The latter property was the reason of in-creased interest in halloysite application for drug delivery. Modifi ed halloysite was used in in vitro experiments for drug delivery (e.g. [1, 2]). Yet the effects of its presence in culture medium on mam-malian cells are not recognized. Here, unmodifi ed halloysite preparation (nanotubes, 100 nm of length, Sigma-Aldrich) was used to check its effect under cell culture conditions and compare it to other nanomaterials: cerium oxide (CeO2) and zir-conium oxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles (NPs). The cerium oxide NPs exhibit a considerable ability to induce oxidative stress in mammalian cells [3]. In contrast, zirconium oxide NPs have vast technical applications, whereas they rarely exert pronounced cytotoxic effects. However, they are known to in-hibit cell proliferation, induce DNA damage and apoptosis by reducing the cell defense mechanism against oxidative stress [4].

To characterize the halloysite nanotubes (HNs) applied here we measured their hydrodynamic di-ameter, zeta potential and aggregation (polydis-persity index) and compared the results with those obtained for the other two nanoparticles. We used the DLS (dynamic light scattering) method and the Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern) at various in-tervals after sonication in water and transfer into culture media used for the cell lines investigated. HNs and CeO2 tend to aggregate in cell culture media supplemented with fetal calf serum; this tendency is particularly strong in HNs, whereas

ZrO2 show the highest stability under similar conditions. In result of incubation in the LHC-9 medium the size of HNs increases to > 1 m.

To characterize the in vitro effect of HNs and compare it with that of CeO2 and ZrO2 we used adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epi-thelial cells, A549, and their normal counterpart, BEAS-2B. The cell cultures seeded 24 h earlier were then incubated for 24 h or 72 h in cell cul-ture medium containing the studied nanoparticles at various concentrations. To estimate the meta-bolic activity/viability of nanoparticle-treated cells the Alamar Blue test was applied, where resazurin, a non-fl uorescent indicator dye, is converted to bright red-fl uorescent resorufi n via the reduction reactions of metabolically active cells i.e. able to maintain a reducing environment within the cyto-sol. The fl uorescence measured is proportional to the number of living cells and corresponds to the metabolic activity/viability.

Under the conditions applied none of the exam-ined nanoparticles exerted a signifi cant cytotoxic effect, as shown in Table 1. The measure of the NPs effect was IC90 or IC50, that is, NPs concen-tration that reduced the metabolic activity by 10% or 50% as compared to the control. There was a similar weak response of BEAS-2B cells to all three NPs. The largest difference was between IC50 values for 72 h incubation of A549 cells between CeO2 and HNs. Since both NPs tend to aggregate in serum-supplemented cell culture medium, ag-gregation is not the causal factor. Rather, the dif-ference may be due to NP-specifi c interactions with biologically important ligands present in cell

Table 1. IC90 and/or IC50 values determined in cancer (A549) cells and their normal counterpart, BEAS-2B for three nanoparticles.

Cell line Cerium oxide Zirconium oxide Halloysite

A549IC90 24 h: 76.31 ±8.23IC50 72 h: 230.8 7 ±1.25

IC50 24 h: 106.18 ±1.61IC50 72 h: 99.89 ±1.16

IC90 24 h: 107.30 ±2.37IC50 72 h: 96.83 ±2.61

BEAS-2BIC90 24 h: 97.44 ±2.18IC90 72 h: 91.83 ±2.63

IC90 24 h: 100.78 ±0.48IC90 72 h: 97.70 ±2.15

IC90 24 h: 101.34 ±2.95IC90 72 h: 95.62 ±1.87


IMPACT OF SELECTED TYPES OF CARBON NANOMATERIALS ON DNA REPAIR AND CLONOGENIC SURVIVAL IN VITRO

Magdalena Kowalska1/, Aneta Węgierek-Ciuk1/ Marcin Kruszewski2/, Halina Lisowska1/, Sylwia Męczyńska-Wielgosz2/, Teresa Iwaneńko2/, Maria Wojewódzka2/, Anna Lankoff1,2/

1/ Jan Kochanowski University, Department of Radiobiology and Immunology, Kielce, Poland2/ Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warszawa, Poland

culture media or on cell surface. In that case, the adverse effect may be observed in the absence of NPs internalization. In summary, in tests in vitro, HNs seem not to be a harmful nanomaterial. Nevertheless, further studies with the use of dif-ferent experimental models are needed to clarify this point.

References[1]. Lvov, Y., Aerov, A., & Fakhrullin, R. (2014). Clay nano-

tube encapsulation for functional biocomposites. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 207, 189-198.

[2]. Lee, Y., Jung, G.E., Cho, S.J., Geckeler, K.E,. & Fuchs, H. (2013). Cellular interactions of doxorubicin-load-ed DNA-modifi ed halloysite nanotubes. Nanoscale, 5 (18), 8577-8585.

[3]. Park, E.J., Choi, J., Park, Y.K., & Park, K. (2008). Oxi-dative stress induced by cerium oxide nanoparticles in cultured BEAS-2B cells. Toxicology, 245 (1-2), 90-100.

[4]. Asadpour, E., Sadeghnia, H.R., Ghorbani, A., & Boro-ushaki, M.T. (2014). Effect of zirconium dioxide nano-particles on glutathione peroxidase enzyme in PC12 and n2a cell lines. Iran. J. Pharm. Res., 13 (4), 1141-1148.

Carbon nanomaterials are becoming increasing-ly common in everyday life. Among them, single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are attract-ing signifi cant attention as a novel material in the fi eld of medicine for molecular imaging, biodetec-tion of disease markers, tissue engineering, devices for drug delivery and nanotargeted radionuclides for tumour nuclear imaging and internal radio-therapy [1]. Such common applications in medi-cal fi eld raise concerns regarding the interaction of SWCNTs with biological molecules in the hu-man body. Moreover, apart from medical exposure, SWCNTs can be absorbed into the body by inha-lation of engine emissions containing diesel ex-haust particles (DEPs) during the combustion of diesel and biodiesel fuels in the urban environ-

ment. It is therefore obvious that evaluation of possible adverse effects of SWCNTs and DEPs is very imperative and urgent.

Taking this into consideration the aim of our study was to determine the impact of SWCNTs and DEPs on DNA repair and cell survival in A549 cells. The exponentially growing A549 cells

(adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells) were treated with a range of doses of SWCNTs and DEPs. The alkaline comet assay with the for-mamido-pyrimidine glycosylase (FPG) was carried out to estimate the extent of oxidative DNA dam-age. Percent of DNA in comet’s tail was chosen as a measure of DNA breakage. Cytotoxicity of SWCNTs and DEPs was determined with the sulphorhodamine B assay (not shown) and clono-genic survival assay.

Figure 1 shows that the extent of X-ray (2 Gy) induced SSB (single strand breaks) is not modifi ed by SWCNTs or DEPs treatment. In contrast, the treatment considerably decreases the rate of re-pair of the oxidative DNA damage induced by 2 Gy X-rays. Figure 2 presents the clonogenic sur-

vival data and shows that the difference between SWCNTs and DEPs cytotoxicity is not signifi cant. However, the obtained data indicate that the ex-posure to SWCNTs and DEPs decreases the colony forming ability of A549 cells and also the colony forming ability of A549 cells irradiated with 2 Gy of X-rays.

Fig.1. Ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage and repair in A549 cells treated with 50 g/mL of (A) SWCNTs or (B) DEPs for 24 h. SSB – single strand breaks, FPG – oxidative DNA damage.

A B


FORMATION OF GLUTATHIONYL DINITROSYL IRON COMPLEXES PROTECTS AGAINST IRON GENOTOXICITY

Hanna Lewandowska, Jarosław Sadło, Sylwia Męczyńska-Wielgosz, Tomasz M. Stępkowski, Irena Szumiel, Grzegorz Wójciuk, Marcin Kruszewski

The review of experimental data on SWCNTs and DEPs in various biological models shows a complicated pattern of damaging effects depend-ing both on particle characteristics, cellular models and end-points analysed [2-4].

This project is funded from Norway grants in the Polish-Norwegian Research Programme oper-ated by the National Centre for Research and De-velopment: Pol-Nor/201040/72/2013 (FuelHealth).

References [1]. De Volder, M.F.L., Tawfi ck, S.H., Baughman, R.H. &

Hart, A.J. (2013). Carbon nanotubes: present and future commercial applications. Science, 339, 6119, 535-539.

[2]. Wang, J., Sun, P., Bao, Y., Liu, J., & An, L. (2011). Cytotoxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes on PC12 cells. Toxicol. In Vitro, 25, 1, 242-250.

[3]. Kumarathasan, P., Breznan, D., Das, D., Salam, M.A., Siddiqui, Y., MacKinnon-Roy, C., Guan, J., de Silva, N., Simard, B., & Vincent, R. (2015). Cytotoxicity of carbon nanotube variants: A comparative in vitro ex-posure study with A549 epithelial and J774 macro-phage cells. Nanotoxicology, 9, 2, 148-161.

[4]. Durga, M., Nathiya, S., Rajasekar, A., & Devasena, T. (2014). Effects of ultrafi ne petrol exhaust particles on cytotoxicity, oxidative stress generation, DNA damage and infl ammation in human A549 lung cells and murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 38, 2, 518-530.

Fig.2. Clonogenic survival of A549 cells treated with (A) SWCNTs or (B) DEPs (1-100 g/mL) and irradiated with ionizing radiation (1-5 Gy).

Dinitrosyl iron complexes (DNICs), intracellular NO donors, are important factors in nitric oxide--dependent regulation of cellular metabolism and signal transduction (reviewed in [1]). Despite the fact that the interactions of low molecular weight DNIC with proteins have been widely character-ized, little is known about their direct interactions with other important biological macromolecules, such as DNA. The toxicity of DNICs components seems to be mutually dependent on each other. It has been shown that NO diminishes the toxicity of iron ions and vice versa. To gain insight into the possible role of DNIC in this phenomenon, we examined the effect of GS-DNIC (a dinitrosyl iron complex with glutathione, GSH) formation on the ability of iron ions to mediate DNA damage, by treatment of the pUC19 plasmid with physiologi-cally relevant concentrations of GS-DNIC.

In order to estimate the extent of DNA damage caused by the glutathionyl dinitrosyl iron complex vs. the aquated or GSH-complexed Fe2+, a plas-mid cleavage test was carried out. In this test, the abundance of DNA bands, corresponding to the supercoiled (CCC), open circular (OC) and linear (L) forms of the plasmid, visualized after electro-phoresis is directly related to DNA damage. Thus,

it was possible to estimate whether the binding of iron in the form of DNIC can protect DNA from oxidative stress-induced lesions.

Figure 1 presents the results of this test. Indeed, in comparison with the control, free iron ion con-taining samples, we observed a signifi cant reduc-tion of DNA breakage in DNIC containing sam-ples. We believe that this effect might have been caused by iron binding in the form of GS-DNIC. The substantial protective effect presented in Fig.1 did not occur for the DNA treated with Fe2+ in the presence of GSH alone; thus the observed protec-tion cannot be ascribed to the radical-scavenging effect of GSH. As observed by the plasmid DNA cleavage assay, a signifi cant reduction of DNA breakage was observed for GS-DNIC-bound iron, as compared to the DNA-cleaving effect of free iron ions (not shown). The results are in line with the observations of other authors [2, 3] who have shown that iron incorporation into nitrosyl com-plexes attenuates iron activity in the Fenton reac-tion. In addition, GS-DNIC was shown by electron paramagnetic resonance to be stable in the pres-ence of DNA. The presented data (see [4] for full information) show that GS-DNIC formation pro-tects against the genotoxic effect of iron ions alone

A B


and iron ions in the presence of a naturally abun-dant antioxidant, GSH. This sheds new light on the iron-related protective effect of NO under the circumstances of oxidative stress.

References[1]. Lewandowska, H., Kalinowska, M., Brzóska, K., Wój-

ciuk, K., Wójciuk, G., & Kruszewski, M. (2011). Ni-trosyl iron complexes – synthesis, structure and biology. Dalton Trans., 40, 33, 8273-8289.

[2]. Lu, C., & Koppenol, W.H. (2005). Inhibition of the Fenton reaction by nitrogen monoxide. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem., 7, 732-738.

[3]. Gorbunov, N.V., Yalowich, J.C., Gaddam, A., Tham-patty, P., Ritov, V.B., Kisin, E.R., Elsayed, N.M., & Ka-gan, V.E. (1997). Nitric oxide prevents oxidative dam-age produced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide in erythro-leukemia cells via nitrosylation of heme and non-heme iron. Electron paramagnetic resonance evidence. J. Biol. Chem., 272, 19, 12328-12341.

[4]. Lewandowska, H., Sadło, J., Męczyńska, S., Stępko-wski, T.M., Wójciuk, G., & Kruszewski, M. (2015). Formation of glutathionyl dinitrosyl iron complexes protects against iron genotoxicity. Dalton Trans., 44, 28, 12640-12652.

A

OC L CCC

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Fig.1. Nicking of the plasmid DNA by GS-DNIC vs. the effect of iron. Panel A: pH 6.2, panel B: pH 7.2. Gel images – pUC19 plasmid (400 ng) was treated with the following solutions: Fe(aq) + 1000 M H2O2 (line 1), Fe(aq) + 100 M H2O2 (line 2), DNIC + 1000 M H2O2 (line 3), DNIC + 100 M H2O2 (line 4), (Fe)GSH + 1000 M H2O2 (line 5), (Fe)GSH + 100 M H2O2 (line 6), GSNO (line 7), non-treated (line 8). The mobility of the plasmid cleaved with Sma1 endonu-clease (linear form) is shown in Line 9. Intensities of bands 1-8 correspond to the intensity graphs. Filled box – open circular nicked form (OC), empty box – covalently closed circular-supercoiled form (CCC). Hash denotes statistically signifi cant difference vs. DNIC at 1000 M H2O2. The p-values are: 0.00187 for Fe(aq) vs. DNIC, and 0.0275 for Fe(GSH) vs. DNIC.

B

OC L CCC

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

# #

LABORATORY OF NUCLEAR LABORATORY OF NUCLEAR ANALYTICAL METHODSANALYTICAL METHODS

The Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Methods was created in 2009 on the basis of the former Department of Analytical Chemistry. The research programme of the Laboratory has been focused on the development of nuclear and nuclear-related analytical methods for the applica-tion in a nuclear chemical engineering, radiobiological and environmental problems associat-ed with the use of nuclear power (as well as other specifi c fi elds of high technology). New procedures of chemical analysis for various types of materials are also being developed. The main areas of activity of the Laboratory include inorganic trace analysis as well as analytical and radiochemical separation methods. The Laboratory cooperates with the centres and lab-oratories of the INCT and provides analytical services for them as well as for the outside in-stitutions. The Laboratory is a producer of certifi ed reference materials (CRMs) for the pur-pose of inorganic trace analysis and a provider of profi ciency testing schemes on radionuclides and trace elements determination in food and environmental samples.

The main analytical techniques employed in the Laboratory comprise: neutron activation analysis with the use of a nuclear reactor (instrumental and radiochemical modes), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (together with laser ablation and HPLC), atomic absorp-tion spectrometry, HPLC including ion chromatography, as well as gamma-ray spectrometry and alpha- and beta-ray counting.

In 2015, the research projects carried out in the Laboratory were concerned with chemical aspects of nuclear power, and nuclear and related analytical techniques for environment pro-tection.

In 2015, the Laboratory participated in the strategic research project from the National Centre for Research and Development (NCBR), Poland “New technologies supporting devel-opment of safe nuclear energy”. The Laboratory participated also in the MODAS project from the NCBR being a member of the consortium of eight leading Polish universities and scien-tifi c institutes. Within the scope of the MODAS project, the Laboratory was involved in prep-aration and certifi cation of four new environmental CRMs certifi ed for the contents of a possibly great number of trace elements. The produced CRMs have been: Bottom Sediment (M-2 BotSed), Herring Tissue (M-3 HerTis), Cormorant Tissue (M-4 CormTis) and Cod Tissue (M-5 CodTis).

In 2015, the Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Methods conducted a profi ciency test (PT) on the determination of H-3, Am-241, Ra-226 and Pu-239 in waters and food samples. PT was provided on the request of the National Atomic Energy Agency (PAA), Poland. Eight laboratories took part in the PT, fi ve laboratories forming radiation monitoring network in Poland (on the request of the PAA) and three other laboratories. The profi ciency test was provided following requirements of ISO/IEC 17043:2010 and IUPAC International Har-monized Protocol (2006).

62 LABORATORY OF NUCLEAR ANALYTICAL METHODS

CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF SELECTED PERFLUORINATED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

AND TOTAL ORGANIC FLUORINE IN NATURAL WATERS AND MILK SAMPLES

Marek Trojanowicz, Mariusz Koc1/, Katarzyna Chorąży1/ 1/ University of Warsaw, Department of Chemistry, Warszawa, Poland

The widespread occurrence and environmental persistence of perfl uorinated organic compounds (PFCs) received worldwide attention in recent two decades [1, 2]. They are widely produced for various applications in recent decades as stable and effi cient surfactants, are utilized in syntheses of fl uorinated polymers and are applied in house-hold products and cosmetics [3]. Their unusual sta-bility in the environment and resistance to chemi-cal and biochemical degradation result in a wide global proliferation, including remote regions with-out and anthropogenic activity. They are present commonly in groundwater and drinking waters [4] and in human organisms [5, 6]. It is commonly known of their accumulation in particular organs and incorporation into a lipid cell wall. The two most commonly detected species such as perfl uoro-octanoic acid (PFOA) and perfl uorooctane sul-phonic acids (PFOS) globally occur in human bloods and serum samples at g/L level, hence wide investigations concerning the toxicity of those compounds for humans [7, 8]. The suspected ef-fects include hepatotoxicity, carcinogenicity, im-munotoxicity and developmental toxicity. Recent studies show concern about hepatotoxicity of PFOA for the occupationally exposed humans and immunotoxicity by PFOS [9]. Some effects of PFCs on reproductive hormones in humans were also discovered [10]. The presence of PFCs is in-vestigated also in indoor and outdoor air; how-ever, exposure via inhalation appears a minor pathway [11]. An increasing attention is also fo-cused in recent decade on the monitoring of their content in foods, which, besides water, is the most signifi cant exposure route for humans [12].

Monitoring PFCs’ concentration in trace level in complex matrices is a serious analytical chal-lenge. Reliable methods of extraction, separation and identifi cation in complex matrixes are necess-ary. The diffi culty in determining PFCs is very low concentration in the samples (ng-pg/L or ng-pg/g) and complexity of matrices [13, 14]. Numerous analytical methods have been developed to deter-mine PFCs and most of them are chromatographic methods [15, 16]. For the determination of per-fl uorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs), one of the most frequently occurring and determined group of PFCs, in analytical procedures without deriva-tization, liquid chromatography with mass spectro-metry detection (LC/MS) and electrospray ioniza-tion are most commonly used in the analysis of environmental and biological samples. Also in-strumentally simpler methods such as, e.g. ion chromatography with conductivity detection for the separation of PFCAs having C3-8 alkyl chains have also been proposed [17] with limit of detec-

tion (LOD) in the range 0.12-0.66 mg/L, while with additional solid-phase extraction step, the de-termination of 50 g/L was possible. A reversed--phase HPLC method was developed based on derivatization of the PFCAs with 3-bromoacetyl coumarin [18]. With a 100-fold SPE preconcen-tration, the LOD values in the range 43-75 ng/L were reported. Different approaches using solid--phase extraction methodology for preconcentra-tion of PFCAs have been developed. For the de-termination with LC/MS, the methodology using C18 sorbents has been mainly used by various authors, which is limited for long-chain acids [19]. Also the application of polymeric sorbents Oasis HLB and Oasis WAX mixed-mode weak anion-ex-change reversed phase for PFCAs’ preconcentra-tion has been presented [20].

A large number and diversity of PFCs occur-ring in environment, as well as the complexity of their identifi cation and determinations, create in-creasing interest in the evaluation of the valuable and informative general parameter known as total organic fl uorine (TOF) [21]. The determination of TOF with suffi cient selectivity and low detection limit is necessary to obtain a mass balance of TOF in environmental and biological samples, as well as, e.g. for monitoring of degradation processes of fl uorinated organic compounds. Such determina-tions can be carried out directly, e.g. by using 19F NMR [22], but most commonly, they are carried out by the release of fl uorine from organic com-pounds and analytical determination of fl uoride ion. The release of fl uorine can be achieved with different methods, including combustion with oxy-gen in the furnace at 900-1000ºC [23] or by the reaction with sodium biphenyl (SBP), which was reported in our earlier work [24]. In the latter case, the hydrolysis of the reaction mixture leads to the formation of inorganic fl uoride, which can be then determined with various methods, for in-stance, by potentiometry with ion-selective elec-trode or ion chromatography. In our earlier works, we have found a method originally used for the determination of fl uoride by gas chromatography to be especially convenient in terms of detectabil-ity and selectivity [25]. It is based on reaction of fl uoride with trimethylhydroxysilane to form tri-methylfl uorosilane, and following this principle, we used triphenylhydroxysilane (TPSiOH) for fl uoride derivatization (R – phenyl):

R3SiOH + H+ + F– R3SiF + H2OThe obtained triphenylfl uorosilane (TPSiF)

can be determined by gas chromatography (GC) with MS or fl ame ionization (FID) detections [26], as well as with reversed-phase HPLC with UV de-tection [27].

63LABORATORY OF NUCLEAR ANALYTICAL METHODS

The aim of the conducted investigations was the comparison of results of the determination of TOF by GC/FID with defl uorination using SBP and derivatization with TPSiOH in natural waters and milk samples with results of the determina-tion of selected PFOAs and PFOS using LC/MS. The effi ciency of TOF determination was also ex-amined for selected fl uorinated pharmaceuticals and pesticides using HPLC with UV detection.

The samples of natural waters were fi ltered with 0.45 m fi lters and preconcentrated from 400 mL using Sep-Pak Vac C18 (Waters) columns with 500 mg sorbent bed, then retained analytes were eluted with methanol and acetonitrile (ACN) and evaporated almost to dryness in argon atmosphere. Samples of milk (5 mL of human milk samples and 100 mL of cow milk Łaciate 0%) were diluted with 0.1 mM formic acid solution and analytes

were extracted using Supel™ Select™ HLB (Waters) columns with 60 mg bed and then eluted with 1 mL of 1% NH3 in ACN [28]. Using LC/MS, individual PFCs were determined, while after evaporation almost to dryness, defl uorination with SBP was carried out. To the sample evaporated for defl uor-ination, 300 L SBP solution was added, and after 10-min reaction, 700 L of water was added. After hydrolysis was processed, to the aqueous phase the solution of TPSiOH in ACN was added and HClO4, and after 10 min reaction, the organic

phase was taken for GC/FID analysis. Parallel pre-pared preconcentrated samples were taken for LC/MS analysis for the determination of PFACs from C3 to C12 and PFOS.

Chromatograms are shown in Fig.1, which were recorded for GC/FID determinations of TOF us-ing gas chromatograph HP 5890 Series II (Agi-lent). Figure 1A shows chromatograms for reac-tion mixture after derivatization with TPSiOH for water as blank and for 10 M standard fl uoride solution, which indicated a very satisfactory se-lectivity and chromatographic effi ciency of fl uo-ride determination with developed method. Figure 1B shows chromatograms recorded for 50 ng/L standard PFOA solution, cow milk and cow milk sample spiked with 50 ng/L PFOA, as well as blank of deionized water with signal below LOD for de-veloped method.

As natural samples were taken tap waters and river waters collected in Warsaw, and also in Tar-nów, in vicinity of large chemical plant producing fl uorinated compounds, including Polish polytetra-fl uoroethylene. The examined milk samples includ-ed commercial cow milk Łaciate 0% and two sam-ples of human milk obtained from the Regional Women Milk Bank in Holy Trinity Hospital in Warsaw. The LC/MS determinations of individual PFCs were carried out using HPLC system equip-ped with Agilent 6220 ESI-TOF mass spectrometer

Fig.1. Recorded gas chromatograms with FID for 10 M standard fl uoride solution derivatized with TPSiOH (A) and for TOF determination in cow milk sample after sodium biphenyl defl uorination and derivatization with TPSiOH (B). Sample volume – 2 L, carrier gas – He, column – HP1, 30 m 0.32 mm I.D., 1 m fi lm.

TiTime, min

TPSiF

Det

ecto

r res

posn

e

10 M NaF standardDeionized water

Time, min

Det

ecto

r res

pons

e

Deionized water10 ng/L PFOA standardMilkMilk spiked with 10 ng/L PFOA

A B

Table 1. Results of LC/MS determination of selected perfl uorinated organic compounds [ng/L] in natural waters and milk samples and TOF determination [ng/L] using GC/FID, using defl uorination with sodium diphenyl and fl uoride de-rivatization with TPSiOH. C7-PFCA – perfl uoroheptanoic acid, C9-PFCA – perfl uorononoic acid, C10-PFCA – per-fl uorodecanoic acid, PFOA – perfl uorooctanoic acid, PFOS – perfl uoroctanosulfonic acid, F – sum of fl uorine content of individually determined PFCs, TOF – total organic fl uorine, n.d. – not determined (below limit of detection).

Sample C7-PFCA PFOA C9-PFCA C10-PFCA PFOS F TOF Unknown PFCs [%]

River Vistula, Warsaw 2.5 3.3 4.9 2.0 5.6 12.4 14.2 13

Tap water, Warsaw 0.62 1.23 0.01 n.d. n.d. 1.27 7.10 82

River Biała, Tarnów 0.78 0.56 0.14 n.d. 6.3 5.08 13.5 62

Tap water, Tarnów 0.06 2.5 n.d. n.d. 4.3 4.54 7.77 42

Human milk I 0.08 29.6 n.d. n.d. 1.1 30.8 35.1 12

Human milk II 0.10 24.1 n.d. n.d. 3.3 27.5 37.7 23

Cow milk 0.07 18.4 n.d. n.d. 10.2 28.9 35.2 41


and reversed-phase C18 Eclipse XDB column (5 m, 250 mm, 4.6 mm I.D.) from Agilent, with gra-dient elution using 10 mM formic acid solution and increasing content of ACN.

The obtained results are presented in Table 1, and Figs.2 and 3 show the results on histograms. As it can be expected from the vast literature, in all examined water and milk samples, the presence

of commonly occurring PFOA and PFOS was ob-served (except PFOS in tap water from Warsaw). From examined PFCAs, in river water samples, different levels of C7-PFCA and C9-PFCA were

found, while in milk samples, mostly C7-PFCA was detected. In all examined samples, the con-tent of other non-identifi ed perfl uorinated com-pounds range from 12-13% up to 60-80% in case

Fig.3. Determination of fl uorinated and perfl uorinated organic compounds using HPLC and LC/MS and TOF us-ing GC/FID in human and cow milk samples after solid--phase preconcentration using Waters Sep-Pak Vac C18 columns, defl uorination with sodium biphenyl and deri-vatization with TPSiOH.

Fig.2. Determination of fl uorinated and perfl uorinated organic compounds using HPLC and LC/MS and TOF us-ing GC/FID in natural water samples after solid-phase preconcentration using Waters Sep-Pak Vac C18 columns, defl uorination with sodium biphenyl and derivatization with TPSiOH.

Table 2. Characteristics and applications of selected fl uorinated pharmaceuticals and pesticides examined for their recov-ery in the procedure for TOF determination used for perfl uorinated organic compounds.

Compound Structure Application Example detected levels in environmental samples

Bifenthrin Pyrethroid insecticide 2.7-3.0 ng/L in sediment-pore waters [29]

Dexamethasone Anti-infl ammatory steroid Up to 22.6 ng/L in wastes [30]

5-Fluorouracil Anticancer drug 5-27 ng/L in hospital wastes [31]

Hexafl umuron Termiticide No data found

Lufenuron Insecticide No data found

Tolylfl uanid Fugicide No data found


of water samples. These results convincingly con-fi rm the importance of the determination of TOF as the most informative parameter indicating the content for that class of compounds in examined samples.

As a supplementary investigation for these studies, the effi ciency of the developed method for TOF determination was examined for selected fl uorinated pharmaceuticals and pesticides, which are widely used nowadays, and some of them were already examined in environmental samples (Table 2). As it is shown in histogram in Fig.4, except 5-fl uorouracil, for the investigated level of 20 M, a satisfactory recovery in TOF determination 79% to 104% was obtained for all examined compounds, similarly to included in the same histogram PFCAs and PFOS. The determination of fl uorinated phar-maceuticals and pesticides was carried out using reversed-phase HPLC with UV detection at 254 nm, with the use C18 column type Grace™ Grace-smart™ (5 m, 150 mm, 4.6 mm I.D.) from Fisher Scientifi c, with gradient elution using mixture of methanol with acetic acid solution and increasing content of ACN. In examined natural samples, only in case of commercial cow milk sample, a

trace content of pesticides such as hexafl umuron (0.37 ng/L) and lufenuron (0.28 ng/L) was de-tected, which jointly formed 0.5% of the deter-mined TOF value for this particular sample. This allows to conclude that the TOF value determined with the developed method gives a reliable infor-mation about total content of PFCs in examined water and milk samples.

References[1]. Cousins, I.T., Kong, D., & Vestergren, R. (2011).

Reconciling measurement and modelling studies of the sources and fate of perfl uorinated carboxylates. Environ. Chem., 8, 4, 339-354.

[2]. Wang, Z., Cousins, I.T., Scheringer, M., Buck, R.C., & Hüngerbuhler, K. (2014). Global emission inven-tories for C4–C14 perfl uoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA) homologues from 1951 to 2030. Part I: pro-duction and emissions from quantifi able sources. Environ. Int., 70, 62-75.

[3]. Herzke, D., Olsson, E., & Posner, S. (2012). Per-fl uoroalkyl and polyfl uoroalkyl substances (PFASs)

in consumer products in Norway – A pilot study. Chemosphere, 88, 8, 980-987.

[4]. Eschauzier, C., Raat, K.J., Stuyfzand, P.J., & De Voogt, P. (2013). Perfl uorinated alkylated acids in ground-water and drinking water: identifi cation, origin and mobility. Sci. Total Environ., 458-460, 477-485.

[5]. Kärrman, A., Domingo, J.L., Llebaria, X., Nadal, M., Bigas, E., van Bavel, B., & Lindström, G. (2010). Bio-monitoring perfl uorinated compounds in Catalonia, Spain: concentrations and trends in human liver and milk samples. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 17(3), 750-758.

[6]. Fromme, H., Tittlemeier, S.A., Völkel, W., Wilhelm, M., & Twrdella, D. (2009). Perfl uorinated compounds – Exposure assessment for the general population in western countries. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 212, 3, 239-270.

[7]. Kudo, N., & Kawashima, Y. (2003). Toxicity and toxi-cokinetics of perfl uorooctanoic acid in humans and animals. J. Toxicol. Sci., 28, 2, 49-57.

[8]. Lau, C., Anitole, K., Hodes, C., Lai, D., Pfalhles--Hutchens, A., & Seed J. (2007). Perfl uoroalkyl acids: a review of monitoring and toxicological fi ndings. Toxicol. Sci., 99, 2, 366-394.

[9]. Borg, D., Lund, B., Lindquist, N., & Hakansson, H. (2013). Cumulative health risk assessment of 17 per-fl uoroalkylated and polyfl uoroalkylated substances (PFASs) in the Swedish population. Environ. Int., 59, 112-123.

[10]. Vested, A., Ramlau-Hansen, C.H., Olsen, S.F., Bonde, J.P., Kristensen, S.K. Halldorsson, T.I., Becher, G., Haug, L.S., Ernst, E.H., & Toft, G. (2013). Associa-tions of in utero exposure to perfl uorinated alkyl acids with human semen quality and reproductive hormones in adult men. Environ. Health Persp., 121, 4, 453-458.

[11]. Goosey, E., & Harrad, S. (2012). Perfl uoroalkyl sub-stances in UK indoor and outdoor air: spatial and seasonal variation, and implications for human ex-posure. Environ. Int., 45, 86-90.

[12]. D’Hollander, W., Herzke, D., Huber, S., Hajslova, J., Pulkrabova, J., Brambilla, G., De Fillipis, S.P., Ber-voets, L., & de Voogt, P. (2015). Occurrence of per-fl uorinated alkylated substances in cereals, salt, sweets and fruit items collected in four European countries. Chemosphere, 129, 179-185.

[13]. Van Leeuwen, S.P.J., & de Boer, J. (2007). Extraction and clean-up strategies for the analysis of poly- and perfl uoroalkyl substances in environmental and hu-man matrices. J. Chromatogr. A, 1153, 1-2, 172-185.

[14]. Jahnke, A., & Beger, U. (2009). Trace analysis of per- and polyfl uorinated alkyl substances in various ma-trices—How do current methods perform? J. Chro-matogr. A, 1216, 3, 410-421.

[15]. De Voogt, P., & Saez, M. (2006). Analytical chemistry of perfl uoroalkylated substances. Trends Anal. Chem., 25, 4, 326-342.

[16]. Trojanowicz, M., & Koc, M. (2013). Recent develop-ments in methods for analysis of perfl uorinated per-sistent pollutants. Microchim. Acta, 180, 11, 957-971.

[17]. Hori, H., Hayakawa, E., Yamashita, N., Taniyasu, S., Nakata, F., & Kobayashi, Y. (2004). High-perfor-mance liquid chromatography with conductimetric detection of perfl uorocarboxylic acids and perfl uoro-sulfonates. Chemosphere, 57, 4, 273-282.

[18]. Poboży, E., Król, E., Wójcik, L., Wachowicz, M., & Trojanowicz, M. (2011). HPLC determination of per-fl uorinated carboxylic acids with fl uorescence detec-tion. Microchim. Acta, 172, 3, 409-417.

[19]. Simcik, M.F., & Dorweiler, K.J. (2005). Ratio of per-fl uorochemical concentrations as a tracer of atmos-pheric deposition to surface waters. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 8678-8683.

Fig.4. Recovery of the determination of fl uorinated and perfl uorinated organic compounds (20 M each) as TOF using defl uorination reaction with SBP, derivatization with TPSiOH and fi nal determination in GC/FID.


OPTIMIZATION OF SAMPLE PROCESSING IN AUTOMATED FLOW PROCEDURE FOR ICP-MS DETERMINATION

OF 90Sr AND 99TcKamila Kołacińska, Ewelina Chajduk, Jakub Dudek, Zbigniew Samczyński,

Anna Bojanowska-Czajka, Marek Trojanowicz

[20]. MacLachlan, M.S., Holmstrom, K.E., Reth, M., & Ber-ger, U. (2007). Riverine discharge of perfl uorinated carboxylates from the European continent. Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 7260-7265.

[21]. Trojanowicz, M., Musijowski, J., Koc, M., & Donten, M.A. (2011). Determination of total organic fl uorine (TOF) in environmental samples using fl ow-injec-tion and chromatographic methods. Anal. Methods, 3, 1039-1045.

[22]. Moody, C.A., Kwan, W.C., Martin, J.W., Muir, D.C.G., & Mabury, S.A. (2001). Determination of perfl uori-nated surfactants in surface water samples by two independent analytical techniques: Liquid chroma-tography/tandem mass spectrometry and 19F NMR. Anal. Chem., 73, 2200-2206.

[23]. Miyake, Y., Yamashita, N., So, M.K., Rostkowski, P., Taniyasu, S., Lam, P.K.S., & Kannan, K. (2007). Trace analysis of total fl uorine in human blood using com-bustion ion chromatography for fl uorine: A mass balance approach for the determination of known and unknown organofl uorine compounds. J. Chro-matogr. A, 1154, 1-2, 214-221.

[24]. Takyanagi, T., Yamashita, H., Motomizu, S., Musijo-wski, J., & Trojanowicz, M. (2008). Preconcentration and decomposition of perfl uorinated carboxylic acids on an activated charcoal cartridge with sodium bi-phenyl reagent and its determination at g L−1 level on the basis of fl ow injection-fl uorimetric detection of fl uoride ion. Talanta, 74, 5, 1224-1230.

[25]. Fresen, J.A., Cox, F.H., & Witter, M.J. (1968). The determination of fl uoride in biological materials by means of gas chromatography. Pharm. Weekblad, 103, 909-914.

[26]. Koc, M., Donten, M.A., Musijowski, J., Guo, X., Faul-and, A., Lankmayr, E., & Trojanowicz, M. (2011). Ap-plication of gas chromatography to determination of total organic fl uorine after defl uorination of per-fl uorooctanoic acid as a model compound. Croat. Chem. Acta, 84, 3, 399-406.

[27]. Musijowski, J., Szostek, B., Koc, M., & Trojanowicz, M. (2010). Determination of fl uoride as fl uorosilane derivative using reversed-phase HPLC with UV de-tection for determination of total organic fl uorine. J. Sep. Sci., 33, 17-18, 2636-2644.

[28]. Kuklenyik, Z., Reich, J.A., Tully, J.S., Needham, L.L., & Calafat, A.M. (2004). Automated solid-phase ex-traction and measurement of perfl uorinated organic acids and amides in human serum and milk. Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 13, 3698-3704.

[29]. Hunter, W., Yang, Y., Reichenberg, F., Mayer, P., & Gan, J. (2009). Measuring pyrethroids in sediment pore water using matrix-solid phase microextraction. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 28, 1, 36-43.

[30]. Liu, S., Ying, G., Zhao, J., Chen, F., Yang, B., Zhou, L., & Lai, H. (2011). Trace analysis of 28 steroids in surface water, wastewater and sludge samples by rapid resolution liquid chromatography–electrospray ioni-zation tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A, 1218, 10, 1367-1378.

[31]. Weissbrodt, D., Kovalova, L., Ort, C., Pazhepurackel, V., Moser, R., Hollender, J., Siegrist, H., & McArdell, C.S. (2009). Mass fl ows of X-ray contrast media and cytostatics in hospital wastewater. Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 13, 4810-4817.

Radioisotopes 90Sr and 99Tc belong to the most commonly determined radionuclides for environ-mental, industrial, medical and food control pur-poses [1, 2]. Usually, their determination with ra-diometric methods or mass spectrometry (MS) in complex matrix detection requires a laborious and time-consuming sample processing, hence perform-ing such a processing in mechanized or automat-ed fl ow systems is especially attractive, offering shortened analyses time, enhancing safety of op-erations and improving the precision and accuracy of numerous operations [3, 4]. Operations carried out in fl ow systems may include both preconcen-tration of the analyte and separation from other sample components, which may interfere in the detection. In the case of traditional manual tech-niques, the whole analysis may take even several days, while the automated fl ow methods may shorten analysis time to several minutes. The lab-oratory fl ow instrumentation, such as, for instance, a multisyringe system using the advanced lab-on--valve (MSFIA-LOV) for sorbent bed renewal, which is used in this study, offers the possibility of conducting mechanized operations of active sample processing with small volumes of reagents and gen-erated radioactive wastes. What is the most impor-

tant, however in the automated radionuclides de-termination, the analyst is not exposed to emitted radiation due to remote computerized control of whole system. Thus, fl ow systems became promis-ing tools to apply for continuous monitoring of radionuclides for industrial or environmental pur-poses. These studies were focused on optimization of the active sample processing in MSFIA-LOV system for 99Tc determination and on some addi-tional aspects of the procedure reported in Ref. [5] for the fl ow-injection determination of 90Sr with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) detection.

The essential feature of the MSFIA-LOV sys-tem (Crison Instruments, Spain) used in this work is the use of so-called lab-on-valve (LOV), a ro-tary, computer-controlled multiposition valve in-corporating a sorbent mini-column (microcolumn) (1.6 mm I.D./16 mm long) for conducting a pre-concentration and separation processes. The mi-crocolumn can be automatically fi lled with re-newable beads of 40 mg of Sr-resin or 50 mg of TEVA resin, which were contained in a 1 mL plastic syringe mounted on the outlet of one of microchannels of the LOV. A glass fi bre prefi lter (Millipore) is used at the end of the column to pre-


vent sorbent leaking. This unit is connected with a syringe burette with a PTFE (polytetrafl uoro-ethylene) holding coil (1.5 mm I.D./7 m long). The rest of the fl ow network was constructed with 0.8 mm I.D. PTFE tubes connected to the micro-channels of LOV, and they were used for direct aspiration of eluents from reservoirs. The fl ow procedure was programmed and operated by the software AutoAnalysis 5.0 (Sciware, Spain). The used ICP-MS instrument was Elan DRC II provid-ed by Perkin Elmer (USA), equipped with a cross--fl ow nebulizer, Scott double-pass spray chamber and nickel cones. In order to achieve more sensi-tive measurements, ICP-MS detector was equipped with additional dynamic reaction cell (DRC) sys-tem working with methane and argon as a carrier gas. The solutions of stable isotopes of examined elements (strontium, rhenium, molybdenum, ru-thenium) were obtained by appropriate dilutions of the standards (Peak Performance, USA) with dis-tilled water solutions and nitric acid (65% HNO3, purifi ed by sub-boiling point distillation). The ac-tive standard solution of 90Sr (40.68 kBq/g) was obtained from Amersham (UK) and purifi ed prior to the use by separation from its daughter prod-uct 90Y on stationary column fi lled with Sr-resin. In 90Sr determination, two different types of sorb-ents were used: (1) extraction resins – commercial Sr-resin™ of particle size of 20-50 m, and 50-100 m (Triskem Industries, France), (2) the ion-ex-change resin – Dowex 50WX8 100-200 mesh (Serva, Germany). For 99Tc determination, the ex-traction resin TEVA 50-100 m (Triskem Industries, France) was applied.

The methodology of 90Sr determination in fl ow conditions was based on the mechanized process-ing of active sample in MSFIA-LOV system and then off-line ICP-MS detection. The mechanized sample processing procedure included a series of operations including the loading extraction sorb-ent into the microcolumn built in LOV valve, its conditioning, loading the sample onto the resin bed and then a separation of sample components. The detailed description of the studies on poten-tial interferences in 90Sr determination was in-cluded in Ref. [5]. This year, studies were focused on the examination the possibility of 90Sr precon-centration from a large sample volumes, which is needed due to the low level of the analyte activity reported in the reactor coolant, e.g. 666 Bq/L value reported by Dyer and Bechtold [6]. We have found earlier that this cannot be performed with the use of extraction Sr-resin. Hence, for this pur-pose, a cation-exchange resin Dowex 50WX8 was used and packed in an outer microcolumn of 0.5 mL volume, which was incorporated into the manifold of fl ow system. The 100 mL of 6 g/L strontium solution in 0.1 M HNO3 was intro-duced into the cation-exchange column and then retained analyte was eluted using 8 M nitric acid (Fig.1). The conducted optimization of the con-centration process began from the 100 mL of the sample; however, further experiments also indi-cate the possibility of the effective strontium pre-concentration even from 1000 mL of the sample.

The elution of retained analyte requires the use of 2 mL of 8 M HNO3, and the obtained eluate can be directly loaded onto Sr-resin microcolumn to separate interfering species.

In further optimization, in the system and the same conditions, the Sr-resin with smaller particle size 20-50 m was examined. The microcolumn of LOV was fi lled with 1 mL acidic suspension of 40 mg Sr-resin (20-50 m) and 1 mL sample of strontium standard (250 g/L) was loaded, which was followed by washing with 1 mL of 8 M HNO3 to remove interferences, and fi nally the retained analyte was eluted with 10 mL of water. The col-lected fractions were measured by ICP-MS (88Sr). The change of Sr-resin bed to smaller particles resulted in the improvement of the total analyte recovery which increased to 80%, but above all, it allowed to use the same bed of the sorbent bed at least for 30 analyses (Fig.2), while a resin of larger particle size allowed to perform only three up to fi ve retention/elution cycles. This can probably be attributed to the larger active surface of the resin with smaller particle size, and hence slower washing out of the layer of octanol fi lm contain-ing dissolved crown ether ligand, used for the chelation of the analyte.

The fi nal step of the development of the ana-lytical procedure for 90Sr determination was a more detailed optimization of the ICP-MS detec-tion conditions involving the use of DRC module

Fig.1. Preconcentration and elution of strontium on cation--exchange resin Dowex 50WX8 (200 mesh) packed in 0.5 mL column. Plot shows the strontium concentration de-termined in an eluate during loading column with 100 mL sample containing 6 g/L of strontium with a fl ow rate of 2 mL/min and elution of retained strontium with consecu-tive portions of 1 mL of 8 M HNO3 solution.

Fig.2. Recovery of strontium in repeated cycles of reten-tion/elution on 40 mg bed of Sr-resin of 20-50 m particle size, evaluated by the determination of strontium in each stage of the procedure: () injection of 1 mL sample con-taining 250 g/L of strontium into the column, () re-moval of interferences with 1 mL of 8 M HNO3, () fi nal elution of strontium with 10 mL of water.


as integrated module of commercial instrument. In our initial measurements, nitrogen was used as the carrier gas in an ICP-DRC-MS; however, it was found in the literature that the use of nitro-gen can be a source of some polyatomic interfer-ences. Similar to the reported species such as 56Fe16O(H2O)+, 58FeO2

+, 58NiO(H2O)+ and 58NiO2+

[7], species such as 58Fe14N(H2O)+, 56Fe14(NH3)2+

and 57Fe16O(NH3)+ of a mass 90 can also be ex-pected with iron isotopes, and thereby they can interfere with measurements of 90Sr. In fact, we have found that their effect was observed during calibration of ICP-MS instrument for 57Fe isotope, where increasing presence of species with mass 90 was observed. We have proved that this inter-ference can be eliminated by replacing nitrogen to methane as a reaction gas. Based on calibration curve recorded in optimized measuring conditions (Fig.3), both for stable and radioactive isomers of strontium, the LOD values were evaluated as 20 pg/mL and 0.1 Bq/mL, respectively. The obtain-ed detectability is suffi cient to apply developed ICP-DRC-MS method in determination of 90Sr, which can present in reactor coolant. The fi rst at-tempt carried out was based on the application of developed procedure for ICP-MS determination of 90Sr in simulated reactor water, which was pre-pared according to the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) description of model reactor cool-ant [8]. The activity level of 90Sr in the sample was adjusted following the result of radiometric

detection of reactor coolant in real sample ob-tained from research nuclear reactor in Świerk (Poland). The 1 L sample of simulated reactor water containing 130 Bq/L of 90Sr was analysed in developed MSFIA-LOV system with program-med preconcentration and separation processes. First, whole sample in 10 mL portions (determined by a volume of a syringe of the MSFIA unit) was loaded at a fl ow rate 10 mL/min to outer column fi lled with cation-exchange resin to preconcentrate 90Sr. The retained analyte was eluted with 3 mL of 8 M HNO3 and directly introduced to Sr-resin microcolumn in LOV, where the separation process took place. Finally, strontium was eluted with 10 mL of water and measured by ICP-DRC-MS. The total recovery of 90Sr was 69% and the whole pro-cedure took 6 h; however, some further attempts will be focused on shortening the analysis time.

