a•lt˚p a±Ævp - kerala...1 ˙y[Ùi˚u yÙrd˚lrÙu nÙ ‹m sitolfim spjßv l[ltvqj (field...
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A•lT˚P A±ÆVp
˙LW[ AW—
LpÆj’˚\
2009
Yœl◊
VIII
Tϧ - 1
Basic ScienceStd VIIIPart -I
Tamil Medium
Prepared by :State Council of EducationalResearch and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 12, Kerala.Website www.scertkerala.gov.ine-mail [email protected]
© Government of Kerala • Department of Education • 2009
˙R£V ∏Rm
_] LQ U] ARıSÙVL _V ˙a
TÙWR TÙdV YıRÙRÙ
TgNÙT ^ık’ œ_WÙR UÙWÙhPÙ
RıWÙYıP EjLX TeLÙ
YıkRıV aıUÙNX Vÿ]Ù LeLÙ
EfNX _XRı RWeLÙ
RY—T BNı^ UÙ˙L
LÙ˙a RY _V LÙRÙ
_] LQ UeL[ RÙVL _V ˙a
TÙWR TÙdV YıRÙRÙ
_V ˙a _V ˙a _V ˙a
_V _V _V _V ˙a
CW≈kßWSÙR RÙ·o
AuTÙ] UÙQYoL˙[;
Sm˚Uf —t±¤m SPdœm UÙt\eL˚[d LY]UÙL BWÙnk’,
Lt\˚X B]kRm R⁄m ˘NVXÙL UÙtflY’ GqYÙfl G]
SUdœj ˘R¨Ÿm. Lt\p J⁄ ˘RÙPof˘NVpTÙ” Bœm.
TÙP◊jRLeLs ARtLÙ] J⁄ L⁄Æ Uh”˙U. TÙP◊jRLjßp
œ±l©h”s[ ˘TÙ⁄hLs A˚]j˚RŸm A±˚Yj
RVÙ¨lTRtLÙLl TVuT”jR ˙Yi”m.
—VUÙL £kßj’m, RLYpLs ßWh•Ÿm, SiToLfiPu
˙Nok’ A‡TYeL˚[l T°ok’m øeLs E⁄YÙdœm
A±‹, Lt\p ˘NVpTÙh˚P ÿu˙SÙd° YØ SPj’m.
A±˚Y E⁄YÙdœm ˙Y˚[L∞p HWÙ[UÙ] ˙LsÆLs
EeLfidœs GZXÙm. GpXÙYt±dœm Æ˚P °˚PdL
˙Yi”m GuTßp˚X. Æ˚P Li”©•lTRtLÙ] YØ
E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi•V’m øeL˙[. ARtLÙL EeLfidœ
ERYl TÙP◊jRLÿm B£¨˚VŸm EPu C⁄lTÙoLs.
A±‹ B]kRm R⁄Y’, Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”Ls G∞RÙœm
˙Y˚[´XÙœm. AjR˚LV HWÙ[m ˘NVpTÙh•tLÙ]
YÙnl◊Ls Cl◊jRLjßp Ei”. Af˘NVpTÙh•u
YØVÙL SiToLfiPu ˙Nok’ øeLfim TV¶j’d
Lt\˚X CuTm R⁄m ˘LÙiPÙhPUÙL UÙt±P EeL[Ùp
CVXh”m.
YÙrj’LfiPu.
G. ©. Gm. ÿLU’ a¡’ IASCVdœSo (˘TÙfll◊)
UÙ®Xd LpÆVÙWÙnf£ Utflm T´t£ ®flY]m
Academic Co-ordinatorsSmt. Sobha Jacob
Dr.Ancy Varghese
Members participated in the Textbook workshopSri. Narayanan.M.PSri. M.Pradeep KumarSri. Pradeep Kumar.K.VSri. Rajan.M.VSri. Rajesh.K.OSri. K.RamakrishnanSri. Ramesh Kumar.M.KSri. R.RenjithSri. Sanil Kumar.M.PSri. Sathyajyothi.SSri. Satheesh Kumar.SSri. C.SasidharanSri. V.K.SasidharanSri. Sebastian Lukose.T.JSri. Sibi MathaiDr. K.S.SajanSri. Sirajudheen.P.TSri. Stalin.V.ASri. Shyamjith.MSri. K.Suresh KumarDr. R.K.Sunil KumarDr. R.Suresh ChandrakurupSri. Thilakan.K.Sri. Venugopalan.V.VSri. Vinod.E.C
Dr. K.Abdul RasheedSri. Abdul SatharSri.Abdul Karim.K.CSri. Aloshious.ESri. Anil.M.RSri. Anil Kumar.P.KSri. Baburaj PayyathSri. P.D.BabySri. Balakrishnan KadanDr. Biju.ASri. Boby JoseSmt. Bindu.K.CSmt. Famila.E.RSri. N.K.GopalanSri.K.JayarajanSri. Jose PaulSri. N.G.Krishna PillaiSri. Madhu Kumar.P.RSri. Manoj Kumar.P.PSri. Muhammed Abdul Nazar.KDr. Muhammed Unni Elias MusthafaSri. K. MuraleedharanSri. V. MuraleedharanDr. K.MurukanSri. P.S.Mathew
National ExpertsDr. Vinod Raina
Dr.Anitha Ramphal
ArtistsSri. Abhilash.T.KSri. Bimal Kumar.SSri. Divakaran.M.MSri.C.RajendranSri. Sajith Sudhakar
ExpertsDr. Jayaraman.P.RSri. Mohankumar.CSri. K.PappoottiDr. Subash BabuSri. K.Suresh BabuDr. Vijayakumaran Nair
State Council of Educational Research and TrainingVidyabhavan, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 012
Tamil Version
Dr. Nainar, MSri. Oliver, GSri. Srinivasan, S.P
Academic Co-ordinator
Dr. Sahaya Dhas, D
Smi. Thobias, KSri. Thanislas, MDr. Vijayalakshmi, T
Es[PdLm
1. ˙Y[Ùi˚U YÙrd˚LRÙu 07
2. E´¨]eLfidœ J⁄ ÿLY¨ 23
3. CVt˚L AZ°˙V... 36
4. UÙt\eLs 47
5. ÍXd·fl, A‘ 59
6. A‘Æu A˚Ul◊ 68
7. ®˚XjR¤dLÙL 79
8. J∞´u TÙ˚R´p 87
9. CVdLm 95
10. Æ˚N 103
11. Ek’Æ˚NŸm A›jRÿm 110
11111 ˙Y[Ùi˚U YÙrd˚LRÙu
NÙ◊‹m SiToLfim SPjßV L[lTVQj (field trip) RLYpL˙[ ˙Utœ±l©hP˚Y.
NdL¨VÙ©s˚[ AiQu ·±V˚Rl ˙TÙp ÆYNÙVjß˚] BRÙVLWUÙ]RÙdL ÿ•ŸUÙ?
EeLfi˚PV L⁄j’ G›R‹m.
T—˚U˚V ˙SÙd° Ko TVQm
NdL¨VÙ ©s˚[ AiQ≤u ˙RÙhPjßu AZœ Cuflm ˘Sg˚N Æh”øeLÆp˚X.
"T—˚U" Gufl R]’ ≈h•tœl ˘TVo „h•Vß≠⁄k˙R ÆYNÙVjßp AY⁄dœs[
D”TÙ” ˘R¨°u\’. RUdœf ˘NÙkRUÙ] 50˘Nuh CPj˚Rf —t± ˘LÙu˚\ Utflm,
ÿ⁄e˚LVÙp ˙Y≠ Lh•Ÿs[Ùo. ˘LÙu˚\˚V Jh• Y[okR SpX™[œm, ˙Y≠
ÿ›Y’UÙLl TWÆ´⁄dœm ˙LÙ˚YdLÙnLfim ◊j’Qo˚Yj R⁄m LÙh£Ls Bœm.
A’ Uh”UpXÙUp TÙLtLÙn, ◊P˚X, TVfl, ™[LÙn, ˘Yi˚PdLÙn, RdLÙ∞, ÈN¶,
∏˚W ˙Tu\˚YLfim Aeœ Ei”. øolTÙN]jßtœm, ¡u Y[ol©tœUÙL £fl œ[m
Juflm Es[’. ˘RÙ›Yjßp 5 T—dLs. Ti˚Qd LØ‹Ls, EßokR C˚XLs, £fl
°˚[Ls, A›°V LÙnL±l ˘TÙ⁄hLsVÙ‹m, Lm˙TÙvh EWUÙL UÙt\lT”°u\].
˙Y≠˚V Jh• Y[⁄m T—m◊p, £fl ˘Yt±Pm ·P CpXÙR A[Ætœl T—˚U˚Vl
TWYf ˘Nn°u\ J⁄ T—˚UlÈeLÙ. J⁄ Y˚L´p °˚Pdœm LØ‹l ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[
˙Y˘\Ùu±tœl TVuT”jß EtTjßf ˘NX˚Yd Lh”lT”j’°u\ ß\˚U GkR˘YÙ⁄
ÆYNÙ´dœm ÿuUÙߨVÙœm. CRtLÙL 20 ˘Nuh ®Xj˚R ˘SpNÙœT•dœm
TVuT”j’°u\Ùo.
≈h•u ˙UpUÙ•˚Vd ·P Æh”˚YdLÆp˚X. Aeœ ˙LÙØ, LÙ˚Pd˙LÙØ, Utflm
£flT\˚YLs Y[o°u\]. U¨Vm AdLÙÆtœjRÙu ARu ˘TÙfll◊.
ÆYNÙVm ˘NnYRÙp GkR XÙTÿm Cp˚X G]d ·flTY¨Pm øeLs ˘NÙpX Æ⁄m◊m
L⁄j’ Gu] G] Æ]ÆV˙TÙ’, R]d˙L E¨V TÙ¶´p £¨j’d ˘LÙi”
APdLj’Pu AYo ˘NÙu]’,
"J⁄ ÆYNÙ´dœ ÆYNÙVm GuT’ YÙrd˚LVÙœm. YÙrd˚L GuT’ XÙTm CpXÙR
Jufl G] VÙ⁄dLÙY’ ·\ ÿ•ŸUÙ?"˙Ut·±V’ GeLfidœl ◊¨VÆp˚X G‡m TÙeœPu AY˚Wl TÙoj˙RÙm. ˘RÙPok’
AYo ·±VRÙY’.
ÆtT˚] ˘NnYRtLÙ] YNß Cu˚UŸm Æ˚X´p HtT”°u\ Ht\jRÙr‹m
ÆYNÙVj’˚\´u RPeLpL[Ùœm. EsoL∞˙X˙V ÆtT˚] ˘NnŸm YNß˚Vl
˘T⁄dœY’m EtTjß ˘NnVlThP ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[j ˙Rd° ˚Ydœm ˚UVeL˚[j
’YdL‹m ÆYNÙ´L∞u ·hP˚Ul◊Ls ÿVt£ ˘NnV ˙Yi”m. AqYÙ\Ù]
·hP˚Ul◊Ls GeLs Tœß´p Ei”. BoYÿm ˘RÙ˚X ˙SÙdœlTÙo˚YŸm
Ei˘P≤p ÆYNÙVm Gp˙XÙ⁄dœm XÙTj˚R Dh•jR⁄m. Gu‡˚PV œ”mTjß]o
YÙrYRtœ ÆYNÙVm ˙TÙ’UÙ]RÙœm.
AiQ≤u ˙Tf£p Uh”UpX, T—˚U´¤m ÿt±¤m ÆYNÙVm ®˚\k’s[’.
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
8
NdL¨VÙ ©s˚[ AiQ≤u ˙RÙhPjßu TPjß˚] Suœ LY≤dL‹m. Aj’Pu
LXlTVQjß (field trip) u œ±l©˚]Ÿm BWÙnk’ ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ œ±l◊L∞u
A•lT˚P´p J⁄ LXk’˚WVÙPp SPjß EeLs L⁄j’ N¨VÙ? RY\Ù? G]d Li”©•dL‹m.
ÆYNÙV ®Xjßu AßLlT•VÙ] TVuTÙ” GqYÙfl NÙjßVUÙ´tfl?
EtTjßf ˘NX‹ GqYÙfl œ˚\dLlTh”s[’.?
RÙYWeL˚[ Sh”Y[olT’ Uh”m RÙu ÆYNÙVUÙ? ÆYNÙVjßtœ J⁄ ˘NVpÿ˚\
Æ[dLm A∞dL‹m.
TPm 1.1
ÆYNÙV CPm
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
9
CqÆWi” ÆYNÙ´L∞u TVflf˘N•L∞u £\l◊m, œ˚\TÙ”m Gu]˘Yufl NÙpXÿ•ŸUÙ?
CWi” Y˚LVÙ] RÙYWeL∞¤ÿs[ SpX Ti◊L˚[ Jufl NodL CVu\Ùp ◊ßV UmThP
WLj˚R E⁄YÙdL ÿ•ŸUpXYÙ? CRtœl TVuT”m ÿ˚\˙V LXl©]m ˘NnRp
(hybridisation) Gufl øeLs ˘R¨k’˚Yj’s«oLs ApXYÙ?
EeLfi˚PV T´flf ˘N•´p GqY[‹LÙnLs! Gu‡˚PV T´fl
˘N•˚Vl TÙ⁄eLs.˙T⁄dœd ˘LÙgNm.
ÆYNÙV ®Xjßu TVuTÙh˚P CVu\Y˚W AßL¨dLf ˘NnYR]Ù¤m EtTjßf ˘NX‹
œ˚\lTRtLÙ] YØÿ˚\L˚[d L˚P©•lTRÙ¤m Uh”m ÆYNÙVm XÙTj˚Rj R⁄m G]d
·\ÿ•ŸUÙ? ÆYNÙVjßp XÙTj˚R Dh”YRtœ C˚PÎ\ÙL C⁄dœm ©WfN˚]Ls G’˘Y]
Th•V≠P‹m.
$ ˙UmThP RWÿ˚PV T´oY˚LL∞u Rh”lTÙ”.
$ EtTjßjß\u ™œkR E´¨]eL˚[l Tt±Ÿm AYt±u TWÙU¨l◊ Tt±Ÿm TÙßV A±‹
Cu˚U.
$ A±ÆVp ÿ˚\´XÙ] EWlTVuTÙ” Tt±V A±‹ Cu˚U.
$
$
ÆYNÙVm XÙTU˚PVf NnYRtœ C˚PÎflLs Ei” G] R¨kRRpXYÙ? CqÆ˚PÎflL˚[
A±ÆVp ÈoYUÙL AX£j æo‹ LÙiTRtLÙ] YØÿ˚\L˚[d L˚P©•dL ˙Yi”m.
CWi” ÆYNÙ´Ls ˙T£d˘LÙsY˚Rd LY≤ŸeLs Gi¶d˚L´p Gu]Es[’? Gu‡˚PV T´flL∞p
˙SÙn Utflm Èf£ Gßol◊j Ru˚U˘LÙgNÿm Cp˚X. AlT•lTÙojRÙp
EeL[’˘N•L˙[ Up
TPm 1.2
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
10
∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ TPjßu œ±l◊L˚[l TVuT”jß BWÙnk’ TÙodL‹m. LXl©]m NnR¤dœ
J⁄ ˘NVpÿ˚\ Æ[dLm A∞j’ EeLs A±ÆVp Tß˙Yh•p G›R‹m.
˙Ro‹ ˘NnVlThP˘Tt˙\Ùo RÙYWm I (˘Ti)
˙Ro‹ ˘NnVlThP
˘Tt˙\Ùo RÙYWm II (Bi)
˘Tt˙\Ùo RÙYWm I ULWkRm ødLm˘Nn°u\]o (LÙV•jRp)
BiÈƤs[ ULWkRjÁs
˙NL¨dLlT”°u\’
˙NL¨jR ULWkRß˚] TVuT”jߢTiÈÆp ULWkRf ˙Nod˚L
HtT”j’°u\]o.
˘TiÈ˚Y TÙ≠jæu ˚T˚VTVuT”jß Í”°u\]o.
Æ˚R˚V
˙NL¨d°u\]o
Æ˚R˚V ÿ˚[dL
˚Yd°u\]o
˙UmT”jRlThP WLj˚R
˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’ Y[od°u\]o
TPm 1.3LXl©]m NnRp
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
11
Bi, ˘Ti RÙYWeL˚[j ˙Ro‹ ˘NnŸm ˙TÙ’ LY≤dL˙Yi•V’ Gu]?
RÙnj RÙYWjߤs[ ULWkRj˚R ødLm ˘NnY’ Hu?
ULWkRf ˙Nod˚L (Pollination) SPj’Y’ GqYÙfl?
ULWkRf ˙Nod˚Ldœl ©u ˘TiÈÆ˚] Í”Y’ Hu?
LXl©]m ˘NnR≠u Tp˙Yfl ®˚XL˚[l TVuT”jß ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ TPÆ[dLjß˚]
®WlT‹m.
CqYÙfl E⁄YÙœm RÙYWeLs A˚]j’m SpX Ti◊L˚[d ˘LÙiPRÙL C⁄dL YÙnl◊
Cp˚X. TX R˚Xÿ˚\L∞¤s[ WLeL˚[ LXl©]m ˘NnYR]Ùp RÙu ˙UmT”jRlThP
RÙYWeL˚[ E⁄YÙdL ÿ•°u\’. CqYÙfl Æ⁄m©V Ti◊L˚[d ˘LÙiP RÙYWeL˚[d
LiP±k’ EflßT”j’m NVp Ro‹ NnRp (selection) G]lT”m. LXl©]f NV≠u YÙ´XÙL
E⁄YÙd°V RÙYWeLs ÆYNÙVj’˚\´u Y[of£dœl T¨’m ERÆŸs[’. AßL UL„˚Xj
R⁄Y’, ˙SÙn Utflm Èf£ Gßol◊j Ru˚U, Æ˚WÆp ÿßof£Ÿflm œfl°V LÙX T´oLs G]
SÙm Æ⁄m◊m SpX Ti◊L˚[d ˘LÙiP LXl©]jRÙYWeLs HWÙ[UÙL Cufl TVuTÙh•p
Es[].
↓
↓↓↓↓↓
˙YflThP Ti◊L˚[d ˘LÙiP
˘Tt˙\Ùo RÙYWeL∞u ˙Ro‹
TPÆ[dLm I
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
12
(a) —Skß≤ (b) A’pVÙ
TPm1.4
˙Y[Ùi˚Uj’˚\´p TWYXÙLl TVuT”jRlT”m £X LXl©] WLeL˚[ EeLfidœj
˘R¨ŸUpXYÙ?
$ ˘_VÙ, AvYß, IR-8, .................................... ˛ ˘Sp
$ T D, D T, ............................................... ˛ ˘Ru˚]
Cufl S˚Pÿ˚\´¤s[ ©\ LXl©]j RÙYW C]eL∞u ˘TVoL˚[f ˙NL¨j’ J⁄
—YolTjߨ˚L RVÙo ˘Nn’ YœlT˚\´p LÙh£dœ ˚YdL‹m.
˙UmT”jRlThP RÙYWeLs Uh”™u± ˙UmT”jRlThP ÆXe°]eL˚[Ÿm E⁄YÙd°P
LXl©]f ˘NVp ER‹°u\’.
˙UmT”jRlThP, EtTjßjß\u ™œkR RÙYWm Utflm ÆXe°]eL˚[ EtTjß ˘NnŸm
EXLl◊Lr Tt\ ®flY]eLs SU’ UÙ®Xjßp Es[]. UÙh”lTh•´p A˚Uk’s[ Ck˙RÙ
˛ —Æv ◊˙WÙ_d•p RÙu —Skß≤ ©\kR’. A’pVÙ ˛˙LW[Ù ˙Y[Ùi˚U TpL˚XdLZL
˙LÙØ Y[ol◊ ˚UVjßu T˚PlTÙœm.
CqYÙfl ◊Lr ˘Tt\ £X ®flY]eL∞u ˘TVo ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[].. ˙U¤m, ˙Y[Ùi
BWÙnf£ ˚UVeL˚[lTt± ÆNÙ¨j’j RLYp ßWhP‹m.
$ ˘Sp BWÙnf£ ˚UVeLs ˛ ThPÙm©, Ue˘LÙm◊
$ CWlTo BWÙnf£ ®˚XVm ˛ ˙LÙhPVm.
$ SpX™[œ BWÙnf£ ˚UVm ˛ Tu≤Îo (LiÊo)
$ UjßV Æ˚[l˘TÙ⁄hLs BWÙnf£ ˚UVm ˛ LÙNo˙LÙ”, LÙVmœ[m
$ UjßV °Zeœ Y˚L BWÙnf£ ®˚XVm ˛ cLÙ¨Vm (ß⁄Y]kR◊Wm)
$
$
˙UmT”jRlThP LXl©] WLeLs HWÙ[UÙL C⁄dœm˙TÙ’ R≤jRu˚UŸ˚PV
EsSÙh” C]eLs TÙ’LÙdLlTP ˙Yi”UÙ? EeLs L⁄j’ Gu]?
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
13
R≤j’Yjßu U°˚USmÿ˚PV LÙX®˚Xdœm Ui‘dœm
Aeœ Y[o°u\ RÙYWeLfidœm C˚P
˙VŸs[ ∫WÙ] ˘RÙPo˙T ˙LW[j˚R
T—˚UVÙd°V’. LÙX®˚Xd˙Lt\’m
˙SÙnR”lTÙt\p Es[’UÙ°V GqY[‹
RÙYW´]eLs SUdœ C⁄kR]? RY˚[d
LiQu, œ[lTÙ˚X, £t˙\¶ ˙TÙu\
˘Sp WLeLfim, ßjßdœm UÙeL≤Ls
HWÙ[UÙLd LÙndœm °∞Ídœ UÙUWÿm,
TÙ˚[Vm˙LÙPu YÙ˚ZŸm, ˙YL˚Ydœm
˙TÙ’ ˘Yi˚Q˚Vl ˙TÙX UÙfl°u\
LÙf£p °Zeœm, Nm◊d °Zeœm AYtfls
£X. J⁄ œ”mTj ßtœj ˙R˚YVÙ]
A[‹ TÙp R⁄°u\ ˘Yf„o T— SUdœ
Uh”m ˘NÙkRUÙ]RÙL C⁄kR’. £±V
E P X ˚ U l
◊m, ™Lf £\kR ˙SÙnR”lTÙt\¤m
J⁄e°˚QkR CYt±u TWÙU¨l◊f
˘NX‹m œ˚\YÙL˙Y C⁄kR’.
EtTjßß\u ™œkR LXl©]
E´¨]eL∞u Y⁄˚LVÙp Sm SÙh•p
LÙQlThP R≤j’Ym ®˚\kR
E´¨]eL∞u Gi¶d˚L œ˚\V˙YÙ
RÙnj RÙYWjßu œQSXuL˚[d ˘LÙiP RÙYWeL˚[ EtTjß
˘Nn°u\ J⁄ ˘RÙØp ÷hT˙U ß— Y[ol◊ (tissue culture) G]
T•jß⁄d∏»oL[pXYÙ? J⁄ RÙYWjß—Æ≠⁄k’ HWÙ[UÙ]
RÙYWeL˚[ E⁄YÙdL ÿ•Ÿm GuT˙R CRu £\l◊. LXl©]f
˘NV≠]Ùp ˙UmThP œQeL˚[d ˘LÙiP J⁄ RÙYW C]j˚R
E⁄YÙd°]Ùp ™Ld œfl°V LÙXjßtœs AR‡˚PV LuflL˚[
HWÙ[UÙL EtTjß ˘NnV ß—Y[ol©]Ùp ÿ•Ÿm.
∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ Æ[dLjß˚] YÙ£dL‹m. EeLfi˚PV L⁄j’ GkR A[‹dœ N¨ GuT˚R
Bn‹ ˘NnV‹m. Bn‹d L⁄jß˚] A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m.
TPm 1.5
˘Yf„o T—‹m UÙUW‹m
TPm 1.6
ß— Y[ol◊ YÙ˚ZUWÿm, LuflLfim.
ApX’ ÿt±¤UÙL AØV˙YÙ ˘NnR’.
CR]Ùp Smÿ˚PV E´¨Vp Y[jßtœ
HtThP œ˚\‹, L”˚UVÙ] ©Wf£˚]
L˚[ ˙RÙtflÆjR’. LÙXjßu ˙NÙR˚]
L˚[d LPk’ Cl◊Æ´p ®˚Xj’ ®tœm
E´¨]eL∞≠⁄k’ Uh”˙U ˙UmThP
œQeL˚[d ˘LÙiP E´¨]eL˚[
E⁄YÙdL ÿ•Ÿm Gu\ Ei˚U˚V SÙm
U\k’ Æ”°˙\Ùm.
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
14
ÆYNÙVjß≠⁄k’ XÙTm DhP, ˙UmT”jRlThP E´¨]eL∞u ÿd°Vj’Yj˚Rl Tt±Ÿm
AjR˚LV E´¨]eL˚[ E⁄YÙdœ°\ £X YØÿ˚\L˚[l Tt±Ÿm ˘R¨k’
˘LÙiºoL[pXYÙ?
˙UmT”jRlThP RÙYWeL˚[l T´¨”YRÙp Uh”m SpX UL„˚Xl T\XÙm G]d ·\ÿ•VÙ’.
RÙYW Y[of£dœ HWÙ[UÙ] R≤UeLs ˙R˚Y Guflm CjR≤UeLs Ui¶p C⁄k’RÙu
RÙYWeLfidœd °˚Pd°u\] Guflm EeLfidœ ˘R¨kR˙R. RÙYWeLfidœj ˙R˚YVÙ]
R≤UeLs °˚PdL ˙Yi”˘U≤p Ui¶u A˚Ul◊m Ui¶u Y[ÿm ˙UmT”jRlTP
˙Yi”m. Ui¶u Y[j˚Rf ∫WÙL ˚YlTRtœ EWeL˚[l TVuT”j’°˙\Ùm.
E´oEWeLfim CWNÙV] EWeLfim GqYÙfl ˘NVpT”°u\] GuT˚Rd LÙh”m
Æ[dLlTPjß˚]d LY≤dL‹m.
EWm R⁄m ÷i‘´¨Ls
E´¨l ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u £˚R‹flR¤dœ ER‹m ÷i‘´¨L˚[ Ui‘Pu LXkRÙp
Al˘TÙ⁄hL∞u £˚R‹flRp ˙YLUÙL‹m ÿ›˚UVÙL‹m S˚P˘Tflm. ˚ShW_˚]
˚Sh˙WhPÙL UÙtflYRtœm, ø¨p L˚WVÙR TÙvTW˚Nd L˚WŸmT•f ˘NnV‹m ER‹°u\
÷i‘´¨Ls Ei”. ANh˙PÙTÙdPo TÙdº¨VÙ Y∞UiPXjߤs[ ˚ShW_˚]
A˙UÙ≤VÙYÙL UÙtfl°\’. A˙UÙ≤VÙ ˚ShW_u NjRÙLj RÙYWeLfidœl TVuT”°\’.
ANh˙PÙTÙdPo Cufl L˚PL∞p °˚Pd°\’. ˘Ru˚], UWYs∞d°Zeœ, L⁄m◊
˙TÙu\Yt±tœ C’ £\lTÙ]RÙœm. A˙NÙ[Ù G‡m øojRÙYWm SpX E´oEWUÙL
˘NVXÙtfl°\’. CjRÙYWjßp YÙ›m ˚N˙]Ù TÙdº¨VÙÆp (cyano-bacteria) LÙQlT”m
£X £\l◊ YÙnkR £t\˚\Ls Y∞UiPXjߤs[ ˚ShW_˚] ˚ShW_u EWeL[ÙL
UÙtfl°\’. CjRÙYWm £˚R‹flm˙TÙ’ TÙvTWv, ˘TÙhPÙ£Vm, ’jRSÙLm, C⁄m◊ ˙TÙu\
R≤UeLfim EWUÙL RÙYWeLfidœ °˚Pd°u\]. ˚Ud˙LÙ ˚WNÙ ApX’
˙YolÈg˚NLs G]lT”m LÙ[Ùu Y˚L˚Vf NÙokR˚Y RÙYWeLfidœ TÙvTWv EWm
°˚PlTRtœ ER‹°\’.
E´¨ EWeL∞u TVuTÙh•tœ ÿu]RÙL Ui¶u Y[j˚RŸm, A˚Ul˚TŸm
LY≤dL˙Yi”m. ˙TÙ’UÙ] A[Æp øolTÙN]m ˘NnV ˙Yi”m. E´¨ EWeLfiPu
CWNÙV] EWeL˚[Ÿm Èf£d ˘LÙp≠L˚[Ÿm TVuT”jRd·PÙ’. CqYÙ\Ù] ÿu
GfN¨d˚LL˚[d L˚P©•jRÙp Uh”˙U ÷i‘´¨Lfidœ Ui¶p E´oYÙZ ÿ•Ÿm.
CWNÙV] EWeL∞u TVuTÙ”
LØ‹Ls
Ui¶¤s[ RÙ’
˘TÙ⁄hLs
÷i E´¨Ls
ÆXeœLs
RÙYWeLs
E´¨ EWeL∞u TVuTÙ”
£˚R‹flRp
TPÆ[dLm II
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
15
∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ œ±l◊L˚[l TVuT”jß SiToLfiPu LXkRÙ˙XÙ£j’ EWlTVuTÙ”Tt±
L⁄j’dL˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m.
T—kRÙs, CWNÙV] EWeLs Utflm E´¨ EWeLs GqYÙfl Ui¶u RÙ’ El◊dL[ÙL
UÙfl°u\]?
RÙYWeLfidœ G∞ßp Eh˘LÙs[ CV¤Y’ E´¨ EWeL[Ù CWNÙV] EWeL[Ù? Hu?
T—kRÙs, CWNÙV] EWeLs Utflm EtTjß ˘NnŸm EWeLs GqYÙfl E´¨
EWeL∞≠⁄k’ ˙YflTh”s[]?
CWNÙV] EWeL∞u TVuTÙ” AßL¨jRÙp Ui¶¤s[ ÷i E´¨L∞u Gi¶d˚L
œ˚\V ˙S¨”m. C’ Ui¶u A˚Ul◊ Utflm Y[jß˚] GqYÙfl TÙßd°u\’?
RÙYWeLfidœ ™L‹m TVuT”Y’ CWNÙV] EWeL[Ù CVt˚L EWeL[Ù?
E´¨ EWeL∞u TVuT”j’R˚X EflßlT”jR SmUÙp Gu] ˘NnV CV¤m?
NdL¨VÙ©s˚[ AiQ≤u ˙Y[Ùiÿ˚\´p CVt˚L EWeL∞u TVuTÙh•tœ AYo
˙Ut˘LÙiP SPY•d˚LL˚[d LY≤dL‹m.
LÙpS˚PL∞u TWÙU¨l◊m, RÙYWeL∞u TWÙU¨l◊m Jufl ˙NW S˚Pÿ˚\lT”j’YRu
ÿd°Vj’Ym ◊¨kRRpXYÙ?
ÆYNÙVj’Pu RÙPo◊˚PV Gk˘RkR ÆXe°]eL˚[ SmUÙp TWÙU¨dL ÿ•Ÿm. Th•V≠P‹m.
$ $ $
$ $ $
$ $ $
U≤R‡dœj ˙R˚YVÙ]Yt˚\ CVt˚L´≠⁄k’ ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’ Ru‡˚PV —tfllTœß´p
T´o ˘NnV BWmTjß≠⁄k’ ÆYNÙV SÙL¨Ljßtœ ˘RÙPdL UÙ´tfl. AR˚]j ˘RÙPok’,
TX ÆXeœLfim, RÙYWeLfim Y]jß≠⁄kR Sm œ”mTjßu AeLjß]oL[Ù´].