The fl ow-injection determination of 99Tc can be carried out in similar system with ICP-MS de-tection; however, it was confi rmed that in this case, the separation and preconcentration processes can be carried out simultaneously with the use of a commercially available TEVA resin dedicated for the determination of tetravalent actinides and technetium. The optimization process of analyti-cal procedure was conducted with surrogate rhe-nium, as an analogue of technetium. The procedure of 99Tc determination consists of several steps, including loading the LOV microcolumn with the TEVA resin and then conditioning it prior to in-troducing the sample. Because of organic contam-ination of the sorbent, the resin has to be fi rst washed with 1 M NaOH, water and 1 M HNO3. The second stage of the analytical procedure is the removal of 99Tc interferences by additional injec-tion of portion of acidic eluent. Finally, the analyte retained on the column is eluted with 8 M HNO3.

The processed samples are off-line measured by ICP-MS. The scheme of developed procedure is shown in Fig.4, while their details are as follows:• The TEVA resin is loaded into a microcolumn:

1 mL of sorbent suspension (50 mg in 0.1 M HNO3) is aspirated at a fl ow rate of 1 mL/min fi rst to the holding coil and then to the micro-column built in the LOV.

• Conditioning of TEVA resin: the sorbent bed is conditioned with 3 mL of 0.1 M HNO3 as-pirated by port 3 of LOV to the holding coil and then to the microcolumn at fl ow rate of 2 mL/min.

• Sample loading: 1 mL of 250 g/L rhenium so-lution, which was prepared in 0.1 M HNO3 from 10 mg/L sodium perrhenate solution, is aspirated by port 4 in LOV to the holding coil at a fl ow rate of 5 mL/min and then injected to TEVA resin bed packed in the microcolumn at a fl ow rate of 0.6 mL/min.

• Removal of interferences: The potential inter-ferences are removed from TEVA bed by inject-

Fig.3. A calibration curve for the determination of 90Sr in the activity range up to 1000 Bq/mL with ICP-DRC-MS detection using methane as a reaction gas.

Fig.4. Scheme of a fl ow-injection sample processing pro-cedure for 99Tc determination in reactor coolant with MSFIA-LOV measuring system, which includes precon-centration and separation processes with the use of ex-traction type TEVA resin (50 mg) packed in microcolumn incorporated in LOV.


ing 1 mL of 0.1 M HNO3 from port 3 at a fl ow rate of 5 mL/min to the holding coil and then aspirated through the microcolumn at a fl ow rate of 2 mL/min.

• Elution of rhenium: The analyte retained on the resin is eluted with 1 mL of 8 M HNO3 at a fl ow rate of 2 mL/min.

• ICP-MS detection: The solutions of rhenium eluted from the column are collected and dilut-ed 20 times with 2% HNO3 containing 5 g/L of indium as an internal standard prior to the measurement.In the optimization of the fl ow procedure for

99Tc determination, the fi rst studied aspect was the elimination of potential interferences that may disturb the used ICP-MS detection. 99Ru and 98Mo1H are considered as the main isobaric inter-ferences. In the literature, one can fi nd two differ-ent methods applied in purpose to separate tech-netium from molybdenum and ruthenium on TEVA resin. First one assumes the elimination of the mentioned interferences by use diluted HNO3 so-lution [9, 10], while the second one uses much more concentrated HNO3 solution, e.g. 2 M HNO3 [11, 12]. Both of them were tested in our studies; however, only the fi rst one gave satisfactory re-sults in application in fl ow procedure. In the con-ducted experiment, the potential isobaric inter-ferences molybdenum and ruthenium were added to the rhenium sample in equal concentration of 250 g/L. After loading and conditioning the TEVA resin bed in the microcolumn, 1 mL of analysed solution was introduced into the sorbent bed and then the interferences were removed with three successive 1 mL portions of 0.1 M HNO3 solu-tion. Finally, the retained analyte was eluted with 1 mL of 8 M HNO3. The collected fractions were measured with ICP-MS, and the obtained results

are shown in Fig.5. They demonstrate that all iso-baric interferences have weak affi nity to TEVA resin, and hence they can be almost completely removed in fi rst two stages of the procedure, and

only up to 10% of their initial content can be pre-sent in the fi nal eluate with the analyte.

The conducted optimization also included the examination of the TEVA resin bed durability in re-peated retention/elution cycles. The portion of the sorbent (50 mg) loaded into the microcolumn al-lowed to carry out at least 30 successive analyses. The analysis included injection of 1 mL sample of rhenium solution (250 g/L), elimination of i nter-ferences by washing the column with 2 mL of 0.1 M HNO3 solution, and elution of the analyte with 1 mL of 8 M HNO3. The collected fractions were analysed with ICP-MS. The results of the experi-ment are presented in Fig.6. In further research,

an attempt will be made to replace the same pur-pose of extracting TEVA resin with conventional polymeric anionite.

Fig.5. Effi ciency of the removal of potential spectral interferences in ICP-MS determination of rhenium using a microcol-umn packed with 50 mg TEVA resin, expressed by the recovery of each interfering element in sample fl own through the TEVA-resin column (fi rst group of signals in histogram), in three portions of 1 mL of 2 M HNO3 solution used for elution of interfering elements and in 1 mL of 8 M HNO3 solution used for elution of retained rhenium (last group of signals). In each case, 1 mL 250 g/L rhenium solution containing 250 g/L of interfering elements (molybdenum, ruthenium) was processed.

Fig.6. Recovery of rhenium in repeated cycles of retention/elution on 50 mg bed of TEVA resin of 50-100 m particle size, evaluated by the determination of strontium in each stage of the procedure: () injection of 1 mL sample con-taining 250 g/L of rhenium into the column, () removal of interferences with 2 mL of 2 M HNO3, () fi nal elution of rhenium with 1 mL of 8 M HNO3.


STABILITY TESTING OF NEW POLISH CERTIFIED REFERENCE MATERIALS FOR INORGANIC TRACE ANALYSIS

BY INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRYIga Kużelewska, Halina Polkowska-Motrenko, Zbigniew Samczyński

References[1]. Vajda, N., & Kim, C.K. (2010). Determination of ra-

diostrontium isotopes: A review of analytical method-ology. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 68, 12, 2306-2326.

[2]. Shi, K., Hou, X., Roos, P., & Wu, W. (2012). Determi-nation of technetium-99 in environmental samples: A review. Anal. Chim. Acta, 709, 1-20.

[3]. Grate, J.W., & Egorov, O.B. (2003). Automated radio-chemical separation, analysis and sensing. In M. L’An-nunziata (Ed.), Handbook of radioactivity analysis (pp. 1129-1164). 2nd ed. USA: Academic Press.

[4]. Kołacińska, K., & Trojanowicz, M. (2014). Applica-tion of fl ow analysis in determination of selected radionuclides. Talanta, 125, 131-145.

[5]. Kołacińska K., Bojanowska-Czajka A., & Trojanowicz M. (2015). Study on interferences in fl ow-injection determination of 90Sr with ICP-MS detection. In INCT Annual Report 2014 (pp. 70-74). Warszawa: Insti-tute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology.

[6]. Dyer, N.C., & Bechtold, T.E. (1994). Radionuclides in Unites States commercial nuclear power reactors. Westinghouse Idaho Nuclear Company, Inc. (Report WINCO-1191).

[7]. Taylor ,V.F., Evans, R.D., & Cornett, R.J. (2007). De-termination of 90Sr in contaminated environmental

samples by tuneable bandpass dynamic reaction cell ICP-MS. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 387, 1, 343-350.

[8]. IAEA. (2011). Good practices for water quality management in research reactors and spent fuel stor-age facilities. Vienna: IAEA, IAEA Nuclear Energy Series No. NP.-T-5.2, p. 70.

[9]. Uchida, S., & Tagami, K. (1997). Separation and concentration of technetium using a Tc-selective ex-traction chromatographic resin. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 221, 1, 35-39.

[10]. Tagami, K., & Uchida, S. (2000). Separation of rhen-ium by an extraction chromatographic resin for de-termination by inductively coupled plasma-mass spec-trometry. Anal. Chim. Acta, 405, 1, 227-229.

[11]. Mas, J.L., Garcia-León, M., & Bolivar, J.P. (2006). Overcoming ICP-QMS instrumental limitations for 99Tc determination in environmental solid samples us-ing radiochemistry. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 64, 502-507.

[12]. Rodriguez, R., Leal, L., Miranda, S., Ferrer, L., Avivar, J., Garcia, A., & Cerdà, V. (2015). Automation of 99Tc extraction by LOV prior ICP-MS detection: Applica-tion to environmental samples. Talanta, 133, 88-93.

Certifi ed reference materials (CRMs) are refer-ence materials accompanied by documentation issued by authority institutions giving one or more specifi ed property values with associated uncer-tainties and consistencies using the procedures of proven regularity. These materials play an impor-tant role in the chemical measurements in analyti-cal laboratories [1-3]. They are used to validate analytical methods, quality assurance and quality control, check skills of laboratories and analysts [4-6]. The process of preparation and certifi cation of a candidate for reference material is a complex task. The general strategy of the production of new CRMs is based on the procedures from the Lab-oratory of Nuclear Analytical Methods INCT [3-5], which follow the requirements of ISO Guides [7]. The manufacture of CRMs consists of the follow-ing steps: (a) choice of the type of material, (b) collection of the suitable amount of material, (c) preparation of the material (comminution, grind-ing, sieving, homogenization), (d) preliminary ho-mogeneity and stability tests, (e) distribution of the material into containers and radiation sterili-zation, (f) procedure of the determination of dry mass, (g) fi nal check of homogeneity and stability tests, (h) organization of the certifi cation inter-laboratory comparison, (i) evaluation of results, (j) printing of the certifi cate and fi nally (k) CRM ready – starting distribution and sale [5, 7-9]. The important thing is to prepare the materials as ho-mogeneous and stable as possible [10-12]. Stabil-ity testing is one of the ISO guides requirements. CRMs for the purpose of inorganic trace analysis should be characterized with stability of the con-

tent of elements to be certifi ed in time. There are various causes of instability of this type of CRMs such as decomposition of the analyte or matrix, autocatalysis and the activity of the microorgan-isms. In order to test the stability of CRM, the samples of the candidate CRM were stored at vari-ous temperatures and analysed after the chosen time intervals [13]. The obtained results were sub-jected to the statistical analysis.

In this work, we have studied the stability of the new Polish reference materials of biological origin: MODAS-3 Herring Tissue (M-3 HerTis), MODAS-4 Cormorant Tissue (M-4 CormTis) and MODAS-5 Cod Tissue (M-5 CodTis).

Long-term stability of the CRMs was examin-ed by comparing analytical results of their elemen-tal composition obtained at 0, 2, 4, 6, 10, 12 and 15 months of storage. The samples were taken from CRMs stored under controlled conditions (temperature – 20oC). Isochronous testing was ap-plied, then the samples were frozen at -20oC and analysed together at the end of the study. Then, the samples were mineralized in a high-pressure microwave system using concentrated mineral acids. Samples of mass ca. 250 mg were digested with 6 mL of HNO3 and 2 mL of H2O2. After di-gestion, all obtained solutions were diluted using 2% HNO3 and selected element content was deter-mined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectro-metry (ICP-MS). The elements to be determined were Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sr, U, V and Zn. To study the short-time stability (associated with transport), the CRMs were stored in the CO2 incubator (ASAB) at 37oC, 100% hu-


midity and 5% CO2 for two months. Then, the samples were taken and analysed by ICP-MS.

To check the stability, we have applied the ICP-MS method for the determination of selected elements in new CRMs: Herring, Cod, Cormorant Tissue. The obtained results are shown in Table 1.

The results were evaluated using the regression analysis. It was assumed that the relation c = f(t), where: c – element concentration, t – time, could be described as a straight line, i.e. the changes if occurring were small. The least square method

was applied. Functions c = a t + b were calcu-lated for the following elements: MODAS-3 Herring Tissue – U, Ba, Zn, Mn, Co, Cd, Th, Cu, Pb, Sr, Cr, Al, V, Mg, Ni, Fe, Mo, Li, Be, As, Ag, Tl, Sb; MODAS-4 Cormorant Tissue – U, Ba, Zn, Mn, Co, Cd, Th, Cu, Pb, Sr, Cr, Al, V, Mg, Ni, Mo, Li, Be, As, Ag, Tl, Sb, Se and MODAS-5 Cod Tissue – Ba, Zn, Mn, Co, Cu, Sr, Cr, Al, V, Mg, Fe, Li, As, Se. An example of the regression line is shown in Fig.1.

For all the determined elements in the studied CRMs, no evidence of any trend (value of a did not differ in a statistically signifi cant way from 0) was revealed. The contribution of uncertainty as-sociated with long-time stability to standard un-certainty of CRM was evaluated. The uncertainty of stability was calculated as the standard devia-tion of the slope of the regression line. The uncer-tainty of short-time stability was found to be in-signifi cant. The obtained results allowed to con-clude that the prepared materials M-3 HerTis, M-4 CormTis and M-5 CodTis meet the require-ments for CRMs and are suffi ciently stable.

This project is fi nanced in the framework of grant entitled “Production and attestation of new types of reference materials crucial for achieving European accreditation for Polish industrial lab-oratories” attri buted by the National Centre for Research and Development.

Table 1. The results of the analysis of the Polish reference materials: Herring Tissue (M-3 HerTis), Cormorant Tissue (M-4 CormTis) and Cod Tissue (M-5 CodTis).

Elements January 2014 [g/g]

March 2014 [g/g]

May 2014 [g/g]

July 2014 [g/g]

November 2014

[g/g]

February 2015

[g/g]

March 2015 [g/g]

Cu

HerTis 5.74 ±0.28 5.71 ±0.14 6.06 ±0.13 5.81 ±0.13 6.05 ±0.17 6.72 ±3.02 6.61 ±0.37

CodTis 1.29 ±0.04 1.47 ±0.23 1.27 ±0.06 1.26 ±0.03 1.23 ±0.05 1.36 ±0.19 1.21 ±0.05

CormTis 20.22 ±3.28 18.17 ±0.16 18.46 ±0.16 18.46 ±0.07 18.46 ±0.06 18.50 ±1.38 18.58 ±0.05

Zn

HerTis 90.92 ±3.45 90.45 ±2.22 95.99 ±4.88 92.86 ±3.24 92.89 ±0.002 98.42 ±3.02 98.54 ±1.96

CodTis 16.08 ±0.34 16.92 ±0.67 15.33 ±0.40 15.22 ±0.11 14.86 ±0.53 15.19 ±0.19 15.28 ±0.08

CormTis 52.65 ±2.34 50.87 ±0.16 51.36 ±0.16 51.54 ±0.12 51.55 ±0.28 52.06 ±3.59 52.66 ±2.16

Se

HerTis - - - - - - -

CodTis 1.06 ±0.06 1.11 ±0.06 1.21 ±0.16 0.95 ±0.05 0.98 ±0.07 1.01 ±0.02 0.93 ±0.001

CormTis 1.06 ±0.11 1.03 ±0.04 1.01 ±0.08 0.95 ±0.03 0.94 ±0.09 0.94 ±0.08 0.94 ±0.06

Mn

HerTis 13.48 ±0.63 13.39 ±1.68 13.96 ±0.29 15.54 ±4.11 13.84 ±0.36 14.15 ±0.27 13.91 ±0.57

CodTis 0.96 ±0.04 0.83 ±0.02 0.83 ±0.02 0.82 ±0.02 0.81 ±0.01 0.73 ±0.02 0.82 ±0.06

CormTis 2.09 ±0.12 2.00 ±0.06 1.95 ±0.004 1.97 ±0.05 2.07 ±0.07 1.99 ±0.16 1.96 ±0.03

Sr

HerTis 257.22 ±8.04 248.48 ±2.57 255.58 ±26 248.30 ±2.84 259.77 ±4.45 260.69 ±1.99 248.26 ±1.33

CodTis 4.03 ±0.07 3.82 ±0.03 3.96 ±0.02 3.89 ±0.12 3.67 ±0.07 3.47 ±0.02 3.80 ±0.11

CormTis 0.260 ±0.07 0.206 ±0.02 0.240 ±0.01 0.270 ±0.04 0.238 ±0.004 0.257 ±1.7 0.319 ±0.231

Cd

HerTis 0.36 ±0.002 0.35 ±0.008 0.36 ±0.019 0.36 ±0.005 0.36 ±0.006 0.36 ±0.01 0.36 ±0.019

CodTis - - - - - - -

CormTis 0.013 ±0.004 0.011 ±0.001 0.008 ±0.001 0.011 ±0.002 0.008 ±0.001 0.009 ±0.002 0.014 ±0.003

As

HerTis 9.06 ±0.30 9.23 ±0.12 9.63 ±0.16 9.29 ±0.28 9.21 ±0.15 9.64 ±0.01 9.69 ±0.23

CodTis 1.63 ±0.04 1.62 ±0.04 1.61 ±0.01 1.58 ±0.05 1.54 ±0.02 1.56 ±0.02 1.63 ±0.01

CormTis 0.100 ±0.004 0.102 ±0.003 0.101 ±0.002 0.097 ±0.001 0.094 ±0.01 0.097 ±0.01 0.112 ±0.01

Fig.1. Concentration of cadmium in MODAS-3 Herring Tissue during storage.

0 5 10 15 200.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0 M-3 HerTis

Cd

Concentration, mg kg-1

Time, months


References[1]. Stoeppler, M., Wolf, W.R., & Jenks, P.J. (2001). Ref-

erences materials for chemical analysis. Certifi cation, availability and proper usage. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.

[2]. Zschunke, A. (2000). The role of reference materials. Accured Qual. Assur., 5, 441-445.

[3]. Dybczyński, R.S, Danko, B., Kulisa, K., Malesze-wska, E., Polkowska-Motrenko, H., Samczyński, Z., & Szopa, Z. (2004). Preparation and preliminary cer-tifi cation of two new Polish CRMs for inorganic trace analysis. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 259, 3, 409-413.

[4]. Dybczyński, R.S, Polkowska-Motrenko, H., Samczyń-ski, Z., & Szopa, Z. (1998). Virginia Tobacco Leaves (CTA-VTL-2) – new Polish CRM for inorganic trace analysis including microanalysis. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 360, 3, 384-387.

[5]. Polkowska-Motrenko, H., Dybczyński, R.S., & Chaj-duk, E. (2010). Certification of reference materials for inorganic trace analysis: the INCT approach. Accred. Qual. Assur., 15, 245-250.

[6]. Polkowska-Motrenko, H., Dybczyński, R.S., Chajduk, E., Dano, B. Kulisa, K., Samczyński, Z., Sypuła, M., & Szopa, Z. (2006). Polish reference material: Corn Flour (INCT-CF-3) for inorganic trace analysis prepa-ration and certifi cation. Warszawa: Institute of Nu-clear Chemistry and Technology. (Raporty IChTJ. Se-ria A no. 3/2006).

[7]. ISO/IEC. (2006). ISO/IEC Guide 35 : Reference ma-terials – general and statistical principles for certifi -cation.

[8]. Dybczyński, R.S., Danko, B., Kulisa, K., Malesze-wska, E., Polkowska-Motrenko, H., Samczyński, Z., & Szopa, Z. (2002). Preparation and certifi cation of the Polish reference material: Mixed Polish Herbs (INCT-MPH-2) for inorganic trace analysis. Warsza-wa: Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology. (Raporty IChTJ. Seria A no. 3/2002).

[9]. Dybczyński, R.S, Polkowska-Moternko, H., Sam-czyński, Z., & Szopa, Z. (1993). New Polish certifi ed reference materials for multielement inorganic trace analysis. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 345, 2, 99-103.

[10]. Dybczyński, R.S., Danko, B., & Polkowska-Motren-ko, H. (2000). NAA study on homogeneity of refer-ence materials and their suitability for microanalyti-cal techniques. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 245, 1, 97-104.

[11]. Linsingier, P.J., Pauweles, J., Lamberty, A., Schimmel, G.H., Van der Veen, A.M.H., & Siekman, L. (2001). Estimating the uncertainty of stability for matrix CRMs. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 370, 2, 183-188.

[12]. Linsinger, P.J., Pauwels, J., Van der Veen, A.M.H., Schimmel, H., & Lamberty, A. (2001). Homogeneity and stability of reference materials. Accred. Qual. Assur., 6, 1, 20-23.

[13]. Linsinger, P.J., Van der Veen, A.M.H., Gawlik, B.M., Pauwels, J., & Lamberty, A. (2004). Planning and combining of isochronous stability studies of CRMs. Accred. Qual. Assur., 9, 8, 464-472.

LABORATORY LABORATORY OF MATERIAL RESEARCHOF MATERIAL RESEARCH

Activities of the Laboratory are concentrated on:• studies of coordination polymers built of s block metals and azine carboxylate ligands,• synthesis of nanoscale porous metal organic framework (nanoMOF) materials,• synthesis of functional materials – silver-modifi ed cotton and cellulose fibres using radia-

tion beam techniques,• improvement of usable surface properties of special materials applied in nuclear energy

technologies (zirconium alloys, steels) using high-intensity pulsed plasma beams (HIPPB),• characterization of art objects.

The design and construction of coordination polymers have been studied intensively for many years as evidenced by the very rapid growth of publications. Our interests are focused on light s block metals, coordination polymers with carboxylate ligands showing carboxylic group and/or heterocyclic ring nitrogen functionality. In the last year, the new crystal complex of lithium catena-poly[[[aqua lithium(I)]--pyrimidine-2-carboxylato-4N1,O2:N3,O2’] hemi-hydrate] has been synthesized and its structure solved and published.

Porous coordination polymers also called metal organic framework materials are the topi-cal subject in the recent years. They exhibit unique pore architecture and a broad range of potential applications. The latter include greenhouse gas removal, storage of gases and selec-tive separation of components of gaseous mixtures that are interesting for the development of modern energy technologies. The pores’ structure and host-guest molecule interaction in the case of MOFs can be tailored relatively easily for a potential application by carefully com-bining the ligand and type of metallic ion. At present, many potential applications of MOFs require to obtain them at the nanometre length scale. Nanoscopic dimensions are essential in providing MOFs with high surface areas, as e.g. for tuning their properties (catalytic, separa-tion, sensing and sorption), mixed matrix membrane synthesis where MOFs’ particles are used as fi llers in a polymer matrix. The others include MOFs with size-dependent properties (optical, electrical and magnetic) and biocompatible materials for biomedical applications, e.g. encapsulation and transport of drugs. The integration of nanoscale MOFs on porous sup-port will be advantageous for creating thin layer membranes. The studies performed recently in the Laboratory of Material Research concerning synthesis of nanoscale MOFs are report-ed. The applied methods include template synthesis in the pores of track-etched membranes with well-defi ned cylindrical pores, synthesis in microfl uidic fl ow reactor and synthesis of MOFs on the surface of porous alumina substrate.

Zirconium, due to their good water corrosion and radiation resistance at normal working conditions of nuclear reactors, is commonly used as cladding material for fuel elements. How-ever, in the case of LOCA (loss-of-coolant accident) conditions, the fastest possible oxidation of zirconium at steam atmosphere or and air/steam mixture at temperatures above 800oC results in intense hydrogen generation and possible hydrogen-oxide mixture explosion. These events, however very rare, negatively infl uence the public acceptance for nuclear energy and result in the high restoration costs of accompanying damages. The development of the methods to minimize the risk in the case of design-based and beyond design-based accidents is ur-gently needed. The materials with enhanced tolerance to the high temperature oxidation have already been proposed for this purpose, such as silicon carbide, Mo-Zr, FeCrAl claddings, MAX phases and multilayer zirconium silicide coatings.

The zirconium silicide or zirconium silicate coatings are known for good resistance in high-temperature conditions and for that reason are considered for application as environ-mental barrier coatings for high-temperature gas-turbine components. Up to now, they are less explored for application as corrosion protective coatings for nuclear fuel pellets. However,

a review of existing literature and analysis of thermodynamic data indicates that silicon-based coatings may offer excellent prospects in this fi eld. Particularly, they may provide a more protective barrier than the native ZrO2 fi lms formed on alloy cladding during routine nuclear reactor exploitation. Our works in last year have focused on the development of silicon-based coatings on zirconium alloy claddings and evaluation of their properties at accident scenario as well as under regular operation of the reactor. Two processes are considered for coating preparation. The fi rst one is based on deposition of layers containing zirconium oxide and silicon oxide on zirconium alloy tubes (and on fl at samples also) followed by densifi cation of deposited layers. The second one is based on the deposition of gradient layers of zirconium and silicon (and possible of their oxides) by physical vapour deposition (PVD) method.For the deposition of coating precursors, three methods are proposed: dip coating method us-ing the mixed zirconium oxide and silicon oxide sols prepared by the sol-gel method, plasma electrolytic oxidation in silicate containing solutions, electrophoretic deposition from zirco-nium oxide and silicon oxide containing suspensions or directly ZrSiO4 suspension.For the densifi cation of prepared porous layers, the unique technique of high-intensity pulsed plasma beams will be applied or alternatively, electron beam operating in scanning mode.

For the examination, characterization and analysis of cultural heritage artefacts or art ob-jects and their component materials, a conservation scientist needs a palette of non-destruc-tive and non-invasive techniques, in order to improve our knowledge concerning their elabo-ration, their evolution and degradation during time and to give a basis for their restoration and conservation. Among various methods used for the examination of art objects, nuclear techniques are crucial due to their high sensitivity and reproducibility. Mediaeval Central Europe coins: the Saxon coins, so-called the Otto and Adelheid denarii as well as the Polish ones, the Władysław Herman and Bolesław Śmiały coins, were examined to determine their provenance and dating. Non-destructive traditional surface analysis of silver-copper ancient coins by X-ray fl uorescence (XRF), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) or particle-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy (PIXE) may not result in reliable bulk composition data due to silver enrichment of the near-surface layers. In our work, the prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA) method was chosen as the analytical method largely on the basis of ready application as a non-destructive method which can be used to study a large number of samples and which, in comparison with XRF, will give a bulk silver content free from errors due to surface leaching or enrichment. At this stage, a selection of 55 silver denarii, minted during the period AD 960 to 1100, has been examined by means of PGAA method to determine their silver and copper content. The Cu/Ag mass ratios were determined for the detection of debasement and an-cient counterfeiting of coins. Consequently, PGAA seemed to be an ideal method for the de-termination of the bulk composition and can be considered as a non-destructive method, which is the above all requirement for the investigation of valuable archaeological objects.

The investigation into the chemical composition and manufacturing technology of his-torical glass was continued in 2015. The main efforts were focused on the seventeenth-cen-tury colourless glass from Amsterdam in Holland. The project was carried out together with bureau Monumenten en Archeologie (MenA), Amsterdam. Over 100 archaeological fragments have been analysed using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS). The objects were collected from two glasshouse sites and the selected cesspits. The obtained results allowed us to conclude that the seventeenth-century glass produced in Amsterdam was of sodium type. It is worthy to underline that most of the glasses melted in northern Europe during this time was of potassium rather than of sodium type, and from this point of view, Amsterdam’s glass constitutes a unique production in the continent.

75LABORATORY OF MATERIAL RESEARCH

METAL ORGANIC FRAMEWORK COMPOSITE MATERIALS WITH POLYMER OR CERAMIC BASE

Bożena Sartowska, Wojciech Starosta, Oleg Orelovitch1/, Pavel Apel1/, Marek Buczkowski1/ Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, Dubna, Russia

IntroductionMetal organic framework (MOF) materials are

porous coordination polymers built from metal (metal cluster) connected by multifunctional or-ganic ligands. Their structure, particularly pore di-mensions and geometry as well as physicochemi-cal properties of pore walls, depends on the com-bination of metal ion and ligand. Tailoring of MOF for specifi c applications is possible. MOF materials are considered as novel, emerging class of sorb-ents for gas molecule storage and for separation of gaseous mixtures. The number of new discovered structures grew continuously. At present, a few MOF compounds are produced commercially by chemical company BASF. One of them is used for testing in innovative fuel systems for natural gas vehicles [1]. The detailed information concerned MOF synthesis and applications can be found in many review articles, conference materials and regular papers, such as, e.g. in Ref. [2]. New fi eld of applications concerns removal of volatile radio-active species associated with nuclear fuel repro-cessing, in particular, containing 124I, 85Kr, 14C and tritium isotopes [3]. MOF-oriented research work carrying out in the Laboratory of Material Research at the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology (INCT) is focused on (i) synthesis of MOF crystals inside the pores of polymeric track--etched membranes (it would give the thin mem-brane which can be applied for gas mixture separa-tion and for gas sensor preparation); (ii) synthesis of MOF membrane on porous support like alumina porous ceramics; (iii) synthesis of MOFs morpho-logically uniform crystallites, which can be applied as fi llers in polymers.Template synthesis

Polymeric track-etched membranes are porous systems comprising a polymer fi lm with thin channel-pores from surface to surface [4, 5]. Poly-meric fi lm is irradiated with accelerated heavy ions and then etched in etching solution. Their pore size, shape and density can be varied in a controllable manner so that a membrane with the required transport and retention characteristics can be produced. The interfacial synthesis at the room temperature in the system shown in Fig.1A has been found effective for deposition of HKUST-1 crystallites inside the pores of track-etched mem-brane. The crystallization solutions were prepared from copper nitrate trihydrate salt and 1,3,5-ben-zenetricarobxylate acid taken in stoichiometric ratio and dissolved in water/ethanol/DMF solvent [6]. The general view of the membrane side con-tacting crystallization solution with clearly seen small crystallites fi lling the pores is presented in Fig.1B. A deeper understanding of chemical reac-tions and molecular transport processes in con-fi ned space of pores will be necessary for reliable composite membrane preparation.

Synthesis on the surface of porous alumina membrane

Synthesis of ZIF-8 crystallites on porous alu-mina membrane has been performed in two steps. In the fi rst step, the surface of membrane has been activated by refl uxing in the 2-methylimidazole solution. Then, the sample has been transferred to the PTFE lined autoclave for the synthesis (120oC, 36 h). The crystallization solution has been prepared from 0.018 M zinc chloride and 0.063 M 2-methylimidazole dissolved in 80 mL of methanol. The 0.042 M of formic acid has been added to this mixture, in order to support crystal-lization on the surface of alumina sample. Results of this experiment are shown in Fig.2. Both com-posite components – alumina base and ZIF-8 – were identifi ed in the obtained product by X-ray diffraction.Microfl uidic synthesis

The main advantages of this method are the possibility to create particles with a narrow range of sizes and the possibility of fi ne control of the shape and composition of nanomaterials [7]. Used instrument consist of syringe pumps for metal salt and ligand solution stainless steel tube reactor with the inside diameter of 0.85 mm and length of 1 m placed in the thermostat (Fig.3A). Uniform

Fig.1. (A) Scheme of synthesis set-up, (B) polymeric track--etched membrane surface with small HKUST-1 crystal-lites fi lling the pores (pore diameter – 0.45 m).

A

B

76 LABORATORY OF MATERIAL RESEARCH

rod-shaped crystallites were formed (Fig.3B) using 0.06 M solution of copper nitrate hexahydrate and 0.135 M solution of 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid solution in water/ethanol mixture at fl ow speed of 1-2 mL/h and temperature of 80oC. The presence of HKUST-1 phase has been confi rmed by X-ray powder diffraction.Conclusions

MOF deposition inside the pores of polymeric track-etched membranes and on the surface of po-rous alumina has been demonstrated. Microfl uidic synthesis method seems to be promising for the fabrication of morphologically uniform nanoscale MOFs.

The work has been performed in cooperation with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia, under contracts 04-5-1076-2009/2016 and 04-4-1121-2015/2017. The fi nan-cial support by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education grants: 3090/ZIBJ Dubna/2014, 3176/ZIBJ Dubna/2014 and 3420/ZIBJ Dubna/ 2015/0 is gratefully acknowledged.

References[1]. Arnold, L., Averlant, G., Marx, S., Weickert, M., Mül-

ler, U., Mertel, J., Horch, C., Peksa, M., & Stallmach, F.

(2013). Metal organic framework for natural gas stor-age. Chem. Ing. Tech., 85 (11), 1726-1733. DOI: 10.1002/cite.201300093.

[2]. [Themed issue on MOFs]. (2014). Chem. Soc. Rev., 43, 16, 5403-6176,

[3]. Chen, L., Reiss, P., Chong, S., Holden, D., Jelfs, K., Hasell, T., Little, M., Kewley, A., Briggs, M., Stephen-son, A., Thomas, K., Armstrong, J., Bell, J., Busto, J., Noel, R., Liu, J., Strachan, D., Thallapally, P., & Cooper, A. (2014). Separation of rare gases and chiral mole-cules by selective binding in porous organic cages. Nat. Mater., 13, 954-960. DOI: 10.1038/nmat4035.

[4]. Apel, P. (2013). Track-etching. In Encyclopedia of membrane science and technology (pp. 1-25). John Wiley and Sons. DOI: 10.1002/9781118522318.

[5]. Apel, P., Blonskaya, I., Orelovich, O., & Sartowska, B. (2012). Asymmetric track-etch membranes for micro- and nanofl uidics. Procedia Eng.. 44, 649-652. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.08.518.

[6]. Majano, G., & Pé rez-Ramirez, J. (2012). Room tempera-ture synthesis and size control of HKUST-1. Helv. Chim. Acta, 95, 2278-2286. DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201200466.

[7]. Brown, A., Brunelli, N., Eum, K., Rashidi, F., John-son, J., Koros, W., Jones, C., & Nair, S. (2014). Inter-facial microfl uidic processing of metal-organic frame-work hollow fi ber membranes. Science, 345, 72-76. DOI: 10.1126/science.1251181.

Fig.2. (A) Porous alumina base, (B) porous alumina sur-face covered with ZIF-8 crystallites.

Fig.3. (A) The general view of microfl uidic synthesis sys-tem, (B ) HKUST-1 crystallites synthesized in microfl uidic fl ow system.

A

B

A

B


ARCHAEOMETRICAL STUDY OF MEDIAEVAL SILVER COINS FROM POLAND AND CENTRAL EUROPE

BY PROMPT-GAMMA ACITIVATION ANALYSISEwa Pańczyk, Lech Waliś, Zsolt Kasztovszky1/, Boglarka Maróti1/, Maciej Widawski2/,

Władysław Weker2/ 1/ Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

2/ National Archaeological Museum, Warszawa, Poland

The study of the composition and the content of the trace elements of ancient coins provides valu-able information about the metallurgy and economy of the time of minting the coins. A material re-search on the historical artefact constitutes an important additional factor that helps us to choose the proper conservation methods. The goal of the research project was to characterize a few groups

of the early mediaeval Central Europe coins. The Sachsenpfenning struck from the mid-tenth cen-tury till the end of the eleventh century were se-lected for the examination. For comparison, the Otto and Adelheid denarii (AD 991-995), Arabic dirhams, Hungarian and Czech denarii as well as the Polish ones, the Bolesław Chrobry, Bolesław Śmiały, Władysław Herman and the Paltine Sie-ciech coins were also examined [1]. Examples of investigated coins are presented in Fig.1.

Non-destructive traditional surface analysis of silver-copper ancient coins by X-ray fl uorescence (XRF), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) or particle-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy (PIXE) may not result in reliable bulk composi-tion data due to silver enrichment of the near sur-face layers. In our work, the prompt-gamma acti-vation analysis (PGAA) method was chosen as the analytical method largely on the basis of ready ap-plication as a non-destructive method which can be used to study a large number of samples and which, in comparison with X-ray fl uorescence, will give a bulk silver content free from errors due to surface leaching or enrichment.

At this stage, the selection of 55 silver denarii, minted during the period AD 960 to 1100, has been examined by means of PGAA method to de-termine their silver and copper content. Indeed, the PIXE measurements of the test samples taken from different surface points of one particular coin show very inhomogeneous composition. Conse-quently, PGAA seemed to be an ideal method for the determination of the bulk composition and can be considered as a non-destructive method, which is the above all requirement for the investigation of valuable archaeological objects.

PGAA is a multicomponent analytical method, i.e. all the chemical elements can be detected with different sensitivities. In principle, it is possible to determine both the major and the trace elements

Saxon coin type II – obverse, reverse

Saxon coin type I – obverse, reverse

Saxon coin type I – obverse, reverse

Otto and Adelheid denarius – obverse, reverse

Saxon coin type VI – obverse, reverse

Saxon coin type V – obverse, reverse

Fig.1. Examples of investigated coins.Fig.2. Neutron-induced prompt-gamma spectroscopy sys-tem at the Budapest Neutron Centre.


simultaneously, although the detection limits are matrix-dependent. The measurements do not re-quire sample preparation; they give prompt re-sults. Moreover, usually after some days of cool-ing (i.e. decay of radioactive products), the same

identical sample can be returned to the user. How-ever, one has to be careful with irradiation of Ag because (n,) the reaction on silver produces a long-life radioactive daughter (see below). Because of the limited irradiation time and the complexity

Change Cu/Ag ratio in investigated denariiPGAA_2_np.sta 6v*55c

d2 d9 d16 d20 d212 d124 d33 d69 d152 d136 d169 d184 d219 d227-0,5

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

4,5

Cu/

Ag

Bolesław Chrobry denarius

hungarian denarius

Bolesław Śmiały denarius

Czech denaius of Bolesław II

Czech denarius of Spitygniew

denarus of Palatine Sieciech_1

OAP type II

OAP type IV

dirhams type A

dirhams type B

denarii type II

denarii type II

denarii type V

denarii type VI-B

denarii type VI-C

denarii type VI-D

denary krzyżówe typ VI-E

denarii type VI-F

denarii type VII

denarii type VIII

Fig.4. Change in composition of investigated denarii.

Fig.3. Typical PGAA spectrum of silver coin – prompt and decay spectrum of Ag.

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000E (keV)

Inte

nsity

(cp

s)

promptdecaybackground

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

600 620 640 660 680 700

E (keV)

Inte

nsity

(cps

)

promptdecay

108Ag 110Ag

Decay-lines:108Ag 2.39 min 618.8 keV; 633.0 keV110Ag 24.6 s 657.8 keV


Sample code Description Subgroup Ag

[wt%]unc[%]

Cu [wt%]

unc[%] Cu/Ag unc

[%] abs unc

d2 Dzierząźnia 203R, OAP IV 91.9 0.5 8.1 6.0 0.09 6.2 0.005d4 Dzierząźnia 240R, OAP IV 90.9 0.5 9.1 5.0 0.10 5.0 0.005d5 Dzierząźnia 249R, OAP IV 84.3 1.0 15.7 5.0 0.19 5.5 0.010d7 Dzierząźnia 258R, OAP IV 93.9 0.4 6.1 7.0 0.06 6.9 0.004d9 Dzierząźnia 265R, OAP IV 85.7 0.7 14.3 4.0 0.17 4.1 0.007d11 Dzierząźnia 267R, OAP IV 89.4 0.6 10.6 5.0 0.12 4.8 0.006d14 Grójec-35R, OAP IV 93.5 0.4 6.5 6.0 0.07 5.6 0.004d15 Grójec-36R, OAP IV 89.8 0.6 10.2 5.0 0.11 5.1 0.006d16 Grójec-37R, OAP IV 87.1 0.8 12.9 5.0 0.15 5.4 0.008d17 PMA/V/5386, Brzozowo Nowe 60R, OAP III 93.4 0.5 6.6 7.0 0.07 6.9 0.005d18 Zakrzew 40R, PMA/V/5382, OAP III 94.7 0.3 5.3 6.0 0.06 6.2 0.003d19 Zakrzew 42R, PMA/V/5382, OAP III 96.8 0.3 3.2 8.0 0.03 7.8 0.003d20 Zakrzew 43R, PMA/V/5382, OAP III 93.1 0.5 6.9 6.0 0.07 6.1 0.005d21 MN 293R, PMA/V/5296, OAP III 90.3 0.5 9.7 5.0 0.11 5.0 0.005d22 MN 382R, PMA/V/5296, OAP III 93.6 0.5 6.4 7.0 0.07 6.8 0.005d213 Obra Nowa 323R, dirham Ad 90.0 0.7 10.0 6.0 0.11 6.0 0.007d212 Obra Nowa 220R, dirham Bd 90.1 0.6 9.9 5.0 0.11 5.4 0.006d214 Obra Nowa 535R, dirham Bd 90.3 0.5 9.7 5.0 0.11 4.8 0.005d215 Obra Nowa 552R, dirham Bd 93.7 0.6 6.3 8.0 0.07 8.3 0.006d23 Brzozowo-128R, type I I 86.4 0.7 13.6 4.0 0.16 4.5 0.007d124 Brzozowo-129R, type I I 88.1 0.8 11.9 6.0 0.13 5.9 0.008d28 Brzozowo-146R, type II II 88.1 0.9 11.9 7.0 0.14 6.7 0.009d29 Brzozowo-152R, type II II 82.1 1.0 17.9 4.0 0.22 4.6 0.010d30 Dzierząźnia 275R, type II II 89.7 0.7 10.3 6.0 0.11 6.5 0.007d33 Dzierząźnia 278R, type II II 91.5 0.5 8.5 5.0 0.09 5.5 0.005d42 Zbiersk-23R, type V V 77.3 1.0 22.7 3.5 0.29 3.6 0.011d43 Zbiersk-24R, type V V 74.7 1.4 25.3 4.0 0.34 4.3 0.015d47 Zbiersk-31R, type V V 75.1 0.8 24.9 2.4 0.33 2.5 0.008d59 Zbiersk-kn 36R, type V V 75.8 1.1 24.2 3.4 0.32 3.5 0.011d72 Zbiersk-kn 39R, type V V 26.6 2.4 73.4 0.9 2.77 2.6 0.072d80 Zbiersk-kn 47R, type V V 73.4 3.7 26.6 10.0 0.36 10.8 0.039d50 Zbiersk-28R, type V V 41.0 2.2 59.0 1.5 1.44 2.7 0.039d152 Słuszków, type VI, MOZK11201 B 50.0 2.2 50.0 2.2 1.00 3.1 0.032d153 Słuszków, type VI, MOZK11202 B 45.0 2.8 55.0 2.3 1.22 3.7 0.045d146 Słuszków, type VI, MOZK11340 B 41.2 1.8 58.8 1.3 1.42 2.2 0.031d147 Słuszków, type VI, MOZK11341 B 42.0 2.1 58.0 1.6 1.38 2.7 0.037d136 Śląsk [21], type VI B 25.5 3.3 74.5 1.1 2.93 3.5 0.10d92 Górki-30R, type VI C 76.7 1.3 23.3 4.0 0.30 4.4 0.013d107 Wodzierady-10R, type VI_Zn D 32.4 3.0 67.6 1.4 2.09 3.3 0.069d168 Słuszków, type VI, MOZK10572 D 50.4 2.7 49.6 2.7 0.98 3.8 0.038d169 Słuszków, type VI, MOZK10573 D 56.6 1.9 43.4 2.5 0.77 3.2 0.024d174 Słuszków, type VI, MOZK10578 D 56.5 1.7 43.5 2.2 0.77 2.8 0.021d182 Słuszków, type VI, MOZK10767 E 57.6 1.7 42.4 2.3 0.74 2.8 0.021d229 Denarius of Palatine Sieciech, MOZK12659 F 42.0 2.1 58.0 1.6 1.38 2.7 0.037d184 Górki-33R, type VII VII 42.3 3.1 57.7 2.3 1.37 3.8 0.053d186 Górki-39R, type VII VII 78.6 1.2 21.4 5.0 0.27 4.7 0.013d201 Cieszyków 2009, type VII, C-J09[15] VII 78.9 1.1 20.3 4.0 0.26 4.3 0.011d202 Cieszyków 2009, type VII, C-T09[17] VII 41.1 1.7 58.9 1.2 1.43 2.1 0.03d219 Jastrzębniki 873[5], type VIII VIII 58.1 1.5 41.9 2.1 0.72 2.6 0.019d221 Hungarian denarius (~1/2), Jastrzębniki, 891[7] W 78.5 1.3 21.5 5.0 0.27 4.8 0.013

d223 Czech denarius of Bolesław II (~1/2), Kalisz, KSM25/2006[11] CB 93.1 0.5 6.9 6.0 0.07 6.1 0.005

d227 Czech denarius of Spitygniew (~2/5), Cieszyków 2009, C32009[19] CS 92.5 0.5 6.7 6.0 0.07 6.1 0.004

d231 Denarius of Palatine Sieciech, MOZK12658 S 50.5 2.1 49.5 2.2 0.98 3.1 0.030d222 Denarius of Bolesław Śmiały, Kalisz - Stare Miasto [10] BŚ 19.0 3.0 80.6 0.7 4.24 3.0 0.13d211 Obra Nowa 130R, denarius of Bolesław Chrobry BC 90.9 0.6 9.1 6.0 0.10 6.4 0.006

Table 1. Cu/Ag ratios of investigated denarii determined by PGAA method.


of elemental silver’s spectrum, we decided to de-termine the Cu/Ag ratios, instead of trace ele-ments’ identifi cation.

PGAA is based on the detection of gamma-ray photons, which are emitted after the capture of thermal or subthermal neutrons into the atomic nuclei, i.e. the (n,) reaction. The photon energies range between 50 keV and 11 MeV and are char-acteristic for a given element. The element identi-fi cation is based on the precise determination of gamma photon energies and intensities. The de-tected gamma-ray intensity is directly proportion-al to the mass of a given element, the analytical sensitivity and the measurement time.

Instead of direct determination of every indi-vidual component’s mass, we apply the compara-tor method, or k0-method, which is widely used in instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA).

The k0 factors have been previously determined from standardization measurement at the Buda-pest PGAA laboratory. A much more detailed standardization procedure is described by Révay and Molnár [2].

The PGAA measurements were performed at neutron-induced prompt-gamma spectroscopy fa-cility (Fig.2) at the Budapest Neutron Centre (BNC). A guided cold neutron beam, obtained from the 10 MW Budapest Research Reactor, is used for the purpose of PGAA analysis. The ther-mal neutrons, which exit the reactor core, are cooled by a liquid hydrogen cell down to 16 K. Consequently, the achieved thermal equivalent neutron fl ux is 5 107 cm–2s–1 [3]. The size of the neutron beam was restricted to 1 1 cm2 area. The investigated coins were packed in thin tefl on (FEP) fi lms and were placed in a well-defi ned po-sition of the sample holder chamber. In fact, be-cause of the unacceptably high long-lived radio-activity of 64Cu and 110Ag isotopes, which were produced during (n,) reaction, we had to reduce the beam intensity. For this purpose, a perforated plastic sheet, containing 6Li, was introduced. According to a relative fl ux monitored by a thin Cd-sheet, the estimated actual neutron fl ux was as low as 1.7 106 cm–2s–1. The emitted gamma photons were detected with a complex HPGe-BGO detector system in Compton-suppression mode; the signals were processed with a multichannel analyser. The spectra were evaluated with Hyper-met-PC software; the element identifi cation was performed on the basis of BNC prompt-gamma element library.

During the investigation of silver coins, we have focused on the determination of Cu/Ag ratio. The peaks of interest were fi tted by Hypermet-PC and mass ratios were calculated. The combined stand-ard uncertainties of the mass ratios depend on the uncertainty of the counting statistics, the un-certainty of effi ciency function and the uncertainty of k0 factors. The most dominating of them is the uncertainty of counting statistics.

The method was previously checked on a set of copper-silver standard alloys, obtained from the Institute of Standards for Noble Metals, Hungary, and a good agreement was found [4]. The meas-

urement time for one individual coin varied be-tween 460 s and 3700 s.

Although in most of the practical applications in archaeometry [4, 5], PGAA is suitable for the determination of both major and trace compo-nents, and in the case of silver objects it is almost impossible to detect signifi cant trace elements. First, the limited irradiation time was not suffi -cient to reach the detection limits of most traces; second, the complexity of the elemental silver spec-trum and the high spectral density of prompt--gamma peaks cause numerous peak overlaps, which makes the element identifi cation much more diffi cult than in the case of most other matrixes. In order to determine the Cu/Ag mass ratios, the practically interference-free 277.993 keV prompt--gamma peak of Cu and the 198.522 keV prompt--gamma peak of Ag were chosen (Fig.3). The pos-sible peak overlapping was investigated, based on BNC PGAA data library [5]. The theoretically overlapping peaks for Cu – 277.993 keV (viz. Co – 277.199 keV, Ir – 278.328 keV) and for Ag – 198.522 keV (viz. Ga – 198.002 keV, Cs – 198.111 keV, Er – 198.267 keV, As – 198.701 keV, Gd – 199.421 keV, Re – 199.439 keV and Ho – 199.659 keV) were excluded based on practical considera-tions.

Obtained results for all the 55 coins are shown in Table 1. The bulk analysis of the coins has re-vealed an increasing Cu/Ag ratio as a function of time. The mass ratio varies from about 0.03 to about 4.24. The signifi cant increase of Cu con-tent, which is impossible to state by visual obser-vation, can be discovered in Fig.4. This tendency probably indicates the course of infl ation at that historical period.

Prompt-gamma activation analysis is a useful non-destructive tool to investigate the bulk com-position of valuable archaeological objects. In com-parison with X-ray fl uorescence analysis, it pro-vides bulk silver content, which is free from errors due to surface leaching and diffusion of copper during the corrosion process.

This work has been performed at the Budapest Neutron Centre, Hungary, within the contract CHARISMA of the EU.

References[1]. Pańczyk, E., Sartowska, B., Waliś, L., Dudek, J., Weker,

W., & Widawski, M. (2015). The origin and chronol-ogy of medieval silver coins based on the analysis of chemical composition. Nukleonika, 60, 3, 657-663.

[2]. Révay, Zs., & Molnár, G.L. (2003). Standardisation of the prompt gamma activation analysis method. Radiochim Acta, 91, 361-369.

[3]. Révay, Zs., Belgya, T., Kasztovszky, Zs., Weil, J.L., & Molnár, G.L. (2004). Cold neutron PGAA facility at Budapest. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B, 213, 385.

[4]. Szakmány, Gy., & Kasztovszky, Zs. (2004). Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis: a new method in the archaeological study of polished stone tools and their raw materials. Eur. J. Mineral., 16(2), 285.

[5]. Révay, Zs., Molnár, G.L., Belgya, T., Kasztovszky, Zs., & Firestone, R.B. (2000). A new gamma-ray spectrum catalog for PGAA. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 244(2), 383.

POLLUTION CONTROL POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES LABORATORYTECHNOLOGIES LABORATORY

Research activities of the Pollution Control Technologies Laboratory concern the concepts and methods of process engineering application to the environmental area. In particular, we participate in research on the application of electron accelerators in such environmental tech-nologies as fl ue gas and water treatment, wastewater purifi cation, processing of different in-dustrial waste, etc.

The main aims of activity of the Laboratory are:• development of new processes and technologies of environmental engineering,• development of environmental applications of radiation technologies,• promotion of nuclear methods in the fi eld of environmental applications.

The activities of our group are both basic and applicable research. Among others, the most important research fi elds are:• development of electron beam fl ue gas treatment (EBFGT) technology,• support of industrial implementation of EBFGT process,• investigation of chemical reaction mechanisms and kinetics in gas phase irradiated by

electron beam, • study on the mechanism of removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from fl ue gas

by electron beam excitation,• process modelling.

The Laboratory is equipped with such research tools as:• laboratory installation for electron beam fl ue gas treatment;• UV pulsed fl uorescent SO2 analysers Model 40 and chemiluminescent NO/NOx analysers

with molybdenum converter Model 10 A/R, manufactured by Thermo Electron Corporation (USA);

• gas chromatograph GC-17A with a mass spectrometer GCMS-QP5050 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation (Japan);

• portable gas analyser type Lancom II, manufactured by Land Combustion (UK) (NOx, SO2, CO, O2, etc.). The Laboratory is open for any form of cooperation. Especially we offer such activities as:

• laboratory research on environmental application of electron accelerators,• theoretical modelling of chemical processes under electron beam irradiation,• concept design of electron beam technology implementation,• process equipment design with use of CFD methods.

In recent years, the Laboratory cooperated with such institutions as:• Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology (Poland);• International Atomic Energy Agency;• Saudi ARAMCO (Saudi Arabia);• EB Tech Co., Ltd. (Republic of Korea);• Technology Centre of Western Pomerania (Germany);• Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (Germany);• Risø National Laboratory for Sustainble Energy, Technical University of Denmark

(Denmark);• Uppsala University, The Ångström Laboratory (Sweden);• Kaunas University of Technology (Lithuania);• Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (Lithuania);• Robert Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences (Poland);• West Pomeranian University of Technology (Poland);• Ukrainian Engineering Pedagogics Academy (Ukraine);

• Tsinghua University (China);• Alstom (Switzerland);• University of Palermo (Italy);• Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council

(CNR) (Italy); • Hacettepe University (Turkey);• Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry “Petru Poni” Iasi (Romania);• University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne (France);• University Politehnica of Bucharest (Romania).

83POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES LABORATORY

INVESTIGATION ON THE HIGH INLET CONCENTRATION OF NOx REMOVAL UNDER ELECTRON BEAM IRRADIATION

Janusz Licki1/, Ewa Zwolińska, Sylwester Bułka, Andrzej G. Chmielewski, Yongxia Sun1/ National Centre for Nuclear Research, Otwock-Świerk, Poland

NOx and SO2 are air pollutants harmful for hu-mans, animals and nature. These pollutants can be emitted from different sources such as burning of fossil fuels, chemical industry or car engines. The amounts of NOx and SO2 in exhaust gases can dif-fer depending on the combustion process and type of fuel used. Diesel oils, which are used among others in cargo ship engines, contain very high concentrations of both pollutants. This creates the urgent need of fi nding the effective method for cleaning off-gases that contain high concentra-tions of NOx and SO2, which would be possible to apply in marine industry.

Electron beam fl ue gas treatment (EBFGT) is a promising process for cleaning exhaust gases from SO2 and NOx, which has been already applied in Poland and China in power generation sector. The technology principle is oxidation of the pollut-ants caused by irradiation of the gases with elec-trons from accelerator. This process was investi-gated with major focus on treatment off-gases with low concentrations of SO2 and NOx. In this study, we broadened the investigation to a wide range of concentrations of both pollutants and studied the infl uence of irradiation dose, inlet con-centrations of SO2 and NOx as well as tempera-ture on effi ciency of the process. Furthermore, we combined the EBFGT with wet scrubbing tech-nology, which is widely used all over the world for abatement of these pollutants. Using the hybrid technology could signifi cantly lower the energy consumption, which would lead to a more cost effi cient process.

Experiments were carried out at an installation for fl ue gas treatment in the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology (INCT) equipped with electron accelerator ILU-6. We obtained the simu-lated exhaust gas by adding appropriate amount of NO and SO2 from gas cylinder to off-gases from burning the light oil. The composition of the gas before the reaction vessel was as follows: 70.6% N2, 8.6% CO2, 8.2% H2O, 5.6% O2, 200-1700 ppmv NO and 500-2000 ppmv SO2. Two values of temperature (70oC and 90oC) were studied to in-

vestigate the infl uence of this parameter on the process. During other experiments, the tempera-ture was 90oC. The irradiation dose varied be-tween 4.4 kGy and 32.7 kGy. When the hybrid technology was applied, gas after irradiation passed through the following two wet scrubbers (500 mL each) containing two types of oxidizing liquids: simulated sea water (3.5% NaCl solution in deion-ized water) or simulated sea water with addition of NaClO2 in KH2PO4 and Na2HPO4 buffer.

First, we investigated the infl uence of the ini-tial concentration of NO on NOx removal effi -ciency; the results are presented in Fig.1.

NOx removal effi ciency signifi cantly drops with increasing initial concentration of NO, especially in the range between 200 ppmv and 1000 ppmv. Ir-radiation dose is the major parameter infl uencing the removal effi ciency of NO. The removal effi -ciency of NO increases with the increase in applied dose. Nevertheless, when the initial concentration of NO is high even when high dose is applied, the effi ciency is low.

We also studied the infl uence of initial concen-tration of SO2 on NOx removal effi ciency in the following two cases: when the initial concentra-tion of NO is low – 200 ppmv (Fig.2), when it is high – 1000 ppmv (Fig.3).

In both cases, the initial concentration of SO2 has a positive effect on NOx removal effi ciency. This effect has been explained by the following chain of reactions (1-4) [1]:

SO2 + OH + M = HSO3 + M (M is a third body in a reaction system) (1)

HSO3 + O2 = SO3 + HO2 (2)NO + HO2 = NO2 + OH (3)

NO2 + OH + M = HNO3 + M (4)Similarly, we investigated the infl uence of tem-

perature in the reaction vessel on NOx removal ef-Fig.1. Infl uence of the initial concentration of NO on NOx removal effi ciency under different irradiation dose.

Fig.2. Infl uence of the initial concentration of SO2 on NOx removal effi ciency, when the initial concentration of NO is low (200 ppmv).

84 POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES LABORATORY

fi ciency in two cases as follows: when the initial concentration of NO is low – 200 ppmv (Fig.4), when it is high – 1000 ppmv (Fig.5). In both cases, the higher temperature causes higher NOx remov-al effi ciency.

We also studied hybrid technology, which com-bines electron beam method with wet scrubber with initial concentration of NO and SO2 being 1500 ppmv and 700 ppmv, respectively. First, simu-lated sea water was used as wet scrubber. We ob-tained signifi cantly higher removal effi ciency of NOx (up to 50%) in comparison with using only

electron beam (5.5%). The addition of NaClO2 buffered in KH2PO4 and Na2HPO4 induced even higher NOx removal effi ciency, up to 97%. This effect can be explained by the following reaction occurring in the scrubber (5) [2]:4NO + 3NaClO2 + 2H2O = 4HNO3 + 3NaCl (5)

Based on our experimental results, we draw the following conclusions: NOx removal effi ciency mostly depends on irradiation dose and initial con-centration of NO. The biggest differences in the level of effi ciency can be observed when the ini-tial concentration of NO changes from 200 ppmv to 1000 ppmv. Irradiation dose has no signifi cant impact on NOx removal effi ciency when the ini-tial concentration of NO is very high (above 1000 ppmv). When SO2 is present in exhaust gas, syner-gistic effect occurs and NOx removal signifi cantly improves. Higher temperature is benefi cial to ob-tain higher removal effi ciency of NOx irrespective of initial NO concentration. The process can be signifi cantly improved by combining wet scrubber with the presence of an oxidant, which enables to obtain up to 97% removal effi ciency of NOx, even when the initial concentration of NO is as high as 1500 ppmv.

References[1]. Chmielewski, A.G., Sun, Y., Licki, J., Pawelec, A., Wit-

man, S., & Zimek, Z. (2012). Electron-beam treatment of high NOx concentration off-gases. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 81 (8), 1036-1039. DOI: 10.1016/j.radphys-chem.2011.12.012.

[2]. Adewuyi, Y.G., He, X., Shaw, H., & Lolertpihop, W. (1999). Simultaneous absorption and oxidation of NO and SO2 by aqueous solutions of sodium chlorite. Chem. Eng. Commun., 174, 1, 21-51. DOI: 10.1080/ 00986449908912788.

Fig.3. Infl uence of the initial concentration of SO2 on NOx removal effi ciency, when the initial concentration of NO is high (1000 ppmv).

Fig.4. Infl uence of temperature in process vessel on NOx removal effi ciency at initial concentration of NO being 200 ppmv.

Fig.5. Infl uence of temperature in process vessel on NOx removal effi ciency at initial concentration of NO being 1000 ppmv.


OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS PARAMETERS INFLUENCING THE REMOVAL OF SO2 AND NOx

DURING ELECTRON BEAM FLUE GAS TREATMENT PROCESS BY MATHEMETICAL MODELLING IN MATLAB

Ewa Zwolińska, Valentina Gogulancea1/, Vasile Lavric1/, Yongxia Sun, Andrzej G. Chmielewski1/ University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

Table 1. Experimental and modelling conditions.

One of the most dangerous pollutants in the air is sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), especially NO and NO2. All of them are compo-nents of acid rain, which leads to the damage of historical buildings and monuments as well as na-ture. Nitrogen oxides also cause eutrophication of lakes, which results in lower content of oxygen in water. SO2 and NOx are produced in many indus-trial processes, burning of fossil fuels or chemical processes. To avoid releasing these oxides into the atmosphere, there are many methods that are used for the removal of these pollutants from exhaust-ed gases. One of the most promising methods is electron beam fl ue gas treatment (EBFGT), which uses electron beam from accelerator to oxidize and remove SO2 and NOx from gases. As it is a novel approach, the intensifi ed work is implemented to optimize the technology as well as to fi nd out the mechanisms of reactions, which are occurring dur-ing the process.

Previously, the mathematical model based on the system of fi rst-order differential equations was developed in programming environment MATLAB, which fi nally contained 1034 reactions, where 115 species were involved. As a result, we obtained the

dependencies between the concentrations of main species and time of irradiation, changes in remov-al effi ciencies of both pollutants within the time of irradiation and the infl uence of absorbed dose on the concentration of SO2 and NOx [1].

This year, we validated the model by compar-ing the results obtained by mathematical compu-tation with the experimental results [2]. Condi-tions of experiments and modelling are as shown in Tables 1 and 2 giving the comparisons between the results.

The average relative deviations for SO2 and NOx are 9.5% and 11.5%, respectively. It shows that the model is in a good agreement with results obtained experimentally.

In order to provide a more thorough study of the infl uence of conditions on results, we decided to implement the factorial experiment and check the response of the model in three cases: the worst, base and the best conditions for removal of NOx and SO2. We decided to study fi ve parameters as follows: irradiation dose, humidity content, NO initial concentration, temperature and ammonia stoichiometry. Conditions of experiment no. 3 were chosen as the base case because of the lowest

No. T [oC] H [vol%] D [kGy] [s] CNOx [ppm] CSO2 [ppm] NH3

1 58.6 12.0 10.0 14.43 127 383 0.92

2 59.2 10.7 10.0 14.36 171 364 0.89

3 60.4 8.6 10.2 4.11 161 673 0.89

4 54.9 8.2 10.0 13.4 129 359 0.88

5 60.3 7.7 10.1 4.05 196 467 0.88

6 78.8 6.9 10.1 6.02 216 430 0.90

7 55.1 7.9 12.5 3.56 157 465 0.91

8 55.8 8.0 12.7 3.63 159 484 0.88

9 78.8 6.7 10.1 5.99 216 421 0.91

10 61.2 8.1 7.1 4.37 181 427 0.87

11 62.3 7.8 5.1 4.41 186 515 0.91

12 59.8 7.8 2.8 4.22 182 510 0.87

13 59.1 9.0 8.0 4.03 146 462 0.93

14 59.3 8.0 10.4 4.13 158 624 0.91

15 60.9 8.2 10.2 4.11 194 443 0.89

16 60.8 9.8 10.1 11.94 175 314 0.91

17 59.0 12.4 11.4 13.78 181 358 0.90

18 60.6 10.7 12.1 14.36 168 377 0.87

19 59.8 7.7 12.1 4.08 190 386 0.90

20 61.8 7.7 10.2 4.13 185 398 0.90

86 POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES LABORATORY

relative deviation between modelling and experi-mental results for both pollutants. The best con-ditions for NOx removal were as follows: high dose and humidity, low NO initial concentration, high temperature and concentration of ammonia. For SO2 removal, the best conditions were almost the same, with the difference in temperature (low tem-perature for the best case). The worst conditions were reverse to the best case. Values are present-ed in Table 3.

The infl uence of the dose on the NOx and SO2 removal effi ciencies in three different cases are shown in Figs.1 and 2, respectively. Irradiation dose has a major effect on the removal of both pollutants, especially when the dose is lower than 10.2 kGy, the removal effi ciencies drop signifi -cantly. It can be noticed that when the best condi-tions are applied, rising the dose over 10.2 kGy does not improve NOx removal effi ciency, and it decreased in comparison to base condition case.

That can be explained by the fact that at this high irradiation dose and high temperature, the rates of reactions, which lead to the generation of NOx, are increased. In the case of SO2, trends are more straightforward leading to the conclusion that the removal effi ciency increases with higher doses.

The other parameter, which signifi cantly infl u-ences the removal effi ciency, is humidity. With in-crease in content of water, the removal effi ciency increases for both pollutants. The decrease of tem-

perature can slightly improve SO2 removal effi -ciency; however, the infl uence on NOx removal ef-fi ciency is not linear. During the worst conditions, the higher temperature is benefi cial, on the con-trary to the best conditions when the lower tem-perature is preferable. When the base case scenario is applied, the temperature effect is negligible. The effect of inlet concentration of NO shows a similar trend to temperature when considering the NOx re-moval effi ciency. High inlet concentration is pref-

Table 2. Comparisons between the removal effi ciencies of SO2 and NOx obtained from experiments and modelling.

No.Experimental Modelling Relative deviation

removal NOx [%] removal SO2 [%] removal NOx [%] removal SO2 [%] NOx [%] SO2 [%]

1 77.9 93.2 88.6 99.4 -13.7 -6.7

2 72.5 99.2 89.6 98.4 -23.6 0.8

3 82.1 81.0 81.3 85.5 1.0 -5.6

4 81.0 98.6 88.1 99.4 -8.8 -0.8

5 74.0 74.1 83.0 83.7 -12.2 -13.0

6 74.1 67.7 84.5 87.3 -14.0 -29.0

7 73.9 89.2 83.5 90.8 -13.0 -1.8

8 77.3 81.0 83.5 90.5 -8.0 -11.7

9 74.1 74.3 84.6 87.4 -14.2 -17.6

10 74.6 84.8 74.9 77.1 -0.4 9.1

11 65.6 85.4 59.3 75.3 9.6 11.8

12 47.3 89.0 37.4 68.2 20.9 23.4

13 63.7 77.9 80.1 81.2 -25.7 -4.2

14 75.1 84.6 82.3 86.8 -9.6 -2.6

15 79.4 74.3 83.8 84.5 -5.5 -13.7

16 80.8 93.3 89.2 97.8 -10.4 -4.8

17 74.6 97.4 89.8 99.1 -20.4 -1.7

18 76.7 99.3 89.4 99.6 -16.6 -0.3

19 86.8 73.6 85.6 90.4 1.4 -22.8

20 83.2 78.6 84.6 85.3 −1.7 -8.5

Table 3. Parameter values used in factorial experiment.

Conditions Irradiation dose [kGy]

Humidity content [%]

NO initial concentration [ppmv]

Temperature [oC]

Ammonia stoichiometry

NOx worst 8.2 6.9 193 48.5 0.71

NOx base 10.2 8.6 161 60.6 0.89

NOx best 12.2 10.3 129 72.5 1.0

SO2 worst 8.2 6.9 193 72.5 0.71

SO2 base 10.2 8.6 161 60.6 0.89

SO2 best 12.2 10.3 129 48.5 1.0


erable only in the best condition scenario. Further-more, the SO2 removal effi ciency decreases with increase of NO inlet concentration. The growth of ammonia ratio signifi cantly improves the removal effi ciency of SO2 as well as NOx. Only in the best condition scenario, the content of ammonia does not improve the removal of NOx.

The conclusions are as follows:• The developed model was in a good agreement

with experimental results. With a good level of accuracy, it can predict the behaviour of species involved in a process of electron beam fl ue gas treatment.

• The removal effi ciency of NOx strongly depends on a dose, humidity and ammonia ratio. The in-fl uence of temperature and inlet concentration of NO is dependent on other parameters. Model-ling shows that when very high dose is applied, the removal effi ciency in best case scenario is lower than that with moderate conditions. This can be explained by accelerating reaction rates

responsible for NO2 generation, which is caused by high dose and high temperature in the best case scenario.

• The removal effi ciency of SO2 depends on dose, humidity, temperature, inlet concentration of NO and ammonia stoichiometry. The depend-encies in the case of SO2 removal effi ciency are more straightforward than those related to NOx removal effi ciency.

References[1]. Zwolińska, E., Gogulancea, V., Lavric, V., & Sun, Y.

(2014). Modelling study of the abatement of SO2 and NOx from the accelerated electron beam by using MATLAB. In INCT Annual Report 2014 (pp. 95-96). Warszawa: Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Tech-nology.

[2]. Chmielewski, A.G., Tymiński, B., Dobrowolski, A., Il-ler, E., Zimek, Z., & Licki, J. (2000). Empirical models for NOx and SO2 removal in a double stage fl ue gas irradiation process. Rad. Phys. Chem., 57, 527-530. DOI: 10.1016/S0969-806X(99)00419-3.

Fig.2. Infl uence of the dose on SO2 removal effi ciency in the worst, base and best case.

Fig.1. Infl uence of the dose on NOx removal effi ciency in the worst, base and best case.

STABLE ISOTOPE LABORATORYSTABLE ISOTOPE LABORATORY

Basic activity of the Stable Isotope Laboratory concern the techniques and methods of stable isotope measurements (H, C, N, O, S) by the use of an isotope ratio mass spectrometer – IRMS. Our activity area concerns also the application to the environmental area: stable isotope com-position of hydrogeological, environmental, medical and food samples.

The main aims of activity of the Laboratory are:• preparation and measurement of stable isotope composition of food and environmental

samples;• new area of application of stable isotope composition for food authenticity control, envi-

ronmental protection and origin identifi cation.The Laboratory is equipped with the following instruments:

• mass spectrometer – DELTAplus (FinniganMAT, Germany);• elemental analyser Flash 1112NC (ThermoFinnigan, Italy);• GasBench II (ThermoQuest, Germany);• H/Device (ThermoQuest, Germany);• gas chromatograph (Shimadzu, Japan);• gas chromatograph with a mass spectrometer (Shimadzu, Japan);• liquid scintillation counter (for 14C and tritium environmental samples) 1414-003 Guard-

ian (Wallac-Oy, Finland);• freeze dryer Alpha 1-2 LD plus (Christ, Germany).

Research staff of the Laboratory is involved in the following projects:• “The study of the infl uence of the environmental factors on the isotopic compositions of

dairy products”,• accreditation process (isotopic method for food authenticity control),• interlaboratory profi ciency test FIT-PTS (food analysis using isotopic techniques – profi -

ciency testing scheme).The Stable Isotope Laboratory is open for any form of cooperation. We are ready to under-

take any research and development task within the scope of our activity. Especially, we offer our measurement experience, precision and profi ciency in the fi eld of stable isotope composi-tion. Besides, we are open for any service in the area of food authenticity control by stable isotope methods supported by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectro-metry (GC-MS) methods.

Our Laboratory cooperates with the following national partners:• Agricultural and Food Quality Inspection,• Polish Association of Juice Producers,• customs inspections,• food export-import company,• food control laboratories,• private customersand foreign partners:• Eurofi ns Scientifi c Analytics (France),• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA),• Joint Research Centre (Ispra, Italy).

90 STABLE ISOTOPE LABORATORY

STUDY OF ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF CO2 IN SPARKLING DRINKSRyszard Wierzchnicki

Fig.1. The measured 13C values for CO2 for different groups of sparkling drinks: B – beer, C – cider, MW – mineral water, SW – sparkling wine.

Stable isotope analyses have been useful tool for food authenticity control. An important limitation of the application isotopic method for food authen-ticity control is a lack of database of stable isotope composition for different origin food. Stable Iso-tope Laboratory of the Institute of Nuclear Chem-istry and Technology (INCT) from many years carries out a study on isotopic composition of food for the elaboration and implementation of new iso-tope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) methods and database for some food from Polish market.

Some of the most popular European sparkling wines are as follows: French Champagne, Italian Spumante, Portuguese Espumante, Spanish Cava, German Sekt and Russian Sovietskoye Shampan-skoye. Other alcoholic sparkling drinks are cider and beer. Sparkling wines can be in every type: extra brut, brut, sec, demi-sec, asti, doux. Non-al-coholic sparkling beverages are natural and artifi -cial carbonated mineral waters and a lot of car-bonated soft drinks.

For sparkling wine is allowed only natural methods of bubbles CO2 production by addition of sugar to fermentation. The addition of sugar to produce CO2 bubbles in wine is allowed during the fi rst fermentation or second fermentation. The addition of beet sugar (C3 plants – Calvin cycle) or cane sugar and corn syrup (C4 plans – Hatch-Slack pathway) results in different isotopic composi-tion of CO2. Artifi cial carbonated drinks typically using CO2 from industrial source results in other 13C value (Table 1).

Subject of the study is to investigate the stable carbon isotope composition of the CO2 bubbles of sparkling drinks for the control of authenticity of the drinks. The basic aim was to identify the source of CO2 in these drinks. Our method is to look for the range of the 13C values for authentic sparkling drinks. Basic problem is: Is the CO2 gas

in sparkling drink from natural source (natural fermentation or from spring) or by artifi cial car-bonation of those drinks? In the study, the stable isotope method for the control (natural or exog-enous carbonation) of CO2 bubbles will be elabor-ated to control the quality of sparkling drink and their compliance with labelling.

The GasBench vials were initially fi lled by fl ushing with helium 5.0 for 1 min. After that, 100 l of CO2 gas was taken from the headspace of the bottle with the sparkling drinks with the use of the gastight syringe. CO2 was transferred to the GasBench vials with septum cap. The bottles with sparkling drinks were stabilized at room tem-perature. The GasBench vials were put to the GasBench tray for the normal procedure of CO2 gas measurements.

The isotopic composition was determined us-ing GasBench II (ThermoQuest) connected in con-tinuous fl ow mode to DELTAplus (FinniganMat) mass spectrometer. Every sample was measured

Table 1. Carbon isotopic composition 13C for CO2 of dif-ferent origin [1-4].

Origin of CO2 13C – CO2 [‰]

Fermentation:– C3 sugar– C4 sugar

-26 ÷ -20-12 ÷ -9

Air -8 ÷ -7

Fossil fuels combustion:– coal– petroleum– natural gas

-33 ÷ -22-31 ÷ -25-75 ÷ -15

Carbonate sediments -14 ÷ 1

Natural mineral water -7 ÷ -4Carbonated mineral waters -45 ÷ -28

CO2 in sparkling drinks

-50

-45

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

B1 B2 B3 c1g

c2g

c3g

c4g

c5g

c6g

c7g

c8g

MW

1M

W2

MW

3M

W4

MW

7M

W9

MW

13M

W14

MW

5M

W6

MW

8M

W10

MW

11M

W12

SW1

SW2

SW3

SW4

SW5

SW6

SW7

δ13C

- CO

2 [‰

]

91STABLE ISOTOPE LABORATORY

six times for carbon isotopic composition. The standard deviation of the values obtained from measurements for 13C was 0.2‰.

The isotopic composition of 13C in CO2 is fi -nally expressed by the following equation:

The measured values of 13C of sparkling drinks are presented in Fig.1.

We can see a big difference in carbon isotopic composition 13C in CO2 in every group of prod-ucts. This is connected with different origin of the CO2. Biggest difference we can see between min-eral waters which contained a natural gas from spring and carbonated by industrial gas. This is agreeable with the foreseen of these gases’ origin (Table 1).

Conclusions are the following:• The fi nal product of the study is a new simplifi ed

method for origin control of CO2 in sparkling drinks. It is necessary to test the sensitivity of the method for big population samples with good origin confi rmed.

• The study will be continued for different com-mercial sparkling drinks and the database for Polish mineral waters, ciders and beers will be constructed. The correlation between a carbon isotopic composition 13C in CO2 and C2H5OH for different authentic, alcoholic drinks will be tested.

References[1]. Gonzalez-Martin, I., Gonzalez-Perez, C., & Marques-

-Macias, E. (1997). Contribution to the study of the origin of CO2 in Spanish sparkling wines by determi-nation of the 13C/12C isotope ratio. J. Agric. Food Chem., 45, 1149-1151.

[2]. Gaillard, L., Guyon, F., Salagoity, M.-H., & Medina, B. (2013). Authenticity of carbon bubbles in French ciders through multifl ow-isotope ratio mass spectrometry measurements. Food Chem., 141, 2103-2107.

[3]. Martinelli , L.A., Moreira, M.Z., Ometto, J.P.H.B., Al-carde, A.R., Rizzon, L.A., Stange, E., & Ehleringer, J.R. (2003). Stable carbon isotopic composition of the wine and CO2 bubbles of sparkling wines: detecting C4 sugar additions. J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, 2625-2631.

[4]. Cabañero, A.I., San-Hipólito, T., & Rupérez, M. (2007). GasBench/isotope ratio mass spectrometry: a carbon isotope approach to detect exogenous CO2 in spar-kling drinks. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 21(20), 3323-3328.

13 13

12 1213 SAMPLE STANDARD 0

00vsPDB 13

12STANDARD

C CC C

C 1000CC

LABORATORY LABORATORY FOR MEASUREMENTS FOR MEASUREMENTS

OF TECHNOLOGICAL DOSESOF TECHNOLOGICAL DOSES

The Laboratory for Measurements of Technological Doses (LMTD) was created in 1998 and accredited as testing laboratory in February 2004 (Polish Centre of Accreditation, accredita-tion number: AB 461).

The actual accreditation range is:• gamma radiation dose measurement by means of a Fricke dosimeter (20-400 Gy),• gamma radiation dose measurement by means of a CTA fi lm dosimeter (10-80 kGy),• electron radiation dose measurement by means of a CTA fi lm dosimeter (15-40 kGy),• electron radiation dose measurement by means of graphite and polystyrene calorimeters

(1.5-40 kGy),• irradiation of dosimeters or other small objects with Co-60 gamma radiation to strictly

defi ned doses,• irradiation of dosimeters or other small objects with 10 MeV electron beams to strictly

defi ned doses.The secondary standard of the dose rate using by the LMTD is a Co-60 gamma source “Issle-

dovatel” and a Gamma Chamber 5000. The sources were calibrated in April 2009 and in March 2012, respectively, according to NPL (National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK) primary standard. The uncertainty of the dose rate was estimated to be 2.9% and 3.1% (U, k = 2).

94 LABORATORY FOR MEASUREMENTS OF TECHNOLOGICAL DOSES

VALIDATION OF METHODS FOR MEASURING THE DOSE USING CALORIMETERS

Anna Korzeniowska-Sobczuk, Magdalena Karlińska

In accordance with the recommendations of the standard PN-EN ISO/IAC 17025:2005 [1], valida-tion is the confi rmation by examination and the provision of objective evidence that the particular requirements for a specifi c intended use are ful-fi lled. Validation of methods of measurement is documented course of action that repeatedly gets results that match the given criteria of acceptance. Calibration of all types of calorimeters applied in dosimetry system and used as routine dosimeters should be checked by comparison with reference standard or transfer standard dosimeter. A detail-ed guidance on the experiment is shown in the standard ISO/ASTM 51631:2013(E) [2].

The Laboratory for Measurements of Technol-ogical Doses (LMTD) has nine calorimeters manu-factured by the High Dose Laboratory, Risø, Den-mark. Manufacturer’s recommendations were to calibrate the calorimeters by the user in real oper-ating conditions and each time after receiving a dose of total 2000 kGy. The calorimeters were irradiated with 10-MeV electron beams from an industrial 10-kW linear accelerator radiation (ac-celerator Elektronika 10/10). For control of ap-plied doses, the alanine reference dosimeters hav-ing the traceable to a primary standard maintained by the National Physical Laboratory – NPL (Ted-dington, UK) were used. The mean electron energy measured by the wedge method was in the range 9.6-9.8 MeV. Approved doses range 5-40 kGy, cor-responding to routine sterilization process in the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology (INCT). Dose measurements were performed us-ing software Caldose, Risø.

A plan for the validation of methods for meas-uring the dose using calorimeters was prepared. It included the following:• three groups of calorimeters manufactured by

the High Dose Laboratory, Risø: polystyrene – old (nos. 829, 830, 904), polystyrene – new (nos. 1167, 1168, 1169), graphite (nos. 1191, 1192, 1193);

• determination of calibration curves for doses of electron radiation in the range 5-40 kGy;

• creating a balance of uncertainty for calorimetric method;

• criterion for acceptance of calorimeter method – expanded uncertainty U (k = 2) 8%.

For all three groups of calorimeters, calibra-tion curves were determined as a function of DNPL = f(Dcal). Examples of calibration curves are shown in Fig.1. Results for alanine and calori-meter dose measurements are given in Table 1 (in example only dose 20 kGy). The results show the

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Absorbed dose - polistyrene calorimeters - old [kGy]

Abso

rbed

dos

e - a

lani

ne N

PL [k

Gy]

Calorimetr 829

Calorimetr 830

Calorimetr 904

Fig.1. Examples of calibation curves DNPL = f(Dcal).

Table 1. Results for alanine NPL and calorimeter dose measurements (~20 kGy).

Reference dosimeter alanine NPL no.

Calorimeter no.

Average dose of alanine NPL

[kGy]

Dose of the calorimeter

[kGy]Error absolute

Difference in the dose

[%]

66/246066/2461 829 18.40 18.76 0.36 1.96

66/246066/2461 830 18.40 20.22 1.82 9.89

66/246166/2462 904 18.56 18.98 0.43 2.29

66/246066/2461 1167 18.40 18.65 0.25 1.36

66/246066/2461 1168 18.40 17.81 -0.59 3.21

66/246066/2461 1169 18.40 18.17 -0.23 1.25

66/246166/2462 1191 18.56 18.08 -0.48 2.56

66/246166/2462 1192 18.56 18.31 -0.25 1.32

66/246166/2462 1193 18.56 18.13 -0.43 2.29

95LABORATORY FOR MEASUREMENTS OF TECHNOLOGICAL DOSES

agreement between doses measured with alanine reference dosimeters and the calorimeters with a

maximum difference of 4%. The result of calibra-tion verifi cation is accepted and meets the require-ments of ASTM. The results are shown in Table 2. Single doses exceeding the maximum difference indicates a lack of stability of the accelerator beam current. Developed balance takes into account the uncertainty of such cases as mentioned above. Sources of uncertainty and the values are shown in Table 3. The assumed acceptance criteria in the validation plan have been met, and the expanded uncertainty of the dosimetric system using calo-

rimeters and irradiation in accelerator Electronics 10/10 did not exceed 8%.

References[1]. Polski Komitet Normalizacyjny. (2005). Ogólne wy-

magania dotyczące kompetencji laboratoriów badaw-czych i wzorcujących (General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories). PN-EN ISO/IAC 17025:2005.

[2]. ASTM International. (2013). Practice for use of calo-rimetric dosimetry systems for electron beam dose measurements and routine dosimetry system calibra-tion. ISO/ASTM 51631:2013(E).

Table 2. Summary of the results of calibration for all calorimeters.

Table 3. Measurement uncertainties of routine calorimetric dosimetry systems.

Type of calorimeters Calorimeter no. Regression equation DNPL= f(Dcal)

Correlation coeffi cient R2 Uncertainty determine calibration curve [%]

Polystyrene – old

829 y = 0.9792x + 0.123 0.9996 1.78

830 y = 0.9737x – 0.1191 0.9980 3.17

904 y = 0.9908x – 0.0585 0.9992 2.40

Polystyrene – new

1167 y = 1.0092x + 0.2542 0.9983 1.74

1168 y = 0.9998x + 0.6217 0.9993 2.58

1169 y = 0.9712x + 0.878 0.9983 3.35

Graphite

1191 y = 1.0465x + 0.0743 0.9999 0.72

1192 y = 1.0608x – 0.2419 0.9982 2.72

1193 y = 1.0439x – 0.0472 0.9999 1.02

Sources of uncertainty [%] Polystyrene calorimeters (old) nos. 829, 839, 904

Polystyrene calorimeters (new) nos. 1167, 1168, 1169

Graphite calorimeters nos. 1191, 1192, 1193

Calibration curve 3.17 3.35 2.72

Instability of the beam current of the accelerator 1 1 1

Instantaneous change speed conveyor 0.1 0.1 0.1

Standard uncertainty uc 3.32 3.50 2.90

Expanded uncertainty U (k = 2) 6.64 7.00 5.80

LABORATORY FOR DETECTION LABORATORY FOR DETECTION OF IRRADIATED FOODOF IRRADIATED FOOD

The Laboratory for Detection of Irradiated Food was created at the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology in 1994. The adoption of the quality assurance system resulted in the accreditation of this unit in 1999. The Laboratory received its fi rst accreditation certifi -cate from the Polish Centre of Accreditation (PCA). From that time, the Laboratory for Detection of Irradiated Food possess constantly the status of accredited R&D unit and is authorized to proceed the examination of food samples and to classify them whether irradiated or non-irradiated. Every four years, the Laboratory accreditation certifi cate has to be renewed after passing positively the PCA expert audit. The current, already the 5th accreditation cer-tifi cate, was received on 30th September 2014 and is valid until 24th October 2018.

Professional and well-experienced staff is engaged in the improvement of irradiation de-tection methods adapted in the Laboratory to make them more sensitive and reliable for the identifi cation of radiation treatment in the extended group of food articles. The Laboratory offers analytical service in this fi eld to domestic and foreign customers an extended assort-ment of food articles with the use of fi ve appropriate and normalized analytical methods. The Scope of Accreditation – an integral part of accreditation certifi cate, offers to the customers fi ve methods suitable for the detection of radiation treatment in almost all food assortments available in the open market. During the last 16 years of analytical activity, nearly 3000 food samples were successfully examined and classifi ed.Nowadays, a lot of many component food assortments like herbal pharmaceuticals, diet sup-plement, food extracts are delivered from our domestic and foreign customers for examina-tion whether irradiated.

The Laboratory implemented and validated the following detection methods:• method for the detection of irradiated food containing bone with the use of electron para-

magnetic spectroscopy (EPR/ESR) based on an analytical procedure offered by the CEN European standard EN-1786;

• method for the detection of irradiated food containing cellulose with the use of EPR spec-troscopy based on an analytical procedure given by the CEN European standard EN-1787;

• method for the detection of irradiated food containing crystalline sugars with EPR spec-troscopy based on analytical procedures given by the CEN European standard EN-13708;

• method for the detection of irradiated food from which silicate minerals can be isolated using a thermoluminescence (TL) reader and based on analytical procedures recommend-ed by the CEN European standard EN-1788;

• method for the detection of irradiated food using a photostimulated luminescence (PSL) reader and based on analytical procedures recommended by the CEN European standard EN-13751.

The application of the above fi ve standardized detection methods addressed to specifi ed groups of foods and validated in the Laboratory guarantees accurate analysis and reliable classifi cation of food samples delivered to the Laboratory for testing.

The Laboratory is currently active in effective implementation of improved analytical and measuring procedures suitable for the detection of irradiation in complex food articles con-taining low or very low concentration of irradiated ingredients. These are typically aromatic herbs and spices admixed to the product.It has been proven experimentally that modifi cation of mineral isolation procedure, the deter-mination of mineral content isolated and the effectiveness of mineral thermoluminescence are the important factors which infl uence the detection ability of analytical method in use.

In 2015, the samples for irradiation control were delivered from domestic and foreign fi rms. The latter from Germany, Italy, Denmark, Switzerland, Great Britain, China, Latvia,

Hungary. The assortment of samples comprised spices, fermented rice, mushrooms, herbal pharmaceuticals, diet supplements, food extracts. In total, 316 samples were examined. 306 samples were examined by the TL method, while the PSL based analytical procedures were applied only four times and EPR – six times.

From 19th June 2012, the Laboratory has the status of the reference laboratory in the fi eld of the detection of irradiated food in Poland under the nomination of the Ministry of Health (National Reference Laboratory No. 5). As such, the Laboratory is responsible for the organi-zation of the control and monitoring of irradiated food around the country.

In May 2015, the Laboratory was invited to join the “Intercomparative exercise for qual-ity assurance on TL, PSL and EPR irradiated food detection method” organized by the Food Technology Department of the Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition with the par-ticipation of specialized analytical laboratories from many countries.

99LABORATORY FOR DETECTION OF IRRADIATED FOOD

INVESTIGATION WITH THERMOLUMINESCENCE AND PHOTOLUMINESCENCE METHODS

OF IRRADIATED DIET SUPPLEMENTS AND THEIR VEGETAL COMPONENTS

Magdalena W. Sadowska, Grzegorz P. Guzik, Wacław Stachowicz, Grażyna Liśkiewicz

IntroductionWorldwide spread diet supplements contain

typically dried vegetal components such as herbs, spices, roots, vegetables, fruits and fruit extracts which, as believed from the ancient times, infl u-ence positively on human condition and health . These components, which are harvested usually in very traditional manner, contain lot of impurities and microbial contaminants including dangerous pests. For this reason, these products undergo dis-infection including microbial decontamination. One of effective methods of microbial decontami-nation of vegetal components is irradiation. As rec-ommended by FAO/WHO, the safe dose of ioniz-ing is 5-10 kGy [1]. However, recently for the de-contamination of these products, thermal and high pressure methods are applied in combination with irradiation. It is known that in the combined dis-infection processes, markedly lower doses of ion-izing radiation are applied.

The aim of the present study was the determi-nation of the possibility and reliability of the de-tection of irradiation in diet supplements and their vegetal components irradiated with low doses of ionizing radiation. The analytical procedures ap-plied are based on the following two CEN Euro-pean standards: EN-1788 on the detection of irradiated food from which silicate minerals can be isolated based on thermoluminescence (TL) method [2] and EN-13751 on the detection of ir-radiated food giving rise to photostimulated lumi-nescence (PSL) based on pulsed photostimulated luminescence (PPSL) method [3]. The subjects of the investigation were three diet supplements avail-able in the pharmacies and six components of these products. The samples were irradiated with the dose 5 kGy (the lowest recommended technologi-cal dose) and with the considerably lower dose 0.5 kGy comparable with doses applied in com-bined processes mentioned above. For compari-son, non-irradiated samples of all tested products have been investigated.The following diet supplements were studied:• Humavit – for the improvement of the state of

hair and nails,• Extra Spasmina – the calmative,• PilexTM – assist for blood circulation system

andtheir components such as dried horsetail, dried leaves of nettle, dried leaves of lemon balm, dried root of valerian and also two oriental herbs such as neem-tree (niem) and powdered amalaki fruit.Examination of samples with the TL method

The tablets of diet supplements or the content of capsules were diluted (spread) in water and sub-sequently subjected to the action of ultrasounds for at least 30 min. The following density separa-

tion was carried out in compliance with the pro-cedure given in EN-1788 standard. All samples were sieved on 250 m nylon sieves. Silicate min-erals isolated from the samples were placed in stainless steel TL measuring cups and heated at 50oC. Thermoluminescence measurements were carried out with RISOE TL/OSL DA 20 reader. The instrument adjustments are the following: ini-tial temperature – 50oC, fi nal temperature – 450oC, speed of the heating – 6oC/s.

Two subsequent TL measurements have been conducted with each of samples. These were as fol-lows: preliminary measure (glow 1) and calibrated measure (glow 2) which has been done after cali-brated irradiation of TL measuring cups contain-ing minerals radiating with the dose 1 kGy of the 60Co gamma rays.

Table 1 in the following comprises the results obtained with diet supplements and with their vegetal components. The TL intensities attribut-ed to glow 1 and glow 2 represent the integrated area under the TL time-dependent curve within the range 150-250oC.

The recorded TL glow 1 curves of all investi-gated samples show the maxima of the TL inten-sity in the range of temperatures between 170oC and 190oC (Table 1), which is typical for irradi-ated silicate minerals isolated from the food. On the contrary, glow 1/glow 2 ratio calculated for all samples was higher than 0.1 which is proved based on EN-1788 the irradiation of samples. The weights of minerals isolated from all samples were found high enough to proceed with the reliable TL measurement. According to EN-1788, the mass of separated mineral should exceed 0.1 mg (Table 1).

It has been surprisingly found that TL inten-sity obtained with minerals isolated from the samples irradiated with the dose 0.5 kGy was only slightly lower than those obtained with samples irradiated with 5 kGy. In both cases, the thermo-luminescence measurements delivered the results of comparably high reliability allowing to classify the samples as irradiated. Unexpectedly, one of diet supplements purchased (DermoSkrzyp Forte) comprising horsetail and nettle extract has been irradiated, and the appropriate information did not appear in the etiquette of this product. It is an example of negligence by the food producer in necessitating with labelling the irradiated food de-spite of the requirements of EU directives [4, 5]. It is a strong argument for the necessity and ex-tent of the area of inspecting the irradiated food products.Examination of samples with the PPSL method

The tablets of diet supplements or the content of capsules were crumbled to the uniform powder and placed in Petri dishes to cover the bottom of

100 LABORATORY FOR DETECTION OF IRRADIATED FOOD

the dish with thin layer of the sample. The weight of samples equalled to 3.0 ±0.2 g. Petri dishes with sample powder were stored in dark before the measurement, in order to avoid accidental ex-position to bright light. The PPSL measurements were carried out with the reader produced by the Scottish University Research Reactor Centre (SURRC), actually an only producer of PPSL in-struments known. The analytical procedure of PPSL measurements and the instrument adjust-ments were based on European standard EN-13751.

The samples were examined as purchased and then for the second time after calibrated irradia-tion of samples with 60Co gamma rays from Gamma Chamber 5000 with the dose 5 kGy (dose rate – 3.262 kGy/h). The obtained results (multiplier fl ash counts) express correspond to the intensity of PPSL of the sample. The obtained results are re-ferred to critical threshold values. If the number of counts is less than 700 counts, the sample is classi-fi ed non-irradiated, and if the number of counts exceeds 5000, the sample is classifi ed irradiated.

Table 1. Dose applied, weight of samples, weight of isolated mineral, temperature and glow ratios of minerals isolated from diet supplements and their vegetal components.