AYt±≠⁄k’ £\kRYt˚\j ˙Ro‹ ˘NnV‹m, ˙UmT”jR‹m U≤R≤u A±ÆVp ß\]Ùp
ÿ•kR’. HWÙ[UÙ] Y∞SÙh” E´¨]eLs Ceœ LÙi”YWl ThP]. LXl©]f NV≠]Ùp
˙UmThP Ti◊L˚[d ˘LÙiP WLeLs E⁄YÙdLlThP]. LÙXl˙TÙd°p LÙpS˚Pl
TWÙU¨l©¤m. T\˚YLs Y[ol©¤m ÿu˙]t\m HtThP’. Ti˚PdLÙXjßp, Bfl Utflm
LP≠p C⁄k’RÙu ¡u °˚PjR’. B]Ùp Cufl ¡u Y[ol◊ (pisciculture) G‡m ÆYNÙV
÷hTjßu Y[of£VÙp ˘NVt˚L øoj˙RdLeL∞p ·P ¡u Y[ol◊ NÙjßVUÙ´tfl.
U˚XlTœßL∞¤m, ˘T¨V UWeL∞u °˚[L∞¤m Uh”m Y£jß⁄kR ˙R…dL˚[ £fl
˘Th•L∞p A˚Pj’j ˙Ru EtTjߢNnV ˙Ru Y[ojRp (apiculture) G‡m ÷hTm ’˚Q
◊¨k’.
˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ TPeL˚[Ÿm œ±l◊L˚[Ÿm LY≤dL‹m.
RLYpLs ßWh• ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ AhPY˚Q˚V ®WlT‹m.
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
16
—]kß≤, ˘_o≥, —Æv ©W‹u ˙TÙu\˚Y
˙LW[jßu LÙX®˚Xdœ ELkR, LXl©]m
˘NnVlThP AßL TÙp R⁄m T—dL[Ùœm.
ÿoWÙ, TÙRÙY¨, ®≠WÆ ˙TÙu\˚Y
˙UmT”jRlThP G⁄˚UWLeLfim, UXTÙ¨,
_m]ÙTÙ¨ ˙TÙu\˚Y £\kR Y˚L
B”LfiUÙœm.
˙UmT”jRlThP Ti◊L˚[d ˘LÙiP
HWÙ[UÙ] T\˚Y C]eL˚[ SÙm EtTjß
˘Nn’ TWÙU¨j’ Y⁄°˙\Ùm. ˚U˙]ÙodL,
°WÙU Xh—™, Ae˙LÙQ, °¨WÙ_Ù
˙LÙØLfim, UvLÆ, ˘Td°uv, WÙVuv
YÙj’dLfim, ˙TÙl ˚Yh, _lTÙu
LÙ˚PLfim CYt±p APeœm.
EQ‹dLÙL TVuT”jRlT”m ¡uLs,
AXeLÙW ¡uLs, C\Ùp ˙TÙu\˚Y
XÙTLWUÙL Y[olTRtœ ÿ•Ÿm. ˘L¸WÙ™,
LÙol◊, ˙WÙœ, LhXÙ ˙TÙu\˚Y Y[ol
TRtœ ELkR EQ‹dLÙL TVuT”m
¡uL[Ùœm, ˙LÙp” ¡u, HgNp, ˙UÙ∞
˙TÙu\˚Y AXeLÙW ¡uLfim, SÙWu,
LÙ˚W ˙TÙu\˚Y TWYXÙL Y[odLlT”m
C\Ùp Y˚LLfim Bœm.
˙Ru FhPfNj’ ®˚\kR’m, U⁄j’Y
œQeL˚[d ˘LÙiP’UÙ] ™Lf£\kR
EQYÙœm. B˚LVÙp ˙Ru D Y[ol◊
XÙTLWUÙ] J⁄ ˘RÙØp Bœm. œ±lTÙL,
CWlTo ˙RÙhPeLs HWÙ[UÙL Es[ Sm
SÙh•p. ˘Up≠˘TWÙ, ˘SÙ•Vu ˙TÙu\
Tp˙Yfl C]j Ru DdLs Y[ol©tœ TVu
T”°u\].
TPm 1.7 (a)
TPm 1.7 (b)
TPm 1.7 (c)
TPm 1.7 (d)
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
17
Th•u £\l◊m AYt±u ˙Up ˘LÙi”s[
Æ⁄lTÿm Th” Ë≠u ˙R˚Y˚V AßL¨dLf
˘Nn°\’. Cf NkRolTjß˚]l TVuT”jßl
Th”lÈf£ Y[ol◊ (sericulture) XÙTLWUÙd°P
ÿ•Ÿm. ˘Ru]k ˙RÙl◊dL∞p F”T´WÙL
Up˘T¨f ˘N•L˚[ Y[odLXÙm. Th”l
Èf£´u ÿh˚P´≠⁄k’ ˘Y∞Y⁄m
XÙoYÙdLfidœ (Th”Ëpl◊›) Up˘T¨
C˚XL˚[d ˘LÙ”j’ Y[od°u\]o. XÙoYÙ
T⁄Yjßu Cflß´p EØrøof —Wl©VÙp
—WdLlT”m Th”ËpL˚[d ˘LÙi” A˚Y
Y[o˚T˚V (˘LÙd·u) ©u‡°u\]. Cq
Y[o˚T´≠⁄k’ Th” Ëp ©¨j’
G”dLlT”°\’.
$ XÙTj˚Rl ˘T⁄dœm Y˚L´p ÆYNÙVj’˚\´¤s[ EV¨]eL˚[ GqYÙfl
TVuT”jRXÙm? YØÿ˚\L˚[d ·\‹m. CqYÙfl ˙Y[Ùi’˚\´p RÙYWeL˚[Ÿm
ÆXeœL˚[Ÿm J⁄e°˚Qj’l TVuT”j’Y˚R˙V J⁄e°˚QkR ÆYNÙVÿ˚\
(integrated farming) Gu°˙\Ùm.
EeLs Tœß´p J⁄e°˚QkR ÆYNÙVÿ˚\ TVuT”jRlT”°\RÙ? A˚Rl Tt± ÆNÙ¨j’
J⁄ £fl œ±l◊ RVÙo ˘NnV‹m.
˙Y[ÙiT´oL˚[l T´¨”m˙TÙ’ ™Lf£\kR XÙTj˚R Dh”YRtœ ˙UmT”jRlThP WLeL˚[
˙Ro‹ ˘NnV˙Yi”m G] SÙm ◊¨k’˘LÙi˙PÙm.
RÙYWeLfidœm, ÆXeœLfidœm HtT”m Tp˙Yfl Y˚LVÙ] ˙SÙnLs LÙWQUÙL‹m
ÆYNÙVjßtœ CZl◊ ˙S¨PXÙm.
’˚\Ls C]eLs EtTjߢNnŸm ˘TÙ⁄hLs
LÙp S˚P Y[ol◊
˙Ru D Y[ol◊
¡u Y[ol◊
Th”Ëp ◊› Y[ol◊
Th•Vp 1.1
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
18
Èf£L˚[ SpX ÿ˚\´p Lh”lT”jß]Ùp Uh”˙U ÆYNÙVj˚R XÙTLWUÙdL ÿ•Ÿm.
Èf£dLh”lTÙ” YØÿ˚\L˚[l Tt±Ÿs[ œ±l◊L˚[d LY≤j’ ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”jß⁄dœm
˙LsÆLfidœ SiToLfiPu LXk’˚WVÙ• Tßp G›R‹m.
˙SÙnLs Uh”UpX, Èf£Lfim ÆYNÙV CZl©tœ LÙWQUÙY’i”. Tp˙Yfl Y˚LVÙ]
T´oL˚[j RÙdœ°u\ Èf£L˚[l Th•V≠P‹m.
˙SÙV‘dL[Ù°V ÷i‘´¨Ls VÙ˚Y?
Ti˚Q ÆXeœL∞≠⁄k’ U≤R‡dœl TWY YÙnl◊s[ ˙SÙnLs VÙ˚Y?
CkR SÙnL∞p T⁄mTÙXÙ]˚Y ™Ldœfl°V LÙXjßp TWYd·•VRÙœm. B]Ùp CYtfldœ
GßWÙ] ™Lf £\kR R”l◊ U⁄k’Ls Cl˙TÙ’ °˚Pd°u\].
UaÙ∞: TÙdœ
EtTjßVÙ[oLs LY˚X
LÙNo˙LÙ” : UÙYhPjßp TÙdœ
UWeL∞p TWÆY⁄m J⁄Y˚L.
YÙPp SÙ Vd Lh”lT”jRœÿ∞ : SpX™[˚L RÙdœmÈg˚Ndœ GßWÙ] SPY•d˚L
ß⁄f„o : ˘LÙ•V ˙SÙVÙ°V
˙LÙUÙ¨ ˙SÙndœ RœkR ˙SÙn
R”l◊ U⁄k’ Es[’. RÙ›Yj
ß˚] —jRUÙL ˚Yjß⁄k’
Ck˙SÙ˚V Lh”lT”jRXÙm.
˙LÙUÙ¨ ˙SÙn R”dœm ÆRm
BujWÙdv ¿ß
TÙXdLÙ” : Ai˚P UÙ®XeL∞p C⁄k’
Y⁄m LÙpS˚PL∞u Gi¶d˚L œ˚\k
R’. TÙdº¨VÙÆ]Ùp HtT”m Ck˙SÙn
U≤R‡dœ TW‹m GuTRÙp Gp˙XÙ⁄m.
T\˚YdLÙnfNp Eflß ˘NnVlThP’ß⁄Y]kR◊Wm : LÙØLfidœ Ck˙SÙn
E⁄YÙLdLÙWQUÙ] YWvdœE⁄UÙt\m HtT”Y’ U≤R‡dœm
Ck˙SÙn TWYdLÙWQUÙœm Gu\ ¿ß
UiP¨ ˙SÙnÆYNÙ´Ls RÆl◊
BXl◊˚Z : UÙ®Xjßp TXTœßL∞pTW‹m UiP¨ ˙SÙ˚V Lh”lT”jRÿ•VÙR’, Ru˚] ÆYNÙ´Ls
Èf£´u ˘TVo TÙßl©tœ Es[Ùœm T´o
ÿg˚O ˘Sp
TZ D LÙnL±Ls
TPm 1.2
∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ ""˘LÙ[Ùx''-I BWÙV‹m œ±l◊L˚[ TVuT”jß øeLs E⁄YÙdœm
L⁄jß˚] A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m.
˘RÙ›Yjßp CWlTo T”d˚L˚V TVuT”jß LÙpS˚PL˚[ ARu ˙Up ®tL
˚YlT’ SpX’ G] A‡TYmYÙnkR ÆYNÙ´Ls ·±]o
L”˚UVÙ] U˚Z: ∫d ˙SÙŸm
˙LÙhPVm : U˚Z´u A[‹ AßL¨jR
˙Y˚[´p Èg˚NLs LÙWQUÙL
CWlT⁄dœ HtT”m
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
19
Aufl
Èf£d ˘LÙp≠ U⁄k’L˚[ TWY
XÙL TVuT”j’°u\]o. CYt\Ùp
EiPÙœm —tflf„Zp ©Wf£˚]
Ls Gi¶p APeLÙ. ◊˚L´˚X
U⁄k’, ˙YlTUW Æ˚R´u Nj’
˙TÙu\ E´¨lÈf£d ˘LÙp≠L∞u
TVuTÙ” TWYXÙL Cp˚X. Èf£
L∞u CVt˚L GߨL˚[l
TVuT”jß E´¨ Èf£dLh”l TÙ”
ÿ˚\Ÿm FdœÆdL ˙Yi•
Ÿs[’. £Î˙PÙ ˙UÙQÙv ˙TÙu\
÷i‘´¨L˚[l TVuT”jߟs[
E´¨Vp Èf£ Lh”lTÙh” ÿ˚\
Lfim •˚Wd˙LÙ LÙo”Ls ˙TÙu\
˚YŸm SpX ÿ˚\L[Ùœm.
Cufl
Èf£d Lh”lTÙh•tLÙ] Tp˙Yfl YØLs
•˚Wd˙LÙ LÙo”Ls
C˚Y œ[Æ C]j˚Rf NokR •˚Wd˙LÙ °WmUÙ
G‡m Èf£´u ÿh˚PLs APe°V LÙo”
L[Ùœm. CdLÙo”L˚[f £fl ’i”L[ÙL ©¨j’
RÙYWeL∞u C˚X Utflm ©\ TœßL∞p Jh”
°u\]o. C˚Y ÿh˚P ´≠⁄k’ ˘Y∞Y⁄m
Èf£Ls, Ri”’˚[l TÙuLs, C˚XL˚[f
—⁄[ Ydœm ◊›dLs TÙu\˚Yt˚\ R•f
˘Nufl AØd°\’.
ÿd°VUÙL ˘TÙ±Ls ˙TÙu\Yt˚\l
TVuT”j’m CVkßWd Lh”lTÙh”
ÿ˚\´˚] ©uTt±]o. YV≠p
æYh•˚Vl TVuT”jßf £fl Èf£L˚[
AØjRÙoLs.
˘StT´¨¤s[ ◊›Æ˚] AØlTRtœ
¡u Ud°V ø˚Wj ˘R∞dœm ÿ˚\Ÿm
C⁄kR’. Cl◊›˚Yj ßuflYÙ›m
T\˚YL˚[ DodL˙Y CqYÙfl
˘Nnß⁄kRÙoLs. ˘Ru˚] UWjß˚]f
—Wi”m Yi•˚] RÙdœYRtLÙL
˘Np≠d˙LÙp (Yi”£) TVuT”jß]o.
Èf£d Lh”lTÙ” ÿ˚\L˚[ GqYÙfl Y˚LlT”jRXÙm?
Ti˚PV LÙXjßp L˚P©•jß⁄kR Èf£dLh”lTÙh” ÿ˚\L˚[Ÿm Cufls[
Yt˚\Ÿm Jl¿” ˘Nn’ EeLs L⁄j’dL˚[d ·fleLs?
SpX TX˚]j R⁄°u\ Èf£dLh”lTÙh” ÿ˚\˚Vl Tt±V EeLfi˚PV L⁄j’ Gu]?
˘Ru˚]´u C˚Xj Ri•u Eh
◊\jßp UQ˚Xj ÁÆŸm CYt˚\
Lh”lT”jß]o. Èf£d ˘LÙp≠Ls
TWYXÙL TVuT”jRlTPÆp˚X.
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
20
EtTjßf ˘NX˚Yd œ˚\lTRÙ¤m UL„˚Xl ˘T⁄dœYRÙ¤m Uh”m ÆYNÙVm
XÙTj˚Rj R⁄UÙ? ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ LÙohÂu Utflm ˘Nnßdœ±l©˚]
BWÙnk’ ÿ•‹dœ YW‹m.
GlT•ÆYNÙVm Nn’ Gu] TVu?
UL„˚X T⁄d°]Ùp Æ˚X œ˚\Ÿm.
Æ˚X ·”m˙TÙ’ SpX UL„¤m °˚PlTßp˚X
˙Y[Ùi˚URÙu YÙrd˚L G]f NÙpX
GqY[‹ G∞’. B]Ùp Aßp
D”T”m˙TÙ’RÙu..
LÙohÂ≤p œ±l©PlT”m ©WfN˚] G’?
Cl©WfN˚]dœj æo‹ LÙQ øeLs ·flm YØÿ˚\ Gu]?
LÙohÂ≤p Es[ ÆYNÙ´´u L⁄j˚R Htfld˘LÙs°»oL[Ù? GR]Ùp?
F˘WpXÙm ˙N™l◊ Utflm YojRL ˚UVeLs
. . . Æ˚X´p HtT”m
Ht\jRÙr‹L˚[Ÿm RWLoL∞u
RkßWj˚RŸm Gßo˘LÙs[ F˘Weœm
ÆYNÙ´L∞u ·hP˚Ul◊
˘NVpT”°\’. ÆYNÙ´Lfidœj
ReLs EtTjßl ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[
RWLoL∞u ERÆ´pXÙUp ˙SW•VÙL
ÆtT˚]˘NnV Cd ·hP˚Ul◊Ls
ER‹°u\]. ˘TV⁄dœ Uh”m £fl
LhPQj˚Rf ˘N¤jß Æh” VÙ⁄dœ
˙Yi”˘U≤¤m Cd ·hP˚Ul©p
AeLjß]oL[ÙLXÙm. ÆtT˚]
˘NnŸm Æ˚X´p Ik’ Æ›dLÙ”
ÆYNÙVj’˚\˚V XÙTLWUÙ]’m ®˚XVÙ]’UÙL Bd°P Gu] ˘NnV ˙Yi”m G]l
◊¨kRRpXYÙ? C˚Rl Tt± ˘R¨kRR]Ùp Uh”m TVu Cp˚X; ÆYNÙVjßp D”T”m ˙TÙ’
RÙu A’ XÙTLWUÙ]’m B]kRm R⁄Y’UÙL UÙfl°u\’.
œ˚\j’ ÆYÙNÙ´dœ YZeLl
T”°\’. CqYÙfl œ˚\dLlT”m
˘RÙ˚L ÆYNÙ´d˙L ˙TÙQv BL
ß⁄mTd °˚Pdœm. SpX™[œ
˙ReLÙn, TÙdœ, ˘Sp ˙TÙu\
˘TÙ⁄hL˚[f ˙N™j’ ˚Ydœm
YNߟm ÆtT˚]d ·PeL∞p
Ei”. SpX Æ˚X °˚Pdœm
R⁄YÙ´p ˙Rd°˚Ydœm
˘TÙ⁄hLs ÆtLlT”m. ÆYNÙ´dœ
T´o˘NnV ™Ldœ˚\kR Yh•dœ
LP‡m YZeLlT”m...
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
21
˘NVp ßhPm
$ T´o WLeL˚[j ˙Ro‹ ˘NnRp
$ CPj˚Rj ˙Ro‹ ˘NnRp
$ T´o ˘NnŸm ÿ˚\˚Vj ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙsfiRp
$ SP‹ ˘NnRp, TWÙU¨l◊, AflY˚P ˘NnRp.
SÙm J⁄ £fl LÙnL±j ˙RÙhPjß˚] E⁄YÙdœ˙YÙm? G˚R˘VpXÙm Aßp T´o
˘NnVXÙm?LÙnL±j ˙RÙhPm G]d ˙LhP‹Pu SmUÙp ÿ•ŸUÙ G] IVlTP ˙YiPÙm.
A’ GqY[‹ £±RÙL C⁄kRÙ¤m, SUdœj ˙R˚YVÙ] EQ‹ Y˚LL∞p J⁄ £fl TœßVÙY’
˘NÙkRUÙL EtTjß ˘NnRÙp A’ SpX’ RÙ˙]. CPl Tt\Ùdœ˚\˚Vl ˙TÙd°P
NQp˚T´˙XÙApX’ Èf Nh•´˙XÙ T´o ˘NnVXÙm. LÙnL±j ˙RÙhPm E⁄YÙd°P
EeLfidœ ER‹m £Xœ±l◊Ls AhPY˚Q´p RWlTh”s[˚R LY≤ŸeLs. B£¨˚V´u
ERÆŸPu RLYp ßWh• ˙RÙhPm A˚UdL‹m.
£\kRÆ˚RLs, TWÙU¨l◊ ÿ˚\Ls ˙TÙu\˚Y A‡TYm ™dL ÆYNÙ´L∞P™⁄k˙RÙ
˙YÙ[Ùi’˚\ A¤YXLeL∞≠⁄k˙RÙ °˚Pdœm.
T´oLs
˘Yi˚PdLÙn
Y›R]eLÙn
T´fl
NÙœT• ÿ˚\Lfim LÙXÿm
G⁄ ˙Noj’ Ui Suœ
’LsL[ÙdLlT”°\’. ©u TÙjßL[ÙL
©¨dLlTh” CWi” T´oLfidœ
C˚P˙V H\jRÙZ 45˘N.¡ C˚P˘Y∞
Æh” SP‹ ˘NnVlT”°\’.
©lWY¨ ˛ UÙof, _¯u, _¯˚X
Ad˙PÙTo ˛ SYmTo
Ti˚Qd LØ‹ G⁄, ˙Noj’ Ui
Lh•L∞pXÙUp ®Xj˚R RVÙo ˘Nn’
H\jRÙZ 60 ˘N.¡ C˚P˘Y∞ Æh”
SP‹ ˘NnVXÙm. Y⁄Pm ÿ›Y’m T´o
˘NnV ELkR’.
J⁄ ¡hPo ≈ߟ˚PV Ntfl EVokR
TÙjßL∞p 20 ˘N.¡ C˚P˘Y∞Æh”
SP‹ ˘NnVXÙm. £X WLeLfidœd
˘LÙ•Ls TPÙ YNß ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
Bi” ÿ›Y’m T´o ˘NnVXÙm.
TWÙU¨l◊ ÿ˚\
T´o SP‹ ˘NnŸm ˙TÙ’ Ti˚Qd
LØ‹, G⁄, T—kRÙs EWeL˚[l
TVuT”jR ˙Yi”m. C˚X —⁄h”l
◊›, ˘Yi˚U®\ DdLs ˙TÙu\˚Y
L˚[ Lh”lT”jR UgNsl ˘TÙ±,
◊˚L´˚X F\p B°VYt˚\l
TVuT”jRXÙm. RœkR ÿ˚\´p
øolTÙN]m ˘NnV‹m
Ti˚Qd LØ‹ G⁄ Utflm NÙmT
¤Pu ˙Noj’ Ui˚Q Su\ÙLd
°[\‹m ˙Yl©u Æ˚R´≠⁄k’
RVÙ¨dœm F\p ◊˚L´˚X F\p
˙TÙu\˚Y AqYl˙TÙ’ TVuT”j
R‹m. RœkR ÿ˚\´p øolTÙN]m
˘NnV‹m.
G⁄ Utflm NÙmT˚X A• EWUÙLf
˙NodL‹m. T´o Su\ÙL Y[W,
©iQÙdœ Su\ÙLj Ás ˘Nn’ T´o
Ju±tœ 50 °WÙm ≈Rm CP‹m. ˙YlT
Gi˘Qn TÙpUm, ˙Yl◊ ©iQÙdœ
˙TÙu\˚Y TVuT”jß Èf£L˚[
JØdLXÙm. RœkR ÿ˚\´p
øolTÙN]m ˘NnV‹m.
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
22
Æ[dL‹˚W RVÙo ˘NnRp
œ±l◊Ls
1 T´o ˘NnŸm WLm/WLeLs
2 ®Xj˚Rj RVÙo ˘NnR SÙs
3 SP‹ ˘NnR SÙs / Æ˚R Æ˚RjR SÙs
4 Æ˚R ÿ˚[jR SÙs
5 ÿRp C˚X YkR SÙs
6 (a) TVuT”jßV EWeLs, (b) EWj˚R ChP SÙhLs
7 (a) Èf£L˚[ AØjR SÙs, (b) ©uTt±V Èf£d Lh”lTÙh” ÿ˚\
8 ÿRuÿRXÙL È ÈjRSÙs
9 ÿRp AflY˚P SÙs
10 °˚PjR UL„p
11 Cf ˘NVpL∞p D”ThP˙TÙ’ ˙SokR A‡TYeLs (£WUeLs, CuTeLs)
Cf ˘Nnÿ˚\´u YÙ´XÙL EeLfidœd °˚PjR A‡TYeLs VÙ˚Y? œ±l◊j RVÙo
˘NnV‹m.
øeLs RVÙ¨jR Æ[dL‹˚WL˚[ YœlT˚\´p SiToLfidœ T°ok’ A∞dL‹m.
Tp˙YflY˚L´XÙ] ÆYNÙVÿ˚\L˚[Ÿm, A‡TYeL˚[Ÿm CRu YÙ´XÙL øeLs
A±ÿLlT”jR ÿ•Ÿm. U≤R˚] CVt˚L ŸPu CQdL ÆYNÙVm ÿd°V TeLÙtfl°\’.
ÆYNÙVm XÙTLWUÙY’ A’ YÙrd˚LVÙL UÙflm TÙ’ RÙu
Cq‹X°p CqY[‹ RÙYWm Utflm ÆXe°]eLs Es[]YÙ? Cßp EeLfidœj ˘R¨kR’
GjR˚]? ˘R¨kR˚Rl Th•V≠P‹m.
$
$
$
˘R¨VÙRRpXYÙ ·”Rp? CYt˚\l Tt± A±V Gu] YØ? Jq˘YÙ⁄ E´¨]j˚RŸm
R≤jR≤VÙL A±k’˘LÙsY’ S˚Pÿ˚\VÙœUÙ?
G∞RÙL A±k’˘LÙs[ Gu] YØ?
HRÙY’ Y˚L´p AYt˚\ Y˚LlT”jß ˘Yq˙Yfl ©¨‹L[ÙLl ©¨dLXÙUÙ? GqYÙfl
Y˚LlT”j’YÙn?
Ni˚P YiPÙm SiToL˙[, Cl◊Æ´p
°hPjRhP 3 XhNm RÙYW C]eLfim, ARu
SÙuœ UPe°tœ AßLUÙ] ÆXe°]eLfim
Es[]. SÙm VÙ⁄m œ˚\kRYoLs ApX G]
®˚]lT’ RÙ˙] SpX’?
ø T⁄˚U LÙs[Ù˙R
AZ°p GeL˚[ YpX
VÙ⁄™p˚X. Gi¶d˚L´¤m
AqYÙ˙\Cl◊Æ´p ™L AßLUÙL
Es[ E´¨]eL∞p SÙeL˙[
AZ°¤m ÿu≤˚X
Y°d°˙\Ùm
E´¨]eLfidœ J⁄ ÿLY¨22222
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
24
˙YflThP ®\eL∞¤m, E⁄Y A˚Ul©¤m E´¨]eLs LÙQlT”°u\] G] EeLfidœj
˘R¨Ÿm. YÙ›m „r®˚XL∞¤m A˚Y UÙflT”°u\]. ˙Yfl GkR Y˚L´p E´¨]eLs
UÙflTh”s[]?
$ Y•Ym
$
$
®\jßu Jtfl˚U˚V A•lT˚PVÙL ˚Yj’ AYt˚\l Tp˙Yfl Y˚LL[ÙLl ©¨dLXÙUÙ?
RÙYWeLs, ˘Yh”°∞, C˚Xl TÙm◊ ˙TÙu\˚Y Tf˚N ®\ÿ˚PV˚Y ApXYÙ? YiQjßu
A•lT˚P´p AYt˚\ J⁄ ©¨Æu ∏rd LÙi”YWf NnRÙp A’ TÙ⁄jRUt\RÙ° ÆPÙRÙ?
øiP, E⁄iP Y•Yÿ˚PV Ui◊›˚YŸm, TÙm˚TŸm J⁄ ©¨Æp EhT”jR ÿ•ŸUÙ?
Ui◊›˚Yl TÙm©≠⁄k’ ˙YflT”j’m Ti◊Ls VÙ˚Y?
$
$
Ti˚Pd LÙXm ÿR˙X £X Æßÿ˚\L˚[l TVuT”jß E´¨]eL˚[ Y˚LT”jR U≤Ru
ÿVu±⁄kRÙu. CqY˚LlT”jR˚X A±ÆVp ÈoYUÙdL ÿVt£jR £X A±ÆVXÙ[oL˚[l
Tt±j ˘R¨k’˘LÙs˙YÙm.
E´¨Vp ’˚\´u Rk˚R. RÙYWeL˚[Ÿm ÆXeœL˚[Ÿm
Y˚LlT”jß]Ùo. ÆXeœL˚[f £Yl◊ CWjRÿ˚PV˚Y,
£Yl◊ CWjRUt\˚Y G] Y˚LlT”jß]Ùo.
A¨vPÙh•p (°.ÿ 384
322) °˙WdLm
BŸo˙YR˙U˚R. C⁄Ëfldœm ˙UtThP ÆXeœL˚[Ÿm
RÙYWeL˚[Ÿm Y˚LlT”jß NWLNm∂RÙ G‡m
Ru‡˚PV Ë≠p œ±l©hPÙo.
(°.©. 1˛m Ët\Ùi”CkßVÙ)
A±ÆVp ÈoYUÙ] Y˚LlTÙh” ÿ˚\dœ A•˙LÙ≠VYo.
18000tœm AßLUÙ] RÙYWeL˚[ ∂vh˙PÙ¨VÙ _…WÙ≠v
©[Ùu˙PWm G‡m Ë≠p œ±l©hPÙo. v¿Ãv (Species) G‡m
YÙoj˚R˚V ÿRuÿRXÙLl TVuT”jß]Ùo.
_Ùu˙W 1627 1705Ce°XÙk’
TPm 2.1 (a)
TPm2.1 (c)
TPm 2.1 (b) NWLu
25
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
Cq‹´¨]eLs A˚]j’m EhT”°u\ ˘TÙ’l©¨‹ G’?
∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ œ±l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p CYt˚\j RœkR LhPjßp G›R‹m.
CYt˚\ GqYÙfl £fl œ›dL[ÙLl ©¨dLXÙm?
TPÆ[dLm I
Y˚LlT”jR≠u YWXÙfl ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙiºoL[pXYÙ? ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ E´¨]eL˚[d
LY≤ŸeLs.
TPm 2.2
ÿ’˘L¤m◊˚PV˚Y
LÙpL∞p Es∞›dLd
·•V SLm E˚PV˚Y
TÙÌh•Ls
UÙ™N Ei¶Ls
™Ll ˘T¨V EPp Utflm
Lo_˚] ˘NnŸm TZdL
ÿ˚PV˚Y
↓
↓↓↓→→→→→
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
26
£eLm, ◊≠, £flj˚R CYt˚\ J˙W ©¨Æu ∏rd ˘LÙi”Y⁄Y’ AYt±tœ C˚P˙V
HWÙ[UÙ] Jtfl˚ULs Es[R]ÙXÙœm. A˙R˙Y˚[´p £X ˙Ytfl˚ULfim EiPpXYÙ?
Jtfl˚U´u A•lT˚P´p ˘T⁄m œ›dL[ÙL‹m ˙Ytfl˚U´u A•lT˚P´p £fl
œ›dL[ÙL‹m E´¨]eL˚[ C]YÙ¨VÙL ©¨lT˚RjRÙu SÙm Y˚LlTÙh•V≠p
˙Ut˘LÙs°˙\Ùm. Ut·±V E´¨]eL˚[ ¡i”m £fl ©¨‹L[ÙL Y˚LlT”jR Yi”˘U≤p
A˚Y GqYÙfl ReLfidLs ˙Ytfl˚UŸ˚PV’ G]d Li”©•dL ˙Yi”m.
£eLdœh•L˚[ Du˘\”dL £eLjßtœ Uh”˙U CV¤m. ◊≠ Utflm £flj˚R´u ®˚XŸm
C’˙Y. C˚Y Jq˘YÙuflm J⁄£t±]j˚Rf NÙkRRÙœm. J⁄ £t±]j˚Rf NÙokR
ÆXeœLfidœ C˚P˙VRÙu CVt˚LVÙ] C]l˘T⁄dLm HtTh” B˙WÙd°VUÙ] œh•L˚[
D] ÿ•Ÿm. CqYÙfl Ju˙\Ù˘PÙufl C˚Qk’ C]l˘T⁄dLm ˘Nn°u\ Jq˘YÙ⁄
E´¨]j˚RŸm £t±]m (Species) Gu°˙\Ùm, £t±]m GuT’ Y˚LTÙh•u ÿRp ®˚X.
CqYÙfl £t±]m ÿRp ÆXeœ EXLm Y˚W ˙YflThP Y˚LlTÙh”l ®˚XLs Ei”.
∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ Æ[dLjß˚] LY≤j’ E´¨]eL∞u Y˚LlTÙh”l ®˚XLs G˚Y Gufl
A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m.
E´¨] EXLm Tp˙Yfl C]m ˙NokR’ ©[Ùu˙PŸm, A≤˙U≠VÙ‹m
(©[Ùu˙P ˛ CPmÆh” CPm
SLWÿ•VÙR TX˘Np E´¨L∞]Ùp
B] EtTjßVÙ[oLs)
A≤˙U≠VÙ ˛ CPmÆh” CPm
SLWÿ•°u\ TX˘Np E´¨L[Ù]
÷Lo˙YÙo
C]m (Kingdom) Tp˙Yfl ©¨‹L˚[d ˘LÙiP’ G.LÙ. A≤˙U≠VÙ
©¨‹ (Phylum) Tp˙Yfl Yœl◊Ls ˙NokR’ G.LÙ. LÙo˙PhPÙ (ÿ’˘L¤m◊
E˚PV˚Y)
Yœl◊ (Class) Tp˙Yfl Y¨˚NLs ˙NokR’ G.LÙ. U˙U≠VÙ (TÙÌh•Ls)
(œh•˙TÙh” TÙpR⁄m ÆXeœLs)
Y¨˚N (Order) Tp˙Yfl œ”mTm ˙NokR’ G.LÙ. LÙo≤˙YÙW (TÙÌh•L∞p
EhThP UÙ™N Ei¶Ls)
œ”mTm (Family) Tp˙Yfl ˙T¨]eLs ˙NokR’ G.LÙ. @˘T≠˙P (£flj˚R, ◊≠,
£eLm, È˚])
˙T¨]m (Genus) Tp˙Yfl £t±]eLs ˙NokR’ G.LÙ. TÙkßWÙ (£flj˚R, ◊≠, £eLm)
£t±]m (Species) JjR Ti◊Lfi˚PV . G.LÙ. ◊≠ ˛ ˚P°¨v G‡m
E´¨]eLs ˙NokR’ £t±]m; £flj˚Rl◊≠ ˛ TÙoPv
G‡m £t±]m; £eLm ˛ ≠˙VÙ
G‡m £t±]m.
TPÆ[dLm II
27
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
◊≠´u Y˚LlTÙh”l ®˚XL˚[j ˘R¨k’˘LÙiºoL[pXYÙ? A˚Rl˙TÙp SÙn, È˚]
˙TÙu\Yt±u Y˚LlTÙh” ®˚XL˚[ ©¨jR±Ÿm ˘Nnÿ˚\jRÙs (Work Sheet) RVÙo˘Nn’
A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m.
Y˚LlTÙh”h” ®˚XLs SÙn È˚]
C]m
©¨‹
Yœl◊
Y¨˚N
œ”mTm LÙ≤˙P
˙T¨]m LÙ≤v @˘T≠v
£t±]m ˘T™≠VÙ¨v ˘PÙUvh•dLv
A±ÆVp ÈoYUÙ] Y˚LTÙh•V≠p Jq˘YÙ⁄ E´¨]jßtœm R≤jR≤VÙ] Y˚LlTÙh”
®˚XLs Ei” G]j ˘R¨kRRpXYÙ?
ÆXeœ EX˚L Y˚LT”jßV˚Rl ˙TÙp RÙYW EX°˚]Ÿm Y˚LlT”jR ÿ•Ÿm.
RÙYWeL∞u £\l◊Lfidœj RœkR Æßÿ˚\L˚[l ©uTt\˙Yi”m GuT˚Rd LY]jßp
˘LÙs[˙Yi”m.
˘Ru˚]´u Y˚LlTÙh” ®˚XLs G˚Y G]l TÙol˙TÙm.
◊≠´u Y˚LlTÙh” ®˚XL∞u A˚Ul©˚] ◊¨k’˘LÙi” AhPY˚Q˚V
®WlT‹m.
C]m ˛
©¨‹ ˛
Yœl◊ ˛
Y¨˚N ˛
œ”mTm ˛
˙T¨]m ˛
£t±]m ˛
˘Nnÿ˚\jRÙs 2.1
˘Nnÿ˚\jRÙs 2.2
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
28
RÙYW C]m ˛ ©[Ùu˙P
©¨‹ ˛ Bg£˙VÙ v˙T˙UÙ˚ThPÙ (Æ˚RjRÙYWm)
Yœl◊ ˛ ˙UÙ˙]Ù ˙LÙh•≠P˙] (J⁄ Æjß˚Xj RÙYWm)
Y¨˚N ˛ LÙ≠£˙] (°˚[´pXÙUp Y[oY])
œ”mTm ˛ A¨d˙L£˙V
˙T¨]m ˛ ˘LÙd˙LÙv
£t±]m ˛ ®Î£˘TWÙ
CqYÙfl E´¨Vp EX˚L CWi” C]eL[ÙL Y˚Ll
T”jßV A±ÆVXÙ[o LÙop ≠u˙]Vv BYÙo.
SÙm ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙiP Y˚LlTÙh” ÿ˚\´p CWi” C]m Uh”UpXYÙ Es[’.
G≤p ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ E´¨]eL˚[ CqÆWi” C]eL∞p EhT”jR ÿ•ŸUÙ?
Hu? LXk’˚WVÙPp ˘Nn’ EeLs L⁄j’dL˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙T•p G›R‹m.
LÙop ≠u˙]Vv, Jtfl˚U ˙Ytfl˚U
L∞u A•lT˚P´p ˙YflThP
Y˚LlTÙh”l ®˚XL˚[l T¨k’
˚WjRÙo. Jq˘YÙ⁄ E´¨]jßtœm
A±ÆVp ˘TVo ˘LÙ”dœm ßhPj˚R
AUpT”jR‹m ˘NnRÙo. B˚LVÙp
AYo S≈]j RÙYWÆVp Y˚LlTÙh
•V≠u Rk˚R G] A˚ZdLlT”°\Ùo
.
TÙdº¨VÙ
˘R∞YÙ] ˘Nnÿ˚\jRÙs
EhL⁄ CpXÙR J⁄ ˘NpE´¨Ls (◊˙WÙ˙L¨˙VÙh”Ls)
A¡TÙ˘R∞YÙ] EhL⁄ Es[
J⁄ ˘Np E´¨Ls(Î˙L¨˙VÙh”Ls)
Èg˚NLs TX ˘Np E´¨L[Ù°V£˚R‹flj’TYoLs(Î˙L¨˙VÙh”Ls)
LÙop ≠u˙]Vv (1707˛78)v≈Pu
TPm 2.3
TPm 2.4
29
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
Cq‹´¨]eL˚[Ÿm EhT”jR AßLlT•VÙ]
C]l©¨‹Ls ˙R˚YlT”°\RpXYÙ? WÙToh” Gf. ÆhPÙLo
G‡m A±ÆVXÙ[o E´¨Vp EX˚L Ik’ C]eL[ÙL
Y˚LlT”jß]Ùo. Cmÿ˚\ A±ÆVp ’˚\´p Gp˙XÙWÙ¤m
Htfld˘LÙs[lThP’.
J˙W ˘UÙØ ˙T—m UdLs ·P CPjßtœ CPm E´¨]eL∞u ˘TÙ’l˘TVoL˚[l Tp˙Yfl
˘TVoL∞p A˚Zd°u\]o. G”j’dLÙhPÙL UWf∫≤dœ, UWYs∞d°Zeœ, Ll˚Td°Zeœ,
UWd°Zeœ, ˘LÙs∞d°Zeœ G] TXl ˘TVoLs Ei”. A˚Rl˙TÙX LoÍNÙ, K˚UdLÙn,
LlT[eLÙn Gu\ ˘TVoL∞p TlTÙ∞˚V A˚Zd°\ÙoLs. J˙W ˘UÙØ´p Uh”m CqY[‹
˙Ytfl˚ULs C⁄l©u Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˘UÙØ´¤m Jq˘YÙ⁄ E´¨]jßtœm. Tp˙Yfl Y˚LVÙ]
˘TVoLs C⁄lT’ CVp˙T. BL˙Y E´¨]eL˚[l Tt± A±k’˘LÙs[‹m AYt˚\l
T•lTRtœm C’ R˚PVÙœUpXYÙ?
CdœZlTj˚Rj RÆolTRtœ ˘UÙØ Gp˚XLfidœ AlTÙtTh” EXL[ÙÆV ÿ˚\´p
A˚]Y⁄m Jj’d˘LÙsfim Y˚L´p A˚UkR A±ÆVp ˘TV˚W E´¨]eLfidœ Ch”
Cl©WfN˚]dœj æo‹ LiP]o.
E´¨] EXLm
˘UÙ≤WÙ
˘R∞YÙ] EhL⁄
CpXÙR J⁄ ˘Np
E´¨Ls
©[Ùu˙P (RÙYW EXLm)
CPmÆh” CPm
SLW ÿ•VÙR —V
FhPÿ˚\ (Auto -tropic) E˚PV TX
˘Np E´¨Ls.
Au˙U≠VÙ (ÆXeœ EXLm
AVp FhP
ÿ ˚ \ ˚ V f
˙NokR (heterotropic) CPm Æh”
CPm SL⁄m
TX˘Np E´¨Ls
Èg˚NLs
CPmÆh” CPm
SLW ÿ•VÙR AVp
F h P ÿ ˚ \ ˚ V
˘LÙiP J⁄ ˘Np /
TX ˘Np E´¨Ls.
◊˙WÙh•vPÙ
˘R∞YÙ] EhL⁄
‹Pu ·•V J⁄ Np
E´¨Ÿm AYt±tœ
A”jR ®˚X´
¤s[ TX Np E´¨
Lfim.
TPÆ[dLm III
WÙToh. Gf. ÆhPÙLo(1920 - 1980) A˘U¨dLÙ
TPm 2.5
TPm 2.6 (a) TPm 2.6 (b)
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
30
EV¨]eLfidœ A±ÆVp A•lT˚P´XÙ] ˘TV¨”m ÿ˚\ A±ÿLlT”jßVYo LÙop
≠u˙]Vv BYÙo. A±ÆVp ˘TVo CWi” ˘NÙtL˚[d ˘LÙiP’. Cßp Es[ ÿRp ˘NÙp
EV¨]jßu ˙T¨]f ˘NÙp Bœm. CWiPÙY’ ˘NÙp £t±]l ˘TVWÙœm. CqYÙfl
EV¨]eLfidœl TV¨”m ÿ˚\ C⁄˘NÙp TV¨”mÿ˚\ (binomial nomenclature) G]lT”m.
TPÆ[dLm I, II, ˘Nnÿ˚\jRÙs (Worksheet) 2.1, 2.2 ÿR≠V] TVuT”jßl ◊≠, È˚], SÙn,
˘Ru˚] ˙TÙu\Yt±u A±ÆVp ˘TVo Li”©•j’ G›R‹m.
∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ E´¨]eL∞u A±ÆVp ˘TVoL˚[ ÆNÙ¨j’ EeLs A±ÆVp
œ±l˙Th•p G›’‹m.
TlTÙ∞, ˘Sp (A¨£), UWf∫≤, LÙLm, U≤Ru, £eLm
UÙg£@˘TWÙ Ci•LÙ ˛ UÙ
G©v Ci•LÙ ˛ ˙Ru D
˘To] Ci•LÙ ˛ £l©
CYt±u £t±]l ˘TVo A˚]j’m JuflRÙ˙]. Ceœ £t±]l ˘TVoUh”m ˚Yj’
E´¨]j˚Rj ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙs[ ÿ•VÙ’. £t±]j’Pu ˙T¨]l ˘TVo·P ˙NolTRu
ÿd°Vj’Ym ◊¨kRRpXYÙ?
E´¨]eL∞u £\lTmNeL˚[ BWÙnk’ AYt˚\
G∞˚UVÙLj ˘R¨k’˘LÙs[‹m, Ti◊Ls, JjR
Ru˚U, Utflm ˙YflTÙ”L∞u A•lT˚P´p
Y˚LlT”jR‹m A±ÆVp ÈoYUÙ] ˘TVo „hP‹m
˘Nn°u\ A±ÆVpj ’˚\˙V PÙd^ÙQ™ (taxonomy).
PÙd^ÙQ™´]Ù¤s[ TVuL˚[l Tt±d LXk’˚WVÙ• œ±l◊Ls RVÙo ˘Nn’ A±ÆVp
œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m.
$ E´¨Vp EX°p Jq˘YÙ⁄ E´¨]jßu C⁄l◊ Geœ Es[’ GuT˚Rj R¨k’˘LÙs[.
$ Lt\˚X G∞˚UlT”jR
$
$
GiQt\ Y˚L EV¨]eLs E´oUiPXjßp C⁄kR ˙TÙߤm A˚Y Jq˘YÙu±tœm
œ±l©hP ÿLY¨ Ei” G]j ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙiºoL[pXYÙ? A”jRRÙL, Jq˘YÙ⁄ EV¨]ÿm
ARu —tfll◊\j˚R GqYÙfl TVuT”j’°u\’ GuT˚Rl TÙol˙TÙm.
31
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
222008
SatNovember 2008
M T W T F S S M T W T F S S1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2324 25 26 27 28 29 30
November
E´Wt\ LÙW¶ E´¨]eLfidœl TVuT”m ÿ˚\
Ui
LÙtfl
øo
J¸ı
˘YlT®˚X
E´¨]eLfidœ E´Wt\ ·flLs GqYÙfl TVuT”°\’ GuT˚Rl TÙoj˙RÙm. E´Wt\
·flL˚[l ˙TÙX ©\ E´¨Lfim J⁄ E´¨´u YÙrÆp BßdLm ˘N¤j’°\’. CqYÙ\Ù]
Cufl TVeLWUÙ] SÙ[ÙL C⁄kR’. LÙ˚X´pœ∞lTRtLÙL Bt±p C\e°V’m LÙp Y›dL BZUÙ]Tœßdœ Nu\’Uh”m OÙTLm C⁄d°\’. VÙo, VÙ˙WÙ,˙Nok’ LÙlTÙt±]ÙoLs. LÙgNm RÙUßjß⁄kRÙp...I˙VÙ! A˚R ®˚]j’d ·P TÙodL ÿ•VÆp˚X.U≤R‡dœ ¡˚]l˙TÙp ø¨p YÙrYRtœm, T\˚YL˚[l˙TÙp BLÙVjßp T\lTRtœm ÿ•kRÙp... GqY[‹ÆTj’L˚[j RÆojß⁄dLXÙm, —mUÙ, B˚NlTh”Gu] TVu?
£VÙ™u B˚N ®˚\˙Y\ÙR’ Hu?
E´¨]eL∞u ®˚X˙Tt±tœ CVt˚LVÙL˙Y Es[ J⁄ £\l◊f „Zp (YÙØPm) ˙R˚Y G]
øeLs T•jß⁄d°»oL[pXYÙ? CkRf —tfll Tœß´p E´⁄s[ Utflm E´Wt\ LÙW¶Lfim
Ei” G]j ˘R¨k’ ˚Yj’s«oLs.
Cd·flL˚[ SpX ÿ˚\´p TVuT”jRm E´W]eLfidœ Uh”˙U YÙZÿ•Ÿm, EeLs Ts∞
ApX’ ≈h•u —tfll Tœß˚V BWÙnk’ Aeœs[ E´o Utflm E´Wt\Yt˚\ Y˚LlT”jßl
Th•V≠P‹m. ©u ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ AhPY˚Q˚V ®Wl◊L.
RÙYWeLfidœj ˙R˚YVÙ] FhPl ˘TÙ⁄hLs °˚PdLf
˘Nn°\’. E´¨]eL∞u YÙØPUÙLf ˘NVpT”°\’
AhPY˚Q 2.1
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
32TPm. 2.7
C˚QkR ˘RÙPo©]Ùp Ru≤˚\‹ ˘Ttfl YÙZ CV¤°u\ E´¨]eLfim AYtfldœ
ERYd·•V E´Wt\ ·flLfim ˙NokR A˚Ul˚T˙V —tflf „Zp (ecosystem) GuT˚RŸm
˘R¨k’ ˚Yj’s˙[Ùm.
$ $ $
UWeLs APokR J⁄ ˙NÙ˚X´u. TPm ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[’.
33
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
EQ‹f Ne°≠Ls R≤j’®tTßp˚X G]l ◊¨kRRpXYÙ? A˚Y Ju˙\Ù˘PÙufl C˚Qk’
J⁄ Y˚X ˙TÙu\ A˚Ul◊Pu C⁄lT˚Rd LY≤jæoL[Ù? C˚R˙V EQ‹ Y˚X (foodweb). Gu°˙\Ùm.
˙NÙ˚X G‡m —tfll◊\f „Z≠¤s[ E´¨]eL˚[d ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”jß⁄dœm œ±l◊L∞u
A•lT˚P´p Y˚LlT”jß A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m.
—tfll◊\f „Z≠¤s[ E´¨]eL∞˚P˙V EQ‹j ˘RÙPo◊ Ei” G]j ˘R¨ŸUpXYÙ?
Cq‹Q‹j ˘RÙPo◊L˚[l TVuT”jß CVu\ A[‹ EQ‹f Ne°≠˚Vj (food chains)RVÙ¨j’ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m. øeLs G›ßV EQ‹f Ne°≠L˚[d œ±l©u
A•lT˚P´p Bn‹ ˘NnV‹m. EeLs L⁄j’dL˚[ A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙi” EQ‹f
Ne°≠L˚[ Ju˙\Ù˘PÙufl C˚Qj’d ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ TPÆ[dLjß˚] ®Wl◊L.
$ Ko E´¨]m Ju±tœm ˙UtThP E´¨]eL˚[ EQYÙLl ˘Ttfld ˘LÙs°\RÙ?
$ Ko E´¨]m Ju±tœm ˙UtThP EV¨]eLfidœ EQYÙ°u\RÙ?
J⁄ —tfll◊\f „Z≠¤s[ EV¨]eL˚[ ˘Yq˙Yfl ®˚XL∞p ˚Yj’s«oL[pXYÙ?
Ck®˚XL˚[ Jq˘YÙu±˚]Ÿm •WÙ©d R[m Gu°˙\Ùm.
TPÆ[dLm IV
ThPÙmÈf£
UÙUWmA¶p
UÙ™N Ei¶L˚[ EQYÙL
Eh˘LÙsfiT˚Y
•WÙ©d R[m ˛ 1
•WÙ©d R[m ˛ 2
•WÙ©d R[m ˛ 3
•WÙ©d R[m ˛ 4
RÙYWeLs
RÙYW Ei¶Ls
UÙ™N Ei¶Ls
TPÆ[dLm V
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
34
J˙W E´¨]m Ju±tœm ˙UtThP •WÙ©d R[jßp Y⁄°u\RÙ G] Bn‹ ˘NnV‹m.
ÿ•‹L˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m. ˙Yfl G”j’dLÙh”L˚[d LiP±L.
E´¨d LØ‹l˘TÙ⁄hL˚[f £˚R‹\f NnŸm ÷i‘´oL˚[f £˚R‹flj’TYo (decomposers)Gu°˙\Ùm. TÙdº¨VÙ, Èg˚NLs ˙TÙu\˚Y Cl©¨Æp EhT”°u\] G]j ˘R¨ŸUpXYÙ?
J⁄ EQ‹j ˘RÙP¨p C˚Y GkR •WÙ©d R[jßp Y⁄˘U] SiToLfiPu LXk’
B˙XÙ£dL‹m. ÿ•‹L˚[ G›R‹m.
EeLfi˚PV Ts∞ Utflm ≈h•u —tfll◊\jßp Tp˙Yfl Y˚LVÙ] —tfll◊\f „Zp
C⁄dœUpXYÙ? B£¨˚V´u ERÆŸPu £fl œ›dL[ÙLl ©¨k’ Cf—tfll◊\f „Z˚X
TÙo˚Y´h” Aeœs[ E´¨]eL˚[ EhT”jß EQ‹j ˘RÙPoL˚[ Y˚WV‹m. Tp˙Yfl
•WÙ©dR[eL∞p E´¨]eLs GqYÙfl YdLlTh”s[] G]d LÙh”m TPeL˚[j RVÙ¨j’
YœlT˚\´p LÙh£dœ ˚YdL‹m.
E´¨]j ˘RÙP◊Ls TXY˚L
Ju±tœm ˙UtThP Y˚L E´¨]eL∞˚P˙V Tp˙Yfl ˘RÙPo◊Ls C⁄lT’i”. EQ‹,
YÙØPm, ˙TÙu\˚Yt˚\ EflßlT”jR˙Y CqYÙ\Ù] ˘RÙo◊Ls TVuT”°u\].
E´¨]eLfidœ HtT”m Su˚U Utflm æ˚UL˚[ A•lT˚PVÙd° Cj˘RÙPo◊L˚[ ˙SWÙ]
˘NVpT¨UÙt\m (positive interaction), Guflm ÆT√R ˘NVpT¨UÙt\m (negative interaction)Guflm CWiPÙLl ©¨dLXÙm.
UÙu Utflm◊≠
—\Ù¡≤u EP≠p Jh•l©•j’
EQ˚Yj˙R”m Sucker ¡u
T—‹m LÙLÿm
Tu±´u CWjRj˚RE±g—m Ah˚P
ÿR˚X´u YÙ´≠⁄k’ CWjRj˚R E±g—m
Ah˚P˚V EQYÙLd LÙsfim ◊˙[ÙYo T\˚Y
TPm 2.8
35
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
TPjßp GkR Y˚LVÙ] E´¨]j ˘RÙPo◊Ls Es[]?
Ju˙\Ù˘PÙu\Ù] ˘RÙPo©]Ùp Gk˘RkR E´¨Lfidœ Su˚U °˚Pd°u\’?
Gk˘RkR E´¨]eLfidœj æ˚U HtT”°u\’?
Jh”i¶ YÙrd˚Ldœm C˚W ©•jR¤dœm C˚P˙VŸs[ ˙Ytfl˚U VÙ’?
RWlTh”s[ TPeL˚[d LY≤dL‹m. AhPY˚Q Utflm œ±l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p
TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ E´¨]eLfid°˚P˙VŸs[ ˘RÙPo˚Tl Tt±d œ±l◊ RVÙo ˘NnV‹m.
AßLlT•VÙ] G”j’d LÙh”dLs R⁄L.
AhPY˚Q 2.2
Positive interaction SWÙ]
˘NVpT¨UÙt\m
MutualismCWi”
E´¨]eLfidœm
Su˚U
ThPÙmÈf£Ÿm
RÙYWÿm
CommensalismJu±tœ Su˚UŸm,
Ut˘\Ùu±tœSu˚U˙VÙ æ˚U˙VÙ
Cp˚X
UWYÙ˚ZŸm
UÙUWÿm
Negative interaction
ÆT√R ˘NVpT¨UÙt\m
C˚W ©•jRp
Predators
Ju±tœ Su˚U
Ut˘\Ùu±tœj
æ˚U
YpÌflm ˙LÙØd
œg—m
Jh”i¶
Parasite
Ju±tœ Su˚U
Ut˘\Ùu±tœj
æ˚U
UÙUWÿm
CjßLfim
˙TÙh•
CWi” E´¨]j
ßtœm ˘RÙPdLj
ßp ˘L”Rp. ©u
˘Yt±˘Tflm
E´¨dœ Su˚U
Y˚L ˘TVo £\l◊ G.LÙ
T´oLfim
L˚[Lfim
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
36
C’ Yœl©p L⁄jRWeLm Jufl SPjßV˙TÙ’ Af— YÙ£jR L⁄jRWeL A±d˚L´u J⁄
Tœß. C˚R Bn‹ Nn’, E´¨Vdœ› (population), E´¨VNÍLm (community), YÙrUiPXm
(ecosystem), E´oUiPXm (biosphere) TÙu\Yt±u C˚P˙VŸs[ RÙPo◊Tt± £fl œ±l◊
Y˚WL.
E´oUiPXjßu TÙ’LÙlTÙ] ®˚X˙Tt±tœ YÙrUiPXeLfidœ Teœs[RÙ?
Jq˘YÙ⁄ YÙrUiPXeL˚[Ÿm EflßlT”j’Yßp EQ‹ Y˚XLs ER‹Y’ GqYÙfl?
CVt˚L AZ°˙V...
E´o UiPXÿm SÙ‡m
CVt˚L´u ™Ll ˘T¨V AßNV˙U E´o. ◊Æ´p
E´¨]eLs LÙQlT”m Tœß˙V E´oUiPXm.
Y∞UiPXjßp H\jRÙZ 10. °.¡ EVWjߤm LP≠p
10 °.¡ BZjߤUÙL E´oUiPXm TWÆ´⁄d°u\’.
È™´p Uh”UÙ E´o Es[’? E´oUiPXjßtœ
˘Y∞˙V E´¨]eLs H˙R‡m C⁄d°\RÙ G]d
LiP±YRtLÙL "Gdv TVÙ[¥' G‡m A±ÆVp ’˚\
Jufl Es[’.
Tp˙Yfl Y˚LVÙ] E´¨Ls Nok’ YÙ›m YÙrUiPX˙U
E´oUiPXjßu A•lT˚P. J⁄ œ±l©hP C]j˚Rf
˙NokR E´¨]eLs A˚]j˚RŸm E´odœ›dLs
Gu°˙\Ùm. Jq˘YÙ⁄ YÙrUiPXjߤm HWÙ[UÙ]
EV¨Vp œ›dLs Nok’ E´¨Vp NÍLUÙL E´¨]eLs
YÙr°u\]. CqYÙ\Ù] EV¨Vp NÍLjßp EhTh•⁄dœm
Ko Efll©]WÙL SÙu Es˙[u.
©\ E´¨]eLfidœ ˙UXÙ] A±‹T˚PjR U≤R‡dœ
CVt˚L˚V ÿ›Y’UÙLf ˘NÙkR ˙R˚YLfidLÙLl
TVuT”jR ÿ•Ÿm. B´u AqYÙfl NnVXÙUÙ? AqYÙfl
˘NnRÙp E´oUiPXjßtœ GqY[‹ SÙs ®˚Xj’ ®tL
ÿ•Ÿm? B˚LVÙp CVt˚L´¤s[ E´¨Ls EhTP GpXÙ
Y[eL˚[Ÿm TVuT”j’Y˙RÙ” AYt±u TÙ’LÙl©tœm
G]’ A±˚Y TVuT”jR ˙Yi”m. ARtLÙL Gu]Ùp
Gu] ˘NnVÿ•Ÿm?
33333
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
37
∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ EQ‹ Y˚X´u TPjß˚] BWÙV‹m. œ›d LXk’˚WVÙPp YØVÙL
E⁄YÙœm L⁄j’dL˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m.
LXk’˚WVÙP¤dœ ERYd·•V œ±l◊Ls RWlTh”s[]. A˚Rl TVuT”j’≈oL[pXYÙ?
EQ‹ Y˚X´≠⁄k’ H˙R‡m J⁄ E´¨]j˚R ød°]Ùp A’ ©\ E´¨]eL˚[
GqYÙfl TÙßdœm?
EQ‹ Y˚X´u £dLXÙ] A˚Ul©˚] C’ GqYÙfl TÙßdœm?
CRu LÙWQUÙL YÙrUiXjßtœ Gu] ˙S⁄m?
EQ‹Y˚X´u £dLXÙ] A˚Ul◊ CXœYÙ]RÙL UÙflm˙TÙ’ YÙrUiPXjßu NUf∫o
Ru˚U ˘Lh”Æ”m. B˚LVÙp J⁄ YÙrUiPXjߤs[ Jq˘YÙ⁄ E´¨]jßtœm ELkR
®˚XŸm ÿd°Vj’Yÿm Ei”.
È™´p H\jRÙZ 125 XhNj’dœm ˙Up E´¨]Y˚LLs YÙr°u\]. ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ ˚T
Y˚WTPjß˚] BWÙnk’ C’Y˚Wdœm A˚PVÙ[m Li”˘LÙiP E´¨]Y˚LL∞u
Gi¶d˚L˚V Jl◊˚U ˘NnL.
™Ld·”RXÙL Es[ E´¨]Y˚L G’? ™Ldœ˚\YÙ]’ G’?
TPÆ[dLm II
TPÆ[dLm I
˘UÙ…WÙ
◊˙Wh•vhPÙ
Èg˚N
©[Ùu˙P
A≤˙U≠VÙ
0.6% 9.4% 3.8%17.2%
69%
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
38
CqYÙfl È™´¤s[ TpY˚LVÙ] RÙYWeLfim, ÆXeœLfim, ÷i‘´¨Lfim ˙NokR
E´¨]Y[j˚R E´¨]˙Ytfl˚U (biodiversity) Gu°˙\Ùm.
EeL[’ Tœß´p E´¨]˙Ytfl˚U´u ®˚X Gu]? ÆNÙ¨dL‹m. C˚Rl Tt± ˘R¨V
˙Yi”˘U≤p G˚R GpXÙm T¨∫X˚] ˘NnV ˙Yi”m? ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ œ±l◊L˚[
TVuT”jß EeLs L⁄j’dL˚[ E⁄YÙdL‹m.
EeLs Tœß´p ÿu©⁄kR E´¨]Y˚LLs VÙ‹m Cl˙TÙ’m C⁄d°u\]YÙ?
E´¨]eLs Utflm E´¨]Y˚LL∞u Gi¶d˚L AßL¨j’s[RÙ?
ÆYNÙVj’˚\´p HtThP UÙt\m E´¨]˙Ytfl˚U´p BßdLm ˘N¤j’°\RÙ?
YÙrd˚L ÿ˚\´p HtThP UÙt\eLs H˙R‡m Y˚L´p E´¨]˙Ytfl˚U´u
CZl©tœd LÙWQUÙ°\RÙ?
øeLs E⁄YÙd°V L⁄j’dL∞u Ht◊jRu˚U˚V ˙NÙßj’ A±V GjR˚LV YØÿ˚\L˚[
GpXÙm Htfld˘LÙsYÙn?
$ Etfl˙SÙdLp
$ ˘T¨˙VÙoLfiPu ˙SoÿLm.
$
$
RLYp ßWh”R¤dœ ELkR YØÿ˚\L˚[l Tt± B£¨˚V´Pÿm, SiToL∞Pÿm
LXkRÙ˙XÙ£j’ ˘NVpÿ˚\, ˙SWm ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ ÿ›˚UVÙLj ßhP™”eLs. RLYp
ßWh•V©u AYt˚\ A±ÆVp ÈoYUÙLl TœlTÙn‹ Nn’ ÿ•‹L˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p
G›R‹m.
EeLs Tœß´¤s[ E´¨]˙Ytfl˚U´u Ei˚UVÙ] ®˚X ˘R¨kRRpXYÙ?
E´¨]˙Ytfl˚U´u TÙßl◊dœd LÙWQm G’YÙL C⁄dLXÙm? CRtœj æo‹LÙQ øeLs
·flm ˙VÙN˚] Gu]? EeLs L⁄j’dL˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m. E´¨]
˙Ytfl˚U´u CZl◊ œ˚\lTRtLÙL EeL[Ùp CV¤°u\ J⁄ NVpTÙh˚P B£¨˚VŸP‡m
SiToLfiP‡m ˙Nok’ ßhP™”eLs. Gp˙XÙ⁄m Te˙Ltœm T•VÙL A˚Rf ˘NVpT”jR‹m.
AqYÙ\Ù] ˘NVpTÙh•u ˙TÙ’ EeLfidœiPÙ] A‡TYeL˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p
G›R‹m.
E´¨] ˙Ytfl˚U´u CZl◊ EeLs Tœß´p Uh”UÙ Es[’? EXL[ÙÆV ÿ˚\´p E´¨]
˙Ytfl˚U´u ®˚X Gu]? ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh•⁄dœm TPÆ[dLÿm œ±l◊Lfim BWÙnk’
L⁄j’dL˚[ E⁄YÙd° A˚R A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m.
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
39
Ck®˚X ˘RÙPWd ·PÙ’
1600dœm 1900dœm C˚P˙V °hPjRhP 75 Y˚LVÙ] RÙYW C]eLfim,
ÆXe°]eLfim È™´p C⁄k’ LÙQÙUp ˙TÙ´tfl. 1900 ˛ -1970 LÙXeL∞¤m C˙R
A[‹ E´¨]eLs AØ˚Y S¨hP’. LPkR 25 Y⁄PeLfidœs AØÆu Gi¶d˚L
¡i”m AßL¨jR’. Ck®˚X ˘RÙPokRÙp T—˚UVÙ] CkR È™´u E´¨]Y[m
GjR˚] SÙhLs ø•dœ˙UÙ!