Designation and name of product

Radiation dose

[kGy]

Mass of sample

[g]

Mass of minerals

[mg]

Intensity glow 1

150-250oC

Intensity glow 2

150-250oC

glow 1/glow 2 150-50oC

TL max. glow 1 [oC]

TL max. glow 2 [oC]

T1A – Humavita) diet supplement

powdered

0 50 0.57 54 888 23 907 979 0.0023 295 182

0.5 31 2.92 1 481 778 1 511 538 0.9803 184 176

5 31 2.84 4 967 586 1 150 237 4.3187 176 182

T2A – Extra Spasminab)

diet supplement powdered

0 15 3.20 314 284 669 0.0011 − 185

0.5 15 2.86 400 933 731 637 0.5480 176 176

5 15 1.13 3 314 158 1 118 965 2.9618 170 166

T3A – PilexTMc) diet supplement

powdered

0 32 4.97 228 189 279 934 130 0.0008 340 178

0.5 32 4.49 60 330 166 209 192 892 0.2884 185 185

5 32 2.79 208 168 678 183 591 921 1.1339 182 182

T1B – horsetail

0 50 0.23 236 693 101 917 246 0.0023 350 176

0.5 50 0.86 50 993 243 66 184 360 0.7705 182 176

5 50 0.60 240 132 789 102 446 530 2.3440 174 176

T1C – nettle leaves

0 50 2.32 573 484 82 800 736 0.0069 280 186

0.5 50 1.51 20 476 481 33 773 052 0.6063 193 187

5 50 0.37 62 319 140 17 901 040 3.4813 187 185

T2B – lemon balm

0 50 2.66 480 800 99 887 036 0.0048 286 172

0.5 50 1.83 57 820 359 76 573 427 0.7551 180 172

5 50 0.91 170 608 158 58 591 759 2.9118 174 172

T2C – valerian root0 50 0.47 78 106 50 660 372 0.0009 346 168

0.5 50 2.23 54 644 822 76 941 967 0.7102 178 170

T3B – neem (Melia azadirachta)

0 90 4.94 512 066 347 694 255 0.0015 343 160

0.5 90 3.34 68 002 813 285 927 499 0.2378 189 187

5 90 2.56 202 202 507 228 604 764 0.8845 185 185

T3C – amalaki (Emblica offcinalis)

0 90 2.21 86 173 287 577 625 0.0003 358 174

0.5 90 1.88 25 850 854 204 516 726 0.1264 174 168

5 90 2.20 197 747 585 237 177 645 0.8338 166 167

DermoSkrzyp Forted) diet supplement 0 31 0.45 793 634 2 680 860 0.2960 214 163

a) One tablet contains: 1.1 g of barm, 50 mg of the extract from the herb of the horsetail and 30 mg of the extract from the nettle.b) One capsule contains: 250 mg of the dry root and valerian extracts, 50 mg of lemon balm extract from dry leaves, 80 mg of magnesium oxide, 5 mg of the vitamin B6.c) One capsule contains: 260 mg Balsamodendron mukul, 32 mg Shilajeet, 14 mg Melia azadirachta (the neem tree), 64 mg Berberis aristata, 32 mg Emblica offi cinalis (amalaka), 32 mg Terminalia the onion, 32 mg Terminalia belerica, 32 mg Cassia fi stula, 32 mg Bauhinia variegata, 6 mg Mesua ferrea, the microcrystalline cellulose, the stearate of the magnesium.d) One tablet contains: 103.5 mg of the extract from horsetail, 43.5 mg of the extract from nettle, 10 mg of the extract of evening primrose, 70 mg of zinc gluconate, 50 mg of biotin, the microcrystalline cellulose, soda-salt of carboxymethyl cellulose, starch of corn, the silica.

101LABORATORY FOR DETECTION OF IRRADIATED FOOD

Table 2 comprehends the results obtained with diet supplements and their vegetal components obtain-ed with the use of PPSL method.

The PPSL measurements on samples designat-ed T3C, T1B, T1C, T2B, T2C, T3B and T3C deliver-ed positive result. It means that both non-irradiat-ed and irradiated samples were classifi ed properly (Table 2). The obtained numbers of counts were lower than 700 counts (non-irradiated samples) or were higher than 5000 counts (samples irradiat-ed). These results have been confi rmed after cali-brating irradiation of enumerated samples with 5 kGy.

The measurements of samples designated T1A and T2A (diet supplements – Humavit and Extra Spasmina), which were done before and after cali-brating irradiation, did not deliver satisfactory results. The number of counts obtained with non-

-irradiated samples was extremely low, while for samples irradiated with both 0.5 kGy and 5 kGy was found too low to be classifi ed as samples ir-radiated (intermediate result between 700 counts and 5000 counts). Similar results were obtained after the examination of DermoSkrzyp Forte, a diet supplement which was found irradiated by the producer. The described measurements con-clusively show that three of the fi ve investigated diet supplements did not deliver satisfactory re-sults as examined by the PPSL method.Conclusions

The investigation on three diet supplements and six vegetal components of the latter showed that both groups of products can be investigated effectively whether irradiated by the TL method. It is not the case, however, with the PPSL method which was studied in parallel to the latter. The

Table 2. Dose applied, weights of samples and the number of counts obtained by the PPSL method with untreated and calibrated (irradiation 5 kGy) samples of diet supplements and their vegetal components.

Designation and name of products investigated

Radiation dose [kGy]

Weight of samples [g]

Number of counts untreated samplea)

Number of counts sample irradiated with 5 kGya)

T1A – Humavit diet supplement

0 3.0674 374 1 245

0.5 3.1298 1 183 2 881

5 3.0912 2 393 3 891

T2B – Extra Spasmina diet supplement

0 3.4826 148 4 692

0.5 3.3127 1 283 3 934

5 3.4652 1 884 1 905

T3A – PilexTM diet supplement

0 3.0612 339 74 892

0.5 3.0162 160 389 194 899

5 3.0116 320 201 520 260

T1B – horsetail powdered

0 3.0467 423 36 304

0.5 3.0706 17 993 18 324

5 3.0707 10 417 13 631

T2A – nettle leaves powdered

0 3.0917 277 27 728

0.5 3.0689 155 875 12 113

5 3.0587 23 613 26 022

T2B – lemon balsam leaves

0 3.0877 360 29 812

0.5 3.0857 20 692 28 229

5 3.0578 56 766 62 470

T2C – valerian roots

0 3.0697 495 857 032

0.5 3.1771 258 108 826 981

5 3.0995 521 181 924 779

T3C – neem (Melia azadirachta)

0 3.0157 445 70 241

0.5 3.0371 36 817 59 308

5 3.0142 54 341 61 329

T3C – amalaki (Emblica offcinalis)

0 3.0269 297 2 410

0.5 3.0753 3 253 4 225

5 3.1417 3 227 11 448

DermoSkrzyp Forte diet supplement

0 3.1032 439 918

0.5 3.0120 608 1 241

5 3.0624 1 060 2 194a) Number of counts represents mean value of two measurements (deviation ±15%).

102 LABORATORY FOR DETECTION OF IRRADIATED FOOD

PPSL examination of these samples was effective in the studies on diet supplement vegetal compo-nents but was not satisfactory by the examination of diet supplements, the complex products. The limited range of the usage of the PPSL method to prove radiation treatment of diet supplements is due to the small release of stimulated photolumi-nescence from investigated diet supplements in contrast to their vegetal components. Diet sup-plement processing destroys probably in some de-gree the structure of rigid parts of dried vegetal components suitable to trap irradiation energy giv-ing rise to luminescence. The PPSL method for the detection of irradiation in food is relatively simple contrast to more complex and time con-suming but more universal thermoluminescence method. It remains very useful and reliable by the examination of irradiation of less complex prod-ucts such as spices, herbs, seasoning, etc.

The important achievement of the present study was that it was ascertained that both methods of the detection of irradiated food, TL an PPSL, are suitable for the identifi cation of food irradiated with low doses of ionizing radiation (0.5 kGy and

lower). Thus, both methods are suitable and ef-fective for the control of food articles irradiated with low doses. These kinds of food products are quite probably present in food market as the con-sequence of the development and implementation of combined microbial decontamination methods such as thermal/radiation treatment.

References[1]. FAO/WHO. General Standard for Irradiated Foods.

Codex Stan 106-1983, Rev.1-2003.[2]. European Committee for Standardization. Foodstuffs –

Thermoluminescence detection of irradiated food from which silicate minerals can be isolated. EN-1788:2001.

[3]. European Committee for Standardization. Foodstuffs – Detection of irradiated food using photostimulated luminescence. EN-13751:2009.

[4]. Directive 1999/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning foods and food ingredients treated with ionizing radiation.

[5]. Directive 1999/3/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the establishment of a Community list of foods and food ingredients treated with ioniz-ing radiation.

LABORATORY LABORATORY OF NUCLEAR CONTROL SYSTEMSOF NUCLEAR CONTROL SYSTEMS

AND METHODSAND METHODS

The main subject of the Laboratory activity in 2015 was the development of methods and apparatus, based generally on the application of ionizing radiation, and process engineering for measurements and diagnostic purposes. The research programme of the Laboratory was focused on the following topics:• development, construction and manufacturing of measuring devices and systems for indus-

try, medicine and protection of the environment;• construction and industrial testing of a gamma scanner for diagnostics of industrial installa-

tions;• development of measuring equipments for other Institute laboratories and centres;• development of a new leakage control method for testing of industrial installations during

their operation;• identifi cation and optimization of industrial processes using tracers and radiotracer methods;• application of membrane processes of biogas separation and their enrichment in methane;• elaboration and implementation on an industrial scale of new methods and technology of

biogas production by fermentation of agriculture substrates and by-products;• elaboration of biotechnology for uranium recovery from former uranium mines waste ma-

terials;• elaboration of new technology for treatment of municipal sediments obtained during the

wastewater clarifi cation.In the fi eld of elaboration and construction of new nuclear instrumentation the works

were directed towards radioactive contamination detection, measurements of concentration of radon daughters and wireless data transmission.

The system for attached and unattached radon 222Rn decay products in air or water was tested in laboratory conditions. In the frame of realized R&D project, development of a new generation of mining radiometers was undertaken.

All realized and constructed instruments are prepared in the version with wireless trans-mission of results and their storage in memory of data acquisition system. The Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) and GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) are used for data transmission depending on the distance between the detector and control unit. The same type of measur-ing equipment is used in a gamma scanner for diagnostics of large industrial installations.

104 LABORATORY OF NUCLEAR CONTROL SYSTEMS AND METHODS

HYBRID NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN THE MULTIPHASE FLOW INVESTIGATIONS

Jacek Palige, Otton Roubinek, Andrzej Dobrowolski, Wiesław Ołdak, Wojciech Sołtyk

In exploiting big multiphase installations, a very important task is to maintain their proper technical conditions.

During the process run, some emergency states can be observed, and it is important to identify their reasons and the places of their location. The appli-cation of nuclear techniques such as tracer method and scanning technique or computational fl uid dy-namics (CFD) method is very profi table in solving these kinds of problems. The application of these techniques is presented in the example of big lab-oratory fermentation installation for biogas pro-duction.

The steel fermentation installation comprising cylindrical hydrolyser of volume V1 = 57 dm3 and fermenter with volume V2 = 531 dm3 was con-structed. From the process engineering point of view, it was important to investigate the biogas

production process (gas composition and gas quantity per 1 kg of dry mass) and also optimize of mixing effi ciency and check the liquid-phase residence time distribution (RTD) function inside the fermenter.

The system is working quasi continuously with partial 50% – recirculation of liquid phase from fermenter to hydrolyser. For each two to three days, about 20 dm3 of liquid is removed from fermenter (10 dm3 is recirculated).

Figures 1 and 2 present the scheme of fl ow. The general view of installation is presented in Fig.3. The volume of liquid phase (suspension of solid particles in water) in fermenter and hydrolyser was 274 dm3 and 20 dm3, respectively, so the total volume of system was 294 dm3.

Taking into account the consistency of liquid phase in fermenter, only radioactive tracer can be used for RTD function determination. The hydro-gen isotope tritium in the form of tritium water was used. Half-time of tritium is T1/2 = 4510 days,

emission of soft beta radiation – 0.018 MeV. Total applied activity was 6000 Bq. The tracer was in-jected instantaneously in the input of fermenter while charging the mixture from hydrolyser to fer-menter. The samples of materials were taken on output of fermenter during the periodic discharge. The activity of samples was measured with liquid scintillator Wallac-Guardian application. Taking into account the requirement of clarity of measur-ing samples, all taking from fermenter samples were distillated before measuring procedure. The mean fl ow, Q, during the experiment was 3.8 dm3/day. The results of measurement with back-

ground cutting and with data extrapolation are presented in Fig.4.

The experimental RTD curve is exhibited with the measured curve, tracer concentration vs. time of experiment.

Taking into account the construction of fer-menter, the scheme of fl ow was simulated by the simple model comprising plug fl ow and two units of perfect mixing. The result of fi tting the experi-

Fig.1. Scheme of the process: 1 – biomass tank, 2 – hydrolyser, 3 – fermenter, 4 – tank for liquid digestate.

Fig.2. Scheme of the material fl ow in installation.

Fig.3. General view of installation.

105LABORATORY OF NUCLEAR CONTROL SYSTEMS AND METHODS

mental data with theoretical RTD curve is pre-sented in Fig.5.

The model parameters are the following:• plug fl ow unit – T1 = 0.6 days;• perfect mixers – T2 = 84 days, T3 = 1.5 days.The theoretical mean residence time (MRT) of the system was 294 dm3 : 3.8 dm3/day = 77.4 days.The experimental value of MRT was 76.1 days.

Obtained results indicate that dead volume does not exist in fermenter, and the system can be described practically as a perfect mixer with small plug fl ow T3 = 1.5 days.

During the tracer experiment, the level of liquid phase, i.e. the volume of suspension inside fer-menter, was controlled using the gamma scanner technique with application of Co-60 and Cs-137 sealed radioactive sources with activity 10 mCi.

The modelling of the liquid phase fl ow inside the fermenter, during the charging and periodical

mixing, was done. The volume of cylindrical fer-menter and liquid phase was 531 dm3 and 274 dm3, respectively. The scheme of input and out-put valves for charging and discharging of liquid suspension is presented in Fig.6. The diameter of valves is 21.5 mm.

Modelling of fl ow was realized using the CFD method and specialized software FLUENT.

The calculations were done for feeding of liquid by valves 1.2 and 4 and discharging by valves 3.5. The liquid fl ow rates were changing in interval 30-60 dm3/min.

As an example, the scheme of liquid fl ow inside the fermenter for input of liquid by valves 1 and 2 and discharge by valve 5 for fl ow rate Q = 30 dm3/min is presented in Fig.7.

The obtained results indicate that the used system of fermenter feeding and periodical mix-ing ensure the good mixing of suspension inside all fermenter volume and is in accordance with results of radiotracer experiment.

The presented results indicate the effective-ness of nuclear technique applications for investi-gations of complex fl ow systems.

Fig.4. Experimental curve activity of samples vs. time of experiment.

Fig.5. Comparison of experiential and model RTD function.

Fig.6. Scheme of input and output valves for charging and discharging of fermenter.

Fig.7. Structure of fl ow for input of water by valves 1 and 2 discharge by valve 5. Flow rate Q = 30 dm3/min.

106 PUBLICATIONS IN 2015

PUBLICATIONS IN 2015

ARTICLES

Journals from Thomson Reuters database JCR1. Abramowska A., Cieśla K.A., Buczkowski M.J., Nowicki A., Głuszewski W.

The infl uence of ionizing radiation on the properties of starch-PVA fi lms. Nukleonika, 60, 3, 669-677 (2015).

2. Apel P.Yu., Blonskaya I.V., Dmitriev S.N., Orelovich O.L., Sartowska B.A. Ion track symmetric and asymmetric nanopores in polyethylene terephthalate foils for versatile applica-tions. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B, 365, 409-413 (2015).

3. Baranowska I., Kowalski B., Polkowska-Motrenko H., Samczyński Z. Trace metal determinations using voltammetric (DPV-HMDE) and atomic absorption spectrometry (F-AAS and ET-AAS) in bottom sediment, cod, herring, and cormorant tissue samples. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 24, 5, 1911-1917 (2015), DOI: 10.15244/pjoes/39526.

4. Barnard S., Ainsbury E.A., Al-hafi dh J., Hadjidekova V., Hristova R., Lindholm C., Monteiro Gil O., Moquet J., Moreno M., Rößler U., Thierens H., Vandevoorde C., Vral A., Wojewódzka M., Roth-kamm K. The fi rst gamma-H2AX biodosimetry intercomparison exercise of the developing European Biodo-simetry Network RENEB. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 164, 265-270 (2015), DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncu259.

5. Bartosiewicz I., Chwastowska J., Polkowska-Motrenko H. Fractionation studies of trace elements in Polish uranium-bearing geological materials: potential envi-ronmental impact. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 95, 2, 121-134 (2015), http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1080.03067319.2014.994613.

6. Bator G., Rok M., Sawka-Dobrowolska W., Sobczyk L., Zamponi M., Pawlukojć A. p-N,N’-tetraacetylodiaminodurene. The structure and vibrational spectra. Chemical Physics, 459, 148-154 (2015).

7. Bojanowska-Czajka A., Kciuk G., Gumiela M., Borowiecka S., Nałęcz-Jawecki G., Koc A., Garcia--Reyes J.F., Solpan Ozbay D., Trojanowicz M. Analytical, toxicological and kinetic investigation of decomposition of the drug diclofenac in waters and wastes using gamma radiation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 20255-20270 (2015).

8. Bourg S., Geist A., Narbutt J. SACSESS – the EURATOM FP7 project on actinide separation from spent nuclear fuels. Nukleonika, 60, 4, 809-814 (2015).

9. Bourg S., Narbutt J. Towards safe and optimized separation processes, a challenge for nuclear scientists. [Editorial]. Nukleonika, 60, 4, 807 (2015).

10. Brykała M., Deptuła A., Rogowski M., Łada W. Modifi cation of IChTJ sol gel process for preparation of medium sized ceramic spheres (Ø < 100 m). Ceramics International, 41, 13025-13033 (2015).

11. Brykała M., Rogowski M., Olczak T. Carbonization of solid uranyl-ascorbate gel as an indirect step of uranium carbide synthesis. Nukleonika, 60, 4, 921-925 (2015).

107PUBLICATIONS IN 2015

12. Brzóska K., Kruszewski M. Toward the development of transcriptional biodosimetry for the identifi cation of irradiated individuals and assessment of absorbed radiation dose. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, 54, 353-363 (2015), DOI: 10.1007/s00411-015-0603-8.

13. Brzóska K., Męczyńska-Wielgosz S., Stępkowski T.M., Kruszewski M. Adaptation of HepG2 cells to silver nanoparticles-induced stress is based on the pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic changes in gene expression.Mutagenesis, 431-439 (2015), DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev001.

14. Cheng L., Lisowska H., Sollazzo A., Węgierek-Ciuk A., Stępień K., Kuszewski T., Lankoff A., Hagh-doost S., Wójcik A. Modulation of radiation-induced cytogenetic damage in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by hypo-thermia. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 793, 96-100 (2015).

15. Cieśla K., Sartowska B., Królak E. SEM studies of the structure of the gels prepared from untreated and radiation modifi ed potato starch. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 106, 289-302 (2015).

16. Czajka M., Sawicki K., Sikorska K., Popek S., Kruszewski M., Kapka-Skrzypczak L. Toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in central nervous system. Toxicology in Vitro, 29, 1042-1052 (2015).

17. Dhruv D.K., Nowicki A., Patel B.H., Dhamecha V.D. Memory switching characteristics in amorphous ZnIn2Se4 thin fi lms. Surface Engineering, 31, 7, 556-562 (2015), DOI: 10.1179/1743294415Y.0000000001.

18. Dobrowolski J.Cz.The chiral graph theory. MATCH Communications in Mathematical and in Computer Chemistry, 73, 347-374 (2015).

19. Dobrowolski J.Cz., Ostrowski S.On the HOMA index of some acyclic and conducting systems. RSC Advances, 5, 9467-9471 (2015).

20. Dybczyński R. 50 Years of adventures with neutron activation analysis with the special emphasis on radiochemical separations. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 303, 1067-1090 (2015), DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014--3822-6.

21. Dybczyński R., Kulisa K., Pyszynska M., Bojanowska-Czajka A. New reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatographic method for selective separation of yttrium from all rare earth elements employing nitrilotriacetate complexes in anion exchange mode. Journal of Chromatography A, 1386, 74-80 (2015).

22. Fuks L., Oszczak A., Gniazdowska E., Sternik D. Calcium alginate and chitosan as potential sorbents for strontium radionuclide. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 304, 15-20 (2015).

23. Gajda D., Kiegiel K., Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz G., Chajduk E., Bartosiewicz I., Wołkowicz S. Mineralogy and uranium leaching of ores from Triassic Peribaltic sandstones. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 303, 521-529 (2015).

24. Gałczyńska K., Kurdziel K., Adamus-Białek W., Wąsik S., Szary K., Drabik M., Węgierek-Ciuk A., Lankoff A., Arabski M. The effects of nickel(II) complexes with imidazole derivatives on pyocyanin and pyoverdine produc-tion by Pseudomomas aeuginosa strains isolated from cystic fi brosis. Acta Biochimica Polonica, 62, 4, 739-745 (2015).

25. Głuszewski W., Boruc B., Kubera H., Abbasowa D. The use of DRS and GC to study the effects of ionizing radiation on paper artifacts.Nukleonika, 60, 3, 665-668 (2015).

26. Głuszewski W., Zagórski Z.P., Rajkiewicz M. The comparison of radiation and a peroxide crosslinking of elastomers. KGK – Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe, 11-12, 46-49 (2015).


27. Guzik G.P., Stachowicz W., Michalik J. Identifi cation of irradiated dried fruits using EPR spectroscopy. Nukleonika, 60, 3, 627-631 (2015).

28. Houée-Lévin C., Bobrowski K., Horakova L., Karademir B., Schöneich C., Davies M.J., Spickett C.M. Exploring oxidative modifi cations of tyrosine: an update on mechanisms of formation, advances in analysis and biological consequences. Free Radical Research, 49, 4, 347-373 (2015).

29. Ignasiak M.T., Houée-Levin Ch., Kciuk G., Marciniak B., Pędziński T. A reevaluation of the photolytic properties of 2-hydroxybenzophenone-based UV sunscreens: are chem-ical sunscreens inoffensive? ChemPhysChem, 16, 628-633 (2015).

30. Jakowiuk A., Modzelewski Ł., Pieńkos J., Kowalska E. Industrial diagnostics system using gamma radiation. Nukleonika, 60, 3, 633-636 (2015).

31. Jamróz M.H., Ostrowski S., Dobrowolski J.Cz. Facilitation of the PED analysis of large molecules by using global coordinates. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 149, 463-467 (2015).

32. Jastrzębska I., Morawiak M., Rode J.E., Seroka B., Siergiejczyk L., Morzycki J.W. Oxidation of olefi ns with benzeneselenic andryhide in the presence of TMSOTf. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 80, 6052-6061 (2015), DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00410.

33. Jednoróg S., Polkowska-Motrenko H., Szewczak K., Bieńkowska B., Paduch M., Prokopowicz R., Ciupek K., Chajduk E., Samczyński Z., Krajewski P., Laszyńska E. Neutron activation of PF-100 device parts during long-term fusion research. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 303, 1009-1014 (2015).

34. Karpińska G., Dobrowolski J.Cz. On tautomerism of 1,2,4-triazol-3-ones. Computational and Theoretical Chemistry, 1052, 58-67 (2015).

35. Karpińska G., Dobrowolski J.Cz. On the 6- and 7-substituted chromosome system. A computational study. Computational and Theoretical Chemistry, 1067, 158-163 (2015).

36. Kaźmierczak U., Banaś D., Braziewicz J., Czub J., Jaskóła M., Korman A., Kruszewski M., Lankoff A., Lisowska H., Malinowska A., Stępkowski T., Szefl iński Z., Wojewódzka M. Dosimetry in radiobiological studies with the heavy ion beam of the Warsaw cyclotron.Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B, 365, 404-408 (2015).

37. Kaźmierczak U., Bantsar A., Banaś D., Braziewicz J., Czub J., Jaskóła M., Korman A., Kruszewski M., Lankoff A., Lisowska H., Pietrzak M., Pszona S., Stępkowski T., Szefl iński Z., Wojewódzka M. Heavy ion beams for radiobiology: dosimetry and nanodosimetry at HIL. Acta Physica Polonica A, 127, 5, 1516-1519 (2015).

38. Kiegiel K., Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz G., Gajda D., Miśkiewicz A., Abramowska A., Biełuszka P., Danko B., Chajduk E., Wołkowicz S. Dictyonema black shale and Triassic sandstones as potential sources of uranium. Nukleonika, 60, 3, 515-523 (2015).

39. Kocia R., Grodkowski J., Mirkowski J. Pulse radiolysis studies of p-terphenyl in the ionic liquid methyltributylammonium bis[(trifl uoromethyl)sulfonyyl]imide, [MeBu3N][NTf2]. Research on Chemical Intermediates, 41, 5079-5093 (2015).

40. Kowczyk-Sadowy M., Świsłocka R., Lewandowska H., Piekut J., Lewandowski W. Spectroscopic (FT-IT, FT-Raman, 1H- and 13C-NMR), theoretical and microbiological study of trans o-coumaric acid and alkali metal o-coumarates. Molecules, 20, 3146-3169 (2015).

41. Koźmiński P., Gniazdowska E. Synthesis and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of novel mono- and trivalent technetium-99m labeled gherin peptide complexes as potential diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals. Nuclear Medicine and Biology, 42, 28-37 (2015).


42. Krawczyńska A., Dziendzikowska K., Gromadzka-Ostrowska J., Lankoff A., Herman A.P., Oczko-wski M., Królikowski T., Wilczak J., Wojewódzka M., Kruszewski M. Silver and titanium oxide nanoparticles alter oxidative/infl ammatory response and renin-angiotensin system in brain. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 85, 96-105 (2015).

43. Kulka U., Ainsbury E., Atkinson M., Barnard S., Smith R., Barquinero J.F., Barrios L., Bassinet C., Beinke C., Cucu A., Darroudi F., Fattibene P., Bortolin E., Della Monacca S., Gil O., Gregoire E., Hadjidekova V., Haghdoost S., Hatzi V., Hempel W., Herranz R., Jaworska A., Lindholm C., Lumni-czky K., M’kacher R.M., Mörtl S., Montoro A., Moquet J., Moreno M., Noditi M., Ogbazghi A., Oestreicher U., Palitti F., Pantelias G., Popescu I., Prieto M.J., Roch-Lefevre S., Roessler U., Romm H., Rothkamm K., Sabatier L., Sebastia N., Sommer S., Terzoudi G., Testa A., Thierens H., Trompier F., Turai I., Vandevoorde C., Vaz P., Voisin P., Vral A., Ugletveit F., Wieser A., Woda C., Wójcik A. Realising the European Network of Biodosimetry: RENEB – status quo. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 164, 1-2, 42-45 (2015).

44. Leszek P., Sochanowicz B., Brzóska K., Danko B., Kraj L., Kuśmierczyk M., Piotrowski W., Sobie-szczańska-Małek M., Rywik T.M., Polkowska-Motrenko H., Kruszewski M. Does myocardial iron load determine the severity of heart insuffi ciency? International Journal of Cardiology, 182, 191-193 (2015).

45. Lewandowska H., Sadło J., Męczyńska S., Stępkowski T.M., Wójciuk G., Kruszewski M. Formation of glutathionyl dinitrosyl iron complexes protects against iron genotoxicity. Dalton Transactions, 44, 12640-12652 (2015).

46. Licki J., Pawelec A., Zimek Z., Witman-Zając S. Electron beam treatment of simulated marine diesel exhaust gases. Nukleonika, 60, 3, 689-695 (2015).

47. Łuczyńska K., Drużbicki K., Łyczko K., Dobrowolski J.Cz. Experimental (X-ray, 13C CP/MAS NMR, IR, RS, INS, THz) and solid-state DFT study on (1:1) co--crystal of bromanilic acid and 2,6-dimethylpyrazine. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 119, 6852-6872 (2015), DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b03279.

48. Łyczko K., Łyczko M., Miecznikowski J. A series of tricarbonylrhenium(I) complexes with the N-methyl-2-pyridinecarboxyamide ligand: Syn-thesis, structure, spectroscopic characterization and computational studies. Polyhedron, 87, 122-134 (2015).

49. Łyczko K., Łyczko M., Woźniak K., Stachowicz M., Ozimiński W.P., Kubo K. Infl uence of pH and type of counterion on the formation of bismuth(III) complexes with tropolonato and 5-methyltropolonato ligands: Synthesis, structure, spectroscopic characterization and calculation studies. Inorganica Chimica Acta, 436, 57-68 (2015).

50. Łyczko K., Ostrowski S. Crystal structures and conformers of CyMe4-BTBP. Nukleonika, 60, 4, 853-857 (2015).

51. Marzec K.M., Kochan K., Fedorowicz A., Jasztal A., Chruszcz-Lipska K., Dobrowolski J.Cz., Chło-picki S., Barańska M. Raman microimaging of murine lungs: insight into the vitamin A content. Analyst, 140, 2171-2177 (2015).

52. Mazurek A., Dobrowolski J.Cz. On the incorporation effect of the ring-junction heteroatom. The sEDA(III) and pEDA(III) descriptors. Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry, 28, 290-297 (2015).

53. Mroczyński R., Szymańska M., Głuszewski W. Reactive magnetron sputtered hafnium oxide layers for nonvolatile semiconductor memory devices. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, 33, 1, 01A113-1–01A113-5 (2015), DOI: 10.1116/1.4906090.

54. Narbutt J., Wodzyński A., Pecul M. The selectivity of diglycolamide (TODGA) and bis-triazine-bipyridine (BTBP) ligands in actinide/lan-thanide complexation and solvent extraction separation – a theoretical approach. Dalton Transactions, 44, 2657-2666 (2015).


55. Olszewska W., Miśkiewicz A., Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz G., Lankof L., Pająk L. Multibarrier system preventing migration of radionuclides from radioactive waste repository. Nukleonika, 60, 3, 557-563 (2015).

56. Oszczak A., Fuks L. Sorption of Sr-85 and Am-241 from liquid radioactive wastes by alginate beads. Nukleonika, 60, 4, 927-931 (2015).

57. Pańczyk E., Sartowska B., Waliś L., Dudek J., Weker W., Widawski M. The origin and chronology of medieval silver coins based on the analysis of chemical composition. Nukleonika, 60, 3, 657-663 (2015).

58. Polkowska-Motrenko H., Fuks L., Kalbarczyk P., Dudek J., Kulisa K., Oszczak A., Zuba M. Preparation of water samples for profi ciency testing on radionuclides. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 103, 61-64 (2015).

59. Pruszyński M., Łyczko M., Bilewicz A., Zalutsky M.R. Stability and in vivo behavior of Rh[16aneS4-diol]211At complex: A potential precursor for astatine radiopharmaceuticals. Nuclear Medicine and Biology, 42, 439-445 (2015).

60. Przybytniak G., Boguski J., Placek V., Verardi L., Fabiani D., Linde E., Gedde U.W. Inverse effect in simultaneous thermal and radiation aging of EVA insulation. eXPRESS Polymer Letters, 9, 4, 384-393 (2015).

61. Ptaszek M., Orlikowski L.B., Migdał W., Gryczka U. E-beam irradiation for the control of Phytophthora nicotianae var. nicotianae in stonewool cubesNukleonika, 60, 3, 679-682 (2015).

62. Rydlová E., Kopecká I., Kunicki-Goldfi nger J.J. Two Stangelgläser from the collection of the Museum of Decorative Arts in Prague: Decorative tech-niques, material analyses, and conservation.Studies in Conservation, 60, 3, 185-193 (2015).

63. Sadło J., Bugaj A., Strzelczak G., Sterniczuk M., Jaegermann Z. Multifrequency EPR study on radiation induced centers in calcium carbonates labeled with 13C. Nukleonika, 60, 3, 429-434 (2015).

64. Sartowska B., Barlak M., Waliś L., Starosta W., Senatorski J., Kosińska A. Tribological properties of AISI 316L steel surface layer implanted with rare earth element. Acta Physica Polonica A, 128, 5, 923-926 (2015).

65. Skotnicki K., Bobrowski K. Molecular hydrogen formation during water radiolysis in the presence of zirconium dioxide. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 304, 473-480 (2015).

66. Sommer S., Buraczewska I., Sikorska K., Bartłomiejczyk T., Szumiel I., Kruszewski M. The rapid interphase chromosome assay (RICA) implementation: comparison with other PCC methods. Nukleonika, 60, 4, 933-941 (2015).

67. Steczek Ł., Narbutt J., Charbonnel M.-Ch., Moisy Ph. Determination of formation constants of uranyl(VI) complexes with a hydrophililc SO3-Ph-BTP ligand, using liquid-liquid extraction. Nukleonika, 60, 4, 821-827 (2015).

68. Stępkowski T.M., Wasyk I., Grzelak A., Kruszewski M. 6-OHDA-induced changes in Parkinson’s disease-related gene expression are not affected by the over-expression of PGAM5 in in vitro differentiated embryonic mesencephalic cells. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 35, 1137-1147 (2015).

69. Szkliniarz K., Jastrzębski J., Bilewicz A., Chajduk E., Choiński J., Jakubowski A., Janiszewska Ł., Leszczuk E., Łyczko M., Sitarz M., Stolarz A., Trzcińska A., Wąs B., Zipper W. Medical radioisotopes produced using the alpha particle beam from the Warsaw Heavy Ion Cyclotron. Acta Physica Polonica A, 127, 5, 1471-1474 (2015).


70. Szreder T., Kocia R. Electron beam irradiation of r-SANEX and i-SANEX solvent extraction systems: analysis of gaseous products.Nukleonika, 60, 4, 899-905 (2015).

71. Szumiel I. From radioresistance to radiosensitivity: In vitro evolution of L5178Y lymphoma. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 91, 6, 465-471 (2015).

72. Szumiel I. Ionizing radiation-induced oxidative stress, epigenetic changes and genomic instability: The pivotal role of mitochondria. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 91, 1, 1-12 (2015).

73. Walo M., Przybytniak G., Męczyńska-Wielgosz S., Kruszewski M.Improvement of poly(ester-urethane) surface properties by RAFT mediated grafting initiated by gamma radiation.European Polymer Journal, 68, 398-408 (2015).

74. Westphal K., Wiczk J., Miloch J., Kciuk G., Bobrowski K., Rak J. Irreversible electron attachment – a key to DNA damage by solvated electrons in aqueous solution. Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, 13, 1036210369 (2015).

75. Wojewódzka M., Sommer S., Kruszewski M., Sikorska K., Lewicki M., Lisowska H., Węgierek-Ciuk A., Kowalska M., Lankoff A. Defi ning blood processing parameters for optimal detection of -H2AX foci: a small blood volume method. Radiation Research, 184, 95-104 (2015).

76. Zając G., Kaczor A., Buda S., Młynarski J., Frelek J., Dobrowolski J.Cz., Barańska M. Prediction of ROA and ECD related to conformational changes of astaxanthin enantiomers. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 119, 12193-12201 (2015).

77. Zdrowowicz M., Chomicz L., Miloch J., Wiczk J., Rak J., Kciuk G., Bobrowski K. Reactivity pattern of bromonucleosides induced by 2-hydroxypropyl radicals: photochemical, radiation chemical, and computational studies. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 119, 6545-6554 (2015).

78. Zgadzaj A., Skrzypczak A., Welenc I., Ługowska A., Parzonko A., Siedlecka E., Sommer S., Sikor-ska K., Nałęcz-Jawecki G. Evaluation of photodegradation, phototoxicity and photogenotoxicity of ofl oxacin in ointments with sunscreens and in solutions. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 144, 76-84 (2015).

79. Zuberek M., Wojciechowska D., Krzyżanowski D., Męczyńska-Wielgosz S., Kruszewski M., Grzelak A. Glucose availability determines silver nanoparticles toxicity in HepG2. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 13, 72 [10] p. (2015), DOI: 10.1186/s12951-015-0132-2.

80. Zwolińska E., Sun Y., Chmielewski A.G., Nichipor H., Bułka S. Modelling study of NOx removal in oil-fi red waste off-gases under electron beam irradiation. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 113, 20-23 (2015).

Scientifi c journals (without IF) evaluated by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (List B)

81. Chmielewski A.G., Smoliński T. Polityka energetyczna wybranych krajów Europy, rola energetyki jądrowej (Energy policy of selected European countries, role of the nuclear energy). Instal, 2, 12 (2015).

82. Czajka M., Rachubik P., Rzeszutek J., Matysiak M., Kruszewski M., Kapka-Skrzypczak L. Polimorfi zm genowy a dyslipidemie (Role of gene polymorphism in dislipidemia). Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, 23, 1, 37-45 (2015).

83. Głuszewski W. Unikatowe cechy radiacyjnej konserwacji dużych zbiorów obiektów o znaczeniu historycznym (Unique features of radiation conservation of high collections of objects of historical interest).Wiadomości Konserwatorskie (Journal of Heritage Conservation), 41, 84-91 (2015).


84. Jakowiuk A., Jarosz Z., Ptaszek S., Modzelewski Ł., Kowalska E., Wołoszczuk K. Determiniantion of radon content in water respecting to Directive of Council 2013/51/EURATOM. World Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 5, 192-199 (2015), DOI: 10.4236/winst.2015.53019.

85. Lazurik V.M., Lazurik V.T., Popov G., Zimek Z. Energy characteristics in two-paramagnetic model of electron beam. Visnyk Kherson National Technical University, 3, 397-403 (2015).

86. Lundberg D., Łyczko K. Crystal structure of hexakis(dmpu)-di-2-hydroxidodialuminium tetraiodide dmpu tetrasolvate [dmpu is 1,3-dimethyltetrahydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one]: a centrosymmetric dinuclear aluminium complex con-taining AlO5 polyhedra. Acta Crystallographica Section E – Crystallographic Communications, 71, 895-898 (2015).

87. Sawicki Ł., Gołębiewski T., Fornalski K.W., Gajda D. Nuclear Poland? The second approach after 20 years. Nuclear Espana. Journal of Spanish Nuclear Professionals, 365, 14-16 (2015).

88. Starosta W., Leciejewicz J. Crystal structure of catena-poly[[[aqualithium(I)]--pyridine-2-carboxylato-4N1,O2:N3,O2’]hemihy-drate]. Acta Crystallographica Section E – Crystallographic Communications, 71, 76-78 (2015).

89. Walczak R., Krajewski S., Szkliniarz K., Sitarz M., Abbas K., Choiński J., Jakubowski A., Jastrzęb-ski J., Majkowska A., Simonelli F., Stolarz A., Trzcińska A., Zipper W., Bilewicz A. Cyclotron production of 43Sc for PET imaging. EJMMI Physics, 2, 33 (10 p.) (2015), DOI: 10.1186/s40658-015-0136-x.

Other journals90. Boguski J., Zwolińska E.

Program ERASMUS+ szansą dla młodych naukowców (The Erasmus+ programme the chance for the young scientists). Postępy Techniki Jądrowej, 58, 4, 9-12 (2015).

91. Brzóska K., Kowalska M., Kruszewski M., Lankoff A., Sommer S. Strategiczny projekt badawczy Narodowego Centrum Badań i Rozwoju pt. „Technologie wspomagające rozwój bezpiecznej energetyki jądrowej”. Zadanie nr 6 „Rozwój metod zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa jądrowego i ochrony radiologicznej dla bieżących i przyszłych potrzeb energetyki jądrowej”. Cel 2: Rozwój metod dozymetrii biologicznej oraz biofi zycznych markerów i indykatorów wpływu promie-niowania na organizmy żywe (The National Centre for Research and Development strategic research project “Technologies supporting development of safe nuclear power engineering”. Task no. 6 “Develop-ment of nuclear safety and radiological protection methods for the nuclear power engineering’s current and future needs”. Objective 2: Development of the biodosimetry and biophysics markers of ionizing radiation in living beings). Postępy Techniki Jądrowej, 58, 2, 42-46 (2015).

92. Ciupek K., Krajewski P., Kozak K., Śliwka I., Pliszczyński T., Polkowska-Motrenko H. Strategiczny projekt badawczy Narodowego Centrum Badań i Rozwoju pt. „Technologie wspomagające rozwój bezpiecznej energetyki jądrowej”. Zadanie nr 6 „Rozwój metod zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa jądrowego i ochrony radiologicznej dla bieżących i przyszłych potrzeb energetyki jądrowej”. Cel 1: Opracowanie ogólnej koncepcji i metod badań środowiskowych (w tym zdrowotności) dla przewidy-wanej lokalizacji EJ (The National Centre for Research and Development strategic research project “Technologies supporting development of safe nuclear power engineering”. Task no. 6 “Development of nuclear safety and radiological protection methods for the nuclear power engineering’s current and future needs”. Objective 1: General concept and methodology for baseline environmental research and public health investigation in the foreseen location of NPP). Postępy Techniki Jądrowej, 58, 2, 35-41 (2015).

93. Fuks L., Oszczak A. Strategiczny projekt badawczy Narodowego Centrum Badań i Rozwoju „Technologie wspomagające rozwój bezpiecznej energetyki jądrowej. Zadanie nr 4 „Rozwój technik i technologii wspomagających gospodarkę wypalonym paliwem i odpadami promieniotwórczymi” (The National Centre for Research and Development strategic research project “Technologies supporting development of safe nuclear power engineering”. Task no. 4 “Development of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste management techniques and technologies”).Postępy Techniki Jądrowej, 58, 2, 16-28 (2015).


94. Głuszewski W. Innowacje w przemyśle tworzyw polimerowych (Innovation in the plastics industry). Postępy Techniki Jądrowej, 58, 3, 34-35 (2015).

95. Głuszewski W. Radiacyjna sterylizacja opakowań. Niewidoczne, ale pracowite (Radiation sterilization packaging. In-visible but busy). Packing Polska, 5, 24-25 (2015).

96. Głuszewski W. Unikatowe cechy radiacyjnej konserwacji dużych zbiorów obiektów o znaczeniu historycznym (Unique features of radiation conservation of large object collections of historical importance). Postępy Techniki Jądrowej, 58, 1, 19-23 (2015).

97. Głuszewski W., Przybytniak G. Radiacyjna modyfi kacja kompozytów polimerowych (Radiation modifi cation of polimer composites). Tworzywa Sztuczne w Przemyśle, 2, 38-40 (2015).

98. Głuszewski W., Rajkiewicz M., Turliński Z. Radiacyjne sieciowanie polimerów na przykładzie elastomeru ENGAGE 8200 (Radiation crosslinking of polymers on the example of elastomer ENGAGE 8200). Tworzywa Sztuczne w Przemyśle, 1, 32-34 (2015).

99. Guzik G.P. Oszacowanie metodami EPR, TL i PPSL odpowiedzi próbek przy wykrywaniu potencjonalnego napro-mieniowania żywności (Evaluation of detection of potential radiation treatment of foodstuff samples using EPR, TL and PPSL methods). Postępy Techniki Jądrowej, 58, 4, 13-16 (2015).

100. Łada W., Wawszczak D. Nowe cząsteczki w postaci mikrosfer 89Y2O3 otrzymywanych w IChTJ zmodyfi kowaną metodą zol-żel do zwalczania nowotworów wątroby (The new molecules in the form of microspheres 89Y2O3 obtained by the modifi ed INCT sol-gel method for liver cancer treatment). Postępy Techniki Jądrowej, 58, 1, 16-18 (2015).

101. Michalik J. Chemiczne aspekty energetyki jądrowej w projekcie Narodowego Centrum Badań i Rozwoju „Techno-logie wspomagające rozwój bezpiecznej energetyki jądrowej” (Chemical aspects of nuclear power in the National Centre for Research and Development project “Technologies supporting development of safe nuclear power engineering”). Postępy Techniki Jądrowej, 58, 2, 14-15 (2015).

102. Michalik J., Kocia R. Strategiczny projekt badawczy Narodowego Centrum Badań i Rozwoju pt. „Technologie wspomagające rozwój bezpiecznej energetyki jądrowej”. Zadanie nr 7 „Analiza procesów generacji wodoru w reaktorze jądrowym w trakcie normalnej eksploatacji i w sytuacjach awaryjnych z propozycjami działań na rzecz podniesienia poziomu bezpieczeństwa jądrowego” (The National Centre for Research and Develop-ment strategic research project “Technologies supporting development of safe nuclear power engineer-ing”. Task no. 7 “Study of hydrogen generation processes in nuclear reactors under regular operation conditions and in emergency cases, with suggested actions aimed at upgrade of nuclear safety”).Postępy Techniki Jądrowej, 58, 3, 8-14 (2015).

103. Rajkiewicz M., Głuszewski W.Polimerowe kompozyty: Czy można zastąpić ołów w ochronie radiologicznej? (Polymer composites: Is it possible to replace lead in radiological protection?).Postępy Techniki Jądrowej, 58, 4, 38-41 (2015).

104. Sommer S. RENEB (Realizing the European Network in Biodosimetry) w stronę Europejskiej Sieci Biodozyme-trycznej (RENEB (Realizing the European Network in Biodosimetry) towards the European Biodo-simetry Network). Ekoatom, 17, 28-34 (2015).

105. Sommer S. Ryzyko niskich dawek promieniowania a ochrona radiologiczna (Risk of low doses of radiation in radio-logical protection). Bezpieczeństwo Jądrowe i Ochrona Radiologiczna, 4, 33-38 (2015).


106. Stachowicz W. Początki i rozwój badań radiacyjnych w IBJ na Żeraniu (Beginnings and the development of radiation research at the Institute of Nuclear Research, Żerań).Postępy Techniki Jądrowej, 58, 3, 29-33 (2015).

107. Usidus J., Chmielewski A.G., Palige J., Kryłowicz A. Zintegrowane wysokoefektywne sposoby wykorzystania biomasy do celów energetycznych (Integrated high effective methods of biomass utilization for energy production purposes). Energia Elektryczna – Klient, Dystrybucja, Przesył, 11, 16-19 (2015).

108. Zimek Z. Strategie i urządzenia przeznaczone do usuwania z obszaru obudowy bezpieczeństwa wodoru emito-wanego w trakcie poważnej awarii reaktora jądrowego (Strategy and equipment suitable for hydrogen removal from containment during severe accidents of nuclear reactor). Ekoatom, 17, 4-19 (2015).

109. Zimek Z., Głuszewski W. Bezpieczeństwo przemysłowych zastosowań technik radiacyjnych (Safety industrial application of radiation techniques). Bezpieczeństwo Jądrowe i Ochrona Radiologiczna, 4, 39-43.

110. Zimek Z., Przybytniak G., Głuszewski W.Radiacyjna modyfi kacja polimerów (Radiation modifi cation of polymers). Magazyn Polska Chemia, 1, 26-27 (2015).

BOOKS

1. Analiza procesów generacji wodoru w reaktorze jądrowym w trakcie normalnej eksploatacji i w sytua-cjach awaryjnych z propozycjami działań na rzecz podniesienia poziomu bezpieczeństwa jądrowego. Zadanie wykonane w ramach projektu strategicznego NCBR Technologie wspomagające rozwój bez-piecznej energetyki jądrowej (Study of hydrogen generation processes in nuclear reactors under regular operation conditions and in emergency cases, with suggested actions aimed at upgrade of nuclear safety. Task realized in the frame of the NCBR strategic project Technologies supporting development of safe nuclear power engineering).Red. nauk. J. Michalik, R. Kocia. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, 163 p.

2. Analiza procesów zachodzących przy normalnej eksploatacji obiegów wodnych w elektrowniach jądro-wych z propozycjami działań na rzecz podniesienia poziomu bezpieczeństwa jądrowego. Zadanie wyko-nane w ramach projektu strategicznego NCBR Technologie wspomagające rozwój bezpiecznej energetyki jądrowej (Study of processes occurring under regular operation of water circulation systems in nuclear power plants with suggested actions aimed at upgrade of nuclear safety. Task realized in the frame of the NCBR strategic project Technologies supporting development of safe nuclear power engineering).Red. nauk. A. Bojanowska-Czajka. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, 168 p.