Cufl U˚ZdLÙ”Ls...
SÙ˚[ TÙ˚XY]m
E´¨]˙Ytfl˚U´u E˚\ÆPUÙLj
ßL›m CPmRÙu ˘YlTUiPX U˚Zd
LÙ”Ls. 1980Bm Bi”d LQdœlT•
LPkR 40 Y⁄PeL∞p H\jRÙZ 44%
˘YlTUiPXd LÙ”Ls-/ U˚ZdLÙ”Ls
CZl©tœ Es[Ù]’. Jq˘YÙ⁄ Y⁄Pÿm
°hPjRhP 75,000 °.¡ U˚ZdLÙ”Ls
AØÆtœ Es[Ù °u\’. C˙R ®˚X
˘RÙPokRÙp 80 Bi”Lfidœl©u
U˚ZdLÙ”L∞u CPm TÙ˚XY]eLs
RdL ˚Yj’d˘LÙsfim GuTßp
IV™p˚X. LÙ”Ls Uh”UpX, øo
˙RdLeLs, ◊p˙U”Ls ˙TÙu\ YÙØPe
L∞u ®˚XŸm T¨RÙTjßtœ¨V˙R
RY˚[Lfim SÙh”UÙ‹m
CqÆWi•tœ™˚P˙V Gu] ˘RÙPo◊ G] Gi‘°»o
L[Ù? ÿd°VUÙ] Jtfl˚U Gu]˘Y≤p C˚Y CWi”m
C] AØ˚Y Gßo˘LÙs°\’ GuTRÙœm. RY˚[d
LÙpLfidœ Æ⁄lTm AßL¨jR’m, Èf£d˘LÙp≠
U⁄k’Ls TVuT”jR¤m RY˚[´u Gi¶d˚L
œ˚\YRtœd LÙWQUÙVıtfl ◊’Y˚LVÙ]
UÙÆ]WLeL∞u Y⁄˚L SU’ SÙh” UÙUWjßu
U˚\Ætœ YØ ˙LÙ≠V’.
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
40
C˚Y C≤˙Up TPeL∞p Uh”m
TÙ≠ ˚PLo ˙PÙ˙PÙ ©ed ˘aPh Pd
E´¨] Ytfl˚U SÙ˚[
J⁄ U˙X£V SÙh” Ei˚Uf NmTYm
1970 L∞p U˙X£VÙ SÙh•p •Î¨Vu UWjßu TZeLs EtTjß NnVlT”Y’ YœYÙLd
œ˚\kR’. B˚LVÙp A˚R Sm©f ˘NVpThP TZeLs TRlT”jRp ˘RÙØp ®ufl
ÆhP’. Hu ˘R¨ŸUÙ? C\Ùp Y[ol©tLÙLd LiPp LÙ”L˚[ AØjRRÙp Aeœ
YÙrkß⁄kR Y¸YÙpLs LÙQÙUp TÙ´tfl. •Î¨Vu UWjßp ULWkRf Nod˚L SPdL
ERÆ´⁄kR ˘Y¸YÙpL∞u AØYÙp •Î¨Vu UWjßu TZeLs E⁄YÙY’m ®ufl
ÆhP’. AØÆu ˘RÙPof ˘NV≠˚]l TÙ⁄eL˙[u.
TPm 3.1
TPÆ[dLm III
E´¨] Ytfl˚UCufl
˙Yh˚PVÙ”
Rp
LÙ”
L˚
[A
ØjRp
øo˙Rd°L˚[®Wl◊Rp
UÙN˚PRp
E´¨] Ytfl˚U´u Y[UÙ]ÿuLÙXm
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
41
E´¨]˙Ytfl˚U˚Vl TÙ’LÙl˙TÙm Gu\Ùp ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[l TVuT”jRd ·PÙ’ GuTRpX.
L”˚UVÙ] —Wi”R˚Xj R˚P ˘NnY’Pu C] AØ˚Y Gßo˘LÙsfim EV¨]eL˚[l
TÙ’LÙlTRtLÙ] SPY•dL˚L˚[Ÿm ˙Ut˘LÙs[ ˙Yi•Ÿs[’. E´¨]˙Ytfl˚U´u
CZl©tœj æo‹LÙQ EXL[ÙÆV TX SPY•d˚LLs G”dLlTh”s[].
E´¨]eL˚[ AYt±u CVt˚LVÙ] —tflf „Z≠p TÙ’LÙdLlT”°u\ (in-situ conservation)ÿ˚\Ÿm, CVt˚LVÙ] YÙrUiPXjßtœ ˘Y∞˙V RœkR CPeL∞p TÙ’LÙdLlT”°u\
ÿ˚\Ÿm (ex-situ conservation) S˚Pÿ˚\´p Es[]. Y]ÆXeœ NWQÙXVeLs (wild lifesanctuaries), ˙R£VlÈeLÙdLs, T˙VÙv©Vo ¨No‹Ls, ˙NÙ˚XLs ˙TÙu\˚Y ÿRp ©¨Æ¤m,
RÙYWÆVp ÈeLÙdLs, E´¨Vp ÈeLÙdLs, Àu Ye°Ls ˙TÙu\˚Y CWiPÙY’
©¨Æ¤ÿs[ TÙ’LÙl◊ ÿ˚\L[Ùœm. Cj’Pu £X E´¨]eL∞u TÙ’LÙl©tLÙ] £\l◊f
˘NVpßhPeLfim S˚Pÿ˚\´p Es[]. G.LÙ. ◊≠Ls TÙ’LÙl◊j ßhPm (project tiger).Jq˘YÙ⁄ Tœß´¤s[ E´¨]Y[j˚Rl Tt±j RLYp ßWh• E´¨]˙Ytfl˚U Tß˙Y”L˚[j
RVÙo ˘NnY’m, E´¨]˙Ytfl˚Ul TÙ’LÙl©u Tœß˙V
∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ Æ[dLjß˚]d LY≤ŸeLs
Y]ÆXeœ NWQÙXVeLs (Wild life sanctuaries)Y]ÆXeœL∞u TÙ’LÙl˚T ˙SÙdLUÙLd ˘LÙi”
’YeLl˘Tt\ J⁄ ÿVt£˙V C’. ÆXeœLfidœ AYt±u
CVt˚LVÙ] —tflf„Z≠p YÙrYRtœ CR]Ùp ÿ•°\’.
—tfll◊\f „Z¤dœd ˙L” YWÙU¤m, ÆXeœL∞u
CVpTÙ] YÙrÆtœj RPeLp HtTPÙU¤m U≤R≤u
D”TÙh•tœ A‡Uß YZeLlTh”s[’. B˚LVÙp
L”˚UVÙ] ®TkR˚]Lfidœ EhTh”d LÙh•u
Æ˚[˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ G”lTRtœm UWm ˘YhP‹m ÆYNÙVm
˘NnV‹m ARu YØVÙL U≤R‡dœ ˙SW•VÙ] TXu
°˚PlTRtœ ERYd·•V Y˚L´p Y]ÆXeœ
NWQÙVXeLs Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[]. ˙LW[ÙƤs[
˘Nk’⁄¶Ÿm ˘T¨VÙflm Y]ÆXeœ NWQÙXVeLfidœ
G”j’d LÙh”L[Ùœm.
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
42
T˙VÙv©Vo ¨No‹Ls
(Biosphere Reserves)E´oUiPXjßu SLpL˙[ T˙VÙv©Vo ¨No‹Ls. ©\ TÙ’LÙl◊
NWQÙXVeLfiPu Jl©”˚L´p ™Ll˘T¨V TWlT[‹ ˘LÙiP TœßLs
CRtœ Ei”, J⁄ T˙VÙv©Vo ¨NoÆp HWÙ[UÙ] ˙R£V ÈeLÙdLfim.,
Y]ÆXeœ NWQÙXVeLfim APe°´⁄dœm. ˚NXuhYÙ≠Ÿm,
˘Nk’⁄¶Ÿm, ˘T¨VÙflm øX°¨ T˙VÙv©Vo ¨NoÆp EhT”°u\]. J⁄
T˙VÙv©Vo ¨NoÆu ˚UVl Tœß´p (core zone) GkRÆRUÙ] U≤R
D”TÙ”m A‡UßdLlT”Yßp˚X. A’ Y]ÆXeœL∞u NÙkR ®XUÙLj
ßLr°\’. A˚Rf —t±Ÿs[ T@To ˙NÙi (buffer zone) HWÙ[UÙ]
Æ˚[˘TÙ⁄hL∞u L[g£VUÙœm. Lt\p ˘NVpTÙh•tœm, BWÙnf£
LfidœUÙL Cl˘TÙ⁄hL˚[l TVuT”jRXÙm. Cj˙R˚YLfidLÙL
Lh”lTÙh”P]Ù] U≤R D”TÙ”Lfim A‡UßdLjRdLRÙœm. ™L‹m
˘Y∞lT˚PVÙ] Tœß (transition zone) U≤R≤u YÙØPUÙœm. U≤R≤u
D”TÙ” ClTœßL∞p A‡UßdLlTh”s[’. B]Ùp Ce°⁄k’
EhTœßdœf NpX L”˚UVÙ] ®TkR˚]Lfim NhPßhPeLfim Es[].
˙R£V ÈeLÙdLs
(National Parks)
U≤R≤u F”⁄Yp CVt˚Ldœ Æ˚[Æd
œm ˙Lh˚Pf N¨˘NnŸm ˙SÙdœPu TX ˘NVp
TÙ”Lfim ßhP™PlTh”s[]. AYtfls JuflRÙu
˙R£V ÈeLÙdLs. CVt˚L´u CVpTÙ] AZœm
£dLXÙ] A˚Ul◊m AqYÙ˙\ TÙ’LÙd°u\ ˘T¨V
LÙh”lTœß˙V ClÈeLÙdLs. Ceœ ÆYNÙVm,
˙RÙhPm A˚UjRp ˙TÙu\ U≤R≤u D”TÙ”Ls
R˚P ˘NnVTh”s[]. ˙R∫V ÈeLÙdL∞p R≤VÙo
®flY]eL˚[ A‡UßlTßp˚X. GpXÙ E´¨
]eLfidœm CVt˚LŸPu JuflTh” YÙZ YØ
˙LÙ¤m ˙R£V ÈeLÙdLs E´¨]Y[jßu
£\l◊™dL L[g£VUÙœm. CWÆœ[ÿm, ˚NXuh
YÙ≠Ÿm (A˚UßlTs[jRÙdœ) ˙LW[jߤs[
˙R£V ÈeLÙdL[Ùœm.
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
43
RÙYW ÈeLÙdLs
(Botanical Gardens)Tp˙Yfl Y˚LVÙ] RÙYW Y˚L
L˚[l TÙ’LÙlT’ G‡m ÿd°V
˙SÙdLj’Pu A±ÆVp ÈoYUÙL E⁄YÙdLlTh”s[ C˚Y
©\ ÈeLÙdL∞≠⁄k’ ˙Yfl
ThP˚Y. RÙYWeL∞p AYtflPu ˘RÙPo◊˚PV RLYp Ah
˚PLs C⁄dœm. ß⁄Y]kR◊Wm
UÙYhPjߤs[ RÙYWÆVpÈeLÙ Utflm BWÙnf£ ˚UVm,
TÙ˙XÙ”, (Tropical BotaniclGarden and Research Institutepalode) CRtœ J⁄ G”j’d
LÙhPÙœm.
◊≠Ls TÙ’LÙl◊j ßhPm (Project Tiger)CkßVÙÆu R£V ÆXeLÙ°V ◊≠, C] AØ˚Y Gßo˙SÙdœm
˙Y˚[´p ’Ye°V ßhP˙U ◊≠Ls TÙ’LÙl◊j ßhPm. 1973Cp
’Ye°V CjßhPjßuT• ◊≠L˚[ AYt±u CVt˚LVÙ]
—tflf „Z≠p TÙ’LÙlTRtLÙ] ÿVt£Ls Ut˘LÙs[lThP].
CqYÙ\Ù] 23 ˚UVeLs CkßVÙÆp Es[]. G.LÙ.
˙RdL•´¤s[ ˘T¨VÙo ˚PLo ¨Noq, ◊≠Ls TÙ’LÙl◊j ßhP
AUXÙdLjß]Ùp ◊≠L∞u Gi¶d˚L AßL¨j’s[’
Gufl ◊s∞ ÆYWeLs ˘R¨Æd°u\].
ÆXe°Vp ÈeLÙdLs
(Zoological Gardens)Y]ÆXeœL˚[f ˘NVt˚LVÙ] „r®˚X
L∞p Y[olTRtLÙ] Æ⁄lTm U≤R‡dœj
˘RÙufl˘RÙh˙P C⁄k’ Y⁄°\’. Cq
Æ⁄lT˙U ™⁄LdLÙh£f NÙ˚XLfidœ
YØ˙LÙ≠V’. CVt˚LŸPu Ju± YÙ›m
ÆXeœLfidœ AkR —RkßWÿm. —tfll
„Z¤m ÿ›˚UVÙL YZeL ÿ•VÙÆhPÙ
¤m ™⁄LdLÙh£f NÙ˚XLs C] AØ˚Y
Gßo˘LÙsfim TX ÆXeœ˚[Ÿm TÙ’LÙd
°u\ ˚UVm Gu\ ÿ˚\´p ™L‹m
ÿd°Vj’Ym YÙnkRRÙœm. ß⁄Y]kR◊Wj
ߤs[ ™⁄Ld LÙh£f NÙ˚X ™L‹m TZ˚U
YÙnkR’m Tp˙Yfl Y˚LVÙ] ÆXe°]e
L˚[d LÙiP J⁄ ÆXe°Vp ÈeLÙYÙœm.
ÀuYe°Ls
(Gene Banks)ÿ›Y[of£ ˘Tt\ E´¨]e
L˚[l TÙ’LÙlT’Pu AYt
±u ˘TÙ’lTi◊L˚[d Lh”l
T”j’m LÙW¶L˚[j (ÀuLs) ßWh•l TÙ’
LÙlT’UÙ] S≈]÷hT˙U ÀuYe°Ls.
Æ˚RYe° (Seed bank) E´o ÆkR‘ Ye° G]
Àu Ye°Ls TX Es[]. —XTUÙLd °˚Pdœm
˙Y˚[L∞p C˚Y ßWh PlTh”j ˙R˚YlT”m
˙Y˚[L∞p E´¨]e L˚[ EtTjß ˘Nn’ C]
AØ˚Yj RÆodLXÙm.
.
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
44
øeLs YÙ£jR CkR Æ[dLeL˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ EeLs L⁄j’dL˚[ A±ÆVp
œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m.
Y]ÆXeœ NWQÙXVeLs GqYÙfl ™⁄LdLÙh£f NÙ˚XL∞≠⁄k’ ˙YflTh”s[]?
E´oUiPXjßu UÙߨ˙V Biosphere reserves (T˙VÙv©Vo ¨No‹Ls) Hu?
◊≠Ls TÙ’LÙl◊j ßhPm ©\ Y]ÆXeœ TÙ’LÙl◊j ßhPeL∞≠⁄k’ GqYÙfl
˙YflTh”s[’?
Àu Ye°Ls E´¨]˙Ytfl˚U´u TÙ’LÙl©tœ GqYÙfl ER‹°\’?.
˘Wh ˙PhPÙ◊d ˛u ÿd°Vj’Ym Gu]?
E´¨]˙Ytfl˚U TÙ’LÙl◊f ˘NVpLs E⁄YÙd°P‹m J⁄e°˚QdL‹m ˙R£V A[Ƥm
EXL[ÙÆŸm Tp˙Yfl A˚Ul◊Lfim, ®flY]eLfim Es[]. WWF (World Wide Fund for theconservation of plant and animal resources) IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature andnatural resources), ˙TÙu\˚Y £X G”j’dLÙh”L[Ùœm. E´¨]˙Ytfl˚U TÙ’LÙl◊Pu
˘RÙPo◊˚PV HWÙ[UÙ] NhPßhPeLs Sm SÙh•p Es[]. C] AØ˚Y Gßo˘LÙsfim
E´¨]eL˚[j ’u◊flj’Y’m, ˘LÙpY’m, £\l◊ A‡Uß´u± AYt˚\ Y[oj’Y’m
RiP˚]dœ¨V œt\UÙœm.
◊‡œl È˚]
Civet cat
£eLYÙp œWeœ
Lion tailed macaque
Y˚WVÙ”
Nilgiri tahr
TPm IV
˘Wh ˙PhPÙ ◊d
(Red Data Book)C] AØ˚Y Gßo
˘LÙsfim E´¨]e
L˚[l Th•V≠”m
◊jRL˙U Red DataBook. EXL[ÙÆV
A[Æp IUCN ˘Y∞
´”°u\ ◊jRLj’Pu
TX SÙ”Ls R≤lThP
ÿ˚\´p ˘Y∞´”m
◊jRLeLfim Es[].
E´¨]eLs Gßo
˘LÙsfim C] AØ
Æu A[‹dœj Rœk
RYÙfl TX ©¨‹L[ÙL
A˚Y Cl◊jRLj ßp
E h T ” j R l T h ” s
[]. £eLYÙp œWeœ,
Y˚WVÙ”, ◊‡œlÈ˚]
˙TÙu\˚Y Red Data Book Cp CPm©•jR ˙LW[jߤs[ £X TÙÌh•
L[Ùœm.
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
45
NhPjßu TÙ’LÙl◊
2002E´¨]˙Ytfl˚Uf NhPjßuT• (biodiversity act) GpXÙ
UÙ®XeL∞¤m (biodiversity) YÙ¨VeLs E⁄YÙdLlThP]. ARu
A•lT˚P´p Jq˘YÙ⁄ Es[Ùh£ A˚Ul◊dL∞¤m (biodiversitymanagement) œ›dLs E⁄YÙd°P ˙Yi”m. AYoL∞u R˚X˚U´p
Aeœs[ E´¨] ˙Ytfl˚U Tß˙Y” biodiversity register RVÙ¨dL
˙Yi”m. CRtLÙL, B£¨VoLs, UÙQYoLs, Ru]ÙoYj ˘RÙiPoLs
B°˙VÙ¨u ERÆŸm ˙N˚YLfim TVuT”jRXÙm. E´¨]˙Ytfl˚Ul
Tß˙Y” E⁄YÙdœY˙RÙ”, AlTœß´¤s[ E´¨]Y[m Aeœs[
UdLfidœl TVuT”m Y˚L´p A±‹ ÈoYUÙL Æ≤˙VÙ°lTRtLÙ]
YØÿ˚\L˚[ A∞dL ˙Yi•V LP˚UŸm Es[Ùh£ A˚Ul◊Lfidœ
Ei”.
ÆXeœL∞Pm Hu CkRd ˘LÙ”˚U!
E´oUiPXjßu E˚P˚U U≤R‡dœ Uh”m Gu\ GiQm
N¨VpX. GpXÙ E´¨]eLfidœm NU E¨˚UŸm, ÿd°Vj
’Yÿm CVt˚L A∞j’s[’. B]Ùp U≤Ru Ru‡˚PV
A±˚Yl TVuT”jß GpXÙ E´¨]eL˚[Ÿm Ru‡˚PV
—VSX‡dLÙLl TVuT”j’°\Ùu. A±‹lÈoYUÙ] —Wi
P¤dœ A‡Uß C⁄l©‡m AqYl˙TÙ’ A’ Gp˚X
¡fl°\’ GuT’RÙu Ei˚U. A±ÆVp ˙NÙR˚]dœ Gu\
˘TV¨p ÆXeœL˚[j ˙R˚Y´pXÙUp TVuT”j’Y’m,
TVuT”j’YRtœÿu ÆXeœL˚[j R˚V´pXÙUp ˘LÙ”
˚UlT”j’Y’m Ti˚Q ÆXeœL˚[f £WUlT”j’Y’m
Cufl NoYNÙRÙWQUÙL Es[’. Cf˘NVpLfidœ GßWÙL
U≤Ru £kßjRRu TX]ÙL ÆXeœLfidœ GßWÙ]
˘LÙ”˚U˚V ®fljR ˙Yi”m G‡m ˙SÙdœPu TX
A˚Ul◊Ls E⁄YÙdLlThP]. AYtfls ÿd°VUÙ] Jufl
SPCA (Society for the Prevention of Cruelty on Animals). Bœm.
J⁄ Tœß´u E´¨]˙Ytfl˚U´u Y[jß˚]d LQd°”m˙TÙ’ EsSÙh”f £t±]eL∞u
(endemic species) Gi¶d˚Ldœ ™L‹m ÿd°Vj’Ym Ei”. CqYÙfl EsSÙh”
£t±]eL∞u Gi¶d˚L ™L AßLUÙL Es[’m, YÙØP AØÆtœ Es[ÙLl ˙TÙY’UÙ°V
CPeLs 'ecological hot spots' G]lT”m. EXLm ÿ›Y’m CqYÙ\Ù] 34 hot spot Ls
Ei” CYtfls ™L ÿd°VUÙ]˚Y CkßVÙƤs[ ˙Utœj ˘RÙPof£ U˚XŸm, CUVU˚Xl
TœßŸm Bœm. EX°u ™Ld·”RXÙ] E´¨]Y[m ™dL 12 SÙ”L∞p (mega diversity nations)CkßVÙ‹m Jufl. ˘T⁄mTÙXÙ] E´¨]eLfidœm YÙrYRtœj RœkR CPeL∞p Ju\ÙL
CVt˚L˙V Sm SÙh˚Pj ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’s[’ GuT˙R CRu ˘TÙ⁄s. CqY[m Sm SÙh•u
˙Tfl Bœm. A˚Rl TÙ’LÙdL ˙Yi•V’ Jq˘YÙ⁄ CkßVd œ•UL≤u LP˚UŸUÙœm.
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
46
E´¨]Y[jßu TÙ’LÙl©tœ AßL ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞lT’ SÙh•u Y[of£dœ
R˚PVÙLÙRÙ?
A±ÆVp ˘RÙØp ÷hTjß˚]l TVuT”jß Y[of£lT¶L˚[ ˙YLlT”jRÙÆ•p
U≤RœXjßu Y[of£ S˚P˘TflUÙ?
EeLs R≤lThP L⁄j’dL˚[ G›R‹m. B£¨˚V´u ˙UtTÙo˚Y´p EeLs Yœl©p J⁄
LXk’˚WVÙPp HtT”jß L⁄j’dL˚[ T¨UÙ\‹m. LXk’˚WVÙP˚Xd ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[
œ±l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p Y¨˚NlT”jR‹m.
E´¨] Y[jßu TÙ’LÙl◊m SÙh•u Y[of£Ÿm GqYÙfl Jufl ˙NodLXÙm?
®˚XVÙ] Y[of£ (sustainable development) GuT’ G˚Rd œ±d°u\’?
ThPQjßu J⁄ LÙh£˚Vl TÙojæoL[pXYÙ? ˘Nu\ 30 Bi”L∞p Ceœ ®LrkRUÙt\eLs VÙ˚Y? CkR UÙt\eLs CVt˚L Utflm U≤RoL˚[ GqYÙ˘\pXÙm TÙßjß⁄dLXÙm?
Jq˘YÙ⁄ SÙfim Sm˚Uf —t±¤m S˚P˘Tflm ˘NVpTÙ”Ls VÙ˚Y? EeLs N˚UVpA˚\´¤m —tfll◊\jߤm S˚P˘Tflm UÙt\eL˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›ßl TÙodL‹m.CYt±p SUdœ Su˚U ˘NnY]‹m, æ˚U ˘NnY]‹m Es[]YÙ? CVt˚LVÙ] UÙt\eLfim˘NVt˚LVÙ] UÙt\eLfim EiPÙ?A˚Y VÙ˚Y?...............................................................................................
Gq˘YqYÙfl UÙt\eL˚[ Y˚LlT”jRXÙm? Y˚LlT”jR˚XŸm ARtœd ˚LVÙiPYØÿ˚\L˚[Ÿm A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p œ±dL‹m. EeLs SiTu RiΩ˚W øWÙÆVÙLUÙtflYRtœm, øWÙÆ˚V ¡i”m RiΩWÙL UÙtflYRtœm ÿVt£ Nn°\Ùu. CRtLÙLj RVÙo˘NnR YØÿ˚\Ls G˚Y˘VpXÙm?
C’ ˙TÙufl £X YØÿ˚\L˚[ E⁄YÙd° EeL[Ù¤m ˘NnV ÿ•ŸUÙ? ÿVufl TÙodL‹m.
UÙt\eLs
(30 Y⁄Pjßtœ ÿu◊)
(Cl˘TÙ›’)
TPm 4.1 (a)
TPm 4:1 (b)
4
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
48
CmUÙt\jßu R≤jRu˚U˚V G›’L.
RiΩo, øWÙÆ B°VYt±u ÍXd·fl J›eL˚Ul˚Td LÙh”m TPm ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. „˙Pt±V˙TÙ’m œ∞Wf ˘NnR˙TÙ’m øo ÍXd·flLfidœ HtThP’ Gu] Gufl◊¨k’˘LÙs[XÙm ApXYÙ?
RiΩo øWÙÆ Bœm˙TÙ’ øo ÍXd·flL∞uJ›eL˚Ul©p S˚P˘Tt\ UÙt\m:
øWÙÆ øWÙL UÙ±V˙TÙ’
UÙt\eLs GpXÙm C’ ˙TÙu\RÙ? ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ Bn‹
SPj’YRtLÙL G”jR ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[l TÙ⁄eLs.
Am˙UÙ≤Vm ˚P œ˙WÙ˙Uh T•LeLs, K” ApX’ ˘NeLp ’i”Ls, æl˘Th•
˘NVpTÙ”
J⁄ Kh”j’i” ApX’ ˘NeLp≠u¡’ Am˙UÙ≤Vm˚P œ˙WÙ˙Uh T•LeL˚[d œÆVXÙL YdL‹m. G∞ßpæ˚V G¨Vf NnYRtLÙLd œÆV≠u Up◊\jßp Ju˙\ÙCWi˙PÙ ædœf£´u U⁄k’s[ TÙLmUh”m ÿ±j’G”j’ ˚YdL‹m. Aßp æ˚V G¨Vf ˘NnV‹m. HtT”mUÙt\eL˚[ Etfl ˙SÙdL‹m.
$ ®\jßp ..............................................................................
$ A[Æp .............................................................................
$ .................................................................................
$ .................................................................................
◊ßV ˘TÙ⁄s ˙RÙu±VRÙ?
Cu˘]Ù⁄ Bn‹ ˘Nn’ TÙodLXÙm. TPjßp
LÙi©dLlTh”s[˚Rl ˙TÙu\ A˚Ul˚T
E⁄YÙd° Bn‹ ˘Nn’ TÙo. ˙R˚YVÙ] L⁄ÆLsVÙ˚Y? Th•Vp CP‹m. G”jR L˚WNp :L±El◊ + 3’∞ ©]ÙplR≠u. L˚WN≠u ®\m BnÆtœ ÿu◊
Bn‹ ˘Nn’ TÙojR ˙TÙ’
L˚WN≠≠u ®\ UÙt\jßu YÙ´XÙL ARu Ti©tœ
øo øWÙÆTPm 4.2
A˙UÙ≤Vm ˚Pœ˙WÙ˙Uh
TPm 4.3
TPm 4.4
LÙoTu Ri”
˘Nm◊ Lm©
3 ’∞ ©]ÙplR≠u LXkRL±El◊ L˚WNp
™uLXm6 V
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
49
Gu] UÙt\m S˚P˘Tt\’ G]l ◊¨k’˘LÙs[ ÿ•kRRÙ? ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] ·t±tœ˙S˙W (ü) ˘NnV‹m
L˚WNp A™XjRu˚U E˚PVRÙL UÙ±V’.
L˚WNp LÙWjRu˚U E˚PVRÙL UÙ±V’
L˚WN¤dœ UÙt\m H’m HtTPÆp˚X.
BnÆu ’YdLjßp G”jR L˚WNp ApXCflß´p °˚PjR’ G]l ◊¨kR’ ApXYÙ?CqYÙfl UÙflThP Ti◊Lfis[ ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[E⁄YÙdœm˙TÙ’ ◊ßV ÍXd·flLfimE⁄YÙœm ApXYÙ?
RiΩ˚Wf „˙Pt±Ÿm œ∞Wf ˘Nn’m ˘NnR ˘NVpTÙh•p, „˙Pt±V˙TÙ’ ˘TÙ⁄∞uÍXd·flL∞u J›eL˚Ul◊ Uh”˙U UÙ±V’. AR]Ùp œ∞Wf ˘NnR˙TÙ’ ARtœ,ÿu©⁄kR’ ˙TÙp UÙ\‹m ÿ•kR’. RtLÙ≠LUÙ] CjR˚LV UÙt\eLs CVt©Vp UÙt\eLs(physical changes) G] A±VlT”°u\].
B]Ùp Utfl CWi” ˘NVpTÙ”L∞¤m ◊ßV ÍXd·flLs ApXYÙ E⁄YÙ´tfl? CeœE⁄YÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ ¡i”m A˙UÙ≤Vm ˚P œ˙WÙ˙Uh BL˙YÙ L±Ÿl◊d L˚WNXÙL˙YÙUÙt\ ÿ•VÙ’. ARÙY’ C˚Y ®˚XVÙ] UÙt\eL[Ùœm.
◊ßV ÍXd·flLs (˘TÙ⁄hLs) E⁄YÙYRÙp CjR˚LV ®˚XVÙ] UÙt\eLs ˙YßUÙt\eLs(chemical changes) ApX’ ˙YßÆ˚]Ls (chemical reactions) Gufl A±VlT”°u\].RiΩ¨u ®˚X UÙt\j˚Rd œ±jR J⁄ TPÆ[dLj˚Rd LY≤dL‹m.
« RiΩ¨u ®˚X UÙt\jßp RÙdLm ˘N¤j’m Bt\pY•Ym VÙ’?
©]ÙplR≠u Gu‡mLÙh• (Indicator)
J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄s A™XjRu˚U E˚PVRÙApX’ LÙWjRu˚U E˚PVRÙ G]A±k’˘LÙs[ LÙh•˚Vl TVuT”jRXÙm. ≠hUv, ˘NmT⁄jßlÈÆu NÙfl,¿hÏhNÙfl, ©]ÙlR≠u ˙TÙu\Yt˚\LÙh•L[ÙLl TVuT”jRXÙm. BnYLjßp TVuT”jRlT”m LÙh•L∞pJufl ©]ÙplR≠u. A™XjߤmS”®˚Xd L˚WN≠¤m ®\Ut\RÙLdLÙQlT”m. B]Ùp LÙWjRu˚UŸs[L˚WNpL∞p ©ed ®\j˚Rd LÙh”m.
T≤dLh• RiΩo øWÙÆ
˘YlTm Ht°\’
˘YlTm E™r°\’
TPjßp Æ”ThPTÙLm (1), (2) ®Wl◊L.
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
50
TPm 4.5
(£t\Lp)
CVt©Vp UÙt\jßtœ ˙U¤m G”j’dLÙh”Ls Li”©•j’ Aj’Pu ˘RÙPo◊˚PV Bt\pUÙt\eLs VÙ˚Y G] A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›’L.
˙U¤m £X ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[d œ±j’j ˘R¨k’˘LÙs˙YÙm.
˘NVpTÙ” 1
EW£ —jRm ˘NnR J⁄’i” ˘Ud…µVm SÙPÙ˚Yj æ´p LÙi©dL‹m.
◊ßV ˘TÙ⁄s E⁄YÙ]RÙ?
°˚PjR NÙmT˚Xf ˙NL¨j’d œ˚\kR A[‹ ø¨pL˚WVf ˘Nn’, ≠hUvRÙs ET˙VÙ°j’d L˚WN≠uTi˚T Bn‹ ˘NnL. ø ◊¨k’˘LÙiP’ Gu]? C’ J⁄˙Yß´Vp UÙt\m G]d ·\lT”YRu LÙWQm Gu]?
˘NVpTÙ” ˛ 2
J˙W A[‹s[ CWi” ˘Yi¶\j ’i”j ’¶L˚[f £pYo ˚Sh˙Wh L˚WN≠p ÍrLf˘Nn’ G”dL‹m. Ju˚\ J⁄ Ah˚Pl ˘Th•´‡s J∞ TPÙRYÙfl ˚YdL‹m Ut˘\Ùu˚\f„¨VJ∞ SW•VÙLl T”m CPjßp YdL‹m. £±’ SWm LØk’ CWi˚PŸm EtfllTÙodL‹m.
« „¨VJ∞ T”m CPjßp ˚YjR ’¶´p HtThP UÙt\m Gu]?
« C⁄∞p ˚YjR ’¶´p HtThP UÙt\m Gu]?
« ®\ UÙt\jßp „¨VJ¸ı´u Teœ VÙ’?
˘NVpTÙ” ˛ 3
EXokR Bn‹d œZÙ´p £±’ TÙhPÙ£Vm ToUÙeL˙]h T•LeLsG”j’ Bn‹dœZÙ´u YÙnlTœß´p J⁄ G¨Ÿm œf£˚VdLÙhP‹m. Gu] LÙi°\Ùn? ˙U¤m Bn‹d œZÙ˚Vf „˙Pt±V©u◊ Bn˚Yf ˘Nn’ TÙo.
TPm 4.6
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
51
Etfl˙SÙdLp
« CRtœj ’˚Q◊¨Ÿm YÙŸ VÙ’?
« C’ GqYÙfl E⁄YÙ´tfl?
˘TÙhPÙ£Vm ˘ToUÙeL˙]h →˘TÙhPÙ£Vm UÙeL˙]h +UÙeL…v ˚P Bd˚^” + Bd≥_u
« ˘TÙhPÙ£Vm ToUÙeL˙]h•u £˚RÆp RÙdLm ˘N¤j’m Bt\p Y•Ym VÙ’?
˘NVpTÙ” ˛ 4
TPjßu A˚Ul˚T Etfll TÙodL‹m. Bn‹dLÙL
G”jR ˘TÙ⁄hLs: ˘Nm◊dLm©, Ud…µVm, SPÙ,
øojR NpȨd A™Xm.
CkR BnÆu ˘Nnÿ˚\˚V G›ßl TÙodL‹m.
Etfl˙SÙdLp:
˘Nm◊m Ud…µVÿm E˙XÙLeL[Ùœm.
E˙XÙLeLs A™Xj’Pu Æ˚]◊¨Ÿm G] A±YÙnApXYÙ? Ceœ Tp˚T J¸ıWf ˘NnVj ˙R˚YVÙ]Bt\p VÙ’? C’ GqYÙfl E⁄YÙ´tfl?
C’Y˚W´¤m SÙm ˘NnR ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p C⁄k’ ®˚XVÙ] UÙt\eL∞p ◊ßV ˘TÙ⁄hLs(ÍXd·flLs) E⁄YÙ°u\] G]d Li˙PÙm. CYt±p ø LY≤jR ©\ £\l©Vp◊Ls VÙ˚Y?
Jq˘YÙ⁄ Yß UÙt\jߤm øeLs A±k’˘LÙiP Bt\p UÙt\eL˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•pAhPY˚QlT”jßl TÙodL‹m.
AhPY˚Q 4.1
1 Ud…µVm G¨Rp $
2 $
3 $
4 $
TPm 4.7
˘Nm◊
˘NVpTÙ” UÙt\m A˚PkR Bt\p Y•YeLs
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
52
TPm 4.8
« ˘YlT ˙YßÆ˚]Ls A˚]jߤm ˘YlTm E™rRpS˚P ˘Tfl°\RÙ?
£l©´≠⁄k’ —hP —iQÙm◊ RVÙ¨lT˚Rl TÙojß⁄d°»oL[Ù? £l©´‡˚PV Ti◊RÙ]Ù —hP —iQÙm©tœm? CWi˚PŸm Bn‹ ˘Nn’ TÙo. £l© LÙp£VmLÙoT˙]h Bœm. C˚Rf „˙Ptflm˙TÙ’ °˚PdœmYÙŸÆu £\l©Vp◊Ls £XYt˚\l TÙ⁄eLs.
$ ˘R∞kR —iQÙm◊ ø¨u YØ ˘N¤jß]Ùp A’ TÙp ®\UÙœm.
$ LÙt˚\ÆP G˚P ·•V’.
$ G¨R¤dœj ’˚Q ◊¨VÙR YÙŸ.CqYÙŸ G’YÙL C⁄dœm? NUuTÙh˚P ®WlT‹m. LÙp£Vm LÙoT˙]h + ˘YlTm Ú
LÙp£Vm Bd˚^” + .................
« Æ˚]´p ˘RÙPof£VÙLf „˙Pt\lThP’. £l© ˘YlTm HtT˚Rd œ±d°\RÙ ApX’˘YlTm E™rY˚Rd œ±d°\RÙ?
—hP —iQÙm©p £X ’i”L˚[j Ás Nn’ J⁄ Bn‹dœZÙ´p G”jR©u, £±’ RiΩo˙NodL‹m. Bn‹dœZÙ´u A•lTÙLj˚Rj ˘RÙh”l TÙojRÙp EQoY’ Gu]?
LÙp£Vm Bd˚^”+ RiΩo → LÙp£Vm ˚ahWÙd˚^” + ˘YlTm
« E⁄YÙ] ◊ßV ˘TÙ⁄s NÙRÙWQUÙL Gl˘TV¨p A±VlT”°\’?
« £l©, —hP —iQÙmTÙL UÙflm˙TÙ’ ˘YlTm HtLlT”°\’. B]Ùp —hP —iQÙm◊,øtflf —iQÙmTÙL UÙflm ˙TÙ˙RÙ?
˘YlT ˙YßÆ˚]L∞p ˘YlTm E™r Æ˚]Lfim (exothermic reactions) ˘YlTm HtœmÆ˚]Lfim (endothermic reactions) Ei”.
Utfl ˙YßÆ˚]L∞˙XÙ?
AhPY˚Q 4.2
˘NVpTÙ” UÙt\ U˚PkR ÿd°V ˙YßÆ˚]´u ˘TVoBt\p Y•Ym
1 Ud…µVm G¨Rp $ ˘YlTm $ ˘YlT ˙YßÆ˚]2 $ $ J∞ ˙YßÆ˚]3 $ $4 $ $ ™u ˙Yß Æ˚]
« øeLs ˘NnR ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p ÿd°V Bt\p Y•Yjßu A•lT˚P´p CkR˙YßUÙt\eL˚[ Y˚LlT”j’˙YÙUÙ?
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
53
(™uLXm)
˙YßÆ˚]dœ EhT”m ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ Æ˚]◊¨ ˘TÙ⁄hLs (reactants)Guflm Æ˚]´u TV]ÙL E⁄YÙœm ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ Æ˚[‹l˘TÙ⁄hLs (products) Guflm A˚ZlTo.
øeLs ˘NnR ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p Es[ Æ˚]◊¨ ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[Ÿm, Æ˚[‹l ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ŸmA±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p AhPY˚QlT”jR‹m.RiΩ¨u YØVÙL ™uNÙWj˚Rf N¤jß]Ù˙XÙ?
T˚Z˙V˙# ™uLXjßp (torch cell) C⁄k’G”dLlThP CWi” °WÙ˚Th Ri”LsJq˘YÙu±u ÿ˚]´¤m ©[Ùv•d°]Ùp ™uLÙl©PlThP ™uLPjß˚Vl (wire) ˘TÙ⁄j’L.°WÙ˚Th Ri”Pu —tflm Tœß´p Uh”m™uLÙl˚T ALt\ ˙Yi”m. CWi”Ri”L˚[Ÿm J⁄ LiQÙ• ¿dL¨p ˘U›œTVuT”jßf ˘NeœjRÙL ®fljßV ©u◊ ¿dL¨pRiΩo ®WlT‹m.
£±R[‹ A™Xm ˙NodL‹m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ °WÙ˚ThRi•tœm˙Up øo ®Wl©V Bn‹dœZÙnL˚[R˚X∏ZÙL YdL Yi”m (TPm4.9). B£¨V¨uERÆŸPu LY]UÙLf ˘NnV‹m.
™uLPjß´u ÿ˚]L˚[ ™uLXj’PuC˚Qj’l TÙodL‹m.
SU’ Etfl˙SÙdLp
E⁄YÙ] YÙŸdL˚[ Bn‹ ˘NnRÙ˙XÙ? CWi” Bn‹d œZÙnL˚[Ÿm LY]UÙL UÙt±AYt±u YÙnlTœßp G¨Ÿm œf£˚Vd LÙi©j’l TÙodL‹m. EeL[Ùp LÙQ ÿ•kR’Gu]?
« Jq˘YÙu±¤m Es[ YÙŸ VÙ’?
« RiΩ¨u ©¨Rp Æ˚]´u ˙TÙ’ EhLYWlThP Bt\p Y•Ym VÙ’?
C˚Rl ˙TÙufl Bt\p EhLYW‹m, ˘Y∞ ÆP‹m ˘NnŸm ˙Yfl Æ˚]Ls EiPpXYÙ? ∏˙ZRWlTh”s[ ÿ˚\´p CYt±tœ G”j’dLÙh”Ls ˘LÙ”eLs. EeLfidœ A±ÿLUÙ] ˙Yfl£X ˙YßUÙt\eL˚[ G”j’dLÙh”L[ÙL A∞dL ÿVt£dL‹m.
TPm 4.9
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
54
LÙh£˚Vl TœlTÙn‹ Nn’ Jq˘YÙ⁄ „r®˚X´¤m S˚P˘Tflm ÿd°V Bt\p UÙt\eL˚[A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m.
˙U¤m G”j’dLÙh”L˚[d Li”©•lTÙVpXYÙ?
YÙQ˙Y•d˚L´u ˙YßÆ˚]
˘Y•U⁄k’ G¨Rp J⁄ ˙YßÆ˚]VÙœm. ˘TÙhPÙ£Vm œ˙[Ù˙Wh,NpToÁs, LÙoTuÁs B°VYt˚\d LXk’ ˘Y•U⁄k’ LX˚YE⁄YÙdLlT”°\’. ˘TÙhPÙ£Vm ˚Sh˙Wh”m (˚ShPo) CRtLÙLlTVuT”j’Y’ Ei”. ˘Y•U⁄k’ G¨Rp ™L ˙YLUÙL S˚P˘TflmÆ˚]VÙ]RÙp ߺ˘Wufl HWÙ[m YÙŸ ˙RÙuflm. CRu TX]ÙL˘Y•jR¤Pu ©WLÙNUÙ] J¸ıŸm ˙RÙufl°u\]. ©WLÙNm ·”Rp˘T\ A¤™≤Vm TÙ• NodLlT”°\’, Y•U⁄k’Pu NodLlT”m˙Yßl˘TÙ⁄hLs —P⁄dœ AZLÙ] ®\eL˚[ A∞d°u\]. E˙XÙLEl◊dLs CRtLÙLf ˙NodLlT”°u\]. LÙlTo El◊dLs —P⁄dœ
˘YlTm HtT˚Y :˘YlTm E™rT˚Y :
™u]Ùt\p HtT˚Y :™u]Ùt\˚X Y∞Æ”T˚Y :
J¸ı HtT˚Y :J¸ı Bt\˚X ˘Y∞Æ”T˚Y :
AhPY˚Q 4.3
TPm 4.10
1
2 3
4
1TPm 4.11
˙YßÆ˚]´p HtT”m Bt\pUÙt\m SU’ Au\ÙP YÙrÆp TVuT”j’m „r®˚XLsEs[]YÙ?
£X „r®˚XL˚[l TÙodL‹m...
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
55
øXm LXkR Tf˚N ®\j˚RŸm, ˙T¨Vm El◊Ls C[m Tf˚N ®\j˚RŸm, ˘TÙhPÙ£Vm El◊Ls≠Xd ®\j˚RŸm, ˙NÙ•Vm El◊Ls ReL UgNs ®\j˚RŸm A∞d°u\]. LÙp£Vm El◊Ls—P⁄dœf ˘NeLp £Yl◊ ®\m A∞dLl TVuT”°\’.
Ts∞ BnYLjß≠⁄k’ CqY˚L El◊L˚[f ˙NL¨dL‹m. Jq˘YÙu˚\Ÿm Su\ÙLj Ás˘NnR ©u◊ R≤jR≤˙V £t\LpL∞p G”j’ £±’ APo ˚ah˙WÙ œ˙[Ù¨d A™Xm ˙Noj’œZm◊ ˙TÙp RVÙ¨dL‹m. Cßp £±R[‹, J⁄ EXokR œf£´u ÿ˚]´p G”j’ —P¨u®\™pXÙR TÙLjßp LÙi©j’l TÙo. Jq˘YÙ⁄ El◊m —P⁄dœj R⁄m ®\eL˚[ Etfl˙SÙdL‹m.
Cq‹X°p „¨V J¸ı˚VŸm, RiΩ˚WŸm YٟƤs[ LÙoTu˚P Bd˚^˚PŸm TVuT”jß EQ‹ RVÙ¨dLG]dœm G]’ SiToLfidœm Uh”˙Uÿ•Ÿm. Cq‹X°p SÙu Cp˚X˘V≤pEeLs ®˚X˚U Gu]YÙœm?™Ll T¨V LÙ¨VeLs Nn°˙\Ùm Gu\˘T⁄˚UŸm, EXLm G]’ ÆWp÷≤´pGufl Rt˘T⁄˚UŸm A˚PŸmEeLfidœ, CuflY˚W´¤m BnYLjßp ˚Yj’d LÙoTu˚P Bd˚^”m„¨V J¸ıŸm RiΩ⁄m ET˙VÙ°j’vPÙof RVÙ¨dL ÿ•kRRÙ..........?C˚X´u J⁄ Rt˘T⁄˚U˚V TÙ⁄eL˙[u ......CkRf „¨V J∞ CpXÙß⁄kRÙ˙XÙ.....?
Tf£˚X´u Rt◊Lrf£
LXjßp J’d°V ™uNÙWmPÙof— Æ[d°¤m ©\ ™u]‘d L⁄ÆL∞¤m TVu”j’m T˚N™uLXm EeLfidœ SuœA±ÿLUÙ]’. J⁄ T˚N™uLXj˚R E˚Pj’ Bn‹ ˘NnRÙp Aßp GYt˚\ GpXÙmLÙQÿ•Ÿm?
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
56
˙YßUÙt\m ÍXUÙL ™u]Ùt\p EtTjß ˘NnŸm A˚Ul◊L˙[ ™uLXeLs
« ™u]‘d L⁄ÆL∞p TVuT”j’m ˙Yfl C]m ™uLXeLs EeLfidœ ˘R¨ŸUÙ?AYt±u ˘TV˚W G›’.
« ¡i”m ™u˙]t\m Nn’ TVuT”jRlT”m ™uLXeLfim Es[] ApXYÙ? AYt±u˘TV˚W G›’L
$
$
øeLfim J⁄ ™uLXm RVÙ¨dLXÙm
˙R˚YVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hLs: CWi˙PÙÍu˙\Ù E⁄˚[d °Zeœ, LÙlTo Ri”Ls, £eœjRL”, LÙlTo Lm©, L.E.D
TPjßp LÙhPlTh”s[˚Rl ˙TÙuflL⁄ÆL˚[ A˚UdL‹m. E⁄˚[d°Ze°tœl TßXÙL ˙Yfl LÙnL±L˙[Ù,TZeL˙[Ù TVuT”jß Bn˚Y˘Nn’TÙo. AßLm ™uNÙWm °˚PdœmA˚Ul◊ VÙ’? ™p≠ ˙YÙph ¡hPoET˙VÙ°j’ Li”©•dL ÿVt£dL‹m.
CqY˚L Æ[mTWeL˚[ øeLs
UÙeL…v ˚P Bd˚^”mLÙoTu Áfim LXkRLX˚Y´p ˚YdLlTh”s[J⁄ °WÙ˚ThRi”m £e°]Ùp˘NnVlThP J⁄ TÙjßWÿm,AYt±t°˚P´p A˙UÙ≤Vm œ˙[Ù˚W”m, £eœœ˙[Ù˚W”m ˙NokR T˚NŸm˙NokR’RÙu CRu ˙Yßl˘TÙ⁄hLs. £edTÙjßWj˚RŸm, °WÙ˚Th Ri•p ˘TÙ⁄jRlTh”s[ ©jR˚[ A˚PlTÙ˚]Ÿm Lm©Ls YØL⁄ÆLfiPu C˚Qdœm ˙TÙ’ ˙Yß UÙt\mÍXUÙL E⁄YÙœm ™uNÙWm CYt±u YØVÙL˘Y∞˙Vfl°\’.
TÙRWN ™uLXm T˚N ™uLXm
TPm 4.12
T˚N
™u
LXjß
u E
hTÙ
Lm
TPm 4.13
£edRL”
LÙlToRL”
E⁄˚[°Zeœ
L.E.D
J⁄ ˘TÙjRÙ≤u T⁄U‡s[ G@œ·h•‡s TÙRWNm, TÙRWN Bd˚^”,LÙoTu Ás, £ed Bd˚^” ˙TÙu\˙Yßl˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ ®Wl© Cm™uLXm E⁄YÙdLlTh”s[’. ˚LdL•LÙWm, L¶lTÙu £±V PÙof—Ls,Æ˚[VÙh”l ˘TÙ⁄hLs ˙TÙu\Yt±p TÙRWN ™uLXm TVuT”jRlT”°\’. ˘LÙ•VÆ`UÙ] TÙRWNmAPe°Ÿs[RÙp CYt˚\l TVuT”jßV ©u◊ ≈£ G±Y’ —tflf„Z˚X UÙ—TPf ˘Nn°\’.
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
57
LY≤jß⁄dLXÙm. œ˚\kR A[‹ ReLjß]Ùp E˙XÙLl˘TÙ⁄hL∞u ˙Up ˘Up≠V’m AZœ ™dL’UÙ]˙UtÈf— È—YRtœ ™uNÙWm TVuT”jRlT”°\’. C’™uÿXÙmÈ—Rp (electroplating) Gufl A˚ZdLlT”°\’.
ReLÿXÙm È—YRtLÙ] G∞V A˚Ul˚Tl TÙodL‹m.
ReLm ÈN˙Yi•V ˘TÙ⁄fim ReLjRL”m ™uLXj’Pu C˚QdLlTh”s[ ÿ˚\˚Vd LY≤jRÙVpXYÙ?
J⁄ C⁄m◊ B¶´u ¡’ LÙlTo ™u Èf—˘NnRÙ˙XÙ?L˚WNXÙL, LÙlTo Np˙Th˚P RiΩ¨p L˚WVf ˘Nn’TVu T”jRXÙm. ETLWQj˚R A˚UdL B£¨˚V´uERÆ˚V SÙ”.
™u ÿXÙm È—Rp ˙R˚YlT”m ˙Yfl „r®˚XL˚[d Li”©•j’ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•pG›R‹m.
L⁄jRWeœ (Seminar)
"˙Yß Æ˚]Lfim AYt±p Es[ Bt\p UÙt\eLfim' Gu\ L⁄j˚RA•lT˚PVÙd° J⁄ YœlT˚\d L⁄jRWeœ ˙R˚YVpXYÙ? Au\ÙPYÙr‹Pu ˘RÙPo◊˚PV £X ˙YßÆ˚]Lfim „r®˚XLfim øeLsTœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’s«oLs. ˙U¤m C˚R ƨ‹T”j’YRtLÙLf ˘NnV˙Yi•VYt˚\ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›’L.
SÙm LXkRÙn‹ ˘NnR CqY˚L UÙt\eL∞p TX‹m U≤R]’ ÿu˙]t\jßtœl TVuÆ˚[ÆlT]YÙœm. B]Ùp £X UÙt\eLs CVt˚LŸPu ˘TÙ⁄kRÙR˚Y Bœm.
(TPm 4.14)
ReLRL”
ReL œ˙[Ù˚W”m˙NÙ•Vm NV˚]”mLXkR L˚WNp
™uLXm
CVt˚L´u NU®˚XCVt˚L´p RÙ]ÙL E⁄l˘Ttfl Y⁄m NU®˚X˙V E´oL∞u ®˚X˙TÙt±tœ A•lT˚P. CVt˚L´p Jq˘YÙ⁄ ®™Pjߤm HWÙ[mUÙt\eLs S˚P˘Tfl°u\]. CYt±p CVt˚LVÙ] UÙt\eLfim,U≤Ru ˘NVt˚LVÙL SPj’T˚YŸm Ei”. RÙ]ÙL S˚P˘TflmUÙt\eL˙[Ù” CVt˚L ∫d°WUÙL Jufl°\’. SÙm RVÙ¨dœm˘NVt˚LVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hL˙[Ù”m, UÙt\eL˙[Ù”m J⁄ Gp˚XY˚WRÙuCVt˚LVÙp ˘TÙ⁄jRU˚PV ÿ•Ÿm. Gp˚XLs RÙiPlThPÙp≈rf£Lfim AØ‹m HtT”m. £˚R‹fl E´odLØ‹Ls œÆVp ˙TÙufl˘T⁄°]Ùp ©WfN˚]Ls HtT”m. A’˙TÙp CVt˚LVÙp £˚R‹fljRÿ•VÙR ˘TÙ⁄hLs ™L ˙YLUÙLd œÆkRÙ˙X?
J⁄ °WÙm ReLm ÈNlThP S˚LLs Ceœ
°˚Pdœm
™u Yß Æ˚]L˚[l TVuT”j’m Y˘\Ù⁄„r®˚X˚Vl TÙo.
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
58
J˙W Y˚L ™uLXeL˚[l Tp˙Yfl ˙R˚YLfidœ TVuT”j’m ˙TÙ’ AYt±u TVuTÙh”dLÙX A[‹ UÙflT”°\’. G.LÙ: £±V Y˚L T˚N ™uLXeLs ◊˚LlTPd LÙUWÙÆp TVuT”j’m˙TÙ’ £X U¶˙SWjßtœs ARu ™u˙]t\m CZdLlT”°\’.
« CqY˚L ™uLXeL˚[l TVuT”jßV ©u◊ øeLs ˘NnY’ Gu]? CYt˚\ ¡i”m™u˙]t\m ˘NnV CV¤UÙ? Bm G≤p GjR˚] ÿ˚\?
« EeLs —tfll◊\jßp Es[ ≈”L∞p J⁄ UÙRjßp C’ ˙TÙu\ GjR˚] ™uLXeLsTVuT”jRlT”°u\]?
« CYt±p APe°Ÿs[ ˙Yßl˘TÙ⁄hLs —tfll◊\ UÙN˚PR¤dœd LÙWQm BœUÙ?
◊ßV Æ˚[‹l ˘TÙ⁄hLs E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙL SÙm SPj’m UÙt\eLfim, ◊ßV ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[dLY]dœ˚\YÙLl TVuT”j’Y’m SUdœj æ˚UVÙL UÙflY’iPpXYÙ?
BWmTjßp ˘LÙ”dLlThP ThPQjßu TPjß≠⁄k’m EeL[’ —tfll◊\jß≠⁄k’mEeLfidœ G”j’dLÙhPÙLd ·\d·•V ˙Yfl „r®˚XLs VÙ˚Y? J⁄ œ±l◊ RVÙo ˘Nn’˘Y∞´P‹m.
™uLXm TVuT”m L⁄ÆLs HL˙RNm TVuT”j’mLÙX A[‹
T˚N ™uLXm $ YÙ˘]Ù≠l˘Th• $ 3 ˛ 6 UÙRm (Drycell) $ PÙof Æ[dœ $
$ L•LÙWeLs $$ ˘RÙ˚XdLh”lTÙ” L⁄Æ $
TÙRWN™uLXm $ £±V PÙof—Ls $$ ˚LdL•LÙWeLs $$ L¶lTÙuLs $
®dLp ˛ LÙh™Vm $ ¡i”m ™u˙]t\m $ ™uLXm ˘NnVjRdL PÙof Æ[dœ.........
≠jßVm C⁄m◊ $ ˚LVPdLj ˘RÙ˚X˙T£ $ 6 ˛ 12 UÙRm™uLXm
AhPY˚Q 4.4
Ui˚Q U˚\dœm LÙu°√h
Sm˚U —t±¤m G›lTlT”°\ ◊ßV Lh•PeLs ˘TÙ⁄mTÙ¤m LÙu°√h Lh•PeL[Ùœm.ImT˙RÙ, Ë˙\Ù Y⁄Pm Uh”m BŸs Es[ C˚Y, £X Y⁄PeLs LØŸm ˙TÙ’ ∏\X˚Pk’U˚Zøo J›° Lm©Ls ’⁄l©•j’ E˚Pk’ ÆZd·•V ®˚X´p LÙQlT”m. Al˘TÙ›’CYt˚\ C•j’ ød° ◊ßV LhPPm LhP ˙Yi• Y⁄UpXYÙ? C•j’ ødLlThP LhPjßuTœßLs Ud° Ui‘Pu Ku±l ˙TÙœUÙ? TWYXÙ] A[Æp CmUÙߨ LhPPeL˚[ C•j’UÙtflm˙TÙ’ SU’ Ui¶u ®˚X Gu]? EeL[’ —tfll◊\jßp CjR˚LV ©WfN˚]LsA‡TYjßp Es[]YÙ?
J∞ R⁄m UÙ—l˘TÙ⁄hLs˙Yß Æ˚]Ls YØ ™uNÙWm EtTjߢNnŸm TXY˚L ™uLXeL˚[l Th•V≠P‹m. Jq˘YÙ⁄Y˚LŸm NWÙN¨VÙL ET˙VÙ°dLlT”m LÙX A[‹ Gu]?
T≤dLh•j ’i”L˚[ ¡i”m £fl ’i”Ls BdL ÿ•ŸUpXYÙ? Cf˘NV˚Xj
˘RÙPok’ ˘NnRÙp GkR A[‹ £±VRÙdL ÿ•Ÿm? T≤dLh•´u £±V ’i˚P J⁄
ß\kR˘Y∞´p ˚YjRÙp A’ øoj’∞ B°, ˘RÙPok’ BÆVÙL‹m UÙflUpXYÙ?
øWÙÆ˚Vd LÙQ SmUÙp ÿ•ŸUÙ? LÙWQm Gu]? ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[d LiLfidœj
˘R¨VÙR A[‹ £±VRÙdL ÿ•Ÿm Gufl ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙiºoL[pXYÙ? NodL˚W˚V˙VÙ,
El˚T˙VÙ TVuT”jß C˚Rl ◊¨k’ ˘LÙs[ EeL[Ùp Gu]˘YpXÙm ˘NnV ÿ•Ÿm?
A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›’eLs.
El◊, NodL˚W TÙu\˚Y TX Y•YeL∞p °˚Pd°u\] ApXYÙ? T¨V Lh•L[ÙL‹m
£fl’LsL[ÙL‹m, ÁsL[ÙL‹m °˚Pd°u\] ApXYÙ? CqYÙfl TX ®˚XL∞p
A˚Y ®˚X ®flj’m Ti◊Ls VÙ˚Y?
$ NodL˚W ...............................................................................................................
$ El◊ .............................................................................................................................
El˚TŸm NodL˚W˚VŸm Li‘dœl ◊XlTPÙR A[Æp £±VRÙd°]Ù¤m AYt±u
Ti◊Ls ®˚X ®t°u\]YÙ? CYt˚\ øeLs GqYÙfl ©¨jR±kæoLs?
LÙWQm Gu]?
NodL˚W´u Ti◊Ls APe°V ·flLs ApXYÙ NodL˚Wd L˚WN¤dœm ClTi◊Ls
A˚UV LÙWQUÙ°\’.
El◊d L˚WN≠˙XÙ?
ÍXd·fl, A‘
TPm 5.1 (a)
TPm 5.1 (b)
TPm 5.1 (c)
55555
£±VRÙL .... ™Lf £±VRÙL ...
˘T¨V T≤dLh•˚Vf £fl
£fl’i”L[Ùd°l TVuT”j’Y˚R
øeLs TÙojß⁄l¿oL[pXYÙ?
A˚Rl˙TÙufl ˙Yfl ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[l TX
A[‹L∞p TVuT”j’m
„r®˚XL˚[l Th•V≠PXÙUÙ?
$
$
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
60
NodL˚W, El◊ ˙TÙu\˚Y —jRUÙ]˘TÙ⁄hL[Ùœm, NodL˚Wd L˚WNp, Lg£jRiΩo
˙TÙu\˚Y LX˚YL[Ùœm. AlT•˘V≤p —jRUÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hLfidœm LX˚YLfidœm
˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] J⁄ Y˚WV˚\ G›RXÙUÙ?
—jRUÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hLfidœm LX˚YLfidœm AßLm G”j’dLÙh”L˚[d Li”©•dL‹m
LX˚YL˚[d œ±jR J⁄ ˙RPp ...
˙TdL±´p C⁄k’ YÙeœm ™dN⁄dœ (mixture) Al˘TVo GqYÙfl YkR’? ™dN¨u Ti◊Ls
ARu GpXÙ TœßL∞¤m J˙W˙TÙp Es[]YÙ? GqYÙfl G] Bn‹ ˘NnL.
NodL˚Wd L˚WNp J⁄ LX˚Y ApXYÙ? CRu Ti◊Ls ˙TdL±´¤s[ ™dN˚Wl
˙TÙu\RÙ? CYt±t°˚P˙VŸs[ ˙YflTÙ”Ls VÙ˚Y?
Ti◊Ls GpXÙl Tœß´¤m J˙W˙TÙp Es[˚Y J⁄T•jRÙ]
LX˚YLs (homogeneous mixtures). Ju±tœ ˙UtThP
Ti◊Ls E˚PV˚Y TX T•jRÙ] LX˚YLs.
J⁄T•jRÙ] LX˚YLfidœm TX T•jRÙ] LX˚YLfidœm AßLm G”j’dLÙh”Ls
Li”©•j’ G›R‹m
"GpXÙ L˚WNpLfim J⁄T•jRÙ] LX˚YL[Ùœm" Gu\ ·t˚\ Htfld˘LÙs°\ÙVÙ?
LÙWQeLfiPu ˘R∞‹T”j’eLs.
J⁄ LtLi”j ’i•u GkRl Tœß˚V G”j’f —˚YjRÙ¤m C≤lTÙLj ˙RÙuflYRu
LÙWQm Gu]? £±V ·flL∞u Jtfl˚U BœUÙ? El◊m LtLi”m UÙflThP
œQeL˚[d LÙi©lTRu LÙWQm Gu]? CYt±u £±V ·flLfid°˚P˙VŸs[
˙Ytfl˚U˙VÙ?
NodL˚W´p ARu £fl ·flLs Uh”mRÙ˙] Es[]. BRXÙp AR˚] J⁄ —jRUÙ] TÙ⁄s
G]XÙm.
J⁄ —jRUÙ] ˘TÙ⁄∞u A•lT˚Pl Ti◊Ls A˚]j’m ˘RÙiP £±V ·fl
ÍXd·fl (Molecule) Bœm. J⁄ —jRUÙ] ˘TÙ⁄∞u ÍXd·flL˘[pXÙm
J˙WRu˚U E˚PV˚Y.
NodL˚Wd L˚WN≠p APe°Ÿs[ ÍXd·flLs VÙ˚Y?
CqÆRm ˘Yq˙YflY˚L ÍXd·flLs APe°V ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[Ÿm J˙WY˚L
ÍXd·flLs APe°V ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[Ÿm Th•V≠PXÙUÙ?