3. Od Instytutu Badań Jądrowych do Instytutu Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej. Kronika i wspomnienia 1955-2015 (From the Institute of Nuclear Research to the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Tech-nology. Chronicle and the memories 1955-2015).Pod red. dra inż. L. Walisia. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, 316 p.

4. The industrial and environmental applications of electron beams.Ed. D. Chmielewska-Śmietanko. Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warszawa 2015, 108 p.

CHAPTERS IN BOOKS

1. Bilewicz A. Międzynarodowe Studia Doktoranckie (International Ph.D. Studies). In: Od Instytutu Badań Jądrowych do Instytutu Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej. Kronika i wspomnienia 1955-2015. Pod red. dra inż. L. Walisia. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 281-282.

2. Borowik K. Opracowanie wydzielania 137-Cs z dużych objętości roztworów wody o dużym stopniu zasolenia (New procedures for Cs-137 sorption from simulated high salinity waters).


In: Analiza procesów zachodzących przy normalnej eksploatacji obiegów wodnych w elektrowniach jądrowych z propozycjami działań na rzecz podniesienia poziomu bezpieczeństwa jądrowego. Zadanie wykonane w ramach projektu strategicznego NCBR Technologie wspomagające rozwój bezpiecznej energetyki jądrowej. Red. nauk. A. Bojanowska-Czajka. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 135-153.

3. Bugaj A., Sadło J., Strzelczak G., Sterniczuk M. Badanie mechanizmów sorpcji radionuklidów pochodzących z korozji materiałów obiegu pierwotnego na wybranych wymieniaczach jonowych (Mechanisms of radionuclide sorption of corrosion products in pimary cooling water on selected ionic exchangers). In: Analiza procesów zachodzących przy normalnej eksploatacji obiegów wodnych w elektrowniach jądrowych z propozycjami działań na rzecz podniesienia poziomu bezpieczeństwa jądrowego. Zadanie wykonane w ramach projektu strategicznego NCBR Technologie wspomagające rozwój bezpiecznej energetyki jądrowej. Red. nauk. A. Bojanowska-Czajka. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 155-168.

4. Bursa B.Dział Informacji Naukowo-Ekonomicznej (Department of Scientifi c Information). W: Od Instytutu Badań Jądrowych do Instytutu Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej. Kronika i wspomnienia 1955-2015. Pod red. dra inż. L. Walisia. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 283-286.

5. Chajduk E., Chwastowska J., Kulisa K., Samczyński Z., Skwara W. Ocena stopnia zaawansowania procesu korozji na podstawie oznaczeń wybranych produktów korozji (Assessment of the degree of the corrosion process based on the determination of chosen radionu-clides-corrosion products). In: Analiza procesów zachodzących przy normalnej eksploatacji obiegów wodnych w elektrowniach jądrowych z propozycjami działań na rzecz podniesienia poziomu bezpieczeństwa jądrowego. Zadanie wykonane w ramach projektu strategicznego NCBR Technologie wspomagające rozwój bezpiecznej energetyki jądrowej. Red. nauk. A. Bojanowska-Czajka. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 45-57.

6. Chajduk E., Kulisa K., Samczyński Z. Weryfi kacja szczelności prętów paliwowych na podstawie oznaczania produktów wybranych radioizo-topów w wieloskładnikowych roztworach wodnych (Verifi cation of the assessing fuel integrity based on the determination of chosen radionuclides in water solutions). In: Analiza procesów zachodzących przy normalnej eksploatacji obiegów wodnych w elektrowniach jądrowych z propozycjami działań na rzecz podniesienia poziomu bezpieczeństwa jądrowego. Zadanie wykonane w ramach projektu strategicznego NCBR Technologie wspomagające rozwój bezpiecznej energetyki jądrowej. Red. nauk. A. Bojanowska-Czajka. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 9-21.

7. Chmielewska-Śmietanko D., Liang Zhao, Stachurska L. Synteza selektywnych wymieniaczy do usuwania Cs i innych produktów rozszczepienia ze zbiorników do przechowywania wypalonego paliwa i wody obiegu pierwotnego (Synthesis of selective ion ex-changers for Cs and other fi ssion products removal from the spent fuel storage basins and the nuclear reactor primary water circuit). In: Analiza procesów zachodzących przy normalnej eksploatacji obiegów wodnych w elektrowniach jądrowych z propozycjami działań na rzecz podniesienia poziomu bezpieczeństwa jądrowego. Zadanie wykonane w ramach projektu strategicznego NCBR Technologie wspomagające rozwój bezpiecznej energetyki jądrowej. Red. nauk. A. Bojanowska-Czajka. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 117-133.

8. Chmielewski A.G. Okruchy wspomnień – moja praca w IChTJ (Scraps of memories – my work in the INCT). In: Od Instytutu Badań Jądrowych do Instytutu Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej. Kronika i wspomnienia 1955-2015. Pod red. dra inż. L. Walisia. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 43-75.

9. Chmielewski A.G. IChTJ – nowe rozdanie (The INCT – new deal). In: Od Instytutu Badań Jądrowych do Instytutu Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej. Kronika i wspomnienia 1955-2015. Pod red. dra inż. L. Walisia. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 297-316.

10. Chmielewski A.G., Iller E., Palige J. Inżynieria chemiczna i procesowa (Chemical and process engineering). In: Od Instytutu Badań Jądrowych do Instytutu Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej. Kronika i wspomnienia 1955-2015. Pod red. dra inż. L. Walisia. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 191-200.

11. Chmielewski A.G., Sun Y.Electron accelerators application in air pollution control.


In: The industrial and environmental applications of electron beams. Ed. D. Chmielewska-Śmietanko. Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warszawa 2015, pp. 59-70.

12. Dancewicz A.M., Szumiel I. Zakład Radiobiologii i Ochrony Zdrowia (Department of Radiobiology and Health Protection). In: Od Instytutu Badań Jądrowych do Instytutu Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej. Kronika i wspomnienia 1955-2015. Pod red. dra inż. L. Walisia. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 161-189.

13. Deptuła A. Wspomnienia obecnie najstarszego (stażem) pracownika (Memories today oldest (internships) employee). In: Od Instytutu Badań Jądrowych do Instytutu Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej. Kronika i wspomnienia 1955-2015. Pod red. dra inż. L. Walisia. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 77-92.

14. Dybczyński R.S., Polkowska-Motrenko H. Zakład Chemii Analitycznej (Department of Analytical Chemistry). In: Od Instytutu Badań Jądrowych do Instytutu Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej. Kronika i wspomnienia 1955-2015. Pod red. dra inż. L. Walisia. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 137-160.

15. Gryczka U., Migdał W., Chmielewska-Śmietanko D. Application of electron beam accelerators for food irradiation. In: The industrial and environmental applications of electron beams. Ed. D. Chmielewska-Śmietanko. Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warszawa 2015, pp. 51-58.

16. Kołacińska K., Trojanowicz M., Bojanowska-Czajka A. Monitoring stężenia wybranych radionuklidów z wykorzystaniem metod przepływowych (Application of fl ow injection analysis in determination of selected radionuclides). In: Analiza procesów zachodzących przy normalnej eksploatacji obiegów wodnych w elektrowniach jądrowych z propozycjami działań na rzecz podniesienia poziomu bezpieczeństwa jądrowego. Zadanie wykonane w ramach projektu strategicznego NCBR Technologie wspomagające rozwój bezpiecznej energetyki jądrowej. Red. nauk. A. Bojanowska-Czajka. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 23-37.

17. Łyczko M., Filipowicz B., Łyczko K., Bilewicz A. Opracowanie ulepszonych technologii wydzielania radionuklidów będących produktami korozji z pły-nów dekontaminacyjnych (Elaboration of the separation methods for isolation corrosion product radio-nuclides from decontamination solutions). In: Analiza procesów zachodzących przy normalnej eksploatacji obiegów wodnych w elektrowniach jądrowych z propozycjami działań na rzecz podniesienia poziomu bezpieczeństwa jądrowego. Zadanie wykonane w ramach projektu strategicznego NCBR Technologie wspomagające rozwój bezpiecznej energetyki jądrowej. Red. nauk. A. Bojanowska-Czajka. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 106-115.

18. Migdał W. Samodzielna Pracownia Radiacyjnego Utrwalania Płodów Rolnych (Pilot Plant for Food Irradiation). In: Od Instytutu Badań Jądrowych do Instytutu Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej. Kronika i wspomnienia 1955-2015. Pod red. dra inż. L. Walisia. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 267-273.

19. Ostyk-Narbutt J. 60 lat radiochemii na Żeraniu (Sixty years of radiochemistry at Żerań). In: Od Instytutu Badań Jądrowych do Instytutu Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej. Kronika i wspomnienia 1955-2015. Pod red. dra inż. L. Walisia. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 93-136.

20. Pałyska W. Zakład IIA Chemicznej Inżynierii Jądrowej (Department of Chemical Nuclear Engineering IIA). In: Od Instytutu Badań Jądrowych do Instytutu Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej. Kronika i wspomnienia 1955-2015. Pod red. dra inż. L. Walisia. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 247-250.

21. Parus J.L. Zakład Chemicznej Inżynierii Jądrowej (Department of Chemical Nuclear Engineering). In: Od Instytutu Badań Jądrowych do Instytutu Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej. Kronika i wspomnienia 1955-2015. Pod red. dra inż. L. Walisia. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 243-245.

22. Pieńkos J.P. Zakład Aparatury i Metod Jądrowych (XVA) (Department of Radioisotope Instruments and Methods – XVA). In: Od Instytutu Badań Jądrowych do Instytutu Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej. Kronika i wspomnienia 1955-2015. Pod red. dra inż. L. Walisia. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 259-265.


23. Pieńkos J.P. Zakład Doświadczalny Aparatury Elektronicznej (Experimental Establishment of Electronic Equipment). In: Od Instytutu Badań Jądrowych do Instytutu Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej. Kronika i wspomnienia 1955-2015. Pod red. dra inż. L. Walisia. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 287-289.

24. Przybytniak G., Cieśla K., Kornacka E., Sadło J., Buczkowski M., Nowicki A. Radiation synthesis and curing of nanocomposites suitable for practical applications. Chapter 10. In: Radiation curing of composites for enhancing their features and utility in health care and industry. IAEA-TECDOC-1764. IAEA, Vienna 2015, pp. 148-166.

25. Przybytniak G., Zimek Z. Application of electron accelerators in cable industry. In: The industrial and environmental applications of electron beams. Ed. D. Chmielewska-Śmietanko. Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warszawa 2015, pp. 25-39.

26. Rafalski A., Rzepna M. Electron beam sterilization. In: The industrial and environmental applications of electron beams. Ed. D. Chmielewska-Śmietanko. Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warszawa 2015, pp. 41-49.

27. Skotnicki K., Celuch M., Masłowska A., Kisała J., Pogocki D., Bobrowski K. Badanie wpływu obecności tlenku cyrkonu oraz tlenków metali wchodzących w skład stopu cyrkonowe-go na wydajność wodoru cząsteczkowego w obecności typowych zanieczyszczeń w chłodziwie (wodzie) reaktora (The effect of zirconium dioxide and other metals dioxides present in zircaloy for radiation yield of molecular hydrogen in reactor water cooling system). In: Analiza procesów generacji wodoru w reaktorze jądrowym w trakcie normalnej eksploatacji i w sy-tuacjach awaryjnych z propozycjami działań na rzecz podniesienia poziomu bezpieczeństwa jądrowego. Zadanie wykonane w ramach projektu strategicznego NCBR Technologie wspomagające rozwój bez-piecznej energetyki jądrowej. Red. nauk. J. Michalik, R. Kocia. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 9-18.

28. Stachowicz W. Samodzielne Laboratorium Identyfi kacji Napromieniowania Żywności (Laboratory for Detection of Irradiated Food). In: Od Instytutu Badań Jądrowych do Instytutu Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej. Kronika i wspomnienia 1955-2015. Pod red. dra inż. L. Walisia. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 275-280.

29. Starosta W. Zakład Badań Strukturalnych (Department of Structural Research). In: Od Instytutu Badań Jądrowych do Instytutu Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej. Kronika i wspomnienia 1955-2015. Pod red. dra inż. L. Walisia. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 251-258.

30. Starosta W., Barlak M., Buczkowski M., Kosińska A., Sartowska B., Waliś L., Janiak T. Analiza mechanizmów tworzenia się oraz właściwości warstw tlenkowych powstających w wyniku rozkładu wody na powierzchni koszulek cyrkonowych oraz zbadanie wpływu modyfi kacji struktury warstwy wierzchniej koszulek na procesy generacji wodoru (Studies on properties and formation me-chanisms of oxide layer growing in the process of water decomposition on zirconium claddings and on infl uence of cladding’s surface layer structural modifi cations on hydrogen generation). In: Analiza procesów generacji wodoru w reaktorze jądrowym w trakcie normalnej eksploatacji i w sy-tuacjach awaryjnych z propozycjami działań na rzecz podniesienia poziomu bezpieczeństwa jądrowego. Zadanie wykonane w ramach projektu strategicznego NCBR Technologie wspomagające rozwój bez-piecznej energetyki jądrowej. Red. nauk. J. Michalik, R. Kocia. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 55-72.

31. Strzelczak G., Sadło J., Sterniczuk M. Badanie oddziaływania dodatków w chłodziwie reaktora (wodzie) i ich wpływu na zmianę wydajności wodoru w reakcjach radiolizy wody (The study of interaction of additives in reactor coolant water and its infl uence on the effi ciency of hydrogen during water radiolysis reactions). In: Analiza procesów generacji wodoru w reaktorze jądrowym w trakcie normalnej eksploatacji i w sy-tuacjach awaryjnych z propozycjami działań na rzecz podniesienia poziomu bezpieczeństwa jądrowego. Zadanie wykonane w ramach projektu strategicznego NCBR Technologie wspomagające rozwój bez-piecznej energetyki jądrowej. Red. nauk. J. Michalik, R. Kocia. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 19-30.

32. Szreder T., Warchoł S. Chemia radiacyjna chłodziwa reaktorów jądrowych LWR. Oddziaływanie promieniowania jonizującego na wodę oraz układy wodne w warunkach awaryjnych (Radiation chemistry of LWR reactors’ coolant. The impact of ionizing radiation on water and aqueous systems in emergency conditions).


In: Analiza procesów generacji wodoru w reaktorze jądrowym w trakcie normalnej eksploatacji i w sy-tuacjach awaryjnych z propozycjami działań na rzecz podniesienia poziomu bezpieczeństwa jądrowego. Zadanie wykonane w ramach projektu strategicznego NCBR Technologie wspomagające rozwój bez-piecznej energetyki jądrowej. Red. nauk. J. Michalik, R. Kocia. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 43-54.

33. Waliś L. Kronika [zawiera: Uchwała powołująca Instytut Badań Jądrowych, Dyrektorzy IBJ, Rada Naukowa IBJ, Habilitacje i profesury Ośrodka Żerań IBJ, Czasy Instytutu Badań Jądrowych, Zarządzenie powołujące Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Dyrektorzy IChTJ, Rada Naukowa IChTJ, Habilitacje i profesury w IChTJ, Czasy Instytutu Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej] (Chronicle [contains: The resolution on IBJ; List of IBJ directors, Information on IBJ Scientifi c Council, Habilitations and professorships, At time of IBJ, Decree on the INCT establishment, List of the INCT directors, Information on the INCT Scientifi c Council, Habilitations and professorships in the INCT, At time of the INCT]).In: Od Instytutu Badań Jądrowych do Instytutu Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej. Kronika i wspomnienia 1955-2015. Pod red. dra inż. L. Walisia. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 7-40.

34. Waliś L. Od „Dwudziestki” do „Jedynki” (From Department XX to Department I). In: Od Instytutu Badań Jądrowych do Instytutu Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej. Kronika i wspomnienia 1955-2015. Pod red. dra inż. L. Walisia. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 225-241.

35. Wiśniewski A. NSZZ “Solidarność”. In: Od Instytutu Badań Jądrowych do Instytutu Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej. Kronika i wspomnienia 1955-2015. Pod red. dra inż. L. Walisia. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 287-289.

36. Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz G. Advancement in membrane methods for liquid radioactive waste processing. Current opportunities, challenges, and the global scenario. In: Handbook of membrane separations. Chemical, pharmaceutical, food, and biotechnological appli-cations. 2nd ed. Eds. A.K. Pabby, S.S.H. Rizvi, A.M. Sastre. CRC Press, 2015, pp. 665-707.

37. Zimek Z. Chemia i technologia radiacyjna (Radiation chemistry and radiation processing). In: Od Instytutu Badań Jądrowych do Instytutu Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej. Kronika i wspomnienia 1955-2015. Pod red. dra inż. L. Walisia. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 191-223.

38. Zimek Z. Introduction to electron beam accelerators. In: The industrial and environmental applications of electron beams. Ed. D. Chmielewska-Śmietanko. Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warszawa 2015, pp. 7-18.

39. Zimek Z. Układy mieszania, wentylacji i kontroli oraz aktywne i pasywne urządzenia przeznaczone do usuwania wodoru w obszarze obudowy bezpieczeństwa, emitowanego w trakcie awarii reaktora jądrowego (Mix-ing, ventilation and control systems and active and passive equipment for hydrogen removal from con-tainment during severe accidents of nuclear reactor). In: Analiza procesów generacji wodoru w reaktorze jądrowym w trakcie normalnej eksploatacji i w sy-tuacjach awaryjnych z propozycjami działań na rzecz podniesienia poziomu bezpieczeństwa jądrowego. Zadanie wykonane w ramach projektu strategicznego NCBR Technologie wspomagające rozwój bez-piecznej energetyki jądrowej. Red. nauk. J. Michalik, R. Kocia. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, pp. 119-142.

1. INCT Annual Report 2014.Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warszawa 2015, 176 p.

2. Analiza procesów generacji wodoru w reaktorze jądrowym w trakcie normalnej eksploatacji i w sytua-cjach awaryjnych z propozycjami działań na rzecz podniesienia poziomu bezpieczeństwa jądrowego. Zadanie wykonane w ramach projektu strategicznego NCBR Technologie wspomagające rozwój bez-piecznej energetyki jądrowej (Study of hydrogen generation processes in nuclear reactors under regular operation conditions and in emergency cases, with suggested actions aimed at upgrade of nuclear safety. Task realized in the frame of the NCBR strategic project Technologies supporting development of safe nuclear power engineering).Red. nauk. J. Michalik, R. Kocia. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, 163 p.

THE INCT PUBLICATIONS


CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

1. Boguski J., Rzepna M. Wyznaczanie dawki sterylizacyjnej (Determination of the sterilization dose). XIII Szkoła Sterylizacji i Mikrobiologicznej Dekontaminacji Radiacyjnej, Warszawa, Poland, 22-23.10.2015, [4] p.

2. Brzóska K.Biologiczne działanie i ryzyko promieniowania jonizującego (The biological effects and risk of ionizing radiation). XIII Szkoła Sterylizacji i Mikrobiologicznej Dekontaminacji Radiacyjnej, Warszawa, Poland, 22-23.10.2015, [4] p.

3. Bułka S.Analiza ryzyka procesu sterylizacji radiacyjnej (The risk analysis of radiation sterilization process). XIII Szkoła Sterylizacji i Mikrobiologicznej Dekontaminacji Radiacyjnej, Warszawa, Poland, 22-23.10.2015, [3] p.

4. Chmielewski A.G. Stacje sterylizacji radiacyjnej wyposażone w izotopowe źródła promieniowania gamma (Irradiation facil-ity equipped with isotope gamma sources). XIII Szkoła Sterylizacji i Mikrobiologicznej Dekontaminacji Radiacyjnej, Warszawa, Poland, 22-23.10.2015, [9] p.

5. Głuszewski W. Oddziaływanie promieniowania jonizującego na materię (The impact of ionizing radiation on the matter). XIII Szkoła Sterylizacji i Mikrobiologicznej Dekontaminacji Radiacyjnej, Warszawa, Poland, 22-23.10.2015, [5] p.

6. Konarska E.M. Rola opakowań w sterylizacji radiacyjnej (The role of packaging in the radiation sterilization). XIII Szkoła Sterylizacji i Mikrobiologicznej Dekontaminacji Radiacyjnej, Warszawa, Poland, 22-23.10.2015, [6] p.

7. Korzeniowska-Sobczuk A. Akredytowane Laboratorium Pomiarów Dawek Technologicznych (Accredited Laboratory for Measure-ments of Technological Doses).XIII Szkoła Sterylizacji i Mikrobiologicznej Dekontaminacji Radiacyjnej, Warszawa, Poland, 22-23.10.2015, [2] p.

8. Przybytniak G. Modyfi kacja materiałów polimerowych pod wpływem promieniowania jonizującego (Modifi cation of polymeric materials by ionizing radiation).XIII Szkoła Sterylizacji i Mikrobiologicznej Dekontaminacji Radiacyjnej, Warszawa, Poland, 22-23.10.2015, [6] p.

3. Analiza procesów zachodzących przy normalnej eksploatacji obiegów wodnych w elektrowniach jądro-wych z propozycjami działań na rzecz podniesienia poziomu bezpieczeństwa jądrowego. Zadanie wyko-nane w ramach projektu strategicznego NCBR Technologie wspomagające rozwój bezpiecznej ener-getyki jądrowej (Study of processes occurring under regular operation of water circulation systems in nuclear power plants with suggested actions aimed at upgrade of nuclear safety. Task realized in the frame of the NCBR strategic project Technologies supporting development of safe nuclear power engi-neering).Red. nauk. A. Bojanowska-Czajka. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, 168 p.

4. Od Instytutu Badań Jądrowych do Instytutu Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej. Kronika i wspomnienia 1955-2015 (From the Institute of Nuclear Research to the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Tech-nology. Chronicle and the memories 1955-2015).Pod red. dra inż. L. Walisia. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015, 316 p.

5. The industrial and environmental applications of electron beams.Ed. D. Chmielewska-Śmietanko. Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warszawa 2015, 108 p.

6. Tor mikrofalowy akceleratora elektronów LAE 10/15 Stacji Sterylizacji Radiacyjnej (Microwave route of electron accelerator LAE 10/15 at the Radiation Sterilization Facility).Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2015. Raporty IChTJ. Seria B nr 1/2015, 32 p.


CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS

9. Rafalski A. Kontrola dozymetryczna radiacyjnej sterylizacji wyrobów medycznych (Dosimetry of radiation sterili-zation of medical devices). XIII Szkoła Sterylizacji i Mikrobiologicznej Dekontaminacji Radiacyjnej, Warszawa, Poland, 22-23.10.2015, [6] p.

10. Rafalski A. Sterylizacja radiacyjna na tle innych metod wyjaławiania (Radiation sterilization compared to other sterilization methods).XIII Szkoła Sterylizacji i Mikrobiologicznej Dekontaminacji Radiacyjnej, Warszawa, Poland, 22-23.10.2015, [3] p.

11. Rafalski A. Wiadomości niezbędne dla klientów Stacji Sterylizacji Radiacyjnej (Information for Radiation Sterili-zation Plant clients). XIII Szkoła Sterylizacji i Mikrobiologicznej Dekontaminacji Radiacyjnej, Warszawa, Poland, 22-23.10.2015, [2] p.

12. Sadowska M.W. Samodzielne Laboratorium Identyfi kacji Napromieniowania Żywności. Identyfi kacja napromieniowa-nej żywności w IChTJ (Laboratory for Detection of Irradiated Food. Identifi cation of irradiated food in the INCT). XIII Szkoła Sterylizacji i Mikrobiologicznej Dekontaminacji Radiacyjnej, Warszawa, Poland, 22-23.10.2015, [6] p.

13. Schreinemachers C., Middendorp R., Bukaemskiy A.A., Modolo G., Brykała M., Rogowski M., Dep-tuła A., Čuba V., Pavelková T., Šebesta F., John J. Conversion of actinides into oxide pre-cursors for innovative fuel fabrication. In: Fuel Top Reactor Fuel Performance 2015: Conference Proceedings Zurich, Switzerland 13-17 Sep-tember 2015. Part II. European Nuclear Society, 2015, pp. 471-480.

14. Trojanowicz M., Bojanowska-Czajka A., Łyczko M., Kulisa K., Kciuk G., Moskal J. Radiolytic decomposition of environmentally persistent perfl uorinated surfactants with the use of ion-izing radiation. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Radiation and Applications in Various Fields of Research, Budva, Montenegro, 8-12.06.2015. Ed. G. Ristić. RAD Association, Niš 2015, pp. 11-15.

15. Walo M. Nowe materiały polimerowe modyfi kowane radiacyjnie (New radiation-modifi ed polymeric materials). XIII Szkoła Sterylizacji i Mikrobiologicznej Dekontaminacji Radiacyjnej, Warszawa, Poland, 22-23.10.2015, [5] p.

16. Zimek Z. Akceleratory elektronów dla potrzeb sterylizacji radiacyjnej (Electron accelerators for radiation steri-lization). XIII Szkoła Sterylizacji i Mikrobiologicznej Dekontaminacji Radiacyjnej, Warszawa, Poland, 22-23.10.2015, [6] p.

1. Abramowska A., Gajda D., Miśkiewicz A., Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz G. Purifi cation of backfl ow fl uids after hydraulic fracturing of Polish gas shales. XXXII European Membrane Society Summer School 2015 “Integrated and Electromembrane Processes”, Stráž pod Ralskem, Czech Republic, 21-26.06.2015. Book of abstracts, p. 30.

2. Bilewicz A., Janiszewska Ł., Koźmiński P., Łyczko M., Pruszyński M., Jastrzębski J., Choiński J., Sto-larz A., Trzcińska A., Szkliniarz K., Zipper W. Gold nanoparticle-substance P(5-11) conjugate as a carrier for 211At in alpha particle therapy. EANM’15 – Annual Congress of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine, Hamburg, Germany, 10-14.10.2015. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 42, Suppl. 1, S245 (2015).

3. Bilewicz A., Walczak R., Szkliniarz K., Sitarz M., Krajewski S., Abbas K., Choiński J., Cydzik I., Jakubowski A., Jastrzębski J., Stolarz A., Trzcińska A., Zipper W. Cyclotron production of 43Sc – new radionuclide for PET technique.


EANM’15 – Annual Congress of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine, Hamburg, Germany, 10-14.10.2015. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 42, Suppl. 1, S924 (2015).

4. Bobrowski K., Filipiak P., Hug G.L., Pogocki D., Marciniak B. Stabilization of monomeric sulfur cations in methionine-containing peptides with oligoprolines back-bones. 3. Annual Scientifi c Meeting of the COST Action CM 1201: Biomimetic Radical Chemistry, Athenes, Greece, 11-13.05.2015, p. 21.

5. Boguski J., Przybytniak G., Mirkowski K., Głuszewski W. Ocena wpływu promieniowania gamma na degradację kabli elektrycznych zainstalowanych w elek-trowniach jądrowych metodami termicznymi (Assessment of gamma irradiation infl uence of electrical cable degradation installed in nuclear power plants by thermal methods). Mądralin-2015: Wybrane aspekty bezpieczeństwa elektrowni jądrowej w Polsce. Wspólna konferencja naukowo-techniczna PTN i SFEN, Mądralin, Poland, 24-25.11.2015, p. 13.

6. Bojanowska-Czajka A., Trojanowicz M., Łyczko M., Moskal J., Kulisa K., Kciuk G. Monitoring rozkładu związków perfl uorowanych pod wpływem promieniowania jonizującego z wyko-rzystaniem metod chromatografi cznych (The monitoring of radiolytic decomposition of perfl uorinated surfactants with the use of ionizing radiation and chromatography). IX Polska Konferencja Chemii Analitycznej „Chemia analityczna to ciągłe wyzwania”, Poznań, Poland, 6-10.07.2015, p. 249.

7. Chajduk E., Danko B., Polkowska-Motrenko H. Komplementarne zastosowanie technik INAA i ICP-MS w analizie składu metalowych obiektów histo-rycznych (The complementary use of INAA and ICP-MS in the analysis of metallic historical objects). IX Polska Konferencja Chemii Analitycznej „Chemia analityczna to ciągłe wyzwania”, Poznań, Poland, 6-10.07.2015, p. 39.

8. Chajduk E., Pyszynska M., Polkowska-Motrenko H. Comparison of performance of INAA, RNAA and ICP-MS for the determination of essential and toxic elements in infant formulas. 14th International Conference on Nuclear Analytical Methods in the Life Sciences NAMLS, Delft, The Netherlands, 23-28.08.2015, p. 146.

9. Chmielewska D., Marek A. Electron beam-tool for silver nanoparticles synthesis in different matrixes. NAARI International Conference on State of the Art Radiation Processing, Mubai, India, 4-6.03.2015, p. 27.

10. Chmielewska D., Stachurska L., Pańczyk E. Silica based ion exchangers for different radionuclides removal from the spent fuel storage basins and the nuclear reactor primary water circuit. The Energy & Materials Research Conference – EMR2015, Madrid, Spain, 25-27.02.2015. Book of abstracts, p. 197.

11. Cieśla K., Abramowska A., Buczkowski M. The effects of some compositional factors and ionizing radiation on the properties of starch-PVA fi lms. BIOPOL 2015 – 5th International Conference on Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers, San Sebas-tian, Spain, 6-9.10.2015, [2] p.

12. Cieśla K., Abramowska A., Mathew A., Buczkowski M., Boguski J., Głuszewski W., Bielecki S. The effect of ionising radiation on the fi lms formed in the starch-PVA-nanocellulose system. Advances in cellulose processing and application – research goes to industry. COST Action FT1205. Joint Working Groups & Management Committee Meetings, Iasi, Romania, 10-11.03.2015, pp. 67-69.

13. Depuydt J., Vral A., Beinke C., Gil O., Popova L., Lumniczky K., Mkacher R., Moquet J., Obreja D., Oestreicher U., Sommer S., Testa A., Thierens H., Wójcik A. Inter-laboratory comparison for the micronucleous assay in the frame of the European Network of Biodosimetry – RENEB. ICRR 2015 – 15th International Congress of Radiation Research, Kyoto, Japan, 25-29.05.2015, [1] p.

14. Diaconu D., Constantin M., Pavel G., Kralj M., Daris I., Istenič R., Zakrzewska G. Public perception on education and information about the ionizing radiation across the EU. International Conference: RICOMET 2015: Risk perception, communication and ethics of exposures to ionizing radiation, Brdo, Slovenia, 15-17.06.2015, [1] p.

15. Drewnik J., Cieśla K., Buczkowski M., Boguski J. The infl uence of ionizing radiation on properties of Cornstarch-PVA-nanocellulose fi lms.


4th EPNOE International Polysaccharide Conference “Polysaccharides and polysaccharide-based ad-vanced materials: from science to industry”, Warsaw, Poland, 19-22.10.2015, p. 303.

16. Dybczyński R.S. Neutronowa analiza aktywacyjna i jej rola w metrologii chemicznej (Neutron activation analysis and its role in chemical metrology). 58. Zjazd Naukowy Polskiego Towarzystwa Chemicznego w Gdańsku „Polska chemia w mieście wol-ności”, Gdańsk, Poland, 21-25.09.2015, [1] p., S12.

17. Dybczyński R.S.Niektóre trudne problemy oznaczania małych ilości itru ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem metod chro-matografi cznych (Some diffi cult problems in the determination of small amounts of yttrium with the special emphasis on chromatographic methods).4. Konferencja Naukowa „Monitoring i analiza wody. Chromatografi czne metody oznaczania substancji o charakterze jonowym”, Toruń, Poland, 15-17.03.2015, p. 19.

18. Dybczyński R. Słowo wstępne – materiały odniesienia (CRM) i związane z nimi problemy z perspektywy 40-u lat doświadczeń (Introductory word – reference materials and associated problem from the perspective of 40 years experience). Ogólnopolska Konferencja Naukowa „Jakość w chemii analitycznej”, Mory k/Warszawy, Poland, 25-27.11.2015, p. 7.

19. Dybczyński R., Kulisa K., Pyszynska M., Bojanowska-Czajka A.Powinowactwo kompleksów pierwiastków ziem rzadkich (REE) z kwasem nitrylotrioctowym do fazy stacjonarnej RP-HPLC modyfi kowanej surfaktantem kationowym (Affi nity of rare earth element (REE) complexes with nitrilotriacetic acid to the RP-HPLC stationary phase modifi ed with cationic sur-factant). XXIV Poznańskie Konwersatorium Analityczne „Nowoczesne metody przygotowania próbek i ozna-czania śladowych ilości pierwiastków”, Poznań, Poland, 9-10.04.2015, pp. 100-101.

20. Georgantzopoulou A., Gutleb A., Cambier S., Serchi T., Lankoff A., Kruszewski M., Balachandran Y., Grysan P., Audinot J.N., Ziebel J., Guignard C., Murk A.J. Inhibition of multixenobiotic resonance (MXR) transporters by silver nanoparticles and -ions in vitro and in vivo. EUROTOX-51 Congress of the European Societies of Toxicology, Porto, Portugal, 13-16.09.2015. Toxi-cology Letters, 238, 2S, S210 (2015).

21. Głuszewski W., Rosen M. Wykorzystanie DRS i GC do badania odporności radiacyjnej starodruków (The use of DRS and GC to study the radiation resistance of old prints). Konferencja „Analiza śladowa w ochronie zabytków XV”, Warszawa, Poland, 3-4.12.2015, pp. 15-16.

22. Głuszewski W., Zimek Z., Mirkowski K. Radioliza tworzyw polimerowych w składowiskach odpadów promieniotwórczych (Radiolysis of polimer materials in the radioactive waste stockpiles). Mądralin-2015: Wybrane aspekty bezpieczeństwa elektrowni jądrowej w Polsce. Wspólna konferencja naukowo-techniczna PTN i SFEN, Mądralin, Poland, 24-25.11.2015, p. 21.

23. Gregoire E., Kulka U., Ainsbury E., Barrios L., Beinke C., Cucu A., Fattibene P., Gil O., Hadjidekova V., Jaworska A., Lindholm C., Lumniczky K., Mörtl S., Montoro A., Moreno M., Oestreicher U., Palitti F., Pantelias G., Rothkamm K., Roy L., Terzoudi G., Trompier F., Sabatier L., Sommer S., Testa A., Vaz P., Vral P., Woda C., Wójcik A., Voisin P. WP3 Education, training and quality of the dosimetry network. ConRad 2015 – Global Conference on Radiation Topics – Preparedness, Response, Protection and Re-search – 21st Nuclear Medical Defence Conference, Munich, Germany, 4-7.05.2015, [1] p.

24. Gryczka U., Migdał W., Chmielewska D., Walo M. Application of electron beam irradiation in modifi cation of thermal stability of lignocellulose. NAARI International Conference on State of the Art Radiation Processing, Mubai, India, 4-6.03.2015, p. 32.

25. Gumiela M., Gniazdowska E., Bilewicz A. Radiofarmaceutyki znakowane akceleratorowo otrzymanym technetem-99m (Radiopharmaceuticals la-belled with accelerator produced technetium-99m). ChemSession’15 – XII Warszawskie Seminarium Doktorantów Chemików, Warszawa, Poland, 8.05.2015, p. 89.


26. Gumiela M., Gniazdowska E., Bilewicz A. Znakowanie radiofarmaceutyków technetem-99m otrzymanym w cyklotronie (Labelling of radiophar-maceuticals with cyclotron produced technetium-99m). 58. Zjazd Naukowy Polskiego Towarzystwa Chemicznego w Gdańsku „Polska chemia w mieście wolności”, Gdańsk, Poland, 21-25.09.2015, [1] p.

27. Gumiela M., Gniazdowska E., Bilewicz A. Znakowanie radiofarmaceutyków technetem-99m otrzymanym w cyklotronie (Labelling of radiophar-maceuticals with cyclotron produced technetium-99m). III Międzynarodowa Konferencja Radiofarmaceutyczna, Łódź, Poland, 28-29.05.2015, p. 59.

28. Herdzik-Koniecko I., Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz G., Cojocaru C., Chajduk E. Experimental design and optimization of leaching process for recovery of valuable metals from low-grade uranium ore. Mądralin-2015: Wybrane aspekty bezpieczeństwa elektrowni jądrowej w Polsce. Wspólna konferencja naukowo-techniczna PTN i SFEN, Mądralin, Poland, 24-25.11.2015, p. 23.

29. Iwińska K., Miśkiewicz A. Budowa platformy dla wzmocnienia badań społecznych związanych z energetyką jądrową w Europie środkowo-wschodniej (Building a platform for enhanced societal research related to nuclear energy in Central and Eastern Europe). Mądralin-2015: Wybrane aspekty bezpieczeństwa elektrowni jądrowej w Polsce. Wspólna konferencja naukowo-techniczna PTN i SFEN, Mądralin, Poland, 24-25.11.2015, p. 25.

30. Kalbarczyk P., Miśta E.A., Rzeszotarska-Nowakiewicz A., Nowakiewicz T., Trela K. Research on the corrosion character and ornamentation of the metal artifacts from archaeological site Czaszkowo, Poland. XXIV Poznańskie Konwersatorium Analityczne „Nowoczesne metody przygotowania próbek i ozna-czania śladowych ilości pierwiastków”, Poznań, Poland, 9-10.04.2015, p. 103.

31. Kiegiel K., Gajda D., Abramowska A., Miśkiewicz A., Oszczak A., Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz G. Uran z łupków gazonośnych? (Uranium from gas-bearing shales?) Mądralin-2015: Wybrane aspekty bezpieczeństwa elektrowni jądrowej w Polsce. Wspólna konferencja naukowo-techniczna PTN i SFEN, Mądralin, Poland, 24-25.11.2015, p. 29.

32. Kiegiel K., Gajda D., Abramowska A., Miśkiewicz A., Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz G. The recovery of valuable metals from fl owback fl uids after hydraulic fracturing of Polish gas-bearing shales. 3rd Annual International Conference on Chemistry and Physics, Athens, Greece, 20-23.05.2015, p. 42.

33. Kiegiel K., Gajda D., Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz G. Odzysk uranu i metali towarzyszących z odpadów przemysłowych różnego pochodzenia (Recovery of uranium and accompanying metals from various types of industrial wastes). Mądralin-2015: Wybrane aspekty bezpieczeństwa elektrowni jądrowej w Polsce. Wspólna konferencja naukowo-techniczna PTN i SFEN, Mądralin, Poland, 24-25.11.2015, p. 30.

34. Kiegiel K., Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz G., Wołoszczuk K., Krajewski P. Analiza krajowych i regionalnych struktur wspierających rozwój programów badań jądrowych poprzez zastosowanie zintegrowanego podejścia (Assessment of regional capabilities for new reactors develop-ment through an integrated approach). Mądralin-2015: Wybrane aspekty bezpieczeństwa elektrowni jądrowej w Polsce. Wspólna konferencja naukowo-techniczna PTN i SFEN, Mądralin, Poland, 24-25.11.2015, p. 28.

35. Kołacińska K., Bojanowska-Czajka A., Chajduk E., Samczyński Z., Dudek J., Trojanowicz M. Zastosowanie systemów przepływowych do automatyzacji analizy próbek radioaktywnych – przykład optymalizacji procedury oznaczeń 90Sr (Application of fl ow systems for automation of radioanalysis – example of fl ow-procedure for 90Sr determination). Mądralin-2015: Wybrane aspekty bezpieczeństwa elektrowni jądrowej w Polsce. Wspólna konferencja naukowo-techniczna PTN i SFEN, Mądralin, Poland, 24-25.11.2015, p. 32.

36. Kowalska M., Biedrzycki J., Węgierek-Ciuk A., Czarnocka J., Kruszewski M., Lisowska H., Mruk R., Oczkowski M., Oddvar M., Gromadzka-Ostrowska J., Øvrevik J., Męczyńska-Wielgosz S., Wojewódz-ka M., Lankoff A. Wpływ cząstek pochodzących ze spalania paliw 1 i 2 generacji biodiesla na cytotoksyczność i geno-toksyczność w komórkach A549 (Cyto- and genotoxicity of 1st and 2nd generation biodiesel exhausts particles on A549 cells). VIII Międzydyscyplinarna Konferencja Doktorantów Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego, Szczecin, Poland, 16.10.2015, p. 23.


37. Kowalska M., Węgierek-Ciuk A., Kruszewski M., Lisowska H., Męczyńska-Wielgosz S., Iwaneńko T., Wojewódzka M., Lankoff A. Evaluating the toxicity of selected types of carbon nanomaterials in vitro. EUROTOX-51 Congress of the European Societies of Toxicology, Porto, Portugal, 13-16.09.2015. Toxi-cology Letters, 238, 2S, S202 (2015).

38. Krajewski P., Kruszewski M., Olko P., Golnik N. Review of major results of the “SPREY” network supporting prospective requirements of nuclear power development in Poland. Mądralin-2015: Wybrane aspekty bezpieczeństwa elektrowni jądrowej w Polsce. Wspólna konferencja naukowo-techniczna PTN i SFEN, Mądralin, Poland, 24-25.11.2015, p. 32.

39. Kralj M., Daris I., Železnik N., Marega M., Istenič R., Diaconu D., Zakrzewska G. What do institutions which take advantage of ionizing radiation want to tell the public. International Conference RICOMET 2015: Risk perception, communication and ethics of exposures to ionizing radiation, Brdo, Slovenia, 15-17.06.2015, [1] p.

40. Kulka U., Ainsbury E., Barrios L., Beinke C., Cucu A., Fattibene P., Gil O., Gregoire E., Hadjidekova V., Jaworska A., Lindholm C., Lumniczky K., Mörtl S., Montoro A., Moreno M., Oestreicher U., Palitti F., Pantelias G., Rothkamm K., Terzoudi G., Trompier F., Sabatier L., Sommer S., Testa A., Vaz P., Voisin P., Vral P., Woda C., Wójcik A. RENEB – biological dosimetry for large scale radiological incidents. ConRad 2015, Global Conference on Radiation Topics – Preparedness, Response, Protection and Re-search – 21st Nuclear Medical Defence Conference, Munich, Germany, 4-7.05.2015, [2] p.

41. Kulka U., Ainsbury E., Barrios L., Beinke C., Cucu A., Fattibene P., Gil O., Hadjidekova V., Jaworska A., Lindholm C., Lumniczky K., Mörtl S., Montoro A., Moreno M., Oestreicher U., Palitti F., Pantelias G., Rothkamm K., Terzoudi G., Trompier F., Sabatier L., Sommer S., Testa A., Vaz P., Voisin P., Vral A., Woda C., Wójcik A. RENEB – biological dose estimation following a large scale radiological incident. International Conference on Individual Monitoring of Ionising Radiation, Bruges, Belgium, 20-24.04.2015, [2] p.

42. Kulka U., Oestreicher U., Ainsbury E.A., Moquet J., Gregoire E., Roch-Lefevre S., Barquinero J.F., Barrios L., Beinke C., Cucu A., Popescu I., Noditi M., Montoro A., Palitti F., Gil O. M., Vaz P., Hadjide-kova V., Hatzi V., Pantelias G., Terzoudi G., Lindholm C., Sabatier L., Moreno M., Prieto M., Bura-czewska I., Sommer S., Testa A., Wojcik A., Fattibene P., Mörtl A.S., Jaworska A., Thierens H., Vral A., Lumniczky K., Safrany G. RENEB – Biodosimetry Network – Solution to enhance positive perception in the European Society. International Conference RICOMET 2015: Risk perception, communication and ethics of exposures to ionizing radiation, Brdo, Slovenia, 15-17.06.2015, [1] p.

43. Kużelewska I., Chajduk E., Polkowska-Motrenko H. Zastosowanie neutronowej analizy aktywacyjnej i spektrometrii mas ze wzbudzeniem w plazmie induk-cyjnie sprzężonej do badania trwałości certyfi kowanych materiałów odniesienia o matrycy biologicznej (Application of neutron activation analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to sta-bility testing of certifi ed reference materials with biological origin). IX Polska Konferencja Chemii Analitycznej „Chemia analityczna to ciągłe wyzwania”, Poznań, Poland, 6-10.07.2015, p. 50.

44. Kużelewska I., Polkowska-Motrenko H., Danko B.Opracowanie procedury oznaczania chromu w próbkach środowiskowych z zastosowaniem neutrono-wej analizy aktywacyjnej (NAA) (Procedure of chromium determination in enviromental materials by neutron activation analysis (NAA)). XXIV Poznańskie Konwersatorium Analityczne „Nowoczesne metody przygotowania próbek i ozna-czania śladowych ilości pierwiastków”, Poznań, Poland, 9-10.04.2015, pp. 104-105.

45. Lankoff A., Węgierek-Ciuk A., Kowalska M., Kruszewski M., Lisowska H., Męczyńska-Wielgosz S., Wójciuk G., Wojewódzka M. Effects of single walled carbon nanotubes and diesel engine nanoparticles on ionizing radiation-in-duced DNA damage and repair in A549 cells. 15. International Congress of Radiation Research – ICRP 2015, Kyoto, Japan, 25-29.05.2015, [1] p. (2-PS3D-07).

46. Latek S. Media about Polish Nuclear Power Programme. International Conference RICOMET 2015: Risk perception, communication and ethics of exposures to ionizing radiation, Brdo, Slovenia, 15-17.06.2015, [1] p.


47. Lazurik V.M., Lazurik V.T., Popov G., Zimek Z. Two-parametric model of electron beam computational dosimetry for radiation processing. 13th Tihany Symposium on Radiation Chemistry, Balatonalmadi, Hungary, 29.08.-3.09.2015, O.53.

48. Lisowska H., Czub J., Banas D., Braziewicz J., Kubala A., Wudarczyk J., Szumiel I., Wójcik A. Analysis of elements secreted by CHO-K1 cells exposed to gamma radiation under different conditions. 15. International Congress of Radiation Research – ICRP 2015, Kyoto, Japan, 25-29.05.2015, [1] p. (4-PS3F-05).

49. Lisowska H., Eland N., Stępień K., Węgierek-Ciuk A., Lankoff A., Haghdoost S., Sollazzo A., Wójcik A. The application of PCC to study the mechanisms of the radioprotective effect of hypothermia in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. 15. International Congress of Radiation Research – ICRP 2015, Kyoto, Japan, 25-29.05.2015, [1] p. (3-PS3B-06).

50. Łyczko M., Pruszyński M., Łyczko K., Wąs B., Męczyńska S., Kruszewski M., Bilewicz A., Jastrzęb-ski J., Choiński J., Sitarz M., Stolarz A., Trzcińska A., Szkliniarz K., Zipper W. Nowy potencjalny radiofarmaceutyk terapeutyczny oparty na At-211 (Novel potential therapeutic radio-pharmaceutical based on At-211). III Międzynarodowa Konferencja Radiofarmaceutyczna, Łódź, Poland, 28-29.05.2015, p. 60.

51. Majkowska-Pilip A., Koźmiński P., Piotrowska A., Bruchertseifer F., Morgenstern A., Bonelli M., Laurenza M., Bilewicz A. 223Na-NaA-PEG-SP(5-11) radiobioconjugate as a new potential radiopharmaceutical for targeted therapy of glioblastoma multiforme.EANM’15 – Annual Congress of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine, Hamburg, Germany, 10-14.10.2015. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 42, Suppl. 1, S244 (2015).