J˙WY˚L ÍXd·flLs ˘Yq˙YflY˚L ÍXd·flLs
$ œfid˙LÙv $ Lg£jRiΩo
$ $
$ $
$ $
AhPY˚Q 5.1
61
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
ÈRj˚Rj ß\k’ÆhPYo
CVt˚L ®Lr‹L˚[f £X Rj’YeL∞u A•lT˚P´p Æ[dœm CVp◊
ÿtLÙXjßp LÙQlThP’. ÿtLÙX Rj’Yf £kR˚]VÙ[oL∞p J⁄YWÙ]
A¨vPÙh•≠u Rj’YeLfidœ Aufl ÿd°Vj’Ym C⁄kR’. B]Ùp
A’ Bn‹, Etfl ˙SÙdLp ˙TÙu\ ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ A•lT˚PVÙLd
˘LÙi” A˚UkRRpX. A¨vPÙh•p ßPl˘TÙ⁄hL∞u A•lT˚P
TœßL[Ù°V YÙŸ, Ui, øo, ˘S⁄l◊ B°VYt˚\ SÙuœ ÈReLs G]
YÙßjRÙo. TÙWRjßp BLÙVj˚RŸm ˙Noj’ ImÈReL[Ùp ßPl˘TÙ⁄hLs
E⁄YÙdLlThP] Gu\ YÙRm ®˚X˘Tt±⁄kR’. Cufl SUdœ AqYÙfl
£kßj’l TÙodL ÿ•ŸUÙ? A¨vPÙh•≠u Rj’Ym GqYÙfl UfldLl
ThP’?
WÙToh TÙ´p (1627 ˛ 1691) S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jßV Bn‹Lfim, ˙_ÙNl
©√vh≠, (1733 ˛ 1804) ˘au± LÙYu•x (1731 ˛ 1810) ˙TÙu\ A±ÆVp
A±OoLs SPjßV øiPLÙX Bn‹Lfim, ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u TœßL˚[d
œ±j’s[ ◊ßV A±‹Ls SUdœ °˚PdLf ˘NnR].
RiΩo, Ju±tœ ˙UtThP R≤UeLs ˙NokR ˘TÙ⁄s G] ®Ï©jRYo
˘au± LÙYu•x. ahW_u YÙŸ˚Y Bd£_≤p G¨Vf Nn’ AYo
SPjßV Bn‹, RiΩ¨u Tœßl ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[d œ±jR A±Ætœ
YØYœjR’. 1806 ˛Cp No. am¨˙PÆ RiΩ¨u YØVÙL ™uNÙWj˚Rd
LPjßÆh” SPjßV BnÆu ÍXm C’ EflßlT”jRlThP’.
RiΩo ÍXd·±p APe°Ÿs[ R≤UeL˚[d œ±j’ C’
A∞dœm A±‹ VÙ’?
No. am¨˙PÆ´u Bn˚Yl TÙufl RiΩ˚Wl TœlTRtLÙ] Bn˚Y øeLfim Nn’
TÙojß⁄d°»oL[pXYÙ? Etfl ˙SÙdL≠u Æ˚[‹Ls VÙ˚Y?
øeLs ©¨jR±kR RiΩ¨¤s[ R≤UeLs VÙ˚Y? RiΩ¨¤s[ R≤UeL˚[l
©¨jR±V ˙Yfl £X Bn‹Ls ˘Nn’TÙ⁄eLs.
Tœßl ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ ˙Yfl©¨jRp
LX˚YL∞p UÙflThP ÍXd·flLs Es[] G]l ◊¨k’˘LÙiPÙVpXYÙ? ClTœßl
˘TÙ⁄hL˚[d LX˚Y´≠⁄k’ ©¨j˘R”dL ÿ•ŸUÙ? El◊dL˚WN≠≠⁄k’ El˚Tl
©¨j˘R”lTRtLÙ] YØ ÿ˚\L˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m.
El◊dL˚WN≠p C⁄k’ ©¨j˘R”jR El˚TŸm RiΩ˚WŸm ¡i”m Tœßl˘TÙ⁄hL[ÙLl
©¨dL ÿ•ŸUÙ? Tœßl˘TÙ⁄hL[ÙdL ÿ•Ÿm G≤p ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u Ti◊Ls UÙflT”UÙ?
˘au± LÙYu•x1731˛1810
TPm 5.2
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
62
˘NVpTÙ” ˛ 1
EXokR Bn‹d œZÙ´p £±R[‹ NÙodL˚W˚V
G”dL‹m. Bn‹dœZÙ´u YÙnlTÙLjßp £±R[‹
øWt\ LÙlToNp˙Th˚Pl Tg£p TÙßk’ YdL‹m.
Bn‹dœZÙ˚Vf £±’ ˙SWm „PÙdœL. Etfl
˙SÙdLpL˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p œ±dL‹m.
Bn‹dœZÙ´p Gg—m ˘TÙ⁄s VÙ’?
CRtœf NodL˚W´u Ti◊ Es[RÙ?
Bn‹dœZÙ´u YÙnlTÙLjß≠⁄kR LÙlTo Np˙Th ®\m UÙ±Vß≠⁄k’
GkRl˘TÙ⁄∞u C⁄l©˚] A±k’˘LÙiPÙn? Cߤs[ R≤UeLs VÙ˚Y?
CkR BnÆp EeLfidœd °˚PjR Etfl˙SÙdL≠u Æ˚[‹L˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’
NodL˚W´p APe°Ÿs[ R≤UeLs G˚Y G]d Li”©•dL‹m.
NodL˚W´¤s[ R≤UeLs
$
$
$
˘NVpTÙ” ˛ 2
J⁄ Bn‹dœZÙ´p Uoœ¨d Bd˚^˚P G”j’ Su\ÙLf
„PÙdL‹m. A˚QVl ˙TÙœm J⁄ G¨Ÿm œf£˚V Bn‹d
œZÙ´u YÙnlTÙLjßp LÙi©dL‹m ø LÙiT’ Gu]?
Bn‹d œZÙ´≠⁄k’ ˘Y∞˙V±V YÙŸ VÙ’? Bn‹d
œZÙ´u TdLeL∞p T•k’s[ T[T[lTÙ] ’∞Ls
Gu]?
ÿ•‹L˚[d œ±j’˚YdL‹m
ÍXd·±p APe°Ÿs[ TœßR≤UeLfidœ
BWmTjßp G”jR TÙ⁄∞u Ti◊ Es[RÙ? øeLs
SPjßV Bn‹L∞≠⁄k’ °˚PjR ÿ•‹L˚[d
œ±j’ ˚YdL‹m
ÍXd·flLs E⁄YÙYRtœd LÙWQUÙ] £±V ·flLfidœ A‘dLs
Gufl ˘TVo. J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄∞u ÍXd ·±p J˙WY˚L A‘dLs Uh”m
Ei” G≤p ARtœ R≤Um (element) Gufl ˘TVo. UÙflThP R≤U
A‘dLs Nok’ E⁄YÙœm TÙ⁄hL˚[f NoUeLs(compounds) GuTo.
R≤UeLfim ˙NoUeLfim —jRUÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hL[Ùœm.
RiΩ¨u C⁄l©˚]
A±k’ ˘LÙs[
LÙlTo Np˙Th øX ®\ÿs[ T•Le
L[Ùœm. ™œßVÙL „˙Pt±]Ùp C’
˘Yi˚UVÙ] Á[ÙLUÙflm. C’˙Y
øWt\ LÙlToNp˙Th. RiΩo NojRÙp
¡i”m CRtœ ®\m °˚Pdœm.
˙_ÙNl ©√vh≠
1 7 3 3 - 1 8 0 4
˙_ÙNl ©√vh≠ ˘Uodœ¨d
Bd˚^˚Pf „˙Pt± ÿRu
ÿR≠p Bd£_˚]j RVÙ¨jRÙo
TPm 5.3
63
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
£X ˘TÙ⁄hLfim AYt±¤s[ A‘dLfim
GpXÙ ÍXd·flLfim J˙W UÙߨVÙ]˚Y RÙ]Ù? J˙WY˚L A‘dLs Nok’ E⁄YÙ]˚Y
VÙ˚Y? UÙflThP A‘dLs ˙Nok’ E⁄YÙ]˚Y VÙ˚Y?
AhPY˚Q´¤s[ ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[j R≤UeLs, ˙NoUeLs G] Y˚LlT”j’L.
˙U¤m RLYpLs °˚PlT˚Rl ˘TÙflj’ AhPY˚Q˚V ƨ‹T”jß A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p
G›’L.
C’Y˚W´¤m Li”©•dLlThP R≤UeL˚[ EhT”jß A˚UdLlThP AhPY˚Q
(AhPY˚Q 5.4) ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. AhPY˚Q˚Vl TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ ©uY⁄m
Æ]ÙdLfidœ Æ˚PV∞dL‹m.
˘UÙjRm GjR˚] R≤UeLs Es[]?
AYt±p EeLfidœ ™L‹m TZdLUÙ] R≤UeLs VÙ˚Y?
øeLs ˙SW•VÙLl TÙoj’s[ R≤UeLs VÙ˚Y ?
Au\ÙPYÙrÆp SUdœ ™L‹m AßLUÙLl TVuT”m R≤UeLs VÙ˚Y?
R≤UeLs TX‹m ßP ®˚X´p Es[]. ßWY ®˚X´¤m YÙŸ ®˚X´¤m LÙQlT”m
R≤UeLs VÙ˚Y?
˘TÙ⁄s ÍXd·±p APe°Ÿs[
R≤UeLs
LÙoTu˚PBd˚^” LÙoTu, Bd≥_u
˚ahW_u œ˙[Ù˚W” ˚ahW_u, œ˙[Ù¨u
Bd≥_u Bd≥_u
El◊ ˙NÙ•Vm, œ˙[Ù¨u
˚ShW_u ˚ShW_u
RiΩo ................................................
˚ahW_u ˚ahW_u
LÙoTu ................................................
˘Uodœ¨d Bd˚^” ................................................
NodL˚W ................................................
R≤UeLs ˙NoUeLs
$ $
$ $
$ $
AhPY˚Q 5:2
AhPY˚Q 5.3
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
64
11 Na
Sodiu
m (Na
trium)
4 Be
Beryl
lium
12 Mg
Ud…
µVm
Magn
esium
20 Ca
Calci
um 38 SrSt
rontiu
m
56 Ba
Bariu
m
88 Ra
Radiu
m
57 LaLa
nthan
um
89 Ac
Actin
ium
21 Sc
Scan
dium
39 YYt
trium
59 PrPr
aseo
dy-
mium
60 Nd
Neod
ymium
61 PmPr
ometh
ium
62 Sm Sama
rium
63 Eu
Europ
ium
64 Gd
Gado
linium
65 Tb Terbi
um
66 Dy
Dysp
rosiu
m
67 Ho
Holm
ium
68 Er Erbiu
m
69 Tm Thuli
um
71
Ytter
bium
58 Ce
Ceriu
m
71 Lu Lutet
ium
91 Pa
Prota
ctiniu
m
92 UUr
anium
93 Np
Neptu
nium
94 Pu
Pluto
nium
95 Am Ameri
cium
96 Cm
Curiu
m
97 Bk
Berke
lium
98 Cf
Califo
rnium
99 Es
Eins
teiniu
m
100
Fm Ferm
ium
101
Md
Mende
levium
102
Nobe
lium
90 Th Thori
um
103 Lr
Lawr
enciu
m
104 Rf
Ruthe
rfordium
106
Sg
Seab
orgium
107
Bh
Bohri
um
108
Hs
Hass
ium
109 Mt
Meitn
erium
110Ds
Darm
stadti
um
111 Rg
Roen
tgeniu
m
112
Uub
Unun
bium
105
Db
Dubn
ium
113
Uut
Unun
trium
114
Uuq
Ununq
uddium
115
Uup
Unun
penti
um
116
Uuh
Ununhe
sium
72 Hf
Hafni
um
74 WTu
ngste
n(W
olfrum
)
75 Re
Rhen
ium
76 Os
Osmi
um
77 Ir Iridium
78 Pt Plati
num
81 TlTh
allium
82 Pb
Lead
(Plum
bum)
83 Bi
Bism
uth
84 Po
Polon
ium
85 At Astat
ine
73 TaTa
ntalum
41 Nb
Niob
ium
42 Mo
Molyb
denu
m
43 TcTe
chne
tium
44 Ru
Ruthe
nium
45 Rh
Rhod
ium
46 Pd
Palla
dium
47 Ag
Silver (
Argent
um)
48 Cd
Cadm
ium
49 In Indium
50 Sn Tin
(Stan
um)
51 Sb
Antimo
ny (Stib
ium)
52 TeTe
lluriu
m
40 ZrZir
coniu
m
53 I Iodine
5 B Boron
6 C Carbo
n
7 N Nitro
gen
8 OOx
ygen
9 FFlu
orine
13 AlAl
umini
um
14 Si Silic
on
15 PPh
osph
orus
16 SSu
lphur
17 Cl
Chlor
ine
23 VVa
nadiu
m
24 Cr
Chrom
ium
25 Mn
Mang
anes
e
26 Fe Iron
(Ferru
m)
27 Co
Coba
lt
28 Ni
Nick
el
29 Cu
Copp
er(C
uprum
)
30 Zn Zinc
32 Ge
Germ
anium
33 As
Arse
nic
34 Se
Selen
ium
22 TiTit
anium
79 Au
Gold
(Auru
m)
1 HHy
droge
n
3 Li Lithiu
m
37 Rb
⁄¿•Vm
Rubid
ium
19 KPo
tassiu
m(K
alium
)
10 Ne
Neon 118
Uuo
Unun
octiu
m
86 Rn
Rado
n
54 Xe
Xeno
n
2 He
Heliu
m
18 Ar Argo
n
36 Kr
Kryp
ton
BY
ojR]
A
hP
Y˚
Q
R≤
Ue
L∞
u A
hP
Y˚
Q
ϱ
l◊Ls
YÙŸ
dLs
ßWY
eLs
˘NV
t˚
L R
≤U
eLs
A‘
Gi
ϱ
¬”
˘TV
o
Be
°X
l
TV
o
Xjæu
/ °
˙WdL
UÙØ
l
TV
o
E˙
XÙLe
Ls
A˙
XÙLe
Ls
Ah
PY
˚Q
5.4
1234567812345678123456781234567812345678123456781234567812345678
31 Ga
Galliu
m
1234567812345678123456781234567812345678123456781234567812345678
12345678123456781234567812345678123456781234567812345678
1234567812345678123456781234567812345678123456781234567812345678
1234567812345678123456781234567812345678123456781234567812345678
35 Br
Brom
ine
80 Hg
Mercu
ry(H
ydrar
ygyru
m)
55 Cs
∫£Vm
Caes
ium
87 FrFr
anciu
m
123123123123123123
65
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
R≤UeL˚[d œ±j’ C’Y˚W´¤m ßWhPlThP RLYpLs VÙ˚Y?
C˚Y GpXÙYt˚\Ÿm ˙Noj’ J⁄ œ±l◊ RVÙo ˘Nn’ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›’L. £X
˘TÙ⁄hL∞p APe°Ÿs[ ÍXd·flL˚[d œ±l©”m TPeLs ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[].
TPj˚Rl TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ R≤Um, ˙NoUm, LX˚Y ˙TÙu\Yt˚\d Li”©•dL‹m.
Li”©•jR LX˚YLfid°˚P´p ˙YflTÙ” Es[RÙ? R≤UeLs Uh”m APe°V
LX˚Y VÙ’?
˙Yß´Vp —⁄d˘L›j’
J⁄ ˘NV˚X G∞RÙLd œ±l©P SÙm
˚Ld˘LÙsfim YØ ÿ˚\Ls VÙ˚Y?
EeL[’ TÙPNÙ˚X´u ˘TV˚W ÿ›Y’
UÙL G›’YRtœl TßXÙLf —⁄d˘L›j’
ApXYÙ TVuT”j’≈oLs? A˚Rl
˙TÙufl HWÙ[m —⁄d˘L›j’Ls SÙm
ß]ÿm L⁄j’l T¨UÙt\eLfidLÙL
TVuT”j’Y’ EiPpXYÙ? EeLfidœl
TZdLUÙ] —⁄d˘L›j’L˚[ G›ßl
TÙ⁄eLs.
$
$
$
$
˙Yß´Vp LpÆ´p —⁄d˘L›j’L∞u RÙdLm VÙ’ G]l TÙodLXÙm. R≤UeL˚[d œ±j’
G∞ßp ◊¨k’ ˘LÙs[ CqYÙ\Ù] A˚PVÙ[eL˚[Ÿm —⁄d˘L›j˚RŸm
TVuT”jß]Ù˙XÙ?
A B C D
TPm 5.4
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
66
AhPY˚Q˚V Bn‹˘Nn’ R≤UeL∞u œ±¬” E⁄YÙ]Ru A•lT˚P˚Vd œ±j’ J⁄
œ±l◊ RVÙo ˘NnL.
œ±l◊Ls
$ R≤UeL∞u œ±¬”Lfidœm AYt±u ˘TVoLfidœÿs[ ˘RÙPo◊.
$ œ±¬”L∞p CWi” G›j’Ls TVuT”j’YRu LÙWQm, A˚R G›’YRtœ Htfld
˘LÙiP ÿ˚\, TVuT”jß] G›j’L∞u R≤jRu˚U.
Cu‡m £X R≤UeL∞u œ±¬”Ls, Tt\ ÿ˚\˚Vd LY≤dL‹m. œ±¬h” Y•Y˚Ul©¤s[
A•lT˚P˚Vd Li”©•dL ÿ•ŸUÙ?
R≤Ujßu ˘TVo œ±¬” (Symbol)
(—⁄d˘L›j’)
˚ahW_u (Hydrogen) H
Õ≠Vm (Helium) HeA¤™≤Vm (Aluminium) AlLÙoTu (Carbon) CLÙp£Vm (Calcium) CaBd≥_u (Oxygen) O˚ShW_u (Nitrogen) N®VÙu (Neon) Neœ˙[Ù¨u (Chlorine) ClTÙvTWv (Phosphorus) P°Î¨Vm (Curium) Cm˙WÙi¥≤Vm (Roentgenium) Rg
TZdLÿs[ R≤UeLs CRtœ ÿu◊ Th•V≠PlTh”s[] ApXYÙ? AYt±tLÙ]
œ±¬”L˚[Ÿm Li”©•j’ AhPY˚Q˚V ƨ‹T”j’L.
AhPY˚Q 5.5
˘TVo Be°Xm Xjæu˘TVo œ±¬” œ±¬” Htfld˘LÙs[l
ThP ÿ˚\
˙NÙ•Vm Sodium Natrium Na
˘TÙhPÙ£Vm Potassium Kalium K
ReLm Gold Aurum Au
˘Ys∞ Silver Argentum Ag
C⁄m◊ Iron Ferrum Fe
LÙlTo(˘Nm◊) Copper Cuprum Cu
TÙRWNm Mercury Hydrargyrum HgAhPY˚Q 5.6
67
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
˘To≥≠Vv
—≈Pu SÙh•p ≠e˙LÙ©e Gu‡m F¨p 1779 BLvh 20 Bm
SÙs ©\kRÙo. Tj’ YVRÙœm ÿu˙T RÙ˚VŸm Rk˚R˚VŸm
CZkRÙo.
23 Bm YVßp M.D. (DOCTOR OF MEDICINE) ThPm Tt\Ùo.
1808 Cp " Text Book of Chemistry" TÙLm 1 Em, 1812 Cp
TÙLm 2 Em ˘Y∞´hPÙo. AdLÙXjRYWÙp Ae∏L¨j’ Htfld
˘LÙs[lThP AkRl ◊jRLm 5 I˙WÙl©V ˘UÙØL∞p ˘UÙØ
˘TVodLlTh•⁄kR’. ˙U¤m ˘N≠≤Vm, ˙RÙ¨Vm, ¨Vm, £≠dLÙu, Gu‡m
R≤Ue˚[d Li”©•jRÙo. —≈Pu AWNo CY⁄dœ 'TÙWu' Gu‡m TRÆ A∞j’l
TÙWÙh•]Ùo.
˘To≥≠Vv S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jßV Cmÿ˚\ ˙Yß´Vp LpÆdœ GqYØL∞˘XpXÙm
’˚Q◊¨kR’?
R≤UeLfidœl ˘TVo YkR YØL˚[ A±Y’ U°rf£VÙ] Ju\pXYÙ?
EeLfidœ A±ÿLUÙ] R≤UeL∞p A±ÆVp A±OoL∞u ˘TVo„hPlThP
R≤UeLs VÙ˚Y ? AYt±u ˘TV˚WŸm œ±¬h˚PŸm G›’L.
A±ÆVp A±OoL∞u TVo R≤UeLfidœf „hPlTh” AYoL˚[f £\l©lTRtœ AYoLs
A±ÆVp EXLjßtœ A∞jR Su˘LÙ˚PL˙[ LÙWQm. ˘To≥≠Vv HWÙ[m Su˘LÙ˚PLs
A∞jRÙ¤m Ceœ AYo J⁄ U\dLlThP A±ÆVp A±Oo. A±ÆVp A±OoL∞u
YÙrd˚L˚VŸm AYoL∞u A±ÆVp Li”©•l◊L˚[Ÿm œ±jR RLYpL˚[j ßWhP‹m.
C˚R J⁄ A±ÆVp TßlTÙL ˘Y∞´PXÙUpXYÙ?
SÙ”Ls, SLWeLs, LÙsLs CYt˙\Ù” RÙPo◊˚PV R≤UeLs G˚Y G˚Y G]d Li”©•j’
AYt±u ˘TV⁄m œ±¬”m AhPY˚Ql T”j’L.
$ R≤UeL∞u ˘TVoL˙[ —⁄d˘L›j’, œ±¬”Ls Bœm.
$ œ±¬”, R≤Ujßu J⁄ A‘˚Yd œ±l©”°\’.
H G] G›ß]Ùp A’ ˚ahW_≤u œ±¬” GuT˙RÙ” ARu J⁄ A‘˚YŸm œ±d°u\’.
C˚R A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙi” ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[f ˘NnL.
12 H, 3 C, 5 Al C˚Y Jq˘YÙuflm œ±l©”Y] Gu]?
Ik’ NÙ•Ÿm A‘, CWi” TÙvTWv A‘, Tß˚]k’ ShW_u A‘ TÙu\Yt˚\f
—⁄dLUÙL G›’Y’ GqYÙfl? (˘TV⁄m œ±¬”m LÙQ AhPY˚Q˚Vl TVuT”jR‹m)
SÙm Cufl ˙Yß´Vp LpÆ´p TVuT”j’m R≤UeL∞u œ±¬”L˚[ ˘Y∞´hPYo
˘To≥≠Vv Gu\ A±ÆVp A±Oo BYÙo.
TPm 5.5
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
68
_Ùi PÙpPu
˘TÙ⁄hLs £±V ’LsL[Ùp BdLlThP˚Y Gufl
Ët\Ùi”Lfidœ ÿu˙T A±OoL[Ùp Y˚WV˚\ ˘NnVl
Th•⁄kR’. TÙWRj˚Rf NÙokR L]ÙRu, °˙WdLf £kR˚]
VÙ[WÙ] ˘P˙UÙ°¨Pv B°˙VÙo A‘d˘LÙs˚Ldœ BRW‹
A∞jR]o. ˘TÙ⁄∞u A˚Ul˚Td œ±j’s[ ˙RP˙X CYoL˚[
A‘d˘LÙs˚Ldœ YØSPjßV’. _ÙiPÙpPu 1807˛Cp S≈]
A‘d˘LÙs˚L˚V ˘Y∞´hPÙo. A‘˚Yd œ±jR _ÙiPÙp
P≤u ˘LÙs˚LLs ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[].
$ GpXÙl ˘TÙ⁄hLfim A‘dLs Gufl ·\lT”m £±V
’LsL[Ùp BdLlTh”s[].
$ ˙YßÆ˚]dœ EhT”U ß\‡s[ ™L‹m £±V ’Ls A‘YÙœm.
$ J⁄ R≤URßu GpXÙ A‘dLfim J˙WTi˚T ˘Y∞lT”j’m. A˚YVÙY] ®˚\,
T⁄Uu, Ti◊Ls GuT].
$ ˙YflThP R≤UeLfi˚PV A‘dLfidœ ˙YflThP Ti◊Ls C⁄dœm.
$ A‘dL˚[ BdL˙YÙ AØdL˙YÙ ÿ•VÙ’.
$ A‘dLs ©[‹T”jR ÿ•VÙR˚Y Bœm.
£±V˚RÆP‹m ™Lf £±VRÙ?
R≤UeL∞u ˙YflThP Ti◊L˚[Ÿm AYt±u ÷i¶V Ru˚UL˚[Ÿm SÙm TÙoj˙RÙm.
Aß≠⁄k’ SÙm ◊¨k’˘LÙiP˚Y VÙ˚Y? Li‘dœj ˘R¨VÙR ™L ÷i¶V ’LsL˚[d
œ±j’ øeLs £kßj’l TÙojR’iPÙ? CYt±u T⁄Uu, Y•Ym, ®\m, CVdLm, Ti◊
˙TÙu\˚Y ◊’˚UVÙ] Ju\pXYÙ? ÷i ©WTgNjßu Es A˚\Lfidœs J⁄ TVQm
˘NnRÙ˙XÙ? ARtœ ÿuTÙL C’ Y˚W´¤m
◊¨k’˘LÙiPYt˚\ ®˚]Æp ˘LÙsL.
˘T¨Vßp C⁄k’ £±VRÙL CYt˚\ J›e
œT”jR ÿ•ŸUÙ?
A‘Æu A˚Ul◊
A‘˚Y ˙U¤m £±VRÙdL ÿ•ŸUÙ? ÿ•VÙ’ GuT˙R PÙpP≤u ˘LÙs˚L
˘TÙ⁄hLs£fl’i”Ls
ÍXd·fl A‘
(1776 ˛ 1884)
TPm 6.1
˘TÙ⁄hLs ?
66666
69
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIIIBt\˙UÙv Gu\ CXjæu ˘NÙp≠≠⁄k’ A‘ (atom) Gu\ ˘NÙp ˙RÙu±ıV’. ©¨dL
CVXÙR’ GuT˙R CRu ˘TÙ⁄[Ùœm. B]Ùp A±ÆVp EX°p GßoTÙWÙRÆRUÙL
HWtThP Li”©•l◊Ls A‘ ©[‹TPÙR’ Gu\ PÙpP≤u L⁄j˚R UfljR’.
A‘Æu Es˙[
øeLs Gl˙TÙRÙY’ Th”, TÙ≠vPo ˙TÙu\ B˚PL˚[j ˙RnjR‹Pu
A¶kß⁄d°»oL[Ù? Al˙TÙ’ øeLs EQokR’ Gu]? ˘RÙ˚XdLÙh£ ˘Th•˚V
®fljßV EPu ß˚Wdœ A⁄°p ÿZe˚L˚V ˘LÙi” ˘Nu\˙TÙ’ ˙RÙu±V A‡TYm
Gu]?
Gi˘QnlT˚N CpXÙR R˚Xÿ•´p J⁄ ©[Ùv•d A[‹˙LÙ˚X EW£f £fl LÙ°Rj
’i”Lfidœ A⁄°p LÙh•lTÙ⁄eLs.
øeLs A±kR’ Gu]?
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
˘TÙ⁄hLs Ju˙\Ù˘PÙufl EW—m˙TÙ’
™u˙]t\m ˙RÙuflm. ARu TX]ÙL
CqYÙfl S˚P˘Tfl°\’.
˚UdLp @TÙW˙P Gu\
A±ÆVpA±Oo ˙NÙ•Vm œ˙[Ù˚W”
˙TÙu\ £X ˘TÙ⁄h L˚[j RiΩ¨p
L˚Wj’ ARuYØVÙL ™uNÙWj˚Rd LPjßÆhPÙo. AqYÙnÆu Æ˚[YÙLd L˚Wk’ ˙N⁄m
˘TÙ⁄hL∞p ™u˙]t\m APe°Ÿs[’ G]d LiP±kRÙo. CdLi”©•l◊ 1830 Cp S˚P
˘Tt\’. CqÆRm ˘TÙ⁄hLfidœ ™u˙]t\m E⁄YÙY’ GqYÙfl G] øeLs £kßj’l
TÙojR’iPÙ?
˚UdLp @TÙW˙P´u Bn‹ CRtœ J⁄ RÙPdLUÙL C⁄kR’. TÙ⁄hL∞u £\l©Vp◊L˚[d
œ±jR ƨYÙ]LpÆdœ C’YØYœjR’. ˙U¤m TX A±ÆVp A±OoLs Cj’˚\dœ
Æ˚XUßdLÿ•VÙR Su˘LÙ˚PLs A∞jR]o. ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u Ru˚U˚V Æ[dœm ÆRjßp
A‘ A˚Ul˚Td œ±jR G∞V A±ÆVp Æ[dLj˚R øpv ˙TÙo R]’ A‘ UÙߨ´p
˘Y∞´hPÙo. C’ AdLÙXjßp TWYXÙL Ae∏L¨dLl ThP’.
≠jßVm A‘Æu ˙TÙo UÙߨ˚Vl TÙ⁄eLs.
C’ ≠jßVm A‘Æu A˚Ul˚Td œ±dœm J⁄ Æ[dLlTPm.
ClTPjßp Es[ A‘Æp A˚RÆP ÷i¶V ’LsLs
Es[] GuT’ ˘R∞YÙ°\RpXYÙ? A‘Æu EhTÙLjßp
GjR˚] Y˚Lj ’LsLs Es[] Gufl TPj˚Rl TÙoj’
F°j’ A±V ÿ•ŸUÙ?
...........................................................................................................................
A‘Ƈs A˚RÆP ÷i¶V ’LsLs Es[] Gu\ Li”©•l©tœ YØYœjR A±ÆVp
YWXÙt˚\l TÙol˙TÙm.
™u≤\dLd œZÙn Gu\ L⁄Æ´p œ˚\kR A›jRjßp Es[ YÙŸdL∞u YØVÙL
™uNÙWj˚Rf ˘N¤jß Bn‹ ˘NnR]o. C’ ™u˙]t\jßu WL£VeL˚[d œ±jR LpÆdœ
YØ YœjR’. ™u≤\dL œZÙ´p £X UÙflRpL˚[ HtT”jß _.˙_. RÙmNu SPjßV Bn‹Ls
CRtœ ˙U¤m Y¤Óh•].
™u Ht\jßu Ru˚U
J⁄ TÙ⁄∞p ™u˙]]t\m RÙuflm TÙ’ A˚Y
Ht\™pXÙR ©\ ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ Dod°\’.
™u˙]t\eLs CWi” Y˚LlT”m. A˚Y
˙So™u˙]t\m (+ ve) Gßo™u˙]t\m (- ve)GuT]. GßWÙ] ™u˙]t\eLfiL°˚P´p
DojR¤m JjR ™u˙]t\eLfid °˚P´p ÆXL¤m
®Lr°u\].
1234123412341234+
1234123412341234+
1234123412341234+
12341234123412341234123412341234
12341234123412341234
123412341234
TÙPm6.2
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
70
+
+----
RL”Ls
TPm 6.5
™Ld œ˚\kR A›jRjßp ™u≤\dLd œZÙ´‡s Es[ YÙŸÆu
YØVÙL ™uNÙWm LPk’ ˘Nu\˙TÙ’ ˙So™u RL•u A⁄°p Es[
œZÙ´u Eh◊\f —Yo J¸ıoY˚R RÙmNu LY≤jRÙo. œZÙ´‡s EtTjß
Bœm £X’LsL˙[ J¸ıoR¤dœd LÙWQm G] AYo A±k’ LÙiPÙo.
œZÙ´‡s J¸ıLPjRÙR J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄˚[j R˚PVÙL ˚YjR˙TÙ’ ARu
®Zp ˙So™u RLh•u ¡’ Æ›kR’.
CkRl T¨˙NÙR˚]´u YÙ´XÙLd œZÙ´≠⁄k’ Y⁄m ’LsLs Ge°⁄k’
Geœf˘Np°u\] GuT’ œ±jR L⁄j˚Rd ·flL.