52. Matysiak M., Czajka M., Pankiewicz P., Kruszewski M., Kapka-Skrzypczak L. Udział pestycydów fosforoorganicznych w stymulacji proliferacji komórek tłuszczowych (Contribution of organophosphate pesticides in stimulation of proliferation in apidocytes). Kongres Medycyny i Zdrowia Wsi, Lublin, 24-26.05.2015. Streszczenia, p. 75.

53. Matysiak M., Czajka M., Pankiewicz P., Kruszewski M., Kapka-Skrzypczak L. Contribution of organophosphate pesticides in stimulation of proliferation in apidocytes. Kongres Medycyny i Zdrowia Wsi, Lublin, 24-26.05.2015. Streszczenia, pp. 75-76.

54. Mays C., Valuch J., Zakrzewska G., Daris I., Diaconu D. Results of discussions with journalists form Poland, Slovenia, Romania and France reporting about ionizing radiation. International Conference RICOMET 2015: Risk perception, communication and ethics of exposures to ionizing radiation, Brdo, Slovenia, 15-17.06.2015, [1] p.

55. Migdał W., Gryczka U., Chmielewska D., Ptaszek M., Orlikowski L.B. The innovative of electron beam in disinfection process. NAARI International Conference on State of the Art Radiation Processing, Mubai, India, 4-6.03.2015, p. 32.

56. Miśkiewicz A., Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz G. Membrany w oczyszczaniu ciekłych odpadów promieniotwórczych – ograniczenia w stosowaniu oraz metody badania niekorzystnych zjawisk (Membranes in radioactive wastes treatment – limitation on the use and method of study the unfavorable phenomena). Mądralin-2015: Wybrane aspekty bezpieczeństwa elektrowni jądrowej w Polsce. Wspólna konferencja naukowo-techniczna PTN i SFEN, Mądralin, Poland, 24-25.11.2015, p. 32.

57. Miśkiewicz A., Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz G., Wójtowicz K. Studying the socio-economic effects of implementation of the Polish Nuclear Power Programme. SENIX Conference – The Role of Social Sciences in a Low-Carbon Energy Mix, Stockholm, Sweden, 25-27.05.2015. Book of abstracts, p. 29.

58. Nieścior-Browińska P., Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz G. Public perception of ionising radiation / studies on metal models of radiation in Poland. Third International Conference on Radiation and Applications in Various Fields of Research, Budva, Montenegro, 8-12.06.2015. Book of abstracts. Ed. G. Ristić. RAD Association, Niš 2015, p. 403.

59. Nieścior-Browińska P., Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz G. The recovery of boron by using membrane technologies – the review.


Third International Conference on Radiation and Applications in Various Fields of Research, Budva, Montenegro, 8-12.06.2015. Book of abstracts. Ed. G. Ristić. RAD Association, Niš 2015, p. 414.

60. Oestreicher U., Ainsbury E., Baeyens A., Barrios L., Beinke C., Cucu A., De Amicis A., De Sanctis A., Di Giorgio M., Dominquez I., Duy P.N., Espinoza M., Monteiro Gil O., Gregoire E., Guerrero-Carvajal C., Hadjidekova V., Kulka U., Lamadrid A. I., Lindholm C., Lumniczky K., Martinez-Lopez W., M’kacher R., Moquet J., Montoro A., Moreno M., Noditi M., Palitti F., Pajic J., Samaga D., Slabbert J., Sommer S., Stuck Oliveira M., Suto Y., Testa A., Valdivia P., Vral P., Zafiropopoulos D., Wilkins R., Yanti L., Wójcik A. Inter-laboratory comparison on the dicentric chromosomes assay in the frame of the European Net-work of Biodosimetry – RENEB. ConRad 2015, Global Conference on Radiation Topics – Preparedness, Response, Protection and Re-search – 21st Nuclear Medical Defence Conference, Munich, Germany, 4-7.05.2015, [2] p.

61. Oestreicher U., Ainsbury E., Baeyens A., Barrios L., Beinke C., Cucu A., De Amicis A., De Sanctis A., Di Giorgio M., Dominquez I., Duy P. N., Espinoza M., Monteiro Gil O., Gregoire E., Guerrero-Carvajal C., Hadjidekova V., Kulka U., Lamadrid A.I., Lindholm C., Lumniczky K., Martinez-Lopez W., M’kacher R., Moquet J., Montoro A., Moreno M., Noditi M., Palitti F., Pajic J., Samaga D., Slabbert J., Sommer S., Stuck Oliveira M., Suto Y., Testa A., Valdivia P., Vral P., Zafiropopoulos D., Wilkins R., Yanti L., Wójcik A. Results of a global inter-laboratory comparison on the dicentric chromosomes assay in the frame of the European Network of Biodosimetry – RENEB. EPR BIODOSE 2015, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA, 4-8.10.2015, [2] p.

62. Olszewska W., Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz G., Miśkiewicz A. Communication and information on ionizing radiation as a tool for social consensus around the con-struction of new repositories for radioactive waste in Poland. International Conference RICOMET 2015: Risk perception, communication and ethics of exposures to ionizing radiation, Brdo, Slovenia, 15-17.06.2015, [1] p.

63. Oszczak A., Fuks L. Sorption of selected radionuclides from liquid radioactive wastes by alginate beads.Third International Conference on Radiation and Applications in Various Fields of Research, Budva, Montenegro, 8-12.06.2015. Book of abstracts. Ed. G. Ristić. RAD Association, Niš 2015, p. 510.

64. Oszczak A., Fuks L., Herdzik-Koniecko I. Polisacharydy jako sorbenty w procesie zatężania ciekłych odpadów promieniotwórczych (Polysaccha-rides as a sorbents of liquid radioactive waste in the concentrating process). Mądralin-2015: Wybrane aspekty bezpieczeństwa elektrowni jądrowej w Polsce. Wspólna konferencja naukowo-techniczna PTN i SFEN, Mądralin, Poland, 24-25.11.2015, p. 44.

65. Perko T., Diaconu D., Železnik N., Mays C., Kralj M., Zakrzewska G., Daris I., Marega M., Istenič R., Valuch J., Nagy A., Lammers P., Condi C., Koron B., Turcanu C., Constantin M., El Jamal M.H., Rollinger F., Pavel G., Schneider N., Meskens G., Van Roey E. Eagle fi ndings related to communication and stakeholder involvement in nuclear and radiological emer-gencies. International Conference RICOMET 2015: Risk perception, communication and ethics of exposures to ionizing radiation, Brdo, Slovenia, 15-17.06.2015, [1] p.

66. Przybytniak G., Boguski J. Thermally and radiation-induced aging of electrical cables operating in NPP. 13th Tihany Symposium on Radiation Chemistry, Balatonalmádi, Hungary, 29.08.-3.09.2015, [1] p. O63.

67. Ptaszek M., Gryczka U., Migdał W., Orlikowski L. Wykorzystanie metody radiacyjnej do odkażania podłoży (Application of radiation methods for disinfec-tion of horticultural substrates). Konferencja „Innowacyjne technologie dla polskiego ogrodnictwa – Nauka – Praktyce”, Warszawa, Poland, 23.04.2015, p. 107.

68. Rogowski M., Olczak T., Wawszczak D., Łada W., Smoliński T., Brykała M., Wojtowicz P. Otrzymywanie sferycznych tlenkowych i węglikowych paliw uranowych zawierających neodym, jako surogat ameryku(III) (Preparation of spherical oxide and carbide uranium fuel containing neodymium as a surrogate of americium(III)). Mądralin-2015: Wybrane aspekty bezpieczeństwa elektrowni jądrowej w Polsce. Wspólna konferencja naukowo-techniczna PTN i SFEN, Mądralin, Poland, 24-25.11.2015, [1] p.

69. Romm H., Ainsbury E., Barquinero J. F., Barrios L., Beinke C., Cucu A., Fabregat N.S., Filipi S., Mon-teiro Gil O., Gregoire E., Hadjidekova V., Hatzi V., Lindholm C., M’kacher R., Kulka U., Montoro A.,


Moquet J., Moreno Domene M., Noditi M., Oestreicher U., Palitti F., Pantelias G., Prieto M.J., Pope-scu I., Roch-Lefevre S., Rothkamm K., Sommer S., Terzoudi G., Testa A., Vaz P., Voisin P., Wójcik A. Use of a web based scoring method for an intercomparison of the dicentric chromosome assay within seventeen European biodosimetry laboratories. ConRad 2015, Global Conference on Radiation Topics – Preparedness, Response, Protection and Re-search – 21st Nuclear Medical Defence Conference, Munich, Germany, 4-7.05.2015, [1] p.

70. Roubinek O., Palige J., Szołucha M., Kalbarczyk P. Odzysk uranu z pokopalnianych hałd rud uranowych (Uranium recovery from postmining heap of uranium ores). Mądralin-2015: Wybrane aspekty bezpieczeństwa elektrowni jądrowej w Polsce. Wspólna konferencja naukowo-techniczna PTN i SFEN, Mądralin, Poland, 24-25.11.2015, p. 47.

71. Rzepna M., Przybytniak G. Ocena oddziaływania promieniowania jonizującego na poliestry biodegradowalne (Assessment of the impact of ionizing radiation on biodegradable polyesters). ChemSession’15 – XII Warszawskie Seminarium Doktorantów Chemików, Warszawa, Poland, 8.05.2015, p. 181.

72. Samczyński Z., Dybczyński R.S., Pyszynska M., Kulisa K., Polkowska-Motrenko H., Kużelewska I., Bartosiewicz I. Nowa metoda wydzielania śladowych ilości pierwiastków ziem rzadkich z materiałów biologicznych i środowiskowych (New method of isolation of trace amounts of rare earth elements from biological and environmental materials). IX Polska Konferencja Chemii Analitycznej „Chemia analityczna to ciągłe wyzwania”, Poznań, Poland, 6-10.07.2015, p. 37.

73. Samczyński Z., Polkowska-Motrenko H., Dybczyński R.S.Nowe materiały odniesienia dla nieorganicznej analizy śladowej: MODAS-2 BotSed, MODAS 3 HerTris, MODAS 4 CormTis, MODAS 5 CodTis – przygotowanie i certyfi kacja (New reference materials for in-organic trace analysis: MODAS-2 BotSed, MODAS 3 HerTis, MODAS 4 CormTis, MODAS 5 CodTis – preparation and certifi cation). Ogólnopolska Konferencja Naukowa „Jakość w chemii analitycznej”, Mory k/Warszawy, Poland, 25-27.11.2015, p. 24.

74. Sartowska B., Starosta W., Orelovitch O.L., Apel P.Yu., Buczkowski M. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) composite materials with polymer or ceramic base. European Association for Chemical and Molecular Sciences (EuCheMS) 21st Conference on Organo-metallic Chemistry (EuCOMC XXI), Bratislava, Slovak Republic, 5-9.07.2015. Book of abstracts, [1] p.

75. Sartowska B., Starosta W., Waliś L., Barlak M. Modifi cation of the surface layer of zirconium alloys using high intense pulsed plasma beams (HIPPB). 21. International Quench Workshop, Karlsruhe, Germany, 27-29.10.2015, [1] p.

76. Skotnicki K., Bobrowski K., de la Fuente J., Cañete A. Radiation-induced radical processes involving amino acids and quinoxalin-2-one derivatives. 29. Miller Conference on Radiation Chemistry, Bowness-on-Windermere, United Kingdom, 14-19.03.2015, p. 37.

77. Skotnicki K., Bobrowski K., de la Fuente J., Cañete A. Radiation induced radical processes involving amino acids and quinoxalin-2-one derivatives relevant to their pharmacological application. 13th Tihany Symposium on Radiation Chemistry, Balatonalmádi, Hungary, 29.08.-3.09.2015, [1] p. O13.

78. Skotnicki K., Celuch M., Masłowska A., Kisała J., Pogocki D., Bobrowski K. Molecular hydrogen yields in radiolysis of heterogeneous water/ceramic oxides systems. 29. Miller Conference on Radiation Chemistry, Bowness-on-Windermere, United Kingdom, 14-19.03.2015, p. 52.

79. Smoliński T., Deptuła A., Wawszczak D., Łada W., Wojtowicz P., Olczak T., Brykała M., Rogowski M., Miłkowska M., Chmielewski A.G., Zaza F. Synteza metodą zol-żel ceramicznych matryc (Ti) opartych na hollyandycie, przenaczonych do zesta-lania odpadów promieniotwórczych (Synthesis of ceramic (Ti) matrixes based on hollandite, intended for solidifying radioactive waste by sol-gel method). Mądralin-2015: Wybrane aspekty bezpieczeństwa elektrowni jądrowej w Polsce. Wspólna konferencja naukowo-techniczna PTN i SFEN, Mądralin, Poland, 24-25.11.2015, p. 50.


80. Sommer S., Ainsbury E.A., Barquinero J.F., Beinke C., Buraczewska I., Cucu A., Fattibene P., Gil O.M., Gregoire E., Hadjidekova V., Hatzi V., Jaworska A., Lindholm C., Lumniczky K., Kulka U., Montoro A., Moquet J., Mörtl S., Moreno M., Noditi M., Palitti F., Prieto M., Oestreicher U., Pantelias G., Pope-scu I., Roch-Lefevre S., Sabatier L., Safrany G., Terzoudi G., Testa A., Thierens H., Vaz P., Vral A., Wojcik A. RENEB – europejska sieć laboratoriów dozymetrii biologicznej (RENEB – Running the European net-work of biological dosimetry and physical retrospective dosimetry). XVIII Konferencja Inspektorów Ochrony Radiologicznej „Ochrona radiologiczna teraz i w przyszłości”, Skorzęcin, Poland, 17-20.06.2015, [2] p.

81. Sommer S., Szumiel I., Bartłomiejczyk T., Buraczewska I. Low doses of radiation – hot spot in dose perception and radiological protection. International Conference RICOMET 2015: Risk perception, communication and ethics of exposures to ionizing radiation, Brdo, Slovenia, 15-17.06.2015, [1] p.

82. Starosta W., Barlak M., Tomassi P., Sartowska B., Waliś L., Miłkowska M. Pokrycia ochronne koszulek cyrkonowych dla zwiększenia ich odporności na utlenianie w warunkach awarii typu LOCA (Protective covers of circonium claddings for enchancing oxidation resistance in LOCA conditions). Mądralin-2015: Wybrane aspekty bezpieczeństwa elektrowni jądrowej w Polsce. Wspólna konferencja naukowo-techniczna PTN i SFEN, Mądralin, Poland, 24-25.11.2015, p. 53.

83. Szkliniarz K., Bilewicz A., Choiński J., Jakubowski A., Jastrzębski J., Leszczuk E., Łyczko M., Sto-larz A., Trzcińska A., Was B., Zipper W. New results on the radioisotope 211At produced using the alpha particle beam.Third International Conference on Radiation and Applications in Various Fields of Research, Budva, Montenegro, 8-12.06.2015. Book of abstracts. Ed. G. Ristić. RAD Association, Niš 2015, p. 222.

84. Trojanowicz M., Bojanowska-Czajka A., Łyczko M., Kulisa K., Kciuk G., Moskal J. Radiolytic decomposition of environmentally persistent perfl uorinated surfactants with the use of ion-izing radiation. Third International Conference on Radiation and Applications in Various Fields of Research, Budva, Montenegro, 8-12.06.2015. Book of abstracts. Ed. G. Ristić. RAD Association, Niš 2015, p. 501.

85. Vaidyanathan G., McDougald D., Choi J., Koumarianou E., Pruszyński M., Osada T., Lyerly H., La-houtte T., Zalutsky M.R. An anti-HER2 nanobody labeled with 18F using a residualizing label for assessing HER2 status. EANM’15 – Annual Congress of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine, Hamburg, Germany, 10-14.10.2015. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 42, Suppl. 1, S102 (2015).

86. Węgierek-Ciuk A., Lisowska H., Kowalska M., Wolszczak M., Wójcik A., Lankoff A. Radiation induced gamma H2AX foci and their modulation by selected protoberberines. 15. International Congress of Radiation Research, ICRP 2015, Kyoto, Japan, 25-29.05.2015, [1] p. (3-PS2E-33).

87. Wojtowicz P., Deptuła A., Wawszczak D., Łada W., Smoliński T., Olczak T., Brykała M., Rogowski M., Miłkowska M., Chmielewski A.G. Synteza metodą zol-żel szkieł krzemionkowych stosowanych w zestalaniu odpadów promieniotwór-czych (Synthesis of silica glasses used for solidifi cation of radioactive waste by sol-gel). Mądralin-2015: Wybrane aspekty bezpieczeństwa elektrowni jądrowej w Polsce. Wspólna konferencja naukowo-techniczna PTN i SFEN, Mądralin, Poland, 24-25.11.2015, p. 58.

88. Wołkowicz S., Galica D., Dunst N., Zakrzewska G., Olszewska W. Ocena kosztów pozyskania uranu z dolnoordowickich łupków dictyonemowych Obniżenia Podlaskiego (Assessment of the costs of uranium extraction from ordovician dictyonema shale of Podlasie Depres-sion). 4. Ogólnopolska Konferencja Naukowa „Złoża kopalin, aktualne problemy prac poszukiwawczych, badawczych i dokumentacyjnych”, Warszawa, Poland, 15-17.04.2015, pp.70-71.

89. Wójcik A., Ainsbury E., Barrios L., Beinke C., Cucu A., Fattibene P., Gil O., Gregoire E., Hadjidekova V., Jaworska A., Kulka U., Lindholm C., Lumniczky K., Mörtl S., Montoro A., Moreno M., Oestreicher U., Palitti F., Pantelias G., Rothkamm K, Terzoudi G., Trompier F., Sabatier L., Sommer S., Testa A., Vaz P., Voisin P., Vral A., Woda C. European networking in biological dosimetry: results of two performance intercomparisons carried out within the RENEB project. ConRad 2015, Global Conference on Radiation Topics – Preparedness, Response, Protection and Re-search, 21st Nuclear Medical Defence Conference, Munich, Germany, 4-7.05.2015, [1] p.


SUPPLEMENT LIST OF THE PUBLICATIONS IN 2014

1. Bandzierz K., Bieliński D.M., Korycki A., Przybytniak G. Radiation crosslinking of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber – the infl uence of sulfur and dibenzothiazole disulfi de on the process. (Chapter 11). In: High performance elastomer materials. An engineering approach. Eds. D.M. Bieliński, R. Kozłowski, G.E. Zaikov. CRC Press, Toronto 2014, pp. 129-141.

2. Brykała M., Rogowski M. Wykorzystanie pierwiastków wyodrębnionych z wypalonego paliwa do wytwarzania prekursorów pali-wa do reaktorów nowej generacji (The usage of elements separated from spent nuclear fuel for the pro-duction of fuel precursors for new generation of reactors). In: Rozwój technik i technologii wspomagających gospodarkę wypalonym paliwem i odpadami promie-niotwórczymi. Red. nauk. L. Fuks. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2014, pp. 235-251.

3. Brykała M., Walczak R., Rejnis M.Otrzymywanie ZrO2 za pomocą kompleksowej metody zol-żel (CSGP) (Preparation of ZrO2 by a com-plex sol-gel method (CSGP)). In: Rozwój technik i technologii wspomagających gospodarkę wypalonym paliwem i odpadami promie-niotwórczymi. Red. nauk. L. Fuks. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2014, pp. 89-103.

4. Celuch M., Bobrowski K.Badania stabilności radiacyjnej wybranych układów ekstrakcyjnych ważnych z punktu widzenia pro-cesu GANEX (Radiation stability of chosen extractant systems important for GANEX process). In: Rozwój technik i technologii wspomagających gospodarkę wypalonym paliwem i odpadami promie-niotwórczymi. Red. nauk. L. Fuks. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2014, pp. 27-45.

5. Chmielewski A.G., Palige J., Urbaniak A., Wawryniuk K., Szołucha M. Wzbogacanie biogazu w metan z wykorzystaniem membrany poliimidowej (Methane enrichment of biogas with the aid of a polyamide membrane). In: Konwersja odpadów przemysłu rolno-spożywczego do biogazu – podejście systemowe. Pod red. I. Wojnowskiej-Baryły, J. Gołaszewskiego. Wydawnictwo UWM, Olsztyn 2014, pp. 183-197.

6. Ciezkowska M., Poszytek K., Roubinek O., Palige J., Skłodowska A., Drewniak Ł. A novel lab-scale two-stage reactor for biogas production through the use of effi cient and stable micro-bial consortia. New Biotechnology, 315, S125 (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2014.05.1918.

90. Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz G., Miśkiewicz A. Public perception and acceptance – the experience of stakeholds’ involvement in the implementation of the Program of Polish Nuclear Energy. SENIX Conference – The Role of Social Sciences in a Low-Carbon Energy Mix, Stockholm, Sweden, 25-27.05.2015. Book of abstracts, pp. 40-41.

91. Železnik N., Constantin M., Schneider N., Mays C., Zakrzewska G., Diaconu D. Presentation of mental model research in Slovenia, Poland, France and Romania. International Conference RICOMET 2015: Risk perception, communication and ethics of exposures to ionizing radiation, Brdo, Slovenia, 15-17.06.2015, [1] p.

92. Zimek Z., Przybyła M., Roman K. Laboratory EB facility for studying industrial wastewater effl uents treatment by radiation. 13th Tihany Symposium on Radiation Chemistry, Balatonalmadi, Hungary, 29.08.-3.09.2015, P.38.

93. Zimek Z., Roman K., Długoń S. Możliwości i ograniczenia urządzeń i strategii stosowanych przy usuwaniu wodoru uwalnianego w trakcie awarii reaktora (Opportunities and limitations of equipment and strategies of hydrogen removal during severe accidents of nuclear reactor). Mądralin-2015: Wybrane aspekty bezpieczeństwa elektrowni jądrowej w Polsce. Wspólna konferencja naukowo-techniczna PTN i SFEN, Mądralin, Poland, 24-25.11.2015, p. 60.

94. Zwolińska E., Gogulancea V., Lavric V., Sun Y. Modelowanie procesu oczyszczania gazów z dwutlenku siarki (SO2) i tlenków azotu (NOx) za pomocą wiązki elektronów (Mathematical modelling of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) re-moval using electron beam technology). ChemSession’15 – XII Warszawskie Seminarium Doktorantów Chemików, Warszawa, Poland, 8.05.2015, p. 221.


7. Filipowicz B., Blicharska M., Bartoś B., Łyczko M., Koźmiński P., Pruszyński M., Bilewicz A. Rozwój technik i technologii w zakresie zmniejszania radiotoksyczności odpadów promieniotwórczych, w tym metodami radiochemicznymi (The development of techniques and technologies for reducing radiotoxicity of nuclear waste, including radiochemical methods). In: Rozwój technik i technologii wspomagających gospodarkę wypalonym paliwem i odpadami promie-niotwórczymi. Red. nauk. L. Fuks. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2014, pp. 167-170.

8. Grabias E., Solecki J., Gładysz-Płaska A., Fuks L., Oszczak A., Majdan M. Local minerals for engineering barriers for the national radioactive waste repository (NRWR): sorption of U(VI), Am(III), Sr(II) and Cs(I) ions on red clay. In: Rozwój technik i technologii wspomagających gospodarkę wypalonym paliwem i odpadami promie-niotwórczymi. Red. nauk. L. Fuks. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2014, pp. 105-113.

9. Jamróz M.H.On the internal coordinates in the potential energy distribution (PED) analysis: bending or torsion? Enliven: Bioinformatics, 1, 4, 1-3 (2014).

10. Kaźmierczak U., Banaś D., Braziewicz D., Buraczewska I., Czub J., Jaskóła M., Kaźmierczak Ł., Kor-man A., Kruszewski M., Lankoff A., Lisowska H., Nesteruk M., Szefliński Z., Wojewódzka M. Investigation of the bystander effect in CHO-K1 cells. Reports of Practical Oncology and Radiotherapy, 19, S37-S41 (2014).

11. Kunicki-Goldfinger J.J., Freestone I.C., Gilderdale-Scott H., Ayers T., McDonald I. Problematyka badań witraży średniowiecznych (Issues in medieval stained glass research). Archeologia Polski, LIX, 1-2, 47-78 (2014).

12. Lipiński P.F.J., Dobrowolski J.Cz. Local chirality measures in QSPR : IR and VCD spectroscopy. RSC Advances, 4, 47047-47055 (2014).

13. Lipiński P.F.J., Dobrowolski J.Cz. Substituent effect in theoretical VCD spectra. RSC Advances, 4, 27062-27066 (2014).

14. Migdał W., Gryczka U. Radiacyjna inaktywacja czynników bioterrorystycznych (Rozdział 15) (Radiation inactivation of bio-terrorism agents (Chapert 15)). In: Analiza i symulacja epidemii chorób przenoszonych drogą pokarmową. Red. nauk. J. Bertrandt, T. Nowicki, R. Pytlak. Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna, Warszawa 2014, pp. 231-238.

15. Narbutt J., Rejnis M., Herdzik-Koniecko I., Steczek Ł., Wodyński A. Zbadanie wpływu wybranych ligandów hydrofi lowych na proces grupowej ekstrakcji aktynowców – GANEX (The effect of some hydrophilic ligands on the process of group extraction of actinides – GANEX). In: Rozwój technik i technologii wspomagających gospodarkę wypalonym paliwem i odpadami promie-niotwórczymi. Red. L. Fuks. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2014, pp. 9-26.

16. Ostrowski S., Dobrowolski J.Cz.What does the HOMA index really measure? RSC Advances, 4, 44158-44161 (2014).

17. Oszczak A., Fuks L., Majdan M. Modyfi kowane związki naturalne jako sorbenty w procesach składowania nisko- i średnioaktywnych odpadów promieniotwórczych (Modifi cation of compounds of the biological origin, potential sorbents for low and intermediate radioactive wastes).In: Rozwój technik i technologii wspomagających gospodarkę wypalonym paliwem i odpadami promie-niotwórczymi. Red. nauk. L. Fuks. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2014, pp. 135-147.

18. Palige J., Chmielewski A.G., Zalewski M., Roubinek O., Usidus J.Układ bioreaktorów do wytwarzania biogazu (A system of bioreactors for biogas production). In: Konwersja odpadów przemysłu rolno-spożywczego do biogazu – podejście systemowe. Pod red. I. Wojnowskiej-Baryły, J. Gołaszewskiego. Wydawnictwo UWM, Olsztyn 2014, pp. 165-181.

19. Pawlukojć A., Hetmańczyk Ł. INS, DFT and temperature dependent IR investigations of dynamical properties of low temperature phase of choline chloride. Chemical Physics, 445, 31-37 (2014).

20. Rozwój technik i technologii wspomagających gospodarkę wypalonym paliwem i odpadami promienio-twórczymi. Zadanie wykonane w ramach projektu strategicznego NCBR Technologie wspomagające


rozwój bezpiecznej energetyki jądrowej (Development of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste man-agement techniques and technologies. Task realized in the frame of the NCBR strategic project Tech-nologies supporting development of safe nuclear power engineering). Red. nauk. L. Fuks. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2014, 251 p.

21. Starosta W. Inteligentne nanosorbenty do zastosowań w bezpiecznej energetyce jądrowej (Intelligent nanosorbents for application in safe nuclear technologies). In: Rozwój technik i technologii wspomagających gospodarkę wypalonym paliwem i odpadami promie-niotwórczymi. Red. nauk. L. Fuks. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2014, pp. 115-133.

22. Szreder T., Strzelczak G., Skrzypczak A. Badania stabilności radiacyjnej cieczy jonowych stosowanych w ekstrakcji plutonu i aktynowców mniejszościowych (Radiation stability of ionic liquids used in plutonium and minor actinides extrac-tion). In: Rozwój technik i technologii wspomagających gospodarkę wypalonym paliwem i odpadami promie-niotwórczymi. Red. nauk. L. Fuks. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2014, pp. 47-63.

23. Trojanowicz M. Applications of gold nanoparticles in electroanalysis. (Chapter 11). In: Gold nanoparticles in analytical chemistry. Comprehensive analytical chemistry. Vol. 66. Eds. M. Val-cárcel, Á.I. López-Lorente. Elsevier, Amsterdam 2014, pp. 429-476, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0--444-63285-2.00011-0.

24. Trojanowicz M. Enantioselective electrochemical sensors and biosensors: a mini-review. Electrochemistry Communications, 38, 47-52 (2014).

25. Wojtowicz P., Smoliński T., Deptuła A. Otrzymywanie szkieł krzemionkowych oraz materiałów typu Synroc (Preparation of silica glass and Syn-roc materials). In: Rozwój technik i technologii wspomagających gospodarkę wypalonym paliwem i odpadami promie-niotwórczymi. Red. nauk. L. Fuks. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2014, pp. 205-218.

26. Zając G., Kaczor A., Chruszcz-Lipska K., Dobrowolski J.Cz., Barańska M. Bisignate resonance Raman optical activity: a pseudo breakdown of the single electronic state model of RROA? Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 45, 859-862 (2014).

27. Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz G., Miśkiewicz A., Olszewska W., Harasimowicz M., Jaworska-Sobczak A., Cojocaru C. Rozwój technik i technologii w zakresie przerobu i postępowania z nisko- i średnioaktywnymi odp-adami promieniotwórczymi – procesy membranowe (Development of techniques and technologies for the processing and handling of low and intermediate level radioactive waste – membrane processes).In: Rozwój technik i technologii wspomagających gospodarkę wypalonym paliwem i odpadami promie-niotwórczymi. Red. nauk. L. Fuks. Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej, Warszawa 2014, pp. 149-166.

132 NUKLEONIKA

NUKLEONIKATHE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR RESEARCH

EDITORIAL BOARD

Andrzej G. Chmielewski (Editor-in-Chief, Poland), Krzysztof Andrzejewski (Poland), Henryk Anglart (Sweden), Jacqueline Belloni (France), Grażyna Bystrzejewska-Piotrowska (Poland), Gregory R. Choppin (USA), Hilmar Förstel (Germany), Andrei Gagarinsky (Russia), Andrzej Gałkowski (Poland), Evgeni A. Krasavin (Russia), Marek Lankosz (Poland), Stanisław Latek (Poland), †Sueo Machi (Japan), Dan Meisel (USA), Jacek Michalik (Poland), Robert H. Schuler (USA), Christian Streffer (Germany), Irena Szumiel (Poland), Alexander Van Hook (USA), Bożena Bursa (secretary)

CONTENTS OF NO. 1/2015

Proceedings of the 10th All-Polish Seminar on Mössbauer Spectroscopy OSSM 2014, 15-18 June 2014, Wrocław, Poland1. Mössbauer study of treated Nd2Fe14B

M. Budzyński, V.C. Constantin, A.-M.J. Popescu, Z. Surowiec, T.M. Tkachenka, K.I. Yanushkevich

2. The study of crystal and magnetic properties of MnNi0.85Fe0.15Ge M. Budzyński, V.I. Valkov, A.V. Golovchan, V.I. Mitsiuk, A.P. Sivachenko, Z. Surowiec, T.M. Tkachenka

3. The microstructure and magnetic properties of Nd8.5Tb1.5Fe83Zr1B6 ribbons obtained at various cooling rates M. Dośpiał, J. Olszewski, M. Nabiałek, P. Pietrusiewicz, T. Kaczmarzyk

4. Mobility of interacting inorganic nanoparticlesK. Dziedzic-Kocurek, P. Fornal, J. Stanek

5. Effect of heat treatment on the shape of the hyperfi ne fi eld induction distributions and magnetic prop-erties of amorphous soft magnetic Fe62Co10Y8B20 alloyK.M. Gruszka, M. Nabiałek, K. Błoch, J. Olszewski

6. Microstructure and magnetic properties of Nd-Fe-B-(Re, Ti) alloys M. Hasiak

7. Temperature dependence of the short-range order parameter for Fe0.90Cr0.10 and Fe0.88Cr0.12 alloysR. Idczak, R. Konieczny

8. Mean hyperfi ne fi elds at 57Fe in dilute iron-based alloys studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy R. Idczak, R. Konieczny, J. Chojcan

9. X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy studies of a mechanosynthesized Fe75B25 alloy E. Jartych, L.M. Kubalova, V.I. Fadeeva

10. Crystal structure and Mössbauer study of FeAl2O4

I. Jastrzębska, J. Szczerba, P. Stoch, A. Błachowski, K. Ruebenbauer, R. Prorok, E. Śnieżek

11. Mössbauer spectroscopy of reduced forms of a Fe-tetraphenylporphyrine complexT. Kaczmarzyk, I. Rutkowska, K. Dziliński

12. Mössbauer study of a tetrakis (pentafl uorophenyl) porphyrin iron (III) chloride in comparison with the fl uorine unsubstituted analogue T. Kaczmarzyk, K. Dziedzic-Kocurek, I. Rutkowska, K. Dziliński

13. Magnetic nanowires (Fe, Fe-Co, Fe-Ni) – magnetic moment reorientation in respect of wires compositionB. Kalska-Szostko, U. Wykowska, D. Satuła

14. Atomic short-range order in mechanically synthesized iron based Fe-Zn alloys studied by 57Fe Möss-bauer spectroscopyR. Konieczny, R. Idczak

133NUKLEONIKA

15. Interactions between osmium atoms dissolved in iron observed by the 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopyR. Konieczny, R. Idczak, J. Chojcan

16. Structure and some magnetic properties of (BiFeO3)x-(BaTiO3)1−x solid solutions prepared by solid-state sinteringK. Kowal, M. Kowalczyk, D. Czekaj, E. Jartych

17. The infl uence of thermal annealing on structure and oxidation of iron nanowires M. Krajewski, K. Brzózka, B. Górka, W.-S. Lin, H.-M. Lin, T. Szumiata, M. Gawroński, D. Wasik

18. Search for canted spin arrangement in Er2−xTbxFe14B with Mössbauer spectroscopy P.M. Kurzydło, B.F. Bogacz, A.T. Pędziwiatr, D. Oleszak, J. Przewoźnik

19. Analysis of heat capacity and Mössbauer data for LuZnSn2 compoundK. Łątka, J. Przewoźnik, J. Żukrowski, Yu. Verbovytskyy, A.P. Gonçalves

20. Effects of Co, Ni, and Cr addition on microstructure and magnetic properties of amorphous and nano-crystalline Fe86−xMxZr7Nb2Cu1B4 (M = Co, Ni, CoCr, and Cr, x = 0 or 6) alloysA. Łukiewska, J. Świerczek, M. Hasiak, J. Olszewski, J. Zbroszczyk, P. Gębara, W. Ciurzyńska

21. Structure and Mössbauer spectroscopy studies of mechanically activated (BiFeO3)1–x-(BaTiO3)x solid solutionsB. Malesa, A. Antolak-Dudka, D. Oleszak, T. Pikula

22. Subsurface structure and magnetic parameters of Fe-Mo-Cu-B metallic glass M. Miglierini, M. Hasiak, M. Bujdoš

23. Hyperfi ne interaction and some thermomagnetic properties of amorphous and partially crystallized Fe70−xMxMo5Cr4Nb6B15 (M = Co or Ni, x = 0 or 10) alloysJ. Rzącki, J. Świerczek, M. Hasiak, J. Olszewski, J. Zbroszczyk, W. Ciurzyńska

24. Determination of hyperfi ne fi elds and atomic ordering in NiMnFeGe exhibiting martensitic transforma-tionD. Satuła, K. Szymański, K. Rećko, W. Olszewski, B. Kalska-Szostko

25. Mössbauer spectroscopy study of 60P2O5-40Fe2O3 glass crystallizationP. Stoch, A. Stoch

26. Infl uence of annealing temperature on structural and magnetic properties of MnFe2O4 nanoparticlesZ. Surowiec, M. Wiertel, W. Gac, M. Budzyński

27. Position of Fe ions in MgO crystalline structureJ. Szczerba, R. Prorok, P. Stoch, E. Śnieżek, I. Jastrzębska

28. The role and position of iron in 0.8CaZrO3-0.2CaFe2O4 J. Szczerba, E. Śnieżek, P. Stoch, R. Prorok, I. Jastrzębska

29. Iron-containing phases in fl y ashes from different combustion systemsT. Szumiata, M. Gzik-Szumiata, K. Brzózka, B. Górka, M. Gawroński, R. Świetlik, M. Trojanowska

30. Magnetic and structural properties of Sc(Fe1−xSix)2 Laves phases studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy and neutron diffractionM. Wiertel, Z. Surowiec, M. Budzyński, J. Sarzyński, A.I. Beskrovnyi

Regular papers 31. Modelling of a passive autocatalytic hydrogen recombiner – a parametric study

A. Rożeń

32. Minor actinides impact on basic safety parameters of medium-sized sodium-cooled fast reactorP. Darnowski, N. Uzunow

33. Validation of the method for determination of plutonium isotopes in urine samples and its application in a nuclear facility at OtwockK. Rzemek, A. Czerwiński, M. Dymecka, J. Ośko, T. Pliszczyński, Z. Haratym

CONTENTS OF NO. 2/2015

Proceedings of the 12th Kudowa Summer School “Towards Fusion Energy”, 9-13 June 2014, Kudowa Zdrój, Poland 1. Generation of shock waves in dense plasmas by high-intensity laser pulses

134 NUKLEONIKA

J. Pasley, I.A. Bush, A.P.L. Robinson, P.P. Rajeev, S. Mondal, A.D. Lad, S. Ahmed, V. Narayanan, G. Ra-vindra Kumar, R.J. Kingham

2. Selected methods of electron- and ion-diagnostics in tokamak scrape-off-layerM.J. Sadowski

3. Ion acceleration from intense laser-generated plasma: methods, diagnostics and possible applications L. Torrisi

4. Shock dynamics induced by double-spot laser irradiation of layered targetsA.A. Aliverdiev, D. Batani, A.A. Amirova, R. Benocci, R. Dezulian, E. Krouský, M. Pfeifer, J. Skala, R. Dudzak, K. Jakubowska

5. The source of X-rays and high-charged ions based on moderate power vacuum discharge with laser triggering M.A. Alkhimova, E.D. Vovchenko, A.P. Melekhov, R.S. Ramakoti, A.S. Savelov, P.S. Krapiva, I.N. Mos-kalenko

6. Numerical simulations of generation of high-energy ion beams driven by a petawatt femtosecond laserJ. Domański, J. Badziak, S. Jabłoński

7. Hot electron refl uxing in the short intense laser pulse interactions with solid targets and its infl uence on K- radiationV. Horný, O. Klimo

8. Electromagnetic pulses produced by expanding laser-produced Au plasmaM. De Marco, J. Cikhardt, J. Krása, A. Velyhan, M. Pfeifer, E. Krouský, D. Klír, K. Řezáč, J. Limpouch, D. Margarone, J. Ullschmied

9. High Power Laser Laboratory at the Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion: equipment and preliminary research A. Zaraś-Szydłowska, J. Badziak, M. Rosiński, J. Makowski, P. Parys, M. Piotrowski, L. Ryć, J. Wołowski

10. First dedicated observations of runaway electrons in the COMPASS tokamakM. Vlainić, J. Mlynář, V. Weinzettl, R. Papřok, M. Imríšek, O. Ficker, P. Vondráček, J. Havlíček

11. Liquid micro pulsed plasma thruster A. Szelecka, J. Kurzyna, D. Daniłko, S. Barral

12. Second order refl ection from crystals used in soft X-ray spectroscopy I. Książek

13. Overview of processing technologies for tungsten-steel composites and FGMs for fusion applicationsJ. Matějíček, B. Nevrlá, M. Vilémová, H. Boldyryeva

14. Heat load and deuterium plasma effects on SPS and WSP tungstenM. Vilémová, J. Matějíček, B. Nevrlá, M. Chernyshova, P. Gasior, E. Kowalska-Strzeciwilk, A. Jäger

15. R&D on divertor plasma facing components at the Institute for Plasma Research Y. Patil, S. Khirwadkar, S.M. Belsare, R. Swamy, M.S. Khan, S. Tripathi, K. Bhope

16. Change of silica luminescence due to fast hydrogen ion bombardment V.P. Zhurenko, O.V. Kalantaryan, S.I. Kononenko

17. Study of tungsten surface interaction with plasma streams at DPF-1000U M.S. Ladygina, E. Skladnik-Sadowska, D.R. Zaloga, K. Malinowski, M.J. Sadowski, M. Kubkowska, E. Kowalska-Strzeciwilk, M. Paduch, E. Zielinska, R. Miklaszewski, I.E. Garkusha, V.A. Gribkov

18. Recent ion measurements within the modifi ed DPF-1000U facility R. Kwiatkowski, K. Czaus, E. Skladnik-Sadowska, M.J. Sadowski, D.R. Zaloga, M. Paduch, E. Zielinska

19. Recent measurements of soft X-ray emission from the DPF-1000U facilityW. Surała, M.J. Sadowski, M. Paduch, E. Zielinska, K. Tomaszewski

20. Comparison of optical spectra recorded during DPF-1000U plasma experiments with gas-puffi ngD.R. Zaloga, E. Skladnik-Sadowska, M. Kubkowska, M.S. Ladygina, K. Malinowski, R. Kwiatkowski, M.J. Sadowski, M. Paduch, E. Zielinska, V.A. Makhlaj

21. Temporal distribution of linear densities of the plasma column in a plasma focus dischargeB. Cikhardtova, P. Kubeš, J. Cikhardt, M. Paduch, E. Zielinska, J. Kravárik, K. Řezáč, J. Kortanek, O. Šíla

22. Determination of the emission rate for the 14 MeV neutron generator with the use of radio-yttriumE. Laszynska, S. Jednorog, A. Ziolkowski, M. Gierlik, J. Rzadkiewicz

135NUKLEONIKA

23. MCNP calculations of neutron emission anisotropy caused by the GIT-12 hardwareO. Šíla, D. Klír, K. Řezáč, B. Cikhardtova, J. Cikhardt

24. Operation modes of the FALCON ion source as a part of the AMS cluster toolO. Girka, A. Bizyukov, I. Bizyukov, M. Gutkin, S. Mishin

Regular papers

25. Important problems of future thermonuclear reactorsM.J. Sadowski

26. Evaluation of passive autocatalytic recombiners operation effi ciency by means of the lumped parameter approachT. Bury

27. CFD modeling of passive autocatalytic recombiners M. Orszulik, A. Fic, T. Bury

28. Enhanced resonant second harmonic generation in plasma based on density transition N. Kant, V. Thakur

29. Monte Carlo study of medium-energy electron penetration in aluminium and silver A. Aydın, A. Peker

30. Neutronic analysis for core conversion (HEU–LEU) of the low power research reactor using the MCNP4C code S. Aldawahra, K. Khattab, G. Saba

31. Erratum to “Subsurface structure and magnetic parameters of Fe–Mo–Cu–B metallic glass” [Nukleonika 2015;60(1):115–119]M. Miglierini, M. Hasiak, M. Bujdoš

CONTENTS OF NO. 3/2015 (PART I)

Proceedings of the III Electron Magnetic Resonance Forum EMR-PL, Kraków, Poland, 23–25 May 2014 1. Editorial

C. Rudowicz, Z. Sojka, J. Jezierska, P. Pietrzyk

2. EMR-related problems at the interface between the crystal fi eld Hamiltonians and the zero-fi eld split-ting Hamiltonians C. Rudowicz, M. Karbowiak

3. Dyson line and modifi ed Dyson line in the EPR measurements V. Popovych, M. Bester, I. Stefaniuk, M. Kuzma

4. Determination of the fraction of paramagnetic centers not-fulfi lling the Curie law in coal macerals by the two-temperature EPR measurement method G.P. Słowik, A.B. Więckowski

5. The dynamics of the surface layer of lipid membranes doped by vanadium complex: computer modeling and EPR studiesR. Olchawa, D. Man, B. Pytel

6. EMR study and superposition model analysis of Cr3+ and Fe3+ impurity ions in mullite powders used in aerospace industryI. Stefaniuk, I. Rogalska

7. Growth and EPR properties of ErVO4 single crystalsG. Leniec, S.M. Kaczmarek, M. Berkowski, M. Głowacki, T. Skibiński, B. Bojanowski

8. Magnetic resonance study of co-modifi ed (Co,N)-TiO2 nanocomposites N. Guskos, G. Zolnierkiewicz, A. Guskos, J. Typek, P. Berczynski, D. Dolat, S. Mozia, C. Aidinis, A.W. Morawski

9. The MAS NMR study of solid solutions based on the YAG crystal B.V. Padlyak, N.A. Sergeev, M. Olszewski, P. Stępień

10. Copper-manganese-zinc spinels in zeolites: study of EMR spectra P. Decyk, A.B. Więckowski, L. Najder-Kozdrowska, I. Bilkova

136 NUKLEONIKA

11. Multifrequency EPR study on radiation induced centers in calcium carbonates labeled with 13C J. Sadło, A. Bugaj, G. Strzelczak, M. Sterniczuk, Z. Jaegermann

12. Magnetic transformation in Ni-Mn-In Heusler alloy M. Kuzma, W. Maziarz, I. Stefaniuk

13. Effect of microwave power on EPR spectra of thermally sterilized eucerinum anhydricum P. Ramos, P. Pepliński, B. Pilawa

14. EPR examination of free radicals thermally formed in vaselinum fl avum P. Ramos, B. Pilawa

15. Effect of microwave power on EPR spectra of natural and synthetic dental biocompatible materials J. Adamczyk, P. Ramos, B. Pilawa

16. Impact of humic acids on EYL liposome membranes: ESR method B. Pytel, A. Filipiak, I. Pisarek, R. Olchawa, D. Man

17. Spin trapping studies of essential oils in lipid systems K. Makarova, K. Drązikowska, B. Suska, K. Zawada, I. Wawer

18. Oxidative stability of the lipid fraction in cookies – the EPR study K. Zawada, M. Kozłowska, A. Żbikowska

19. The acid-catalyzed interaction of melanin with nitrite ions. An EPR investigation Z. Matuszak, C.F. Chignell, K.J. Reszka

20. Effect of UV irradiation on free radicals in synthetic melanin and melanin biopolymer from Sepia offi ci-nalis – EPR examination M. Zdybel, B. Pilawa

Regular papers 21. A Monte Carlo study on dose enhancement and photon contamination production by various nanopar-

ticles in electron mode of a medical linacM.T. Bahreyni Toossi, M. Ghorbani, L. Sobhkhiz Sabet, F. Akbari, M. Mehrpouyan

22. Synthesis and evaluation of radiolabeled, folic acid-PEG conjugated, amino silane coated magnetic nano-particles in tumor bearing Balb/C mice J. Razjouyan, H. Zolata, O. Khayat, F. Nowshiravan, N. Shadanpour, M. Mohammadnia

23. Levels of natural radioactivity in mineral and thermal waters of Bosnia and Herzegovina A. Kasić, F. Adrović, A. Kasumović, E. Hankić

CONTENTS OF NO. 3/2015 (PART II)

Proceedings of the International Conference on Development and Applications of Nuclear Tech-nologies NUTECH 2014, Warsaw, Poland, 21-24 September 2014 1. Dictyonema black shale and Triassic sandstones as potential sources of uranium

K. Kiegiel, G. Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz, D. Gajda, A. Miśkiewicz, A. Abramowska, P. Biełuszka, B. Dan-ko, E. Chajduk, S. Wołkowicz

2. Assesment of advanced step models for steady state Monte Carlo burnup calculations in application to prismatic HTGR G. Kępisty, J. Cetnar

3. Neutronic and thermal-hydraulic coupling for 3D reactor core modeling combining MCB and fl uentI.P. Królikowski, J. Cetnar

4. Thermal-hydraulic calculations for a fuel assembly in a European Pressurized Reactor using the RELAP5 codeM. Skrzypek, R. Laskowski

5. Measurement of anthropogenic radionuclides in post-Fukushima Pacifi c seawater samples G. Lutter, F. Tzika, M. Hult, M. Aoyama, Y. Hamajima, G. Marissens, H. Stroh

6. On release of radionuclides from a near-surface radioactive waste repository to the environmentA. Gudelis, I. Gorina

7. Multibarrier system preventing migration of radionuclides from radioactive waste repositoryW. Olszewska, A. Miśkiewicz, G. Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz, L. Lankof, L. Pająk

137NUKLEONIKA

8. Fabrication and performance of fl y ash granule fi lter for trapping gaseous cesium J.J. Park, J.M. Shin, J.H. Yang, Y.H. Baek, G.I. Park

9. Comparative analysis between measured and calculated concentrations of major actinides using de-structive assay data from Ohi-2 PWR M. Oettingen, J. Cetnar

10. Modeling minor actinide multiple recycling in a lead-cooled fast reactor to demonstrate a fuel cycle without long-lived nuclear waste P. Stanisz, J. Cetnar, G. Domańska

11. Charged projectile spectrometry using solid-state nuclear track detector of the PM-355 type A. Malinowska, M. Jaskóła, A. Korman, A. Szydłowski, K. Malinowski, M. Kuk

12. Review of international normatives for natural radioactivity determination in building materials E. Mossini, E. Macerata, M. Giola, M. Mariani

13. Effects of the pre-irradiation storage procedure on the dose response of a Fricke xylenol orange gel dosimeterG.M. Liosi, F. Giacobbo, E. Pignoli, M. Carrara, G. Gambarini, M. Mariani

14. Application of alanine dosimetry in dose assessment for ocular melanoma patients undergoing proton radiotherapy – preliminary results G. Mierzwińska, M. Kłodowska, B. Michalec, A. Pędracka, M. Rydygier, J. Swakoń, M.P.R. Waligórski

15. 235U isotopic characterization of natural and enriched uranium materials by using multigroup analysis (MGA) method at a defi ned geometry using different absorbers and collimators H. Yücel, E. Yeltepe, A.Ö. Yüksel, H. Dikmen

16. Application of X-ray fl uorescence method for elemental analysis of PM2.5 fractionL. Samek, L. Furman, T. Kawik, K. Welnogorska

17. Identifi cation of irradiated dried fruits using EPR spectroscopyG.P. Guzik, W. Stachowicz, J. Michalik

18. Industrial diagnostics system using gamma radiation A. Jakowiuk, Ł. Modzelewski, J. Pieńkos, E. Kowalska

19. An application of LSC method for the measurement of gross alpha and beta activities in spiked water and drinking water samples G.Ö. Çakal, R. Güven, H. Yücel

20. Application of the micronucleus assay performed by different scorers in case of large-scale radiation accidentsK. Rawojć, D.M. Tarnawska, J.U. Miszczyk, J. Swakoń, L. Stolarczyk, M. Rydygier

21. Application of the new Monte Carlo code AlfaMC to the calibration of alpha-particle sources M. Jurado Vargas, A. Fernández Timón, C. García Orellana

22. The origin and chronology of medieval silver coins based on the analysis of chemical composition E. Pańczyk, B. Sartowska, L. Waliś, J. Dudek, W. Weker, M. Widawski

23. The use of DRS and GC to study the effects of ionizing radiation on paper artifacts W. Głuszewski, B. Boruc, H. Kubera, D. Abbasowa

24. The infl uence of ionizing radiation on the properties of starch-PVA fi lms A. Abramowska, K.A. Cieśla, M.J. Buczkowski, A. Nowicki, W. Głuszewski

25. E-beam irradiation for the control of Phytophthora nicotianae var. nicotianae in stonewool cubes M. Ptaszek, L.B. Orlikowski, W. Migdał, U. Gryczka

26. Studies of scintillator response to 60 MeV protons in a proton beam imaging system M. Rydygier, G. Mierzwińska, A. Czaderna, J. Swakoń, M.P.R. Waligórski

27. Electron beam treatment of simulated marine diesel exhaust gasesJ. Licki, A. Pawelec, Z. Zimek, S. Witman-Zając

CONTENTS OF NO. 4/2015 (PART I)

Proceedings of the 42nd Polish Seminar on Positron Annihilation, Lublin, Poland, 29 June-1 July 2015

138 NUKLEONIKA

1. PrefaceB. Zgardzińska

2. Positron annihilation in liquid crystalsE. Dryzek, E. Juszyńska-Gałązka

3. Positron annihilation studies of high-manganese steel deformed by rollingE. Dryzek, M. Sarnek, M. Wróbel

4. The detection of reverse accumulation effect in the positron annihilation profi le of stack of aluminum and silver foilsJ. Dryzek, K. Siemek

5. PALS investigations of matrix Vycor glass doped with molecules of luminescent dye and silver nano-particles. Discrepancies from the ETE modelM. Gorgol, B. Jasińska, R. Reisfeld

6. Studies of stainless steel exposed to sandblastingP. Horodek, M.K. Eseev, A.G. Kobets

7. Slow positron beam at the JINR, DubnaP. Horodek, A.G. Kobets, I.N. Meshkov, A.A. Sidorin, O.S. Orlov

8. Searches for discrete symmetries violation in ortho-positronium decay using the J-PET detectorD. Kamińska, A. Gajos, E. Czerwiński, T. Bednarski, P. Białas, M. Gorgol, B. Jasińska, Ł. Kapłon, G. Kor-cyl, P. Kowalski, T. Kozik, W. Krzemień, E. Kubicz, Sz. Niedźwiecki, M. Pałka, L. Raczyński, Z. Rudy, O. Rundel, N.G. Sharma, M. Silarski, A. Słomski, A. Strzelecki, A. Wieczorek, W. Wiślicki, M. Zieliński, B. Zgardzińska, P. Moskal

9. Toward a European Network of Positron LaboratoriesG.P. Karwasz, R.S. Brusa, W. Egger, O.V. Ogorodnikova

10. Isotropic distributions in hcp crystalsG. Kontrym-Sznajd

11. Processing optimization with parallel computing for the J-PET scannerW. Krzemień, M. Bała, T. Bednarski, P. Białas, E. Czerwiński, A. Gajos, M. Gorgol, B. Jasińska, D. Ka-mińska, Ł. Kapłon, G. Korcyl, P. Kowalski, T. Kozik, E. Kubicz, Sz. Niedźwiecki, M. Pałka, L. Raczyński, Z. Rudy, O. Rundel, N.G. Sharma, M. Silarski, A. Słomski, K. Stola, A. Strzelecki, D. Trybek, A. Wie-czorek, W. Wiślicki, M. Zieliński, B. Zgardzińska, P. Moskal

12. Studies of unicellular microorganisms Saccharomyces cerevisiae by means of positron annihilation life-time spectroscopyE. Kubicz, B. Jasińska, B. Zgardzińska, T. Bednarski, P. Białas, E. Czerwiński, A. Gajos, M. Gorgol, D. Kamińska, Ł. Kapłon, A. Kochanowski, G. Korcyl, P. Kowalski, T. Kozik, W. Krzemień, Sz. Niedź-wiecki, M. Pałka, L. Raczyński, Z. Rajfur, Z. Rudy, O. Rundel, N.G. Sharma, M. Silarski, A. Słomski, A. Strzelecki, A. Wieczorek, W. Wiślicki, M. Zieliński, P. Moskal

13. Investigation of corrosion defects in titanium by positron annihilationR. Pietrzak, R. Szatanik

14. Understanding electron-positron momentum densities in solids: effect of the positron distributionA. Rubaszek

15. Reconstruction of hit time and hit position of annihilation quanta in the J-PET detector usi ng the Ma-halanobis distanceN.G. Sharma, M. Silarski, T. Bednarski, P. Białas, E. Czerwiński, A. Gajos, M. Gorgol, B. Jasińska, D. Ka-mińska, Ł. Kapłon, G. Korcyl, P. Kowalski, T. Kozik, W. Krzemień, E. Kubicz, Sz. Niedźwiecki, M. Pałka, L. Raczyński, Z. Rudy, O. Rundel, A. Słomski, A. Strzelecki, A. Wieczorek, W. Wiślicki, M. Zieliński, B. Zgardzińska, P. Moskal

16. Comparison of the free volume sizes and shapes determined from crystallographic and PALS dataM. Tydda, B. Jasińska

17. PALS investigations of free volumes thermal expansion of J-PET plastic scintillator synthesized in poly-styrene matrixA. Wieczorek, B. Zgardzińska, B. Jasińska, M. Gorgol, T. Bednarski, P. Białas, E. Czerwiński, A. Gajos, D. Kamińska, Ł. Kapłon, A. Kochanowski, G. Korcyl, P. Kowalski, T. Kozik, W. Krzemień, E. Kubicz, Sz. Niedźwiecki, M. Pałka, L. Raczyński, Z. Rudy, O. Rundel, N.G. Sharma, M. Silarski, A. Słomski, A. Strzelecki, W. Wiślicki, M. Zieliński, P. Moskal

139NUKLEONIKA

18. Study on the effect of atmospheric gases adsorbed in MnFe2O4/MCM-41 nanocomposite on ortho-posi-tronium annihilationM. Wiertel, Z. Surowiec, M. Budzyński, W. Gac

19. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy study of roller burnished magnesium alloyR. Zaleski, K. Zaleski, M. Gorgol

20. Principles of positron porosimetryR. Zaleski

21. Ortho-para spin conversion of Ps by paramagnetic O2 dissolved in organic compoundsB. Zgardzińska, W. Białko, B. Jasińska

CONTENTS OF NO. 4/2015 (PART II)

Proceedings of the International Workshop “Towards safe and optimized separation processes, a chal-lenge for nuclear scientists” (FP7 European Collaborative Project SACSESS), Warsaw, Poland, 22-24 April 2015 1. Towards safe and optimized separation processes, a challenge for nuclear scientists

S. Bourg, J. Narbutt

2. SACSESS – the EURATOM FP7 project on actinide separation from spent nuclear fuelsS. Bourg, A. Geist, J. Narbutt

3. TS-BTPhen as a promising hydrophilic complexing agent for selective Am(III) separation by solvent extractionP. Kaufholz, F. Sadowski, A. Wilden, G. Modolo, F.W. Lewis, A.W. Smith, L.M. Harwood

4. Determination of formation constants of uranyl(VI) complexes with a hydrophilic SO3-Ph-BTP ligand, using liquid-liquid extractionL. Steczek, J. Narbutt, M.-Ch. Charbonnel, Ph. Moisy

5. Development of the Chalmers Grouped Actinide Extraction ProcessJ. Halleröd, C. Ekberg, E. Löfström-Engdahl, E. Aneheim

6. A calculation model for liquid-liquid extraction of protactinium by 2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanolA.W. Knight, E.S. Eitrheim, A.W. Nelson, M.K. Schultz

7. Structure and separation quality of various N- and O-donor ligands from quantum-chemical calcula-tionsM. Trumm, B. Schimmelpfennig, A. Geist

8. Crystal structures and conformers of CyMe4-BTBPK. Lyczko, S. Ostrowski

9. A study of cerium extraction by TBP and TODGA using a rotating diffusion cellM.A. Bromley, C. Boxall

10. The effect of SO3-Ph-BTBP on stainless steel corrosion in nitric acidR.J. Wilbraham, C. Boxall

11. Reprocessability of molybdenum and magnesia based inert matrix fuelsE.L. Ebert, A. Bukaemskiy, F. Sadowski, S. Lange, A. Wilden, G. Modolo

12. Gamma radiolytic stability of CyMe4BTBP and the effect of nitric acidH. Schmidt, A. Wilden, G. Modolo, J. Švehla, B. Grüner, C. Ekberg

13. Characterization of solvents containing CyMe4-BTPhen in selected cyclohexanone-based diluents after irradiation by accelerated electronsP. Distler, J. Kondé, J. John, Z. Hájková, J. Švehla, B. Grüner

14. Physico chemical properties of irradiated i-SANEX diluentsE. Mossini, E. Macerata, M. Giola, L. Brambilla, C. Castiglioni, M. Mariani

15. Electron beam irradiation of r-SANEX and i-SANEX solvent extraction systems: analysis of gaseous productsT. Szreder, R. Kocia

16. Pyrochemical reprocessing of molten salt fast reactor fuel: focus on the reductive extraction stepD. Rodrigues, G. Durán-Klie, S. Delpech

140 NUKLEONIKA

17. Uranium and neodymium partitioning in alkali chloride melts using low-melting gallium based alloysS.Yu. Melchakov, D.S. Maltsev, V.A. Volkovich, L.F. Yamshchikov, D.G. Lisienko, A.G. Osipenko, M.A. Rusakov

18. Carbonization of solid uranyl-ascorbate gel as an indirect step of uranium carbide synthesisM. Brykala, M. Rogowski, T. Olczak

19. Sorption of Sr-85 and Am-241 from liquid radioactive wastes by alginate beadsA. Oszczak, L. Fuks

Regular papers 20. The rapid interphase chromosome assay (RICA) implementation: comparison with other PCC methods

S. Sommer, I. Buraczewska, K. Sikorska, T. Bartłomiejczyk, I. Szumiel, M. Kruszewski

21. Estimation of radiation doses for transition from emergency to existing exposure situationA.A. Hamed, E.F. Salem, A.K. Abdien

22. The dose of gamma radiation from building materials and soilG. Manić, V. Manić, D. Nikezić, D. Krstić

23. In memoriam – Dr. Sueo Machi (1934-2015)

InformationINSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY

NUKLEONIKADorodna 16, 03-195 Warszawa, Poland

phone: +48 22 504 11 32, fax: +48 22 811 15 32, e-mail: [email protected] texts are available on-line at http://www.nukleonika.pl

141POSTĘPY TECHNIKI JĄDROWEJ

POSTĘPY TECHNIKI JĄDROWEJ

EDITORIAL BOARD

Stanisław Latek (Editor-in-Chief), Wojciech Głuszewski, Maria Kowalska, Łukasz Kuźniarski, Andrzej Mikulski, Marek Rabiński, Edward Rurarz, Elżbieta Zalewska

CONTENTS OF NO. 1/20151. Energetyka jądrowa w 2014 roku (Nuclear power in the world in 2014)

A. Mikulski

2. Reaktor EWA po wielu latach (EWA research reactor after many years)A. Mikulski

3. Historia pracy reaktora EWA (History of the research reactor EWA operation)T. Matysiak

4. Nie zapominajmy o personelu reaktora EWA (Do not forget about reactor EWA operators)J. Kozieł

5. Raport z eksploatacji reaktora badawczego MARIA w 2014 roku (Report on the MARIA research reac-tor operation in 2014)J. Idzikowski

6. Nowe cząsteczki w postaci mikrosfer 89Y2O3 otrzymywanych w IChTJ zmodyfi kowaną metodą zol-żel do zwalczania nowotworów wątroby (The new molecules in the form of microspheres 89Y2O3 obtained by the modifi ed INCT sol-gel method for liver cancer treatment)W. Łada, D. Wawszczak

7. Unikatowe cechy radiacyjnej konserwacji dużych zbiorów obiektów o znaczeniu historycznym (Unique features of radiation conservation of large object collections of historical importance)W. Głuszewski

8. Maria Skłodowska-Curie – znane i mało znane fakrty z życia Uczonej, ciąg dalszy (Maria Skłodowska--Curie – known and undiscovered facts of Scientist’s life, continued)B. Gwiazdowska, W. Bulski, M. Sobieszczak-Marciniak

9. Problemy oczyszczania wody jako element usuwania skutków awarii w elektrowni jądrowej Fukushima (Water purifi cation as part of Fukushima power plant breakdown associated nuclear waste removal process)K. Rzymkowski

10. Reaktory jądrowe: przegląd procesu licencjonowania we Francji (Nuclear reactors: overview of the licens-ing process in France)M. Varescon

CONTENTS OF NO. 2/2015 1. Reaktor MARIA dziś – 2015 (The MARIA reactor today – 2015)

A. Mikulski

2. Reaktor MARIA widziany w 2004 roku z perspektywy trzydziestolecia jego eksploatacji (Reactor MARIA as seen in 2004 after thirty years of operation)W. Dąbek

3. Bitwa o reaktor MARIA po modernizacji (The fi ght for the research reactor MARIA after its refurbishment)S. Chwaszczewski

4. Chemiczne aspekty energetyki jądrowej w projekcie Narodowego Centrum Badań i Rozwoju „Technologie wspomagające rozwój bezpiecznej energetyki jądrowej” (Chemical aspects of nuclear power in the Na-tional Centre for Research and Development project “Technologies supporting development of safe nu-clear power engineering”)J. Michalik

142 POSTĘPY TECHNIKI JĄDROWEJ

5. Strategiczny projekt badawczy Narodowego Centrum Badań i Rozwoju pt. „Technologie wspomagające rozwój bezpiecznej energetyki jądrowej”. Zadanie nr 4 „Rozwój technik i technologii wspomagających gospodarkę wypalonym paliwem i odpadami promieniotwórczymi” (The National Centre for Research and Development strategic research project “Technologies supporting development of safe nuclear power engineering”. Task no. 4 “Development of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste management tech-niques and technologies”)L. Fuks, A. Oszczak

6. Strategiczny projekt badawczy Narodowego Centrum Badań i Rozwoju pt. „Technologie wspomagające rozwój bezpiecznej energetyki jądrowej”. Zadanie nr 6 „Rozwój metod zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa jądrowego i ochrony radiologicznej dla bieżących i przyszłych potrzeb energetyki jądrowej” (The Na-tional Centre for Research and Development strategic research project “Technologies supporting devel-opment of safe nuclear power engineering”. Task no. 6 “Development of nuclear safety and radiological protection methods for the nuclear power engineering’s current and future needs”)P. Krajewski, G. Krajewska

7. Strategiczny projekt badawczy Narodowego Centrum Badań i Rozwoju pt. „Technologie wspomagające rozwój bezpiecznej energetyki jądrowej”. Zadanie nr 6 „Rozwój metod zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa jądro-wego i ochrony radiologicznej dla bieżących i przyszłych potrzeb energetyki jądrowej”. Cel 1: Opracowa-nie ogólnej koncepcji i metod badań środowiskowych (w tym zdrowotności) dla przewidywanej lokali-zacji EJ (The National Centre for Research and Development strategic research project ‘Technologies supporting development of safe nuclear power engineering”. Task no. 6 “Development of nuclear safety and radiological protection methods for the nuclear power engineering’s current and future needs”. Objec-tive 1: General concept and methodology for baseline environmental research and public health investi-gation in the foreseen location of NPP)K. Ciupek, P. Krajewski, K. Kozak, I. Śliwka, T. Pliszczyński, H. Polkowska-Motrenko

8. Strategiczny projekt badawczy Narodowego Centrum Badań i Rozwoju pt. „Technologie wspomagające rozwój bezpiecznej energetyki jądrowej”. Zadanie nr 6 „Rozwój metod zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa jądro-wego i ochrony radiologicznej dla bieżących i przyszłych potrzeb energetyki jądrowej. Cel 2: Rozwój metod dozymetrii biologicznej oraz biofi zycznych markerów i indykatorów wpływu promieniowania na organiz-my żywe (The National Centre for Research and Development strategic research project “Technologies supporting development of safe nuclear power engineering”. Task no. 6 “Development of nuclear safety and radiological protection methods for the nuclear power engineering’s current and future needs”. Objec-tive 2. Development of the biodosimetry and biophysics markers of ionizing radiation in living beings)K. Brzóska, M. Kowalska, M. Kruszewski, A. Lankoff, S. Sommer

CONTENTS OF NO. 3/2015 1. Ponad 50 lat pracy akceleratora typu Van de Graaffa „Lech” w Instytucie Badań Jądrowych (Over 50 years

of operation of the “Lech” accelerator at the Institute of Nuclear Research)M. Jaskóła, A. Korman

2. Strategiczny projekt badawczy Narodowego Centrum Badań i Rozwoju pt. „Technologie wspomagające rozwój bezpiecznej energetyki jądrowej”. Zadanie nr 7 „Analiza procesów generacji wodoru w reaktorze jądrowym w trakcie normalnej eksploatacji i w sytuacjach awaryjnych z propozycjami działań na rzecz podniesienia poziomu bezpieczeństwa jądrowego” (The National Centre for Research and Development strategic research project “Technologies supporting development of safe nuclear power engineering”. Task no. 7 “Study of hydrogen generation processes in nuclear reactors under regular operation conditions and in emergency cases, with suggested actions aimed at upgrade of nuclear safety”J. Michalik, R. Kocia

3. Międzynarodowe podstawowe normy ochrony przed promieniowaniem i bezpieczeństwa źródeł promie-niowania (Radiation protection and safety of radiation sources: international basic safety standards)T. Musiałowicz

4. Probabilistyczna analiza bezpieczeństwa na poziomie 3 (Probabilistic safety assessment level 3)E. Staroń

5. Początki i rozwój badań radiacyjnych w IBJ na Żeraniu (Beginnings and the development of radiation research at the Institute of Nuclear Research, Żerań)W. Stachowicz

6. Innowacje w przemyśle tworzyw polimerowych (Innovation in the plastics industry)W. Głuszewski

7. 90. rocznica rozpoczęcia budowy Instytutu Radowego w Warszawie (Ninety anniversary of the com-mencement of Radium Institute in Warsaw construction)M. Sobieszczak-Marciniak, W. Bulski

143POSTĘPY TECHNIKI JĄDROWEJ

CONTENTS OF NO. 4/2015 1. Zestawy krytyczne (reaktory mocy zerowej) w Instytucie Badań Jądrowych (Critical assemblies (zero

power reactors) at the Institute of Nuclear Research)A. Mikulski

2. Program Erasmus+ szansą dla młodych naukowców (The Erasmus+ programme the chance for the young scientists)J. Boguski, E. Zwolińska

3. Oszacowanie metodami EPR, TL i PPSL odpowiedzi próbek przy wykrywaniu potencjalnego napromie-niowania żywności (Evaluation of detection of potential radiation treatment of foodstuff samples using EPR, TL and PPSL methods)G.P. Guzik

4. Budujemy dom… – ocena promieniotwórczości naturalnej wybranych surowców i materiałów budowla-nych (We are building a house... – evaluation of natural radioactivity of the selected raw and building materials)B. Piotrowska, K. Isajenko, M. Fujak, J. Szymczyk, M. Krajewska

5. Byłem w Czarnobylu, byłem w Fukuszimie, byłem w Hiroszimie… (I have visited Chernobyl, Fukushima and Hiroshima…)K.W. Fornalski

6. Wkład energetyki jądrowej w przeciwdziałanie zmianom klimatu (Nuclear power is part of the solution for fi ghting climate change)

7. Remonty kapitalne w kanadyjskich elektrowniach jądrowych (Refurbishment of Canadian nuclear power plants)D.W. Kulczyński

8. Polimerowe kompozyty: Czy można zastąpić ołów w ochronie radiologicznej? (Polymer composites: Is it possible to replace lead in radiological protection?)M. Rajkiewicz, W. Głuszewski

InformationINSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY

POSTĘPY TECHNIKI JĄDROWEJDorodna 16, 03-195 Warszawa, Poland

phone: +48 22 504 12 48, fax: +48 22 811 15 32, e-mail: [email protected]

144 INTERVIEWS IN 2015

INTERVIEWS IN 2015

1. Chmielewski A.G.Truszczak D.: 60-lecie IBJ i działalność jego sukcesorów – Narodowego Centrum Badań Jądrowych (NCBJ) oraz Instytutu Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej (IChTJ) (On 60th anniversary of the Institute of Nuclear Re-search – the research activity of its successors: National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ) and Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology (INCT)). Program I Polskiego Radia, 28.07.2015.

2. Chmielewski A.G.Haber M.: One gram of uranium is equivalent to 1.5-2 tonnes of coal. Polish Market, 9 (229), 32-33 (2015).

3. Chmielewski A.G., Sobolewski L.Jawerth N.: Electron beams help Poland’s coal-driven power industry clean up its air. IAEA Bulletin, September, 12-13 (2015), www.iaea.org/bulletin.

4. Łada W.Polski patent na hydroksyapatyt (Polish patent on hydroxyapatite). Rynek Estetyczny, 4/X-XII, 38-40 (2015).

5. Łada W.Telewizyjny Kurier Warszawski. TVP Warszawa, 12.10.2015.

145THE INCT PATENTS AND PATENT APPLICATIONS IN 2015

THE INCT PATENTS AND PATENT APPLICATIONS IN 2015

PATENTS

1. Prekursor radiofarmaceutyku, sposób jego wytwarzania, radiofarmaceutyk oraz jego zastosowanie (Pre-cursor of the radiopharmaceutical, the method for its production, radiopharmaceutical and its application) G. Wójciuk, M. KruszewskiPolish Patent

2. Sposób dezynfekcji podłoży ogrodniczych z wykorzystaniem wiązki wysokoenergetycznych elektronów (Method for horticultural substrates disinfection with a high-energy electron beam) W. Migdał, U. Gryczka, D. Chmielewska-ŚmietankoPolish Patent

3. Sposób i sorbent do otrzymywania radionuklidu arsenu-72 oraz sposób wytwarzania tego sorbentu (Sorbent for receiving radionuclide arsenic-72, production of this sorbent) E. Chajduk, H. Polkowska-Motrenko, A. Bilewicz, K. DonerPolish Patent

4. Sposób jednorodnego sieciowania wykonanych z poliolefi n izolacji i osłon przewodów i kabli elektrycz-nych przy wykorzystaniu wiązki elektronów (Application of electron beam for uniform cross-linking of electrical cable insulations and jackets made of polyolefi ns) Z. Zimek, G. Przybytniak, A. Nowicki, K. RomanPolish Patent

5. Method of dissolution of thorium oxide K. Łyczko, M. Łyczko, I. Herdzik, B. ZielińskaEuropean Patent 11460009.1

6. Method of obtaining and separating valuable metallic elements, specifi cally from low-grade uranium ores and radioactive liquid wastesG. Zakrzewska-Trznadel, W. ŁadaEuropean Patent 12196071.0

7. Process for the preparation of uranium dioxide with spherical and irregular grains A. Deptuła, M. Brykała, W. Łada, D. Wawszczak, T. Olczak, A.G. Chmielewski Russian Patent 2538255

8. Method for the disposal of radioactive wastes in structures of silica glassesA.G. Chmielewski, A. Deptuła, M. Miłkowska, W. Łada, T. OlczakRussian Patent 2542358

9. A selective extraction of uranium and protactinium from material containing thorium P. Kalbarczyk, H. Polkowska-Motrenko, E. ChajdukRussian Patent 2578538

PATENT APPLICATIONS

1. Sposób wytwarzania diuranianu amonu z roztworów o niskiej zawartości uranu (Method for preparing ammonium diuranate from solutions with low uranium concentration)G. Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz, K. Kiegiel, A. Abramowska, D.K. Gajda, W. Łada

Polish Patent Application P-4109562. Kompozytowy wymieniacz jonowy, zwłaszcza do sorbcji radioizotopów Sr-85, Co-60, Zn-65 i sposób

jego wytwarzania (Composite ion exchanger for adsorption of Sr-85, Co-60, Zn-65 and method for its preparation)B. Filipowicz, B. Bartoś, M. Łyczko, K. Łyczko, A. Bilewicz

Polish Patent Application P-411028

146 THE INCT PATENTS AND PATENT APPLICATIONS IN 2015

3. Sposób unieruchamiania radionuklidów metali z odpadowych roztworów wodnych z zastosowaniem biosorbentu pochodzenia roślinnego (Immobilization of the metallic radionuclides present in aqueous radioactive wastes using natural sorbent of the plant origin)L. Fuks, A. Oszczak, W. Dalecka, W. Łada,

Polish Patent Application P-4112574. Radiofarmaceutyk terapeutyczny oparty na znakowanych astatem-211 nanocząstkach złota oraz sposób

jego wytwarzania (Therapeutic radiopharmaceutical based on gold nanoparticles labelled with asta-tine-211 and a method for its preparation)Ł. Janiszewska, P. Koźmiński, M. Pruszyński, A. Majkowska, A. Bilewicz

Polish Patent Application P-4112585. Selektywny, nanokompozytowy wymieniacz jonowy na bazie krzemionki modyfi kowanej oraz sposób

otrzymywania wymieniacza jonowego (Selective nanocomposite modifi ed silica-based ion exchanger and method for the ion exchanger obtaining)D. Chmielewska-Śmietanko

Polish Patent Application P-4113156. Nieorganiczny wymieniacz jonowy typu “core/shell” o właściwościach magnetycznych, metoda jedno-

etapowej syntezy nieorganicznego wymieniacza jonowego typu “core/shell” (Inorganic “core/shell” ion exchanger with magnetic properties, method for the one-step synthesis of the inorganic “core/shell” ion exchanger)Liang Zhao, D. Chmielewska-Śmietanko

Polish Patent Application P-4121947. Diagnostyczny lub terapeutyczny radiofarmaceutyk receptorowy posiadający powinowactwo do recep-

tora Her-2, sposób jego wytwarzania oraz jego zastosowanie (Diagnostic or therapeutic receptor radio-pharmaceutical having affi nity for HER-2 receptor, method for its preparation and application)E. Gniazdowska, P. Koźmiński

Polish Patent Application P-4137078. Radiofarmaceutyk diagnostyczny do obrazowania infekcji, sposób jego wytwarzania oraz jego zastoso-

wanie (Diagnostic radiopharmaceutical for infection imaging, method for its preparation and applica-tion)P. Koźmiński, E. Gniazdowska, M. Chojnowski, A. Kopatys, L. Królicki

Polish Patent Application P-413820 9. Radiofarmaceutyk diagnostyczny do obrazowania infekcji bakteryjnych oraz sposób jego wytwarzania

(Diagnostic radiopharmaceutical for bacterial infection imaging and method for its preparation)P. Koźmiński, E. Gniazdowska

Polish Patent Application P-414298 10. Diagnostyczny i/lub terapeutyczny radiofarmaceutyk receptorowy posiadający powinowactwo do re-

ceptora NK-1, sposób jego wytwarzania oraz zastosowanie (Diagnostic and/or therapeutic receptor radiopharmaceutical having affi nity for NK-1 receptor, method for its preparation and application)E. Gniazdowska, P. Koźmiński

Polish Patent Application P-41452511. Sposób wytwarzania węglika uranu o ziarnach sferycznych i nieregularnych jako prekursora paliwa do

reaktorów nowej, IV generacji (Method for producing of spherically- and irregularly-grained uranium carbide as fuel precursor for novel 4th generation reactors) M. Brykała, M. Rogowski

Polish Patent Application P-414768

147CONFERENCES ORGANIZED AND CO-ORGANIZED BY THE INCT IN 2015

CONFERENCES ORGANIZED AND CO-ORGANIZED BY THE INCT IN 2015

1. 2ND ANNUAL SACSESS (SAFETY OF ACTINIDE SEPARATION PROCESSES) MEETING, 19-21 APRIL 2015, WARSZAWA, POLAND

Organized by the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, SACSESS Coordination Committee

Organizing Committee: Stéphane Bourg, Ph.D., Bastien Duplantier, M.Sc., Prof. Jerzy Narbutt, Ph.D., D.Sc., Tomasz Szreder, Ph.D., Dorota Gajda, M.Sc., Magdalena Rejnis, M.Sc.

2. FIRST INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP OF THE FP7 EUROPEAN COLLABORATIVE PRO-JECT SACSESS (SAFETY OF ACTINIDE SEPARATION PROCESSES) “TOWARDS SAFE AND OPTIMIZED SEPARATION PROCESSES, A CHALLENGE FOR NUCLEAR SCIEN-TISTS”, 22-24 APRIL 2015, WARSZAWA, POLAND

Organized by the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, SACSESS Coordination Committee

Organizing Committee: Prof. Jerzy Narbutt, Ph.D., D.Sc., Stéphane Bourg, Ph.D., Tomasz Szreder, Ph.D., Dorota Gajda, M.Sc., Magdalena Rejnis, M.Sc., Anna Abramowska, M.Sc.

3. REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE “DOSIMETRY AT ELECTRON BEAM FACILITIES” IN THE FRAME OF THE IAEA TECHNICAL COOPERATION REGIONAL PROJECT RER/1/014 “INTRODUCING AND HARMONIZING STANDARDIZED QUALITY CONTROL PROCE-DURES FOR RADIATION TECHNOLOGIES”, 11-15 MAY 2015, WARSZAWA, POLAND

Organized by the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, International Atomic Energy Agency

Organizing Committee: Zbigniew Zimek, Ph.D., Andrzej Rafalski, Ph.D., Magdalena Rzepna, M.Sc.

4. WARSZTATY „PERSPEKTYWY ROZWOJU DIALOGU I REKOMENDACJE DLA INTERE-SARIUSZY INWESTYCJI” W RAMACH PROJEKTU PLATENSO (BUILDING A PLATFORM FOR ENHANCED SOCIETAL RESEARCH RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE) (WORKSHOP “PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIALOGUE AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR STAKEHOLDERS OF INVESTMENT ” IN THE FRAME OF THE PROJECT PLATENSO (BUILDING A PLATFORM FOR ENHANCED SOCIETAL RESEARCH RELATED TO NUCLEAR ENERGY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE), 20 MAY 2015, WARSZAWA, POLAND

Organized by the Collegium Civitas, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Institute of Nuclear Chem-istry and Technology

Organizing Committee: Katarzyna Iwińska, Ph.D., Piotr Stankiewicz, Ph.D., Agnieszka Miśkiewicz, Ph.D.

5. SYMPOZJUM „CHEMIA I TECHNIKA RADIACYJNA WCZORAJ, DZIŚ I JUTRO” – WSPO-MNIENIE O PROFESORZE ZBIGNIEWIE ZAGÓRSKIM I PROFESORZE JANIE GROD-KOWSKIM (SYMPOSIUM “RADIATION CHEMISTRY AND RADIATION PROCESSING YESTERDAY, TODAY AND TOMORROW – IN MEMORY OF PROFESSOR ZBIGNIEW ZA-GÓRSKI AND PROFESSOR JAN GRODKOWSKI”), 28 MAY 2015, WARSZAWA, POLAND

Organized by the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

Organizing Committee: Zbigniew Zimek, Ph.D., Grażyna Przybytniak, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in INCT, Prof. Krzysztof Bobrowski, Ph.D., D.Sc., Wojciech Głuszewski, Ph.D.

6. „MASS MEDIA A INFORMACJA W ASPEKCIE WDRAŻANIA POLSKIEGO PROGRAMU ENERGETYKI JĄDROWEJ” SPOTKANIE W RAMACH PROJEKTU EAGLE (ENHANCING

148 CONFERENCES ORGANIZED AND CO-ORGANIZED BY THE INCT IN 2015

EDUCATION, TRAINING AND COMMUNICATION PROCESSES FOR INFORMED BE-HAVIORS AND DECISION-MAKING RELATED TO IONIZING RADIATION RISKS) (MEET-ING “MASS MEDIA AND THE INFORMATION REGARDING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POLISH NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME” IN THE FRAME OF THE PROJECT EAGLE (ENHANCING EDUCATION, TRAINING AND COMMUNICATION PROCESSES FOR INFORMED BEHAVIORS AND DECISION-MAKING RELATED TO IONIZING RA-DIATION RISKS), 2 JUNE 2015, WARSZAWA, POLAND


Organizing Committee: Prof. Grażyna Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz, Ph.D., D.Sc., Agnieszka Miśkiewicz, Ph.D., Paulina Nieścior-Browińska, M.Sc., Wioleta Olszewska, M.Sc., Dorota Gajda, M.Sc., Katarzyna Kiegiel, Ph.D., Anna Abramowska, M.Sc., Sylwester Sommer, Ph.D., Stanisław Latek, Ph.D.

7. SYMPOZJUM „60-LECIE IBJ: FIZYKA I CHEMIA JĄDROWA W SŁUŻBIE MEDYCYNY” (SYMPOSIUM “60th ANNIVERSARY OF IBJ: NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY FOR MEDICINE), 10 JUNE 2015, ŚWIERK, POLAND

Organized by the National Centre for Nuclear Research, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

8. SEMINARIUM „ZASTOSOWANIE MODELI MATEMATYCZNYCH DO BADANIA SPO-ŁECZNO-EKONOMICZNYCH EFEKTÓW WDRAŻANIA POLSKIEGO PROGRAMU ENER-GETYKI JĄDROWEJ” W RAMACH PROJEKTU “STUDYING THE SOCIAL AND SOCIO--ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POLISH NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME USING NEW METHODOLOGY” IAEA CRP 18541/RO (SEMINAR “THE USE OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS TO STUDY THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POLISH NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME” IN THE FRAME OF THE PROJECT “STUDYING THE SOCIAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POLISH NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME USING NEW METHODOLOGY” IAEA CRP 18541/RO), 31 JULY 2015, WARSZAWA, POLAND

Organized by the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, International Atomic Energy Agency

Organizing Committee: Prof. Grażyna Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz, Ph.D., D.Sc., Agnieszka Miśkiewicz, Ph.D., Katarzyna Kiegiel, Ph.D., Dorota Gajda, M.Sc.

9. 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE DIPLOMACY & DEVELOPMENTS IN CHEMISTRY, 13-16 AUGUST 2015, WARSZAWA, POLAND

Organized by the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw; Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology; Societas Scientiarum Varsaviensis

Organizing Committee: Prof. Stanisław Dziekoński, Ph.D., D.Sc., Prof. Janusz Lipkowski, Ph.D., D.Sc., Marian Turzański, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor UKSW, Prof. Stanisław Filipek, Ph.D., D.Sc., Prof. Kinga Suwińska, Ph.D., D.Sc., Prof. Jerzy Pielaszek, Ph.D., D.Sc., Prof. Aleksander Bilewicz, Ph.D., D.Sc., Prof. Janusz Rachoń, Ph.D., D.Sc.

10. THE FIRST CYCLE OF THE INTENSIVE PROGRAMMES WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF ERASMUS+ KA2 PROJECT ENTITLED “JOINT INNOVATIVE TRAINING AND TEACHING/LEARNING PROGRAM IN ENHANCING DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFER KNOWLEDGE OF APPLICATION OF IONIZING RADIATION IN MATERIALS PROCESSING”, 7-17 SEP-TEMBER 2015, WARSZAWA, POLAND


Organizing Committee: Yongxia Sun, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in INCT, Grażyna Przybytniak, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in INCT, Marta Walo, Ph.D., Urszula Gryczka, M.Sc.

11. 2nd ANNUAL ARCADIA MEETING, 29-30 SEPTEMBER 2015, WARSZAWA, POLANDOrganized by the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Central Laboratory for Radiological Protection, National Centre for Nuclear Research

Organizing Committee: Katarzyna Kiegiel, Ph.D., Prof. Grażyna Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz, Ph.D., D.Sc., Anna Abramowska, M.Sc., Bogusława Mysłek-Laurikainen, Ph.D., Katarzyna Wołoszczuk, M.Sc.

149CONFERENCES ORGANIZED AND CO-ORGANIZED BY THE INCT IN 2015

12. SEMINAR “SELECTED ASPECTS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF GEN III/IV IN NMS” IN THE FRAME OF THE FP7 PROGRAMME “ASSESSMENT OF REGIONAL CAPABILITIES FOR NEW REACTORS DEVELOPMENT THROUGH AN INTEGRATED APPROACH (ARCADIA)”, 1 OC-TOBER 2015, WARSZAWA, POLAND

Organized by the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Central Laboratory for Radiological Protection, National Centre for Nuclear Research

Organizing Committee: Katarzyna Kiegiel, Ph.D., Prof. Grażyna Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz, Ph.D., D.Sc., Katarzyna Wołoszczuk, M.Sc., Bogusława Mysłek-Laurikainen, Ph.D., Dorota Gajda, M.Sc., Anna Abramo-wska, M.Sc., Agnieszka Miśkiewicz, Ph.D.

13. XIII SZKOŁA STERYLIZACJI I MIKROBIOLOGICZNEJ DEKONTAMINACJI RADIACYJ-NEJ (XIII TRAINING COURSE ON RADIATION STERILIZATION AND HYGIENIZATION), 22-23 OCTOBER 2015, WARSZAWA, POLAND


Organizing Committee: Zbigniew Zimek, Ph.D., Andrzej Rafalski, Ph.D., Wojciech Głuszewski, Ph.D., Jacek Boguski, M.Sc.

150 Ph.D./D.Sc. THESES IN 2015

Ph.D./D.Sc. THESES IN 2015

Ph.D. THESES

1. Katarzyna Anna Kosno, M.Sc. Mechanizmy rodnikowe reakcji nikotyny i jej związków modelowych (Free radicals in reaction of nico-tine and model compounds)supervisor: Dariusz Pogocki, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in INCTInstitute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 10.04.2015

2. Agata Zofi a Piotrowska, M.Sc. Sfunkcjonalizowane nanozeolity jako nośniki radioizotopów 223Ra, 224Ra i 225Ra dla celowanej terapii radionuklidowej (Functionalized nanozeolites as a carrier for 223Ra, 224Ra and 225Ra for targeted radionu-clide therapy)supervisor: Prof. Aleksander Bilewicz, Ph.D., D.Sc.Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 10.04.2015

3. Jacek Boguski, M.Sc. (Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warszawa, Poland)Dobór krytyczny oceny degradacji radiacyjnej i termicznej kabli (Criteria for the evaluation of radiation and thermal degradation of cables)supervisor: Grażyna Przybytniak, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in INCTInstitute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 11.12.2015

1. Ewa Gniazdowska, Ph.D. (Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warszawa, Poland)Projektowanie nowych potencjalnych radiofarmaceutyków receptorowych opartych na analogach pepty-dów wazopresyny i greliny oraz leku lapatinib (Design of novel potential receptor radiopharmaceuticals based on analogues of the peptides vasopressin and ghrelin and the drug lapatinib)Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 10.04.2015

D.Sc. THESES

151EDUCATION

EDUCATION

Ph.D. PROGRAMME IN CHEMISTRY

The Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology holds a four-year Ph.D. degree programme for graduates of chemical, physical and biological departments of universities, for graduates of medical universities and to engineers in chemical technology and material science.

The main areas of the studies are: • chemical aspects of nuclear energy,• radiation chemistry and biochemistry, • chemistry of radioelements, • isotopic effects, • radiopharmaceutical chemistry, • analytical methods, • chemistry of radicals, • application of nuclear methods in chemical and environmental research, material science and pro-

tection of historical heritage.The candidates can apply for a doctoral scholarship. The INCT offers accommodation in 10 rooms

in the guesthouse for Ph.D. students not living in Warsaw. During the four-year Ph.D. programme, the students participate in lectures given by senior staff

from the INCT, University of Warsaw and the Polish Academy of Sciences. In the third year, the Ph.D. students are obliged to prepare a seminar related to the various aspects of nuclear energy. Each year the Ph.D. students are obliged to deliver a lecture on topic of his/her dissertation at a seminar. The fi nal requirements for the Ph.D. programme graduates, consistent with the regulation of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, are: • submission of a formal dissertation, summarizing original research contributions suitable for publi-

cation;• fi nal examination and public defence of the dissertation thesis.

In 2015, the following lecture series and lectures were organized:• Radiation chemistry with elements of chemistry of radicals – Prof. Krzysztof Bobrowski (Institute

of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warszawa, Poland);• Safe nuclear energy production vs. alternative prospects. Part II – Prof. Holger Tietze-Jaensch

(Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany);• An introduction to fl ow techniques of analysis – Prof. Victor Cerdà (Department of Chemistry,

University of the Balearic Islands); • Backgrounds of the fl ow techniques – Prof. Victor Cerdà (Department of Chemistry, University of

the Balearic Islands); • Separation and preconcentration methods in fl ow techniques – Prof. Victor Cerdà (Department of

Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands); • Some environmental applications of fl ow techniques and their hyphenation with complex instru-

ments – Prof. Victor Cerdà (Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands);• Nuclear research opportunities for students through the European project “Gentle” – Dr. Dario

Manara (Joint Research Centre – Institute For Transuranium Elements, Materials Research, Karlsruhe, Germany);

• Nuclear chemistry – Prof. Aleksander Bilewicz (Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warszawa, Poland).The qualifi cation interview for the Ph.D. programme takes place in the mid of September. Detailed

information can be obtained from: • head: Prof. Aleksander Bilewicz, Ph.D., D.Sc.

(phone: +48 22 504 13 57, e-mail: [email protected]); • secretary: Ewa Gniazdowska, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in INCT

(phone: +48 22 504 11 78, e-mail: [email protected]).

152 EDUCATION

Institution Country Number of participants Period

Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Poland 2 1 month

Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Poland 1 1.5 months

Medical University of Warsaw Poland1 1 month

3 2 months

National Graduate School of Chemistry, Montpellier France 1 3 months

Nicolaus Copernicus Bilingual School in Warsaw Poland 1 2 weeks

Pedagogical University of Cracow Poland 25 one-day course

University of Białystok, Faculty of Chemistry Poland 2 3 weeks

University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry Poland

13 one-day course

1 3 weeks

3 1 month

3 3 months

University of Warsaw, Faculty of Physics Poland1 1 month

2 1.5 months

Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW Poland 34 one-day course

Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry Poland2 3 weeks

6 1 month

Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering Poland 3 one-day course

Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Physics Poland24 one-day course

2 1 month

Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering Poland 2 3 months

MASTER’S AND BACHELOR’S DISSERTATIONS

1. Maciej WisłowskiBachelor’s dissertation: Inżynieryjne aspekty oczyszczania wody chłodzącej z zastosowaniem technik jonowymiennych (Engineering aspects of cooling water treatment using ion exchange methods)supervisors: Prof. Andrzej G. Chmielewski, Ph.D., D.Sc., Michał Lewak, Ph.D.Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering

2. Andrzej KrześniakBachelor’s dissertation: Badanie adsorpcji Co-58 z symulowanych roztworów płynów dekontaminacyj-nych stosowanych w procesie LOMI do dekontaminacji elementów konstrukcyjnych reaktorów jądrowych (Study of adsorption of Co-58 from simulated decontamination liquid solutions used in the low oxidation state metal ions process for decontamination of structural components of nuclear reactors)supervisors: Michał Bystrzejewski, Ph.D., D.Sc., Monika Łyczko, Ph.D.University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry

TRAINING OF STUDENTS

153RESEARCH PROJECTS AND CONTRACTS

RESEARCH PROJECTS AND CONTRACTS

RESEARCH PROJECTS GRANTED BY THE NATIONAL SCIENCE CENTRE

IN 2015

1. Physicochemical and biochemical studies of selected biological conveyers of nitrogen oxide. Relation between the molecular structure and distribution of electric charge and the biological activity of ni-trosyl complexes of iron.supervisor: Hanna Lewandowska-Siwkiewicz, Ph.D.

2. Chiral cores/monomers of drugs and conducting polymers: from calculations to experimental charac-teristics.supervisor: Prof. Jan Cz. Dobrowolski, Ph.D., D.Sc.