$ œZÙ´≠⁄k’ Y⁄m ’LsL∞u TÙ˚R´p TPjßp LÙhPlTh”s[’˙TÙp So™uRL”m
Gßo™uRL”m ˘TÙ⁄jRlTh”s[].
Etfl˙SÙdLp ˛ J¸ıoR¤dœd LÙWQUÙ] ’LsL∞u TÙ˚R ˙So™u (+ ) RL˚P ˙SÙd°
ÆX°V˚Rd LiºoLs.
˘_.˘_. RÙmNu(1856 ˛ 1940)
+--
+--EVokR ˙YÙp˙Pw
™u≤\dLd œZÙn
˘Yt±PTml
TPm 6.4
"J¸ıoRp' ˙So™uRL˚P ˙SÙd° DodLlThPß≠⁄k’ ’LsL∞u Ht\j˚Rl Tt± Gu]
˘R¨°u\’?
$ BnÆtLÙL E˙XÙLjRL”L˚[Ÿm YÙŸdL˚[Ÿm ™u≤\dL œZÙnL˚[Ÿm UÙt±
UÙt±l TVuT”jßV˙TÙ’m ’LsL∞u Ti◊L∞p UÙt\m G’‹m HtT”Y˚Rd
LÙQÿ•VÆp˚X.
TPm 6.3
71
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
BnÆtœl TVuT”jßV ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ UÙ±UÙ± Bn‹ SPjßV ˙TÙ’m J˙W ÿ•‹
°˚PdL LÙWQm Gu]?
A‘dLs ™L ÷i¶V ’LsL[Ùp E⁄YÙdLlTh”s[] Guflm, A‘˚Yl £˚R‹ T”RR
ÿ•Ÿm GuT˚RŸm A±ÆVp EXLm 1897 ˛ p Ae∏L¨jR’
˙_.˙_. RÙmNu LiP±kR Ei˚ULs
$ ™u≤\dLd œZÙ´p Gßo™uYÙ´≠⁄k’ ◊\lT”m Li‘dœj ˘R¨VÙR
LßoL˙[ J¸ı⁄R¤dœd LÙWQm.
$ C˚Y Gßo™u˙]t\ÿs[ ’LsL∞u KhPUÙœm.
$ GpXÙl ˘TÙ⁄hL∞¤m CqYÙ\Ù] Gßo™u˙]t\ÿ˚PV ’LsLs
Es[].
®˚\ ™L‹m œ˚\kR CjR˚LV ’LsLfidœ GpdhWÙu G]
˘TV¨PlThP’. ™L‹m £±V A‘YÙ°V ˚ahW_≤u ®˚\´p
1837 Cu J⁄ TMÛ˙L (1/1837) J⁄ GXdPWÙ≤u ®˚\VÙœm.
A‘Ætœs ◊˙WÙhPÙuLfim
A‘dL∞p GXdhWÙuLs Uh”˙U Es[˘R≤p TÙ⁄hL˘[pXÙm Gßo ™u˙]t\m A˚Pk’
Ju˚\ Jufl ÆXLp A˚PVf NnŸUpXYÙ? Sm˚Uf —t±¤m Es[ TÙ⁄hLfidœ CqYÙfl
ÆXLp ®LrY’iPÙ? Cj’Pu ˘RÙPo◊˚PV Bn‹Ls ©\œ S˚P˘Tt\].
˙LÙphvºu Gu\ A±ÆVXÙo ™u≤\dL œZÙn ET˙VÙ°j’ SPjßV Ut˘\Ù⁄ BnÆp
A‘Æp ˙So™u˙]t\ÿs[ ’LsLs Es[] GuT˚Rd LiP±kRÙo.
©u◊ Ho]vh ÏRo˙TÙo” R]’ BnÆu ÍXUÙL A‘Æp ˙So™u’LsL[Ù]
◊˙WÙhPÙuLs Es[] GuT˚R EflßlT”jß]Ùo. J⁄ ◊˙WÙhPÙ‡dœ
J⁄ ˚ahW_u A‘Ætœ NUUÙ] ®˚\ Ei”. CR‡˚PV ™u˙]t\m
CRtœ ˙So™u˙]t\m LÙQlT”°\’ Gufl AYo Li”©•jRÙoV
A‘dLfim A˚Y ˙Nok’ E⁄YÙœm ˘TÙ⁄hLfim ™u˙]t\™u± S”
®˚X Y°lT’ Hu Gufl £kßlTÙVpXYÙ?
Ho]vh ÏRo
@˙TÙo”(1871 ˛ 1937)
TPm 6.6
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
72
ReLjRLh•p Ko Bn‹
(Gold foil experiment)ReLjßtœ ©\ E˙XÙLeL∞≠⁄k’ UÙflThP £X
R≤jRu˚ULs Es[]. ™L‹m ˘Up≠V RLPÙL C˚R
UÙt\ ÿ•Ÿm. £X A‘dL∞u R•Uu A[‹dœj
ReLjRL”L˚[ E⁄YÙdL CV¤m. ÏRo˙TÙo” ™L Up≠V
ReLjRLh•u ¡’ BpTÙ ’LsL˚[ EVokR ˙YLjßp
˙UÙRf ˘Nn’ Bn‹ SPjß]Ùo. ReLjRLh•p ˙UÙßV
BpTÙ ’LsL∞p ˘T⁄mTÙXÙ]˚Y F”⁄Æf ˘Nu\].
£X ’LsL∞u TÙ˚R´p Uh”m NtflÆXLp S˚P
˘Tt\˚Rd LiPÙo. £X ’LsLs (—UÙo 20,00˛Cp Jufl)
Gßoß˚N´p ¡[X˚PkR]. ReLjRLh•u ©u◊\m
˚YdLlTh”s[ ß˚W´p BpTÙ ’LsLs Æ›kR ˙TÙ’
E⁄YÙ] A˚PVÙ[eL˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnRRu
TV]ÙLf £X Ei˚UL˚[ ÏRo @˙TÙo” ◊¨k’˘LÙiPÙo.
CkR Etfl˙SÙdL≠u TX]ÙL AYo £X ÿ•‹Lfidœ
YkRÙo.
$ A‘Ætœ J⁄ ˚UVTÙLm Ei”. A’RÙu
A‘dL⁄.
$ A‘dL⁄ ˙So™u˙]t\m E˚PV’.
$ A‘Æu ˘UÙjR T⁄U‡Pu Jl©”m˙TÙ’
A‘dL⁄Æu T⁄Uu ™L‹m £±VRÙœm.
$ A‘Æu ˘UÙjR ®˚\Ÿm ˚UVm ˘LÙi•
⁄lT’ A‘dL⁄ÆXÙœm.
$ A‘dL⁄˚Yf —t±¤m GXdhWÙuLs LÙQlT”°u\].
ÏRo ˙TÙo•u Etfl˙SÙdLp Æ˚[‹L˚[Ÿm ÿ•‹L˚[Ÿm Bn‹˘NnL.
˘T⁄mTÙXÙ] BpTÙ’LsLfim ReLjRLh•u YØ LPk’ ˘Nu\’ Hu?
£±R[‹ BpTÙ’LsLfi˚PV TÙ˚R´p Uh”m ÆXLp S˚P˘Tt\’ Hu?
£X BpTÙ ’LsLs Uh”m ¡[p A˚PkRRu LÙWQm Gu]?
CkR Æ]ÙdLfidœ Æ˚P A∞dœm ÏRo˙TÙo•u L⁄j’Ls VÙ˚Y?
""A‘Ƥs[ ◊˙WÙhPÙuLs GpXÙm J˙W Tœß´p ˚UVm ˘LÙi”s[]'' Gu‡m
·t˚\ Htfld˘LÙs°\ÙVÙ? E]’ L⁄j’L˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›’.
sF.Sn
BpTÙ ’LsLs
˙So™u˙]t\ÿm ®˚\Ÿm ˘LÙiP
’LsL˙[ BpTÙ(α ) ’LsLs .
A˚Y So ™u˙]t\jRÙp ÆXdLl
TP‹m Gßo™u˙]t\jß]Ùp
DodLl TP‹m ˘Nn°u\].
ReLjßu A‘
BX
oT’
Ls
ReLjRLh•u YØVÙL
BpTÙ’LsL∞u ÆXLp TPm 6.7
73
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
A‘Æu UÙߨ
ÏRo˙TÙo” R]’ Li” ©•l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p J⁄ A‘UÙߨ˚V ˘Y∞´hPÙo.
A‘Æu ˚UVlTœß˙V A‘dL⁄. ™Lf£±VRÙ] A‘dL⁄ ˙So™u˙]t\m E˚PV’.
A‘dL⁄˚Yf —t±¤m Gßo™u˙]t\ÿs[ GXdhWÙuLs ™œkR ˙YLjßp —Zufl
˘LÙi•⁄d°u\]. A‘®˚\´u ˘T⁄m TœßŸm ARu A‘dL⁄Æp ®˚X ˘LÙi”s[’.
„¨Vœ”mTjßtœ C˚QVÙ] J⁄ A‘ A˚Ul˚T˙V ÏRo˙TÙo” ˘Y∞´hPÙo.
„¨Vd œ”mTm A‘
˚UVTÙLm : „¨Vu ˚UVTÙLm : ...............................................
˙LÙsLs : „¨V˚]f —tfl°u\] GXdhWÙu : ...............................................
—tfllTÙ˚R : ˙LÙsLs CVeœmTÙ˚R Bo©h (shell) : ...............................................
„¨V œ”mTm ÏRo˙TÙo•u A‘UÙߨ
++
GXdhWÙu\yq¢n-bkv
A‘dL⁄
+
TPm 6.8 TPm 6.9
AhPY˚Q 6.1
ÏRo @˙TÙo” A‘Æu UÙߨ˚V ˘Y∞´hPÙ¤m Aߤs[ ◊˙WÙhPÙuL∞u ®˚\˚VŸm
A‘Æu ˘UÙjR ®˚\˚VŸm Jl©hP˙TÙ’ LiP ˙YflTÙh•tœ Æ[dLm A∞lTßp £dLp
HtThP’. 1920 Cp R]’ Bn‹L∞u A•lT˚P´p A‘dL⁄Æp, ®˚\Ÿm ™u˙]t\ÿm
CpXÙR ’LsLs Ei” G]d œ±l©hPÙo.
˘RÙPof£VÙL S˚P˘Tt\ TX Bn‹L∞u TV]ÙL 1932˛Cp ˙_mv NÙhÆd A‘Æp
GXdhWÙu, ◊˙WÙhPÙu GuT]YtflPu ™u˙]t\m CpXÙR ®ÎhWÙ‡m Ei” G]d
Li”©•jRÙo. ®ÎhWÙ≤u ®˚\ —UÙo J⁄ ◊˙WÙhPÙ≤u ®˚\dœf NUUÙœm.
C’Y˚W ◊¨k’ ˘LÙiPL⁄j’dL˚[ Y¨˚NlT”jß AhPY˚Q´p G›ßlTÙo.
A‘Ƥs[ ’LsLs ™u˙]t\m ®˚\ A‘Æp ARu C⁄l©Pm
GXdhWÙu
◊˙WÙhPÙu
®ÎhWÙu
AhPY˚Q 6.2
C CCYt±u Jl¿h˚P Æ[dœm Th•Vp
∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. Æ”ThP˚R
®Wl◊L.
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
74
TPm6.10
˙TÙo UÙߨ
ÏRo ˙TÙo•u A‘UÙߨ´p, „¨Vd œ”mTj˚Rl˙TÙp ApXÙUp ™u˙]t\ÿs[ J⁄
A‘dL⁄˚Yf —t± GXdPWÙuLs —Zp°u\]. CqYÙfl J⁄ ™u˙]t\j˚R ˙Y˘\Ù⁄
™u˙]t\m —t± Y⁄m˙TÙ’ CRtœ Bt\p CZl◊ HtTh” A‘dL⁄Ætœ A⁄°p Y⁄m
GuT’ ˙_mv°[Ùod UÙdv˘Yp≠u ˙LÙhTÙ” Bœm. C’ A‘Æu ®˚X˙Tt±tœf NYÙp
B]˙TÙ’ AßLm ˙UmT”jRlThP J⁄ A‘ UÙߨ ˙R˚YVÙ´tfl.
A‘dL⁄˚Yf—t±f £X œ±l©hP TÙ˚RL∞u YØVÙL GXdhWÙuLs —tflm TÙ’ ARtœ
CqY˚LVÙ] Bt\p YflTÙ” HtT”Y’ Cp˚X Gufl øpv TÙo ®flÆ]Ùo. ClTÙ˚RL˚[
AYo Bo©h Gufl A˚ZjRÙo. Jq˘YÙ⁄ Bo©h•¤m J⁄œ±l©hP Gi¶d˚LŸ˚PV
GXdhWÙuLs LÙQlT”m G]j ˘R¨k’˘LÙiPÙo.
$ Jq˘YÙ⁄ Bo©h•tœm J⁄œ±l©hP A[‹ Bt\p Ei”. J˙W Bo©h•¤s[
GXdhWÙuL∞u Bt\p AßL¨dL˙YÙ ApX’ œ˚\V˙YÙ NnYßp˚X. A‘dL⁄Æp
C⁄k’ ÁWm AßL¨lTRtœ HtT Bo©h”L∞u Bt\p AßL¨dœm.
A‘ ˙TÙ¨u UÙߨ´p 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Bt\pUhPeLs ÿ˚\˙V K, L, M, N, O G]d
œ±l©PlTh”s[]. ©tLÙXjßp CkR Bt\p UhPeLs `pLs Gu\ TV¨p A±VlThP].
£X A‘dL∞u ˙TÙo UÙߨ˚Vd LY≤dL‹m
˚ahW_u
1p
Õ≠Vm
2p2n
≠jßVm
3p4n
4p5n
˘T√≠Vm
6p6n
LÙoTu
5p6n
˙TÙWÙu
œ±l◊
-- GXdhWÙu
p - ◊˙WÙhPÙu
n - ®ÎhWÙu
75
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
Jq˘YÙ⁄ A‘Ƥm ◊˙WÙhPÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L˚V Bn‹ ˘NnL.
H˙R‡m CWi” R≤UeL∞p ◊˙WÙhPÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L J˙W˙TÙp Y⁄°u\RÙ?
◊˙WÙhPÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L UÙflTÙ”m˙TÙ’ R≤Uÿm UÙflT”°u\RÙ?
®ÎhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚Ldœf NUUÙ] R≤UeLs Es[]YÙ?
G≤p R≤Um VÙ’ GuT˚R EflßlT”j’m ’Ls ◊˙WÙhPÙuL[Ù? ApX’ ®ÎhWÙuL[Ù?
J⁄ R≤Ujßu A‘Ƥs[ ◊˙WÙhPÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L˙V
ARu A‘ Gi (Z)
A‘Æp ◊˙WÙhPÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚Ldœm GXdhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚Ldœm Es[
˘RÙPo◊ Gu]? ˙TÙo UÙߨ˚Vl TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’TÙo.
A‘Gi, ◊˙WÙhPÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L, GXdhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L ˙TÙu\˚Y
GqYÙfl Ju˙\Ù˘PÙufl ˘RÙPo◊ ˘LÙi•⁄d°u\]? G›ßl TÙodL‹m.
J⁄ R≤Ujßu ®˚\˚V ®oQ´dœm ÿd°VUÙ] ’LsLs VÙ˚Y?
A‘Æp CYt±u C⁄l©Pm VÙ’?
A‘dL⁄Ƥs[ ’LsL∞u ˘UÙjR Gi¶d˚L ®˚\ Gi (M)
Gufl A˚ZdLlT”°\’. ARÙY’ ◊˙WÙhPÙu, ®ÎhWÙu
B°VYt±u ˘UÙjR Gi¶d˚L˙V ®˚\ Gi G]lT”m.
˙U˙X œ±l©hP R≤UeL∞u œ±¬”Ls ˘LÙ”dLlTh•⁄lT˚Rd LY≤dL‹m
1 4 7 9 11 121 2 3 4 5 6H, He, Li, Be, B, C
œ±¬”L∞u ˙U¤m ∏›m G›RlTh”s[ GiLs GYt˚\dœ±l©”°u\]. ∏˙Z
˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ ˘T¨≠Vjßu œ±¬h•¤s[ œ±l◊L˚[ G›’
(...................................) 9(...................................) 4Be
◊¨≤u œ±¬h˚Pl TÙ⁄eLs.
199 F
◊¨u A‘Æp GjR˚] ◊˙WÙhPÙuLs Es[]
GXdPWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L GjR˚]?
®˚\Gi˚QŸm A‘Gi˚QŸm ˘RÙPo◊T”jß ®ÎhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L˚Vd
Li”©•dLXÙUÙ?
®ÎhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚LL˚[d LiP±V J⁄ NUuTÙ” G›ßl TÙodL‹m
®ÎhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L = ....................................................................................................
Z = ..................
M = ................. F
19
9
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
76
A‘dL⁄˚Yf—t±¤m ˘Yq˙Yfl ˘`pL∞p GXdh
WÙuLs Y¨˚NVÙL A˚Ukß⁄dœm ÿ˚\dœ GXdhWÙu
LhP˚Ul◊ Gufl˘TVo.
˘`p ˘`p Gi LÙQlT”m AßLThN
GXdhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L (2 n2)
K 1 2 x 12 = 2
L 2
M 3
N 4
O 5
TPm 6.3
˘`pL∞p GXdhWÙu
˚ahW_u A‘Æp GjR˚] GXdhWÙuLs Es[]? C˚Y GkR ˘`p≠p LÙQlT”°\’?
˙TÙo UÙߨ˚Vl TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ TÙo. Õ≠Vm A‘Æp GqYÙfl Es[’?
≠jßVjßu GXdhWÙu LhP˚Ul◊ Gu]?
1 ˛Bm ˘`p (K) ................................................. GXdhWÙuLs
2 ˛Bm ˘`p (L) ................................................. GXdhWÙuLs
'K' `p≠p LÙQlT”m GXdhWÙuL∞u AßL Gi¶d˚L CWi” BRXÙp
A”jR GXdhWÙu 'L'' ˘`p≠p LhP˚UdLlTh”s[’.
˙NÙ•Vm A‘Æu ˙TÙo UÙߨ TPjßp ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
˙NÙ•Vjߤs[ ˘UÙjR GXdhWÙuLs GjR˚]?
...........................................
K `p≠p GqY[‹? ...........................................
¡ßŸs[[ GXdhWÙuLs GjR˚] ? ................................
TPj˚R Bn‹ ˘NnL
L ˘`p≠p LÙQlT”m GXdhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L
œ±jR E]’ L⁄j’ VÙ’?
............................................................................................................................................................................................
Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˘`p≠¤m LÙQlT”m GXdhWÙuLfidœ J⁄ œ±l©hP Gi¶d˚L
Ei”. 2n2 Gu\ „jßWj˚Rl TVuT”jß C˚Rd Li”©•dLXÙm. 'n' Gu\ G›j’
˘`p Gi˚Qd œ±l©”°\’.
Cf„jßWj˚Rl TVuT”jß Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˘`p≠¤m LÙQlT”m GXdhWÙuL∞u
AßLThN Gi¶d˚L˚V AhPY˚Q´p ®WlT‹m.
11p12n
˙NÙ•Vm A‘UÙߨ
TPm 6.11
77
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ R≤UeL∞u GXdhWÙu LhP˚Ul˚T G›ß AYt±u ˙TÙo
UÙߨl TPm Y˚WL.
19 24 27 359 12 13 17F, Mg, Al, Cl
J⁄R≤Uj˚Rj æoUÙ≤lT’ AßXPe°´⁄dœm ◊˙WÙhPÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚LVÙœm.
◊˙WÙhPÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L UÙflm˙TÙ’ R≤Uÿm UÙflT”m. ◊˙WÙhPÙuL∞u
Gi¶d˚Ldœ UÙt\m CpXÙUp ®ÎhWÙuLfi˚PV Gi¶d˚L UÙflThPÙp? LhPj˚R
®Wl◊L.
Gi¶d˚L´p ˙YflTÙ” Es[ ’LsVÙ’? ˙TÙo UÙߨ TPm Y˚Wk’ TÙo
CYt±u A‘Gi˚QŸm ®˚\ Gi˚QŸm Bn‹ ˘NnRÙp ˘R¨VY⁄m Jtfl˚U,
˙Ytfl˚ULs VÙ˚Y?
J˙W R≤Ujßu CjR˚LV UÙflThP Y•Ye
Lfidœ I˙NÙ˙PÙl◊Ls (isotopes) Gufl ˘TVo.
I˙NÙ˙PÙl◊Lfidœ J⁄ Y˚WV˚\ A˚Ud
LXÙUÙ?
11 H21 H31 H
p
n
p
n
p
n◊˙WÙh•Vm •Ÿº¨Vm •¨µVm
˚ahW_≤u ™œß
˙TWiPjߤs[ ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u
®˚\´u ÿdLÙp TÙLÿm (75%)
˚ahW_u Bœm. CkRd
˚ahW_≤p 0,015% Uh”˙U
•Ÿº¨Vm I˙NÙ˙PÙl. C˚RÆP
™L‹m œ˚\kR A[˙Y •¨µVm
APe°Ÿs[’. ¡ßŸs[ 99.985%
ÿm NÙRÙWQ Y•YUÙœm. •Ÿh
º¨Vm Bd≥_‡Pu Æ˚]
◊¨k’ E⁄YÙœm L]øo (heavywater) A‘dL⁄ E˚XL∞p TVu
T”jRlT”°\’.J˙W ®˚\ Gi‘m UÙflThP A‘ Gi‘m
˘LÙiP R≤UeL˚[ I˙NÙTÙoLs (isobars)G] A˚ZlTo.
G,LÙ;
40 4018 20Ar, Ca
∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ R≤U A‘dL∞p I˙NÙ˙PÙl, I˙NÙTÙo GuTYt˚\d
Li”©•j’ G›’L? P,Q,R,S,T GuT˚Y R≤UeL∞u Ei˚UVÙ] œ±¬”Ls ApX)
14 35 14 36 166 17 7 17 8P, Q, R, S, T
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
78
∏˙Z Y⁄m AhPY˚Q´¤s[ RLYpL˚[ Bn‹˘Nn’ Æ”ThP Tœß˚V ®Wl◊L.
Li‘dœj R¨VÙR’m, EQW ÿ•VÙR’UÙ] ™Lf£±V A‘dL∞p APe°Ÿs[
£fl ’LsL∞u Gi¶d˚L´¤m LhP˚Ul©¤m Es[ UÙt\˙U R≤UeL∞u Yfl
TÙh•tœd LÙWQUÙ°\’. Sm˚Uf —t\¤m Es[ EXLjßp ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u UÙflTÙ”,
˘TÙ⁄hL∞u £\l©´p◊Ls B°VYt˚\l TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnYRtœm ◊¨k’
˘LÙsYRtœm AYt±u A•lT˚P LÙW¶L˚[d œ±jR A±‹ SUdœj ’˚Q◊¨Ÿm.
R≤Um p e nJq˘YÙ⁄ ˘`p≠¤m Es[
GXdWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L
K L M
GXdhWÙu LhP˚Ul◊
........ ........ ........ 2 6 2, 6
........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ......................
........ ........ 10 ........ ........ ........ ......................
........ 11 ........ ........ ........ ........ ......................
........ ........ 12 ........ ........ 2 ......................
AhPY˚Q 6.4
TGXdWÙu ®ÎhWÙu◊˙WÙhPÙu
10P10N
®˚XjR¤dLÙL
®˚XjRu˚U ™L‹m ·•V R≤UeL[Ù]RÙp CYt±tœ SÙ©s R≤UeLs (Noble elements)Gufl ˘TVo. C˚Y A˚]j’m YÙŸdL[Ù˚LVÙp ˙SÙ©s YÙŸdLs Guflm
A˚ZdLlT”°u\]. B´u ÍXd·flL[ÙL˙YÙ, ˙NoU ÍXd·flL[ÙL˙YÙ UÙflm ˙TÙ’
Uh”˙U ©\ R≤U A‘dLs ®˚XjRu˚U˚Vl ˘Tfl°u\]. ˙SÙ©s R≤UeLs
A‘®˚X´˙X˙V ®˚XjRu˚Ud LÙh”m Ti◊ ˘LÙiP˚Y. CYt±u A‘dLfidœ
®˚XjRu˚U Es[ß]Ùp C˚Y ˙Yßl ©˚Ql©tœ EhT”Yßp˚X. AR]Ùp CYt˚\
UkRYÙŸdLs (inert gases) Guflm A˚ZlTo.
˙SÙ©s R≤UeL∞u ®˚XjRu˚Udœ LÙWQm Gu]? SUdœ TÙodLXÙm. EeLfidœj
˘R¨kR £X R≤UeL∞u A‘ Gi˚Qd Li”©•j’ AYt±u GXdhWÙu LhP˚Ul˚T
AhPY˚Q´p G›ßl TÙodL‹m. AjR≤Um APe°V £X ˙NoUeL∞u ˘TVoL˚[ G›’L..
R≤UeLs Ju˙\Ù˘PÙufl ˙Nok’ ˙NoUeLs
˙RÙufl°u\]. R≤UeLfim ˙NoUeLfim C˚Qk’
E⁄YÙœm LX˚YLs Sm˚Uf —t±¤m LÙQlT”m GpXÙ
˘TÙ⁄hL∞¤m APe°Ÿs[]. ™Lf£X R≤UeLs Uh”˙U
©\ R≤UeLfiPu ˙Yßl ©˚Ql©tœ EhTPÙR˚Y.
BYojR] AhPY˚Q´u L˚P£j ˘Rٜߴ¤s[
R≤UeLs CqY˚L˚Vf NÙokR˚Y Bœm. A˚Y VÙ˚Y?
AYt˚\ G›R‹m.
®˚XjRu˚UŸm Bt\¤m
J⁄ UiPXjßu (system) ®˚XjRu˚U ARu
Bt\¤Pu ˘RÙPo◊ ˘LÙiP’. Bt\p
AßL¨dœm˙TÙ’ ®˚XjRu˚U œ˚\°\’. AR]Ùp
Bt\˚X CVu\ œ˚\j’ ®˚XjRu˚U˚V A˚PV
Jq˘YÙ⁄ UiPXÿm ÿVt£d°u\]. CRtœ
˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] YØÿ˚\ L˚[ A’˙Y Ro‹ NnŸm.
EVWUÙ] TÙ⁄s Bt\˚Xd œ˚\j’ ®˚XjRu˚U
A˚PV R]’ EVWj˚Rd œ˚\lTRtLÙ] Ru˚U˚V
˘Y∞lT”j’m.
TPm 7.1
TPm 7.2
77777
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
80
R≤Um A‘ Gi GXdhWÙu
LhP˚Ul◊
˘TÙ’YÙL
˙NoUeLs
E⁄YÙYßp˚X
He 2 2
Ne 10 2, 8
Ar 18 2, 8, 8
Kr 36 2, 8, 18, 8
Xe 54 2, 8, 18, 18, 8
Rn 86 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8
©\ R≤UeL∞≠⁄k’ UÙflThPRÙL CYt±u GXdhWÙu LhP˚Ul©p (Õ≠Vm øeLXÙL)
LÙQlT”m £\l◊ CVp◊Ls VÙ˚Y?
®˚XjRu˚U˚V GXdhWÙu LhP˚Ul◊Pu ˘RÙPo◊T”j’m˙TÙ’ °˚Pdœm ÿ•‹
Gu]?
Õ≠Vjßp? ARu ˙TÙo UÙߨ˚V Y˚Wk’ Bn‹ ˘Nn’TÙo? Õ≠Vjßu
®˚XjRu˚U˚V GqYÙfl Æ[dLXÙm?
˙SÙ©s R≤UeL∞p ™L‹m £±V A‘YÙ] Õ≠Vjßtœ J⁄ `p Uh”˙U Es[’. Ju\Ùm
˘`p≠p EhT”jRd·•V GXdhWÙuL∞u AßL Gi¶d˚L 2 Bœm. AR]Ùp Õ≠Vj˚Rl
˘TÙfljR Uh•p 2 GXdhWÙu LhP˚Ul◊ ®˚XjRu˚U E˚PVRÙœm.
˙YßÆ˚]Ls YÙ´XÙL ®˚XjRu˚U˘LÙiP ˙NoUeLs E⁄YÙYRtœf £X G”j’d
LÙh”L˚[l TÙodLXÙm.
˘Ud…µVm + Bd≥_u ˘Ud…µVm Bd˚^”
GqYÙfl G] ˘Nn’ TÙodLXÙm.
˙SÙ©s R≤UeL∞u GXdhWÙu LhP˚Ul◊ AhPY˚Q´p ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
AhPY˚Q 7.1
AhPY˚Q 7.2
R≤Um A‘Gi GXdhWÙu LhP˚Ul◊ ˘R¨kR ˙NoUeLs
81
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
®˚XjRu˚U ®˚XjRu˚U ®˚XjRu˚U ®˚XjRu˚U
A˚PŸm ÿu◊ A˚PkR ©u◊ A˚PŸm ÿu◊ A˚PkR ©u◊
GXdhWÙuL∞u
Gi¶d˚L
◊˙WÙhPÙuL∞u
Gi¶d˚L
™u˙]t\m
˘Ud…µVm Bd≥_u
˘Ud…µVm A‘‹m Bd≥_u A‘‹m ™u˙]t\™pXÙR˚YVÙœm. ARu LÙWQm
Gu]? CWi” A‘dL∞u ˙TÙo UÙߨ˚V AhPY˚QŸPu Kl¿” ˘NnL.
˘Ud…µVÿm Bd≥_‡m ®˚XjRu˚U A˚PV ˙Ut˘LÙiP YØÿ˚\ VÙ’?
GXdhWÙu LhP˚Ul©p HtThP UÙt\eLfiPu ˘RÙPo◊T”jß G›ßl TÙodL‹m.
˘Ud…µVm (Mg)Bd≥_u (O)
˘Ud…µVm ®˚XjRu˚U A˚PkR ˙TÙ’ ARu ™u˙]t\jßp UÙt\m HtThPRÙ?
Bd≥_≤p?
AhPY˚Q˚V ®WlT‹m.
Ti◊Ls ˘Ud…µVm (Mg) Bd≥_u (O)
◊˙WÙhPÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L
GXdhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L
®ÎhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L
™u˙]t\m
GXdhWÙu LhP˚Ul◊
8 p8 n
Bd≥_u
12 p12 n
˘Ud…µVm
◊ßV ˘TÙ⁄s ˙RÙu±VRÙ?
Al˘TÙ⁄s VÙ’?
Ud…µVm Utflm Bd≥_u B°VYt±u A‘ Gi‘Pu ˘RÙPo◊˚PV £X Ti◊L˚[
Bn‹ ˘NnL
+ → 12 p12 n
˘Ud…µVm Bd˚^”
8 p8 n
2+ 2---
™u˙]t\ÿs[ A‘dLfidœ AV≤ Gufl˘TVo. Ud…µVm AV≤´u ™u˙]t\m GqY[‹?
˘Ud…µVm AV≤˚Vd œ±l©”m ÿ˚\ VÙ’?
-Bd˚^” AV≤˚Vd œ±l©”m ÿ˚\˚V G›’L?
Mg2+
TPm 7.3
AhPY˚Q 7.4
AhPY˚Q 7.3
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
82
E⁄YÙœm AV≤Ls :
AV≤L∞u GXdhWÙu LhP˚Ul◊ :
GpXÙ ˙YßÆ˚]L∞¤m CqYÙfl S˚P˘Tfl°u\RÙ?
GXdhWÙuL˚[d ˘LÙ”dL‹m Htfld ˘LÙs[‹m ÿ•VÙR ÆRjßp ÍXd·flLs
E⁄YÙ°u\ „r®˚X HtT”UÙ?
£X „r®˚XL˚[l TÙodL‹m.
$ CWi” œ˙[Ù¨u A‘dLs ˙Nok’ œ˙[Ù¨u ÍXd·fl E⁄YÙ°\’.