3. Nanobodies labelled with alpha emitters as potential radiopharmaceuticals in targeted radioimmuno-theraphy.supervisor: Marek Pruszyński, Ph.D.

4. Nanoparticles of gold, gold-gold sulphide and titanium dioxide modifi ed with tellurium as carriers for At-211 for targeted alpha theraphy.supervisor: Prof. Aleksander Bilewicz, Ph.D., D.Sc.

5. Studies on the phenomena occurring in the membrane boundary layer during the fi ltration of aqueous solutions and suspensions proceeding in membrane apparatuses with different confi gurations.supervisor: Agnieszka Miśkiewicz, Ph.D.

6. The infl uence of nanoparticles on beta-amyloid removal by microglia cells.supervisor: Katarzyna Sikorska, M.Sc.

7. Impact of nanoparticles on cellular signalling activated by tumour necrosis factor.supervisor: Kamil Brzóska, Ph.D.

8. Analytical, kinetic and toxicological study of degradation selected perfl uorinated compounds using ionizing radiation.supervisor: Prof. Marek Trojanowicz, Ph.D., D.Sc.

9. New analytical procedures based on neutron activation analysis for the determination of chosen Se, As and Fe chemical formulae in infant alimentation.supervisor: Halina Polkowska-Motrenko, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in INCT

10. Radiation-induced radical processes involving amino acids and quinoxalin-2-one derivatives relevant to their pharmacological applications.supervisor: Konrad Skotnicki, M.Sc.

PROJECTS GRANTED BY THE NATIONAL CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

IN 2015

1. Elaboration and certifi cation of new reference materials needed for obtaining European accreditation by Polish laboratories involved in industrial analytics (programme INNOTECH, project MODAS). supervisor: Halina Polkowska-Motrenko, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in INCT

2. Conspan BlueGas – technology for treatment of fl owback fl uids from gas-bearing shales hydraulic frac-turing with water recycling and reclamation of valuable metals (programme BlueGas). Konsorcjum naukowe: Pyrocat Catalyse World (lider), Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute

154 RESEARCH PROJECTS AND CONTRACTS

INTERNATIONAL PROJECTS CO-FUNDED BY THE MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND HIGHER EDUCATION

IN 2015

1. Radiation supporting synthesis and curing of nanocomposites suitable for practical applications.supervisor: Grażyna Przybytniak, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in INCT

2. Advanced fuels for generation IV reactors: reprocessing and dissolution (ASGARD).supervisor: Andrzej Deptuła, Ph.D.

3. The industrial and environmental applications of electron beams.supervisor: Dagmara Chmielewska-Śmietanko, M.Sc.

4. Safety of actinide separation processes (SACSESS).supervisor: Prof. Jerzy Narbutt, Ph.D., D.Sc.

5. Transnational access to large infrastructure for a safe management of actinide (TALISMAN).supervisor: Prof. Jan Cz. Dobrowolski, Ph.D., D.Sc.

6. Advanced nanostructured porous materials formation and characterization (NONAMAPOR).supervisor: Bożena Sartowska, Ph.D.

7. Based on starch-PVA system and cellulose reinforced active packaging materials for food prepared using of radiation modifi cation (PackRad).supervisor: Krystyna Cieśla, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in INCT

8. Application of advanced membrane systems in nuclear desalination (NUCDESAL).supervisor: Prof. Grażyna Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz, Ph.D., D.Sc.

9. Coordination of actinides with hydrophilic ligands.supervisor: Prof. Jerzy Narbutt, Ph.D., D.Sc.

10. Development of dosimetry methods and safety of radiation and nuclear facilities.supervisor: Roman Janusz, M.Sc.

11. Studying the social and socio-economic effects of the implementation of the Polish nuclear programme using new methodology.supervisor: Agnieszka Miśkiewicz, Ph.D.

12. Application of hybrid nuclear techniques in the multiphases fl ows investigations in wastewater treat-ment and biogas production plants.supervisor: Jacek Palige, Ph.D.

13. Electron beam for preservation of biodeteriorated cultural heritage paper-based objects.supervisor: Dagmara Chmielewska-Śmietanko, M.Sc.

14. Laboratory and feasibility study for industrial wastewater effl uents treatment by radiation.supervisor: Zbigniew Zimek, Ph.D.

APPLIED RESEARCH PROGRAMME OF THE NATIONAL CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

IN 2015

1. Optimization of two stages bioreactor for biogas with high methane contents production – elaboration of biostarters and biomarkers of methane fermentation. Task 2.1. Construction in laboratory scale of two stages bioreactors for biogas production with high methane concentration (BioMeth).supervisor: Jacek Palige, Ph.D.

2. Alternative methods for technetium-99m production. Task 8. Isolation of Tc-99m using zirconium modifi ed TiO2 nanotubes and by extraction method with HDEHP (ALTECH).supervisor: Prof. Aleksander Bilewicz, Ph.D., D.Sc.

3. The integrated system of sewage treatment, biogas production and its enrichment in the methane.supervisor: Jacek Palige, Ph.D.

4. Syntheses of radiopharmaceuticals based on scandium radionuclides for positron emission tomography (Petscand).supervisor: Prof. Aleksander Bilewicz, Ph.D., D.Sc.


IAEA RESEARCH CONTRACTS IN 2015

1. Radiation supporting synthesis and curing of nanocomposites suitable for practical applications (NANO-RAD).No. 16666principal investigator: Grażyna Przybytniak, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in INCT

2. Laboratory and feasibility study for industrial waste water effl uent treatment by radiation.No. 16454principal investigator: Zbigniew Zimek, Ph.D.

3. Application of hybrid nuclear techniques in the multiphases fl ows investigations in wastewater treat-ment and biogases production plants.No. 17366principal investigator: Jacek Palige, Ph.D.

4. Based on starch-PVA system and cellulose reinforced active packaging materials for food prepared using of radiation modifi cation (PackRad).No. 17493principal investigator: Krystyna Cieśla, Ph.D., D.Sc., professor in INCT.

5. The study of the infl uence of the environmental factors on the isotopic compositions of dairy products.No. 18056principal investigator: Ryszard Wierzchnicki, Ph.D.

6. Application of advanced membrane systems in nuclear desalination.No. 18539/ROprincipal investigator: Prof. Grażyna Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz, Ph.D., D.Sc.

7. Studying the social and socio-economic effects of the iomplementation of the Polish nuclear programme using new methodology.No. 18541/ROprincipal investigator: Agnieszka Miśkiewicz, Ph.D.

8. Interlaboratory comparison in the range of high technological doses in the frame of project IAEA RAS1015.principal investigator: Andrzej Rafalski, Ph.D.

9. Application of low energy electron beam for microbiological control of food and agricultural products.No. RC-19000principal investigator: Urszula Gryczka, M.Sc.

10. Radiometric methods applied in hydrometallurgical processes development and optimization.No. 18945principal investigator: Prof. Andrzej G. Chmielewski, Ph.D., D.Sc.

STRATEGIC PROJECT “TECHNOLOGIES SUPPORTING DEVELOPMENT

OF SAFE NUCLEAR POWER ENGINEERING”

1. Scientifi c problem no. 7: Study of hydrogen generation processes in nuclear reactors under regular op-eration conditions and in emergency cases, with suggested actions aimed at upgrade of nuclear safety.supervisor: Prof. Jacek Michalik, Ph.D., D.Sc.

2. Scientifi c problem no. 8: Study of processes occurring under regular operation of water circulation systems in nuclear power plants with suggested actions aimed at upgrade of nuclear safety.supervisor: Anna Bojanowska-Czajka, Ph.D.

15. Introducing and harmonizing standardized quality control procedures for radiation technologies.supervisor: Zbigniew Zimek, Ph.D.

16. The study of the infl uence of the environmental factors on the isotopic compositions of dairy products.supervisor: Ryszard Wierzchnicki, Ph.D.

156 RESEARCH PROJECTS AND CONTRACTS

PROJECTS WITHIN THE FRAME OF EUROPEAN UNION FRAME PROGRAMMES

IN 2015

1. FP7 – EURATOM, Fission: Advanced fuels for generation IV reactors: reprocessing and dissolution (ASGARD).principal investigator: Andrzej Deptuła, Ph.D.

2. FP7 – EURATOM, Fission: Realizing the European Network in Biodosimetry (RENEB) principal investigator: Sylwester Sommer, Ph.D.

3. FP7 – Transnational access to large infrastructure for a safe management of actinide (TALISMAN).principal investigator: Prof. Jan Cz. Dobrowolski, Ph.D., D.Sc.

4. FP7 – Safety of actinide separation processes (SACSESS).principal investigator: Prof. Jerzy Narbutt, Ph.D., D.Sc.

5. FP7 – Assessment of regional capabilities for new reactors development through an integrated ap-proach (ARCADIA).principal investigator: Prof. Grażyna Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz, Ph.D., D.Sc.

6. FP7 – Enhancing education, training and communication processes for informed behaviors and deci-sion-making related to ionizing radiation risks (EAGLE).principal investigator: Prof. Grażyna Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz, Ph.D., D.Sc.

7. FP7 – Building a platform for enhanced societal research related to nuclear energy in Central and Eastern Europe (PLATENSO).principal investigator: Prof. Grażyna Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz, Ph.D., D.Sc.

IAEA TECHNICAL AND REGIONAL CONTRACTS IN 2015

1. Introducing and harmonizing standardized quality control procedures for radiation technologies.RER 1014

OTHER INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH PROGRAMMES IN 2015

1. Advanced nanostructured porous materials: formation and characterization (with Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia).supervisor: Bożena Sartowska, Ph.D.

2. Studies on nanoscale MOF synthesis methods.No. 04-4-1121-2015/2017supervisor: Wojciech Starosta, Ph.D.

3. Coordination of actinides with hydrophilic ligands (with the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission – CEA).supervisor: Prof. Jerzy Narbutt, Ph.D., D.Sc.

11. Silicide/silicate coatings on zirconium alloys for improving the high temperature corrosion resistance.No. 19026principal investigator: Bożena Sartowska, Ph.D.

12. Recovery of uranium and accompanying metals from various types of industrial wastes.No. 18542principal investigator: Katarzyna Kiegiel, Ph.D.

13. Electron beam for preservation of biodeteriorated cultural heritage paper-based objects.No. 18493supervisor: Dagmara Chmielewska-Śmietanko, M.Sc.


PROJECTS GRANTED BY THE FOUNDATION FOR POLISH SCIENCE

IN 2015

1. New radiopharmaceuticals based on alpha emitters against glioblastoma stem cells.supervisor: Agnieszka Majkowska-Pilip, Ph.D.

ERASMUS+ PROGRAMME

1. Joint innovative training and teaching/learning program in enhancing development and transfer knowl-edge of application of ionizing radiation in materials processing.No. 2014-1-PL01-KA203-003611

2. Mobility for learners and staff higher education student and staff mobility.Key action 1

3. Inter-institutional agreement 2015-2017 between institutions from programme and partner countries (China).Key action 1

158 THE NCBR STRATEGIC RESEARCH PROJECT

THE NCBR STRATEGIC RESEARCH PROJECT “TECHNOLOGIES SUPPORTING DEVELOPMENT

OF SAFE NUCLEAR POWER ENGINEERING”

Since 2011 till 2015 the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology (INCT) participated in the strategic research project “Technologies supporting development of safe nuclear power engineering” which was established by the National Centre for Research and Development (NCBR) in order to reinforced the government programme of nuclear power implementation. Its main goal was to build up the technical expertise related to different aspects of nuclear energy useful for investor (PGE) and regulator (National Atomic Energy Agency, Poland – PAA) of fi rst Polish nuclear plant. The project comprised 10 research tasks among which 3 tasks concerning chemical aspects of nuclear power were coordinated by the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology:• Task 4: Development of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste management techniques and tech-

nologies.• Task 7: Study of hydrogen generation processes in nuclear reactors under regular operation condi-

tions and in emergency cases, with suggested actions aimed at upgrade of nuclear safety.• Task 8: Study of processes occurring under regular operation of water circulation systems in nuclear

power plants with suggested actions aimed at upgrade of nuclear safety.

Task 4 Development of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste management techniques

and technologies

Coordinator: Leon Fuks, Ph.D.

Task 4 concerned management of spent fuel and radioactive waste, separation of long-lived actinides from spent fuel and fabrication of fuel precursors for reactors of new generations. The task was carried out by 8 research units: National Centre for Nuclear Research, POLATOM, Institute of Nuclear Chem-istry and Technology, Institute of Nuclear Physics PAS, Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University – Faculty of Chem-istry and Radioactive Waste Management Plant. Signifi cant part of research activity was dedicated to decrease radiotoxicity of radioactive waste. New sorbents for removal of radioactive elements were tested and it was shown that red clay, cheap domestic sorption material could be effectively used as a barrier layer in low and medium radioactive waste disposals. The optimalization of hybrid processes for radioactive waste treatment had been also accomplised. New methods of solidifi cation of high radioac-tive waste in glasses and Synroc materials had been worked up. The new separation methods of some radionuclides such as Ru-106, Sr-90, Co-60, Zn-65 from nuclear waste left after fuel processing had been proposed. Those radionuclides can be applied in nuclear medicine and radiation technologies.

Task 7 Study of hydrogen generation processes in nuclear reactors

under regular operation conditions and in emergency cases, with suggested actions aimed at upgrade of nuclear safety

Coordinator: Prof. Jacek Michalik, Ph.D., D.Sc.

In task 7 in which four outer research units were involved: Łódź University of Technology – Faculty of Chemistry, Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry PAS, Warsaw University of Tech-nology – Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, and Silesian University of Technology – Insti-tute of Thermal Technology, the complex processes of hydrogen formation in cooling water of primary system and its removal from reactor containment had been studied. The decomposition of cooling water in pressurized water reactors (PWR) initiated by ionizing radiation but also caused by thermo-catalytic processes taking place on the surface of zircaloy claddings at temperatures above 1000oC was

159THE NCBR STRATEGIC RESEARCH PROJECT

investigated. The analysis of new technologies which can distinctly limit the hydrogen storage in reactor containment during low-of-cooling accident (LOCA) was also carried out.

The radiation studies had been focused on the influence of temperature and metal oxides contami-nation in cooling water on radiation yield of molecular hydrogen. The experiments confirmed rapid increase of water oxidation rate with temperature for reaction with hydrogen atoms. Under normal operation of PWR reactor (~300oC) this reaction becomes a substantial source of hydrogen and hy-droxyl radicals which are the most active corrosion agents.

The studies on hydrogen circulation in reactor containment after LOCA had been carried out using CFD calculation – the Ansys Fluent and HEPCAL codes. CFD modelling of gas circulation and water vapour condensation inside TOSQAN installation designed for the studies of processes proceeding inside safety containments of LWR reactors shows good agreement between calculati ons and experi-mental results. HEPCAL code was also used for the simulations of LOCA accidents in EPR and ABWR reactors. They showed that hydrogen concentration in reactor containment reached the limit of hydro-gen ignition (4%) half an hour after fuel rod puncturing. The CFD calculation showed also the radical decrease of hydrogen concentration in the containments where hydrogen passive autocatalytic recom-biners (PAR) were installed.

The new types of catalysts for PAR recombiners had been investigated in the framework of task 7. It was found out that the catalysts consist of bimetallic nanoparticles Pd-Pt and Pd-Au immobilized on SiO2 and Al2O3 carriers are active already under low hydrogen concentration and their disactivation degree is low in the presence of water vapour.

Task 8 Study of processes occurring under regular operation of water circulation systems in nuclear power plants with suggested actions aimed at upgrade of nuclear safety

Coordinator: Anna Bojanowska-Czajka, Ph.D.

The adequate control of chemical composition of reactor cooling water is one of the most impor-tant factors decisive on safe reactor exploitation. Cooling water of primary system contains radionu-clides formed by activation of diffusing trace elements from fuel claddings and corrosion products of construction materials. In addition water gets decomposed by radiolysis producing many aggressive chemical products such as hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen atoms and hydrogen peroxide. They affect the corrosion rate of construction materials of primary cooling system in substantial degree.

Task 8 was carried out by research network consisting of the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Institute of Physical Chemistry PAS, University of Warsaw – Faculty of Chemistry, and Warsaw University of Technology – Department of Materials Engineering.

As the result of cooperative studies the new methods for control fuel claddings tightness were found out. They are based on the measurements of Sr-90, Tc-99, Pu-241 and Am-241 radionuclides using flow radiochemical methods. For monitoring of corrosion product concentration in primary cooling circuit the mass spectrometry and ionic chromatography were applied. The major achievement of task 8 was synthesis of novel selective sorbents for removal caesium and other radionuclides from primary cooling system effectively working in LOCA conditions when sea water is used for reactor cooling.

In the research works of strategic project many young scientific were participating who won a broad knowledge and deep experience in nuclear sciences. In future they should play an important role of experts involved in development of Polish nuclear energy programme.

160 LIST OF VISITORS TO THE INCT IN 2015

LIST OF VISITORS TO THE INCT IN 2015

1. Adliene Diana, Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania, 08-09.10.15

2. Augel Antonio, University of Bologna, Italy, 16-20.11.15

3. Bondar Yulia, Institute of Environmental Geochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 23-27.11.15

4. Calinescu Ioan, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania, 03-07.11.15

5. Cerdà Victor, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, 15-19.06.15

6. Coqueret Xavier, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France, 08-09.10.15

7. Cousines T. Ian, Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Sweden, 23.10.15

8. D’angelantonio Mila, Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council (CNR), Italy, 16-20.11.15

9. Dispenza Clelia, University of Palermo, Italy, 08-09.10.15

10. Gogulancea Valentina, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania, 01.03.-31.06.15

11. Grate W. Jay, Pacifi c Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA, 13.11.15

12. Guerard Bruno, Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, France, 29.06.15

13. Jovarauskiene Donata, Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania, 08-09.10.15

14. Kodaira Keiichi, Bonn Offi ce, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Germany, 20.08.15

15. Lavric Vasile, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania, 03-07.11.15

16. Lazunik Walentin, N.V. Karazin Kharkov National University, Ukraine, 10-16.05.15

17. Lysychenko Georgii, Institute of Environmental Geochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 23-27.11.15

18. Manara Dario, Joint Research Centre-Institute for Transuranium Elements, Materials Research, Karlsruhe, Germany, 23.09.15

19. Marchini Mariana, University of Bologna, Italy, 18.04.15

20. Nyisztor Daniel, Hungarian Atomic Energy Authority, Hungary, 25.11.15

21. Olkhovyk Yuriy, Institute of Environmental Geochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 23-27.11.15

22. Parparita Elena, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry “Petru Poni” Iasi, Romania, 08-09.10.15

23. Popov Genadii, N.V. Karazin Kharkov National University, Ukraine, 10-16.05.15

24. Sheibani Shahab, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Teheran, Iran, 15-29.11.15

25. Silvestre Clara, Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council (CNR), Italy, 08-09.10.15

26. Solpan Ozbay Dilek, Hacettepe University, Turkey, 08-09.10.15

27. Szmidt Holger, Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, Niemcy, 30.08.-05.09.15

28. Torun Murat, Hacettepe University, Turkey, 08-09.10.15

29. Venturi Margherita, University of Bologna, Italy, 18.04.15

161THE INCT SEMINARS IN 2015

THE INCT SEMINARS IN 2015

1. Prof. Victor Cerdà (Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands)An introduction to fl ow techniques of analysis

2. Prof. Victor Cerdà (Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands)Backgrounds of the fl ow techniques

3. Prof. Victor Cerdà (Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands)Separation and preconcentration methods in fl ow techniques

4. Prof. Victor Cerdà (Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands)Some environmental applications of fl ow techniques and their hyphenation with complex instruments

5. Edyta Cędrowska, M.Sc. (Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warszawa, Poland)Biokoniugaty nanocząstek tlenków metali jako nośniki emiterów cząstek w celowanej terapii radio-nuklidowej (Bioconjugates of metal-oxide nanoparticles as emitters carriers for targeted radionuclide therapy)

6. Prof. Ian T. Cousins (Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Sweden)Sources and fate of per- and polyfl uoroalkyl substances

7. Dorota Gajda, M.Sc. (Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warszawa, Poland)Odzysk wybranych metali ciężkich z rud i surowców odpadowych (Recovery of selected heavy metals from ores and raw materials)

8. Jay W. Grate, Ph.D. (Pacifi c Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA)Methodology and application of automation in radiochemical separations and analysis

9. Bruno Guerard (Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, France)Recent development of the multi-grid detector for large area neutron scattering instruments

10. Prof. Keiichi Kodaira (Bonn Offi ce, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Germany)Introduction to the international programs of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)

11. Kamila Kołacińska, M.Sc. (Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warszawa, Poland)Oznaczanie wybranych radionuklidów w chłodziwie reaktorowym z zastosowaniem metod analizy prze-pływowej (Determination of selected radionuclides in reactor coolant by using fl ow techniques)

12. Piotr F.J. Lipiński, M.Sc. (Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland)Nowe aspekty chiralnej analizy QSPR (Novel aspects of chiral QSPR analysis)

13. Sueo Machi, Ph.D. (Fellow of Japan Atomic Energy Agency and Coordinator of Japan, Forum of Nuclear Cooperation in Asia)Prospects of nuclear power in Japan and Asian countries

14. Marcin Rogowski, M.Sc. (Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warszawa, Poland)Otrzymywanie węglika uranu metodą zol-żel (Synthesis of uranium carbide by sol-gel method)

15. Konrad Skotnicki, M.Sc. (Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warszawa, Poland)Reakcje rodnikowe chinoksalin-2-onów w aspekcie ich zastosowań farmakologicznych (Radical reactions of quinoxalin-2-ones in the aspect of their pharmacological applications)

162 LECTURES AND SEMINARS DELIVERED OUT OF THE INCT IN 2015

LECTURES AND SEMINARS DELIVERED OUT OF THE INCT IN 2015

LECTURES

1. Brzóska K.Towards development of transcriptional biodosimetry for identifi cation of irradiated individuals and assessment of absorber radiation dose. 4th Annual RENEB Meeting, Rome, Italy, 04-06.03.2015.

2. Chmielewski A.G. Czterdzieści lat sterylizacji radiacyjnej materiałów medycznych w Polsce/Forty years of radiation steri-lization of health care products in Poland.60-lecie IBJ: Fizyka i chemia jądrowa w służbie medycyny/60th Anniversary of IBJ: Nuclear physics and chemistry for medicine, Świerk, Poland, 10.06.2015.

3. Chmielewski A.G. Developments in the electron beam accelerators and e/X systems engineering. Industrial applications of electron beams – materials processing, sterilization, food irradiation and environment.APAE Kick-off Meeting “The applications of particle accelerators in Europe”, London, United Kingdom, 18-19.06.2015.

4. Chmielewski A.G. Energy mix in Poland with potential share of nuclear energy.Polish-Japanese Conference “Greening the national energy system: Japanese and Polish perspectives”, Olsztyn, Poland, 02.07.2015.

5. Chmielewski A.G. Nuclear chemistry – fear and hope.2nd International Conference on Science Diplomacy and Developments in Chemistry, Warszawa, Poland, 13-16.08.2015.

6. Chmielewski A.G., Szołucha M.Radiation chemistry for modern nuclear energy.13th Tihany Symposium on Radiation Chemistry, Balatonalmádi, Hungary, 29.08.-03.09.2015.

7. Chmielewski A.G. Accelerators for the future research, industry and environmental applications. IAEA Technical Meeting on New Generation of EB Accelerators for Emerging Radiation Processing Applications, Vienna, Austria, 07-11.09.2015.

8. Chmielewski A.G. Electron beam fl ue gas treatment. International Atomic Energy Agency Scientifi c Forum “Atoms in industry: radiation technology for de-velopment”, Vienna, Austria, 15-16.09.2015.

9. Chmielewski A.G. Industrial application of electron beam. International Nuclear Atlantic Conference INAC 2015, São Paulo, Brazil, 04-09.10.2015.

10. Chmielewski A.G. Recent developments in electron accelerators applications for environmental protection. 12th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Applications of Accelerators (AccApp’15), Washington D.C., USA, 10-13.11.2015.

11. Chmielewski A.G. Polish R&D activities in the fi eld of fuel reprocessing and radioactive waste treatment. Central & Eastern Europe Nuclear New Build Congress 2015, Warszawa, Poland, 24-25.11.2015.

163LECTURES AND SEMINARS DELIVERED OUT OF THE INCT IN 2015

12. Cieśla K. Application of radiation modifi ed polysaccharide hydrogels. Erasmus+ TL-IRMP “Joint innovative training and teaching/learning program in enhancing develop-ment and transfer knowledge of application of ionizing radiation in materials processing”, Palermo, Italy, 28.09.-02.10.2015.

13. Cieśla K. Biopolymer hydrogels. Application of radiation modifi cation. Erasmus+ TL-IRMP “Joint innovative training and teaching/learning program in enhancing develop-ment and transfer knowledge of application of ionizing radiation in materials processing”, Palermo, Italy, 28.09.-02.10.2015.

14. Cieśla K. Characterization of natural polymers systems, their structural properties, related applications and de-sirable modifi cation. Part I. Basic components and raw materials. Erasmus+ TL-IRMP “Joint innovative training and teaching/learning program in enhancing develop-ment and transfer knowledge of application of ionizing radiation in materials processing”, Palermo, Italy, 28.09.-02.10.2015.

15. Cieśla K. Characterization of natural polymers systems, their structural properties, related applications and de-sirable modifi cation. Part II. Composites/nanocomposites and nanoparticles. Erasmus+ TL-IRMP “Joint innovative training and teaching/learning program in enhancing develop-ment and transfer knowledge of application of ionizing radiation in materials processing”, Palermo, Italy, 28.09.-02.10.2015.

16. Cieśla K. Chemical and physical modifi cation of polysaccharide systems: specifi c features of electromagnetic radiation. Erasmus+ TL-IRMP “Joint innovative training and teaching/learning program in enhancing develop-ment and transfer knowledge of application of ionizing radiation in materials processing”, Palermo, Italy, 28.09.-02.10.2015.

17. Cieśla K. Radiation degradation of polysaccharides and modifi cation of activity of active polysaccharides.Erasmus+ TL-IRMP “Joint innovative training and teaching/learning program in enhancing develop-ment and transfer knowledge of application of ionizing radiation in materials processing”, Palermo, Italy, 28.09.-02.10.2015.

18. Cieśla K. Radiation modifi cation of composites based on proteins the other non-polysaccharide biopolymers as well as composites/nanocomposites based on those biopolymers. Part I. Edible and biodegradable fi lms and coatings. Erasmus+ TL-IRMP “Joint innovative training and teaching/learning program in enhancing develop-ment and transfer knowledge of application of ionizing radiation in materials processing”, Palermo, Italy, 28.09.-02.10.2015.

19. Cieśla K. Radiation modifi cation of composites based on proteins the other non-polysaccharide biopolymers as well as composites/nanocomposites based on those biopolymers. Part II. Silk, and rubber. Erasmus+ TL-IRMP “Joint innovative training and teaching/learning program in enhancing develop-ment and transfer knowledge of application of ionizing radiation in materials processing”, Palermo, Italy, 28.09.-02.10.2015.

20. Cieśla K. Radiation modifi cation of polysaccharide composites for packaging. Erasmus+ TL-IRMP “Joint innovative training and teaching/learning program in enhancing develop-ment and transfer knowledge of application of ionizing radiation in materials processing”, Palermo, Italy, 28.09.-02.10.2015.

21. Cieśla K. Radiation modifi cation of polysaccharide composites: potential for the other areas. Erasmus+ TL-IRMP “Joint innovative training and teaching/learning program in enhancing develop-ment and transfer knowledge of application of ionizing radiation in materials processing”, Palermo, Italy, 28.09.-02.10.2015.

22. Dybczyński R.S.Neutronowa analiza aktywacyjna i jej rola w metrologii chemicznej (Neutron activation analysis and its role in chemical metrology).

164 LECTURES AND SEMINARS DELIVERED OUT OF THE INCT IN 2015

58 Zjazd Naukowy Polskiego Towarzystwa Chemicznego, Gdańsk, Poland, 21-25.09.2015.

23. Głuszewski W.Opakowania napromieniowane czy promieniotwórcze (Packaging – irradiated or radioactive?).LearnShops – Independent Seminars during the International Packaging Trade Show – Packaging In-novations 2015, Warszawa, Poland, 09-10.04.2015.

24. Gumiela M. Nowa metoda wydzielania Tc-99m z napromienionej w cyklotronie tarczy molibdenowej (The new method of isolation of Tc-99m from irradiated in the cyclotron molybdenum target).60-lecie IBJ: Fizyka i chemia jądrowa w służbie medycyny/60th Anniversary of IBJ: Nuclear physics and chemistry for medicine, Świerk, Poland, 10.06.2015.

25. Kiegiel K., Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz G., Gajda D., Polkowska-Motrenko H.Recovery of uranium and accompying metals from various type of industrial waste.First Research Coordination Meeting on Uranium/Thorium Fuelled High Temperature Gas Cooled Re-actor Applications for Energy Neutral and Sustainable Comprehensive Extraction and Mineral Product Development Processes, Vienna, Austria, 02-05.11.2015.

26. Koźmiński P. Grelinowe kompleksy technetu-99m jako potencjalne radiofarmaceutyki diagnostyczne (Ghrelin peptide labelled with technetium-99m complexes as potential diagnostic pharmaceuticals).60-lecie IBJ: Fizyka i chemia jądrowa w służbie medycyny/60th Anniversary of IBJ: Nuclear physics and chemistry for medicine, Świerk, Poland, 10.06.2015.

27. Leszczuk E. Nanocząstki TiO2-Substancja P (5-11) jako nośniki dla 225Ac w celowanej terapii radionuklidowej (TiO2-Substance P (5-11) nanoparticles as 225Ac carriers in targeted radionuclide therapy).60-lecie IBJ: Fizyka i chemia jądrowa w służbie medycyny/60th Anniversary of IBJ: Nuclear physics and chemistry for medicine, Świerk, Poland, 10.06.2015.

28. Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz G.Application of advanced membrane systems in nuclear desalination.2nd Research Coordination Meeting of the IAEA CRP “Application of advanced low temperature desalina-tion systems to support nuclear power plants and non-electric applications”, Vienna, Austria, 01-03.12.2015.

29. Zimek Z.Reliability and availability of high power electron accelerators for radiation processing.IAEA Technical Meeting on New Generation of EB Accelerators for Emerging Radiation Processing Applications, Vienna, Austria, 07-11.09.2015.

30. Zimek Z.Electron accelerators application.CERN Accelerator School – Advanced Accelerator Physics Course, Warszawa, Poland, 27.09.-09.10.2015.

31. Zyśk J., Niedzicki W., Latek S., Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz G. Nuclear industry promotion vs citizen centered risk communication.International Conference RICOMET 2015: Risk perception, communication and ethics of exposures to ionising radiation, Brdo, Slovenia, 15-17.06.2015.

SEMINARS

1. Chmielewski Andrzej G. Industrial applications of electron accelerators. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA, 16.11.2015.

2. Cieśla Krystyna Characterization of natural polymers systems, their structural properties, related applications and de-sirable modifi cation. Part I. Basic components and raw materials. Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey, 04.05.2015.

3. Cieśla Krystyna Characterization of natural polymers systems, their structural properties, related applications and de-sirable modifi cation. Part II. Composites/nanocomposites and nanoparticles. Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey, 04.05.2015.

165LECTURES AND SEMINARS DELIVERED OUT OF THE INCT IN 2015

4. Cieśla KrystynaAdsorbents. Classics and the current directions in research. Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey, 05.05.2015.

5. Cieśla KrystynaRadiation processes in biopolymer system. Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey, 05.05.2015.

6. Cieśla KrystynaBiopolymer hydrogels. Application of radiation modifi cation. Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey, 06.05.2015.

7. Cieśla KrystynaEdible and biodegradable fi lms and coatings based on proteins and polysaccharides.Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey, 07.05.2015.

8. Cieśla KrystynaRadiation modifi cation of composites. Part I. Modifi cation of the properties of biodegradable plastics. Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey, 07.05.2015.

9. Cieśla KrystynaRadiation modifi cation of composites. Part II. Radiation processes in nanotechnology, technical and food industries, agriculture and the other areas. Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey, 08.05.2015.

10. Gajda DorotaCzarnobyl wczoraj i dziś (Chernobyl yesterday and today). The Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum, Warszawa, Poland, 26.09.2015.

11. Głuszewski Wojciech Maria Skłodowska-Curie prekursorką radiacyjnej konserwacji dzieł sztuki (Maria Skłodowska-Curie forerunner of preservation of cultural heritage artefacts). The Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum, Warszawa, Poland, 19.09.2015.

12. Kołacińska KamilaEnergetyka jądrowa dla Polski (Nuclear energy for Poland). Warsaw School of Economics, Warszawa, Poland, 06.03.2015.

13. Kołacińska KamilaEnergetyka jądrowa dla Polski (Nuclear energy for Poland). Warsaw School of Economics, Warszawa, Poland, 23.10.2015.

14. Kruszewski Marcin Naprawa uszkodzeń DNA – już chemia czy jeszcze biologia? Nagroda Nobla 2015 (DNA repair – chem-istry or biology? Nobel Prize 2015). Warsaw University of Technology, Warszawa, Poland, 17.12.2015.

15. Przybytniak GrażynaNegatywne i pozytywne następstwa działania promieniowania jonizującego na polimery syntetyczne (Positive and negative infl uence of ionizing radiation on synthetic polymers). Polish Radiation Research Society, Łódź Branch, Łódź, Poland, 19.05.2015.

16. Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz GrażynaPostępowanie z odpadami promieniotwórczymi z elektrowni jądrowej (Disposal of radioactive waste from the nuclear power plant). XIII Fair of Renewable Sources of Energy ENEX – New Energy, Kielce, Poland, 05.03.2015.

17. Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz GrażynaWspółczesne zastosowania technik jądrowych (Modern applications of nuclear techniques). General Tadeusz Kościuszko Military Academy of Land Forces, Wrocław, Poland, 22.10.2015.

18. Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz GrażynaOdpady promieniotwórcze – nie takie straszne? (Radioactive waste – not that terrible?). University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Law and Administration, Gdańsk, Poland, 28.10.2015.

19. Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz GrażynaOdpady promieniotwórcze – nie takie straszne? (Radioactive waste – not that terrible?). Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Gdańsk, Poland, 29.10.2015.

166 AWARDS IN 2015

AWARDS IN 2015

1. Preparation of yttrium trioxide in the form of spherical grainsPlatinum Medal at the International Warsaw Invention Show IWIS 2015, Warszawa, Poland, 12-14.10.2015 Andrzej Deptuła, Wiesława Łada, Danuta Wawszczak, Edward Iller, Leszek Królicki, Jerzy Ostyk-Nar-butt

2. Preparation of yttrium trioxide in the form of spherical grainsGrand Prix at the International Warsaw Invention Show IWIS 2015, Warszawa, Poland, 12-14.10.2015 Andrzej Deptuła, Wiesława Łada, Danuta Wawszczak, Edward Iller, Leszek Królicki, Jerzy Ostyk-Nar-butt

3. Therapeutic radiopharmaceutical labelled with radionuclides of radium and method for its obtaining Silver Medal at the International Warsaw Invention Show IWIS 2015, Warszawa, Poland, 12-14.10.2015 Aleksander Bilewicz, Agata Kasperek, Tadeusz Olczak

4. Therapeutic radiopharmaceutical labelled with radionuclides of radium and method for its obtainingAGEPI (State Agency on Intellectual Property of the Republic of Moldova) Medal at the International Warsaw Invention Show IWIS 2015, Warszawa, Poland, 12-14.10.2015 Aleksander Bilewicz, Agata Kasperek, Tadeusz Olczak

5. National Order of Merit awarded by the President of the French Republic in recognition of her achieve-ments in the fi eld of nuclear chemistry and contribution to the French-Polish scientifi c cooperation Grażyna Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz

6. Professor Jan Obrąpalski medal awarded by the Main Board of the Association of Polish Electrical Engineers SEP for achievements in teaching and research in the fi eld of energy production Andrzej G. Chmielewski

7. Sposób unieszkodliwiania odpadów promieniotwórczych w szkłach krzemionkowych (Method for the disposal of radioactive wastes in structures of silica glasses; authors: A.G. Chmielewski, A. Deptuła, M. Miłkowska, W. Łada, T. Olczak)Diploma of the Ministry of Science and Higher EducationInstitute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

8. Alavi-Mandell Award of the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging and the Education and Research Foundation for Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for publication “Improved tumor targeting of anti-HER2 nanobody through N-succinimidyl 4-guanidinomethyl-3-lodobenzoate radiola-beling” in “Journal of Nuclear Medicine”Marek Pruszyński

9. Maria Skłodowska-Curie scientifi c prize for Polish scientists for achievements in nuclear materials science awarded by AREVA-EDF, French Embassy and French Institute in Poland Marta Walo

10. Porównanie bioługowania i ługowania chemicznego uranu oraz metali towarzyszących z rud ubogich w Polsce (A comparison of the uranium and accompanying metals recovery from Polish low-grade ore by bioleaching and acid leaching; authors: M. Szołucha, A.G. Chmielewski)Diploma for the best poster presented at the I Symposium of Young Scientists of the Faculty of Physics, Warszawa, Poland, 20.05.2015Monika Szołucha

11. Charakterystyki neutronowe rdzenia reaktora MARIA. Analiza modelem dyfuzyjnym (MARIA reactor core characteristics of neutron. Diffusion calculations)Third degree award of the Polish Nuclear Society for the best bachelor’s dissertation concerning nu-clear sciencesMonika Szołucha

12. Offi cer’s Cross of the Order of the Rebirth of PolandAndrzej G. Chmielewski

167AWARDS IN 2015

13. Offi cer’s Cross of the Order of the Rebirth of PolandRajmund S. Dybczyński

14. Knight’s Cross of the Order of the Rebirth of PolandJacek Michalik

15. Knight’s Cross of the Order of the Rebirth of PolandJerzy Ostyk-Narbutt

16. Knight’s Cross of the Order of the Rebirth of PolandWacław Stachowicz

17. Silver Cross of MeritRoman Janusz

18. Silver Cross of MeritZbigniew Samczyński

19. Silver Cross of MeritBożena Sartowska

20. Silver Cross of MeritWojciech Starosta

21. Bronze Cross of MeritEwelina Chajduk

22. Bronze Cross of MeritKrzysztof Łyczko

23. Bronze Cross of MeritAgnieszka Miśkiewicz

24. Bronze Cross of MeritAndrzej Nowicki

25. Bronze Cross of MeritAndrzej Rafalski

26. Bronze Cross of MeritKarol Roman

27. Gold Medal for Long-Time ServiceBarbara Bartoś

28. Gold Medal for Long-Time ServiceWanda Dalecka

29. Gold Medal for Long-Time ServiceWiesława Wawrzyniak

30. Bronze Medal for Long-Time ServiceDorota Korniszewska

31. Bronze Medal for Long-Time ServiceNatalia Pawlik

32. Pro Masovia commemorative medal awarded by the Marshal of the Mazowieckie Voivodeship for out-standing services and activity for Mazovia VoivodshipAleksander Bilewicz

33. Pro Masovia commemorative medal awarded by the Marshal of the Mazowieckie Voivodeship for out-standing services and activity for the Mazovia VoivodshipEwa Gniazdowska

34. Pro Masovia commemorative medal awarded by the Marshal of the Mazowieckie Voivodeship for out-standing services and activity for the Mazovia VoivodshipUrszula Gryczka

35. Pro Masovia commemorative medal awarded by the Marshal of the Mazowieckie Voivodeship for out-standing services and activity for the Mazovia VoivodshipRoman Janusz

168 AWARDS IN 2015

36. Pro Masovia commemorative medal awarded by the Marshal of the Mazowieckie Voivodeship for out-standing services and activity for the Mazovia VoivodshipMarcin Kruszewski

37. Pro Masovia commemorative medal awarded by the Marshal of the Mazowieckie Voivodeship for out-standing services and activity for the Mazovia VoivodshipWiesława Łada

38. Pro Masovia commemorative medal awarded by the Marshal of the Mazowieckie Voivodeship for out-standing services and activity for the Mazovia VoivodshipWojciech Maciąg

39. Pro Masovia commemorative medal awarded by the Marshal of the Mazowieckie Voivodeship for out-standing services and activity for the Mazovia VoivodshipWojciech Migdał

40. Pro Masovia commemorative medal awarded by the Marshal of the Mazowieckie Voivodeship for out-standing services and activity for the Mazovia VoivodshipMarta Walo

41. Pro Masovia commemorative medal awarded by the Marshal of the Mazowieckie Voivodeship for out-standing services and activity for the Mazovia VoivodshipTomasz Zawisza

42. Pro Masovia commemorative medal awarded by the Marshal of the Mazowieckie Voivodeship for out-standing services and activity for the Mazovia VoivodshipZbigniew Zimek

43. Honorary Medal of Merit for Economic Development in the Polish RepublicRajmund S. Dybczyński

44. Honorary Medal of Merit for Economic Development in the Polish Republic Jacek Michalik

45. Honorary Medal of Merit for Economic Development in the Polish Republic Jerzy Ostyk-Narbutt

46. Honorary Medal of Merit for Economic Development in the Polish Republic Wacław Stachowicz

47. First degree team award of Director of the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology in 2015 for a series of three original and valuable publications concerning the investigations of radiopharmaceuticals Ewa Gniazdowska, Przemysław Koźmiński, Leon Fuks

48. Second degree team award of Director of the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology in 2015 for a series of twelve publications dedicated to radiation chemistry Jacek Boguski, Leon Fuks, Ewa M. Kornacka, Krzysztof Łyczko, Krzysztof Mirkowski, Andrzej No-wicki, Grażyna Przybytnik, Jarosław Sadło, Marta Walo, Zbigniew P. Zagórski, Zbigniew Zimek

49. Third degree team award of Director of the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology in 2015 for a series of four publications dedicated to obtaining uranium ores for fabrication of nuclear fuelGrażyna Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz, Katarzyna Kiegiel, Łukasz Steczek, Irena Herdzik-Koniecko, Ewelina Chajduk, Jakub Dudek

50. Distinction of the fi rst degree of Director of the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology in 2015 for the achieved progress in the preparation of Ph.D. thesis and professional activity, including pub-lished articles, participation in the actions organized and co-organized by the Institute and participa-tion in the preparation and realization of research projects and contracts outside the InstituteEdyta Cędrowska

51. Distinction of the second degree of Director of the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology in 2015 for the achieved progress in the preparation of Ph.D. thesis and professional activity, including published articles, participation in the actions organized and co-organized by the Institute and partici-pation in the preparation and realization of research projects and contracts outside the InstituteEwa Zwolińska

52. Distinction of the third degree of Director of the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology in 2015 for the achieved progress in the preparation of Ph.D. thesis and professional activity, including pub-lished articles, participation in the actions organized and co-organized by the Institute and participa-tion in the preparation and realization of research projects and contracts outside the InstituteRafał Walczak

169AWARDS IN 2015

53. Award of Director of the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology in 2015 for management of Erasmus+ programmeYongxia Sun

54. Award of Director of the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology in 2015 for the activity in gaining cooperative research projects with industrial partnersZbigniew Zimek

55. Award of Director of the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology in 2015 for the chairing the Doctoral Dissertation Committee of the INCT Scientifi c CouncilGrażyna Przybytniak

56. Award of Director of the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology in 2015 for acting as the di-rector proxy for student practices Marta Pyszynska

170 INDEX OF THE AUTHORS

INDEX OF THE AUTHORS

A

Abramowska Anna 20, 50Apel Pavel 75

B

Bartłomiejczyk Teresa 55, 57 Bojanowska-Czajka Anna 66Brykała Marcin 36Brzóska Kamil 54Buczkowski Marek 20, 75Bułka Sylwester 25, 83Buraczewska Iwona 55

C

Chajduk Ewelina 66Chmielewski Andrzej G. 83, 85Chorąży Katarzyna 62Cieśla Krystyna 20

D

Dalecka Wanda 32 Deptuła Andrzej 36Dobrowolski Andrzej 104 Dobrowolski Jan Cz. 46Drużbicki Kacper 46Dudek Jakub 66Dziendzikowska Katarzyna 55

F

Fuks Leon 32

G

Gajda Dorota 50Głuszewski Wojciech 23Gniazdowska Ewa 43Gogulancea Valentina 85Grądzka Iwona 54, 55, 57Gromadzka-Ostrowska Joanna 55Guzik Grzegorz P. 99

H

Herdzik-Koniecko Irena 29

I

Iwaneńko Teresa 55, 58

K

Karlińska Magdalena 94 Kasztovszky Zsolt 77Kiegiel Katarzyna 50Koc Mariusz 62Kołacińska Kamila 66

Korzeniowska-Sobczuk Anna 94Kowalska Magdalena 58Kozera Klaudia 23Koźmiński Przemysław 43Kruszewski Marcin 54, 55, 58, 59 Kubera Hieronim 23Kużelewska Iga 70

L

Lankof Leszek 40Lankoff Anna 58Lavric Vasile 85Lewandowska Hanna 59 Licki Janusz 83Lisowska Halina 58Liśkiewicz Grażyna 99

Ł

Łada Wiesława 36Łuczyńska Katarzyna 46 Łyczko Krzysztof 46

M

Maróti Boglarka 77 Masłowska Katarzyna 43Męczyńska-Wielgosz Sylwia 57, 58, 59Mikiciuk-Olasik Elżbieta 43Mirkowski Krzysztof 17Miśkiewicz Agnieszka 40, 50

N

Narbutt Jerzy 29Nowicki Andrzej 17

O

Olczak Tadeusz 36Olszewska Wioleta 40Ołdak Wiesław 104Orelovitch Oleg 75Oszczak Agata 32

P

Pająk Leszek 40Palige Jacek 104Pańczyk Ewa 77Polkowska-Motrenko Halina 70Przybytniak Grażyna 17

R

Rejnis Magdalena 29Rogowski Marcin 36 Roubinek Otton 104

171INDEX OF THE AUTHORS

S

Sadło Jarosław 59Sadowska Magdalena W. 99 Samczyński Zbigniew 66, 70Sartowska Bożena 75Sikorska Katarzyna 55Smoliński Tomasz 36Sochanowicz Barbara 54Sołtyk Wojciech 104Sommer Sylwester 55Stachowicz Wacław 99Starosta Wojciech 75Steczek Łukasz 29Stępkowski Tomasz M. 59Sun Yongxia 83, 85Szumiel Irena 59Szymański Paweł 43

T

Trojanowicz Marek 62, 66

W

Waliś Lech 77Wasyk Iwona 55, 57Wawszczak Danuta 36Weker Władysław 77 Węgierek-Ciuk Aneta 58 Widawski Maciej 77 Wierzchnicki Ryszard 90Wojewódzka Maria 57, 58Wojtowicz Patryk 36Wójciuk Grzegorz 59

Z

Zakrzewska-Kołtuniewicz Grażyna 40, 50Zapór Lidia 57 Zimek Zbigniew 25 Zwolińska Ewa 83, 85

INSTITUTE OF NUCLEARCHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY

Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warszawa, Polandphone: +48 22 504 12 05, fax: +48 22 811 15 32

e-mail: [email protected]

aannual report nnual report 22015015 - ichtj

Documents