$ CWi” Bd≥_u A‘dLs ˙Nok’ Bd≥_u ÍXd·fl E⁄YÙ°\’.
CYt±p œ˙[Ù¨u ÍXd·fl E⁄YÙœm ÆRj˚R Bn‹ ˘NnV‹m.
Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ˙[Ù¨u A‘Ƈ˚PV‹m GXdhWÙu LhP˚Ul◊ : ..............................
CWi” œ˙[Ù¨u A‘dLfidœm ®˚XjRu˚U A˚PVj ˙R˚YVÙ]’ Gu]?
J⁄ œ˙[Ù¨]Ùp Ut˘\Ù⁄ œ˙[Ù¨‡dœ GXdhWÙ˚]d ˘LÙ”dL ÿ•ŸUÙ?
AqYÙfl ˘LÙ”jRÙ¤m CWi•tœm ®˚Xj Ru˚U A˚PV ÿ•ŸUÙ?
∏˙Z LÙ”dLlTh”s[]Yt±p Gßo™u˙]t\eLs A⁄°p Y⁄m˙TÙ’ S˚P˘TflY’ Gu]?
N¨VÙ]Yt˚\ ( ) A˚PVÙ[m ˘NnV‹m.
Dodœm
ÆXdœm
DojR˙XÙ ÆXdL˙XÙ ˘NnYßp˚X
˘Ud…µVm Bd˚^” J⁄ ÍXd·fl Gu\ ®˚X´p ®˚X ®tT’ GqYÙfl G]l ◊¨kR’
ApXYÙ?
øeLs C’Y˚W ˘Tt\ L⁄j’dL˚[l TVuT”jß Ud…µVm Bd≥_‡Pu C˚Qk’
Ud…µVm Bd˚^” ˙RÙuflY˚Rd œ±j’ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p J⁄ œ±l◊ G›’L.
C˙R˙TÙp ˙NÙ•Vm œ˙[Ù˚W” E⁄YÙY˚R GqYÙfl Æ[dLXÙm?
œ˙[Ù¨u ®˚XjRu˚U ˘Tt\’ GqYÙfl?
Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ˙[Ù¨u A‘‹m T°ok’ ˘LÙiP GXdhWÙuLs GjR˚]?
CqÆRjßp GXdhWÙuL˚[l T°ok’ ˘LÙi” ˘Y∞l◊\˘`p≠p Gh” GXdhPÙu A˚Ul˚T
A˚PY’i”.
R≤Um A‘Gi GXdhWÙu LhP˚Ul◊
˙NÙ•Vm (Na)
œ˙[Ù¨u (Cl)
TPm 7.4
AhPY˚Q 7.5
+17 p18 n
œ˙[Ù¨u A‘
17 p18 n
œ˙[Ù¨u A‘
17 p18 n
œ˙[Ù¨u ÍXd·fl
17 p18 n
83
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
£X R≤UeL˚[ Bn‹ ˘NnL.
Jq˘YÙu±u GXdhWÙu LhP˚Ul˚T G›ß AhPY˚Q˚V ®WlT‹m.
˘Y∞l◊\ `p≠¤s[ GXdhWÙ˚]Ÿm C˚Qß\˚]Ÿm RÙPo◊T”jß J⁄ Y˚WV˚\ RVÙo
˘NnL.
˘Ud…µVm Bd˚^” E⁄YÙ] ˙TÙ’ ˘Ud…µVm CZkR GXdhWÙuL∞u
Gi¶d˚L GqY[‹?
Bd≥_‡dœ °˚PjR GXdhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L GqY[‹?
˘Ud…µVm Bd˚^” E⁄YÙ]˙TÙ’ Jq˘YÙu±tœm °˚PjR ™u˙]t\jßtœm
GXdhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚Ldœm Es[ ˘RÙPo◊ Gu]?
Bd≥_u ÍXd·±¤s[ LhP˚Ul˚Tl TÙodL‹m.
Jq˘YÙ⁄ Bd≥_u A‘‹m T°ok’ ˘LÙiP GXdhWÙuLs GjR˚]?
∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[Yt±p Bd≥_u ˘LÙ”j’ ApX’ T°ok’ ˘LÙiP
GXdhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L GqY[‹?
˘Ud…µVm Bd˚^•p : ˘LÙ”jR’ / T°ok’ ˘LÙiP’.
Bd≥_u ÍXd·±p ; ˘LÙ”jR’ / T°ok’ ˘LÙiP’.
F
K
O
Na
8 p8 n
Bd≥_u A‘
+ 8 p8 n
Bd≥_u A‘ Bd≥_u ÍXd·fl
R≤UeLfidœ ˙YßÆ˚]´p D”T”YRtLÙ] ß\u C˚Qß\u
(valency) G]lPT”m. ˙YßÆ˚] S˚P˘Tflm ˙TÙ’ J⁄ R≤Um ˘LÙ”d
L˙YÙ T°ok’ ˘LÙs[˙YÙ ˘NnŸm GXdhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d
˚L´u A•lT˚P´˙X˙V AjR≤Ujßu C˚Qß\u
æoUÙ≤dLlT”°\’.
8 p8 n
8 p8 n
TPm 7.5
AhPY˚Q 7.6
R≤UmA‘Gi
GXdhWÙu
L∞uGi¶d˚L
GXdhWÙu
LhP˚Ul◊
˘Y∞l◊\
˘`p≠¤s[
GXdhWÙu
Ls
˘LÙ”dœm/Htfld
˘LÙsfim/T°ok’˘LÙsfim
GXdhWÙuL∞u
Gi¶d˚L
C˚Q
ß\u
→
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
84
˘Ud…µVm œ˙[Ù¨‡Pu C˚QŸm ˙TÙ’ ˘Ud…µVm CZdœm GXdhWÙuLs
GjR˚]?
J⁄ œ˙[Ù¨u A‘YÙp GjR˚] GXdhWÙuL˚[l ˘Ttfld˘LÙs[ ÿ•Ÿm?
J⁄ ˘Ud…µVm A‘ GjR˚] œ˙[Ù¨u A‘‹Pu C˚QkRÙp ®˚XjRu˚U
A˚PŸm?
R≤UeL˚[d œ±l©”YRtœ œ±¬”Ls TVuT”°u\] GuT˚Rl ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi˙PÙm.
AqYÙ\Ù]Ùp R≤U A‘dLs ˙Nok’ E⁄YÙœm ÍXd·flL˚[f —⁄d°
G›’YRtLÙ] YØÿ˚\ VÙ’?
˘Ud…µVÿm œ˙[Ù¨‡m C˚Qk’ E⁄YÙœm Ud…µVm œ˙[Ù˚W˚Pd œ±l©”m
ÿ˚\ VÙ’?
A‘dL∞u œ±¬”m C˚QŸm A‘dL∞u Gi¶d˚LŸm TVuT”jß G›R ÿVt£dL‹m.
Ud…µVm œ˙[Ù˚W”
˙U˙X ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ AhPY˚Q´p
GXdPWÙuL˚[d ˘LÙ”lT’m Htfld
˘LÙsY’UÙ] A‘dLs VÙ˚Y? CqYÙfl
S˚P˘Tflm˙TÙ’ Jq˘YÙ⁄ R≤Ujßu GjR˚]
A‘dLs ˙YßÆ˚]´p D”T”m?
Na m O m
K m F m
CYt±u ˙Yß YÙnlTÙh˚P G›Rÿ•ŸUÙ?
Na m O m ˙NokR’,
Na Æh”d˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi•V GXdhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L :
O Htfld ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi•V GXdhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L :
CWi•tœm ®˚XjRu˚U A˚PV, C˚QV ˙Yi•V A‘dL∞u Gi¶d˚L
Na :
O :
˙YßYÙnlTÙ”:C’˙TÙu\ ˙Yfl C˚QL˚[ E⁄YÙdL ÿ•ŸUÙ?
£X ˙NoUeL∞u ˙Yß YÙnlTÙh˚Pl TÙodL‹m.
RiΩo ˛ H2O
˚ahW_u œ˙[Ù˚W” ˛ HCl
A˙UÙ≤VÙ ˛ NH3
˙YßYÙnlTÙ” G›’m˙TÙ’ R≤UeL∞u C˚Qß\u GqYÙfl TVuT”jRlTh”s[’
GuT˚Rl TÙol˙TÙUÙ?
˙Yß YÙnlTÙ”
J⁄ R≤Uj߇˚PV˙YÙ ˙NoUjß
‡˚PV˙YÙ ÍXd·˚\d œ±l©”m
œ±¬”L∞u ˘RÙœl◊ ˙YßYÙn
lTÙ” G]lT”m. J⁄ ÍXd·±p
APe°Ÿs[ R≤U A‘dL∞u
Y˚LŸm Gi¶d˚LŸm ˙YßYÙnl
TÙh•p C⁄k’ A±VXÙm. Jq˘YÙ⁄
R≤Uj߇˚PV‹m œ±¬”, A‘d
L∞u Gi¶d˚L B°V˚Y ˙YßYÙ
nlTÙh•p œ±l©PlTh•⁄dœm.
85
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
˙NoUm Tœß ˘TÙ⁄hLs C˚Qß\u ˙YßYÙnlTÙ”
RiΩoH
O
H
Cl
N 3
H
˚ahW_u
œ˙[Ù˚W”
˙Yß YÙnlTÙ” G›’m ÿ˚\
∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ ˙YßYÙnlTÙh˚Pd LY≤dL‹m.
˘Ud…µVm Bd˚^” ˛ MgO
LÙoTu˚P ˛Bd˚^” ˛ CO2
˘Ud…µVjßu C˚Qß\u ˛ 2
Bd≥_≤u C˚Qß\u ˛ 2
C˚Qß\‡Pu ˘RÙPo◊T”jß G›’m ˙YßYÙnlTÙ”
N¨VÙ] ˙YßYÙnlTÙ”
C˚Qß\ GiL˚[ J⁄ ˘TÙ’Yœ GiQÙp G∞RÙdL
ÿ•Ÿ˘Uu\Ùp AYt˚\ G∞RÙd° ˙Yß YÙnlTÙ”
A˚UdL ˙Yi”m.
LÙoTu˚P Bd˚^•u ˙YßYÙnlTÙ” CO2 G]dœ±l©”Y’ Hu G] £kßj’l TÙodL‹m.
LÙoT≤u C˚Qß\u ˛ 4
Bd≥_≤u C˚Qß\u ˛ 2
£X R≤U C˚QLs ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[]. A˚Y C˚Qk’ E⁄YÙœm ˙NoUeL∞u
˙Yß YÙnlTh˚P G›’L.
Al - O, Ca - O, C - H, Ca - Cl
£X ÍXd·flL∞u YßYÙnlTÙ”L˚[ SÙm A±k’ LÙi˙PÙUpXYÙ? AYt±u Jq˘YÙ⁄
ÍXd·±¤m Es[ ˘UÙjR A‘dL∞u Gi¶d˚L˚Vd Li”©•dLXÙUÙ?
CO2 ÍXd·±¤s[ ˘UÙjR A‘dLs GjR˚]?
LÙoTu A‘Æu Gi¶d˚L :
Bd≥_u A‘Æu Gi¶d˚L :
˘UÙjR A‘dL∞u Gi¶d˚L :
AhPY˚Q 7.7
A˙UÙ≤VÙ
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
86
ÍXd·±¤s[ A‘dL∞u Gi¶d˚L˚Vl ˘TÙflj’ AYt˚\ KW‘, DW‘, TpX‘
ÍXd·flLs G] Y˚LlT”j’Y’i”. £X R≤U ÍXd·flLs ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[].
AYt˚\ ˙U˙X œ±l©hP ÿ˚\´p Y˚L¬” ˘NnV‹m.
C l 2 , N a , O 2 , M g , S 8 , P 4 , H 2 , N 2 , Fe
UkR YÙŸdLs KW‘ ÍXd·flL[Ùœm. CRu LÙWQm Gu] Gufl ·\XÙUÙ?
R≤Um ApX’ NoUjßu J⁄ ÍXd·˚\˙V Yß YÙnlTÙ” œ±lT©”°u\’. AßLlT•VÙ]
ÍXd·flL˚[ œ±l©”m „r®˚XLs YkRÙp?
Ik’ øo ÍXd·flL˚[d œ±l©”m ÿ˚\ 5H2O
˘UÙjR ÍXd·flLs =Jq˘YÙ⁄ R≤Ujߤm Es[ ˘UÙjR A‘dLs?
H = 5 2 = 10
O = ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[Yt±p ™L‹m AßLUÙ] A‘dLs APe°Ÿs[˚Rd
Li”©•j’ G›’L.
5NH3, 6NaCl, 2MgO, 3Al2O3
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
87
¡[X˚PŸm J¸ı
J⁄ UjßVÙ] ˙Y˚[. R]’ ÿLjßp Æ›kR J¸ı Ge°⁄k’ Y⁄°\’ Gufl TÙojR Læ_Ù,
R]’ ˙RÙØ YœlT˚\´u ˘Y∞˙V J⁄ ÿLmTÙodœm LiQÙ•ŸPu ®tT˚Rd LiPÙs.
Læ_ÙÆu ÿLjßp Æ›kR J¸ı Ge°⁄k’ YkR’? GqYÙfl YkR’? NUR[ B•˚Vl
TVuT”jß J¸ı˚Vf —Y¨
¤m ÿLjߤm Æ›mT•f
˘NnŸm ®Lrf£˚V øeLs
A±kß⁄l¿oL[pXYÙ? Jo
J∞ E˚\ÆPj˚Rl TVu
T”jß J⁄ ˘NVpTÙh˚Pf
˘Nn’ TÙol˙TÙUÙ? —UÙo
12cm ALXÿm 30cm ø[ÿm
6cm EVWÿm Es[ J⁄
LÙ°R Ah˚Pl˘Th•V
G”dL‹m. CRu GßoTdLe
L∞p LÙ°R Ah˚P˚V
ød°Æh” ARtœl TßXÙL J¸ı LPj’m TÙ≠jæuRÙs (TPm 8.1) Cp LÙi©dLlTh”s[’
˙TÙp) JhP‹m. ˘Th•´u EhTdLjßp NUR[ B•˚V ˚YdL‹m. ˘Th•´‡s Ko G¨Ÿm
F’Tjß˚V ˚Yj’l ˘Th•˚Vl ◊˚LVÙp
®WlT‹m. ˘Th•´u ˙UtTdLj ߤs[ J⁄
’YÙWjßu YØVÙL ˙XNo PÙof£¤s[
J∞dLßoL˚[d LiQÙ•´p NÙnYÙL
Æ›mT•f ˘NnV‹m. J¸ı´u TÙ˚R˚V
EtfllTÙodL‹m.
PÙof£p C⁄k’ NUR[ B•´p Æ›kR Lß˚W GqYÙfl A˚ZdLXÙm.
LiQÙ•´p C⁄k’ ¡[X˚Pk’Y⁄m Lß˚W GqYÙfl A˚ZdLXÙm?
PÙof£‡˚PV‹m LiQÙ•´‡˚PV‹m NÙn‹L˚[ UÙt± Bn‹ ˘Nn’TÙodL‹m.
E]’ Etfl ˙SÙdLp TXuLs VÙ˚Y?
88888 J¸ı´u TÙ˚R´p
TPm 8.1
™L ÷i¶V J¸ıdLßoLs TX
˙Nok’ J⁄ 'Lt˚\'VÙL PÙof
£≠⁄k’ ˘Y¸ıY⁄°\’. ™Lf
£±V ’YÙWjßu YØVÙLd ·P
Lt˚\VÙL˙Y J∞ LPk’ Y⁄
°\’. CqYÙfl J¸ı J⁄ Lt˚\
VÙL YkRÙ¤m J¸ı´u TÙ˚R
˚Vd œ±l©P Lß˚Wd œ±dœm
J⁄ ˙LÙ” TVuT”jRlT”°\’.
PÙof
NUR[ B•
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
88
AhPY˚Q˚Vl TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnR˙TÙ’ EeLfidœd °˚PjR ÿ•‹Ls VÙ˚Y?
T”Lߨu TÙ˚R´p UÙt\m HtT”jß]Ùp ¡sLߨu TÙ˚R UÙflT”UÙ? Nn’ TÙodL‹m.
EeL[’ NVpTÙ”L∞p C⁄k’ J¸ı ¡[˚Xd œ±j’ øeLs ◊¨k’˘LÙiP L⁄j’dLs
VÙ˚Y?
$ T”Lßo, ¡sLßo, T”◊s∞´p Y˚WVlT”m XmTm C˚Y J˙W R[jßp A˚UŸm.
C˚Y J¸ı ¡[p ÆßL[Ùœm
CkR ÆßLs GpXÙÆR J¸ı¡[p TWl©tœm ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]RÙœm.
J¸ı Æ›m ◊s∞´p (T”RWÙ]m) J¸ı ¡[X˚PŸm TWl◊dœf NeœjRÙL Y˚Wdœm LÙh•tœ
XmTm Gufl ˘TVo (normal).XmTj’Pu T”Lß⁄m ¡sLß⁄m HtT”j’m ˙LÙQeLfid°˚P´p ˘RÙPo◊ Es[RÙ?
Ko Bn‹ ˘Nn’ TÙodLXÙm. J⁄
Y˚WTPjRÙs, ˙LÙQUÙ≤, NUR[ B•,
ß˚W ˙TÙu\Yt˚\l TPjߤs[’˙TÙX
A˚UdL‹m (TPm 8.2). XmTm Y˚Wk’
˙LÙQUÙ≤ TViT”jß ˙LÙQ
A[‹L˚[d LÙ°Rjßp œ±dL‹m.
LÙ°Rjßu ˙Ut TWl©u YØVÙL ˙XNo
LßoL˚[l Tp˙Yfl ˙LÙQeL∞p
B•´u ¡’ Æ›mT•f ˘NnL. Jq˘YÙ⁄
„r®˚X´¤m ¡[X ˚Pk’ Y⁄m
J¸ıdLߨu TÙ˚R˚V Y˚Wk’
T”˙LÙQÿm ¡s˙LÙQÿm A[k’
AhPY˚Q 8˛1 Cp ®Wl◊L.
Y¨˚NT”˙LÙQm (i) ¡s ˙LÙQm (r)
Gi
1
2
3
4
AhPY˚Q 8.2
TPm 8.1
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
89
TXY˚L B•Ls
C⁄NdLW YÙL]eL∞p ˘TÙ⁄jRl
Th”s[ LiQÙ•´p øeLs ÿLm
TÙojR’iPÙ? ©mTjßu Ru˚U Gu]?
B• NUR[UÙ]RÙ?
J⁄ ◊ßV vºp LWi•´p EeLs
ÿLj˚Rl TÙodL‹m.
Esfim ◊\ÿm ©mTeLs J˙W˙TÙp
˙RÙufl°u\]YÙ?
LWi•´] GkRl TdLm
LÙh£V∞dœm ©mTm C⁄ NdLW
YÙL]d LiQÙ•´p Es[ ©mTj˚Rl ˙TÙufls[’?
LWi•´u C⁄TdLeL∞¤m ©mTeLs UÙflTh”j ˙RÙu\d LÙWQm Gu]?
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
J⁄ ˘NVpTÙh˚Pf ˘Nn’ TÙol˙TÙm.
EeL[’ Ts∞ BnYLjߤs[ B•L˚[ NUR[B•, œÆ B•, œØ B• G]
Y˚LlT”j’L. AYt±u R≤jRu˚UL˚[d Li” ©•j’ AhPY˚Q 8.2 p G›’L.
Y˚[kR TWl◊m J¸ı˚V
¡[X˚PVf˘NnŸm
J¸ı˚V ¡[X˚PVf ˘NnŸm
LiQÙ•´u TWl◊ ˘Y∞˙V Ekß
Es[ A˚UlTÙL C⁄kRÙp A’ œÆ
B• G]‹m, TWl◊ Es˙[ œØkß⁄k
RÙp A’ œØ B• G]‹m A˚ZdLl
T”°\’.
Y¨˚N NUR[ B• œÆ B• œØ B•
AhPY˚Q 8.2
˙LÙ[L B•Ls (Spherical Mirrors)
TPm 8.3
(a) (b) (c)
TPm 8.3 (a) p LÙi©dLl Th”s[’ ˙TÙp J⁄ ©[Ùv•d Tkß≠⁄k’ J⁄ £±V TÙLj˚R
G”dL‹m. ARu Eh◊\jßp J⁄ £±V A¤™≤Vj RÙ˚[l TÙ⁄jß J⁄ ¡[X˚PŸm TWl˚T
E⁄YÙd°]Ùp A˚R GkRY˚L B•VÙLl TVuT”jR ÿ•Ÿm. Tkßu ˘Y∞lTœß˚V
¡[X˚PŸm TWlTÙL UÙt±]Ùp A’ GkR Y˚L B•VÙLf ˘NVpT”m?
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
90
B• GkRd LÙ[jßu TœßVÙL A˚UkR˙RÙ
AkRd ˙LÙ[jßu ˚UV˙U B•´u Y˚[‹
˚UVm (centre of curvature).B•´u ˚UVl◊s∞dœ B•˚UVm (pole).Gufl ˘TVo.
Y˚[‹ ˚UVj˚RŸm B•˚UVj˚RŸm
C˚Qdœm So˙LÙ” ÿd°V Af— (principalaxis) Bœm.
B• GkRd ˙LÙ[jßu Tœß˙VÙ AkR
˙LÙ[jßu BWjßtœ Y˚[‹ BWm (radiusof curvature) Gufl ˘TVo.
SÙm E⁄YÙd°V B•Ls J⁄
˙LÙ[jßu TÙLm Gufl A±≈o
L[pXYÙ? CqY˚L B•Ls LÙ[L
B•Ls (Spherical mirrors) Bœm.
TPm 8.3 (b), 8.3 (c) GuT]Yt±p
Y˚[‹˚UVm C, B•˚UVm P,ÿd°V Af—, Y˚[‹ BWm ˙TÙu\
Yt˚\ A˚PVÙ[lT”jR‹m.
œÆVm (Focus)J⁄ œØVÙ•˚Vf „¨V‡dœ ˙SWÙLl ©•dL‹m. (TPm 8.4) „¨V J¸ı˚Vj ß˚W´p Es[ J⁄
◊s∞´p œÆŸmT•f NnL. C’˙TÙufl TXÿ˚\ Bn‹ NnL. Jq˘YÙ⁄ ÿ˚\Ÿm ß˚Wdœm
B•dœm C˚P˙V Es[ ÁWj˚R A[k’ TÙodL‹m. ø LÙ‘m R≤jRu˚U VÙ’? ˘Yœ
˘RÙ˚XƤs[ ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u ©mTeL˚[ C’ ˙TÙufl E⁄YÙdL‹m. ©mTjßtœm B•dœm
C˚P˙V Es[ ÁWj˚R A[k’ TÙodL‹m. ÿu◊ Li”©•jR ÁWj’Pu Jl¿” ˘NnV‹m.
NUR[ B•˚Vl TVuT”jß Bn˚Yf ˘Nn’TÙodL‹m.
TPm 8.4
TPm 8.5(a)
„¨V J¸ı˚VŸm B•˚VŸm TVuT”jß
SPj’m BnÆp B•´≠⁄k’
¡[X˚Pk’ Y⁄m J¸ıdLßoLs
˙SW•VÙLd LiL∞p TPÙRYÙfl LY≤jRp
˙Yi”m.
C F P
(b)
GqYÙfl ˘RÙ˚XƤs[ ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u ©mTeLs ®˚XVÙL Ko CPjßp Æ›°u\]?
∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ TPeL˚[d LY≤dL‹m.
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
91
B•˚UVm ÿRp ÿd°V œÆVmY˚WŸs[ ÁWm
œÆVÁWm (f) Bœm. C’ Y˚[‹ BWjßu (R) TÙßVÙL
C⁄dœm. R = 2f
©mTm ˙RÙtflÆjRp (Image Formation)˘Yœ˘RÙ˚XƤs[ ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u ©mTeLs Gl˙TÙ’m B•´u ÿd°V œÆVjßp
°˚PlTRÙLd LiºoL[pXYÙ? ˘TÙ⁄s B•dœÿu Geœ ˚Yjß⁄kRÙ¤m ©mTm ÿd°V
œÆVjßp ˙RÙuflUÙ?
CFP
J⁄ NUR[B•´¤m œØVÙ•´¤m Yœ˘RÙ˚XÆ≠⁄k’ Y⁄m J¸ıdLßoL∞u TÙ˚R TPjßp
LÙhPlTh”s[].
øeLs LÙ‘m £\l©Vp◊Ls VÙ˚Y?
$ T”LßoLs VÙ‹m C˚QVÙ]˚Y Bœm.
$
J⁄ œØVÙ•´p ÿd°V Af—dœ C˚QVÙL Y⁄m J¸ıdLßoLs ¡[¤dœ©u ÿd°V
Af£¤s[ J⁄ ◊s∞´p œÆ°u\] Gufl LiºoL[pXYÙ? CkRl ◊s∞˙V œØVÙ•´u
ÿd°V œÆVm.
AlT•˘V≤p Yœ RÙ˚XƤs[ TÙ⁄hL∞u ©mTeLs J˙W CPjßp LÙiTRtLÙ]
LÙWQm Gu]?
J⁄ NUR[ B•dœ ÿd°V œÆVm Es[RÙ?
TPm 8.5 Cu A•lT˚P´p EeL[’ Li”©•l◊L˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›’L?
TPjßp ÿd°V Af£¤s[ J⁄ ◊s∞´≠⁄k’ J¸ı ¡[pLßoLs ◊\lTh” Y⁄Y˚Rl
˙TÙufl ˙RÙufl°\RpXYÙ? Cl◊s∞ œÆVÙ•Æu ÿd°V œÆVm Bœm. C’
˘TÙnVÙ]RÙp CRtœl ˘TÙndœÆVm Gufl ˘TVo.
TPm 8.6
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
92
C F P C F P
L M
N
L
N M
Y˚WTPm Y˚WdLXÙm
J⁄ œØVÙ•dœ ÿu]Ùp Tp˙Yfl CPeL∞p Y˚LlTh”s[ ˘TÙ⁄∞u ©mTm ˙RÙuflm
®˚XL˚[l œ±j’l ◊¨k’˘LÙiºoL[pXÙ?
©mTm ˙RÙuflY˚R SÙm Y˚WTPjßu YÙ´XÙLd œ±l©PXÙm.
J⁄ œØVÙ•´p Æ›m J¸ıdLß⁄m ARu ¡sLß⁄m TPm 8.8˛Cp ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
J⁄ NVp Nn’ TÙodLXÙm. œÆVÁWm Li”©•jR œØVÙ• Ju˚\j RÙe°´p TÙ⁄jR‹m.
B•dœ ÿu]Ùp F, 2F (C) B°VYt˚\ A˚PVÙ[lT”jR‹m. J⁄ G¨Ÿm ˘U›œYojß˚V
B•dœ ÿuTdLjߤs[ Tp˙Yfl CPeL∞p ˚Yj’l ©mTj˚Rj ß˚W´p Æ›mT•f
˘NnV‹m. ©mTjßu C⁄l©Pm, Ru˚ULs B°VYt˚\ AhPY˚Q (8.3) ˛Cp œ±dL‹m.
TPm 8.7
Y¨˚N ˘TÙ⁄∞u C⁄l©Pm ©mTjßu A˚UÆPm ©mTjßu Ru˚ULs
- Gi
1
2
3
4
5
AhPY˚Q 8.3
TPm 8.8 (a) TPm 8.8 (b)
B•˚V ˚UVUÙLd ˘LÙi”
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
93
J¸ı¡[p Æß´u A•lT˚P´p TPeL˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ EeLs Li”©•l◊L˚[
G›R‹m.
$ B•´u ÿd°V Af—dœ C˚QVÙLf ˘Np¤m J¸ıdLßoLs ¡[X˚Pk’ ÿd°Vd
œÆVm YØVÙLd LPk’ ˘Np°u\].
$
$
$
EeL[’ Li”©•l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p ˙U˙X œ±l©PlTh”s[ H˙R‡m CWi”
LßoL˚[l TVuT”jßl ©mTm ˙RÙuflm Y˚WTPeL˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p Y˚Wk’
AhPY˚Q 8.4 I ®Wl◊L. AhPY˚QLs 8.3 , 8.4 I Jl¿” ˘NnL.
(a) ˘TÙ⁄s C dœ AlTÙp
C F P
L
M
N
TPm 8.8 (c) TPm 8.8 (d)
O
B
I
MF PC
TPm 8.9
PC F
L
N
J⁄ YhPjßu ˚UVjß≠⁄k’ ARu YhPl
T¨ßdœ Y˚WVlT”m ˙So˙LÙ”Ls T¨ßdœf
˘NeœjRÙL C⁄dœm.
B Gu\ ◊s∞´u ©mTm M Bœm.
C˚Rl ˙TÙufl ˘TÙ⁄∞u O dœm P dœm C˚P´¤s[ Jq˘YÙ⁄ ◊s∞´≠⁄k’m T”Lß⁄m
¡sLß⁄m Y˚WkRÙp IM Gu\ ©mTm ˙RÙuflm.
ir
M
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
94
TPj˚R EtfllTÙoj’ ©mTjßu Ru˚UL˚[l Th•V≠P‹m.
œÆVÙ•, œØVÙ• CYt±u £\l©Vp◊L˚[Ÿm A˚Y ˙RÙtflÆdœm ©mTeL∞u
Ru˚UL˚[Ÿm Li” ˘LÙiºoL[pXYÙ?
Au\ÙP YÙrÆp TX Y˚LVÙ] B•Ls TVuT”j’m „r®˚XL˚[d Li”©•j’ G›’L.
$ YÙL] Jh”SoLs ©u]Ùp Y⁄m YÙL]e
L˚[j ˘R∞YÙLl TÙodL œÆVÙ•L˚[l
TVuT”j’°u\]o.
$
$
$
O
B
P
M
I FC
œØVÙ•´p RÙuflm ©mTeL∞u CPj˚RŸm Ru˚U˚VŸm LiºoL[pXYÙ? C˚Rl˙TÙufl
œÆB•´p ˙RÙuflm ©mTjßu Ru˚U˚Vd LÙh”m TPm Y˚WL.
TPm 8.10
Y¨˚N B•˚V ˚UVUÙLd ˘LÙi” ©mTjßu Ru˚ULs
-Gi ˘TÙ⁄∞u C⁄l©Pm ©mTjßu A˚UÆPm
1 ˘TÙ⁄s C dœ AlTÙp
2 ˘TÙ⁄s C Cp
3 C dœm F dœm C˚P´p
4 F Cp
5 F dœm P dœ™˚P´p
AhPY˚Q 8.4
˙YLm (Speed)
KQjßtœl ◊’j’¶Ls YÙeœYRtLÙLj Rk˚RŸPu SLWjßtœf ˘Nu\ WÙ_˜ TÙojR J⁄LÙh£Ÿm AY]’ U]ßp G›kR Nk˙RLÿm Ceœd ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
WÙ_˜Æu Nk˙RLj˚Rj æodL EeL[Ùp ÿ•ŸUÙ?
∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ „r®˚XL˚[d LY≤dL‹m.
« J⁄ LÙo CWi” U¶ ˙SWjßp 120 °˙XÙ¡hPo ÁWÿm, J⁄ ˙Yu (Van) Íufl U¶˙SWjßp 150 °˙XÙ¡hPo ÁWÿm TV¶d°u\]. CYt±p GRtœ YLm AßLm? GqYÙflLi”©•dLXÙm?
« Jq˘YÙ⁄ YÙL]ÿm J⁄ U¶ ˙SWjßp TV¶jR ˘RÙ˚X˚Yd LQd°”L.
˙YLm ·•V YÙL]m G’ G]d Li”©•dLXÙUpXYÙ?
˙Y˘\Ù⁄ „r®˚X˚Vl TÙol˙TÙm.
« 10 Æ]Ù• ˙SWjßp J⁄ ™ßYi• (cycle) 50 ¡hPo TV¶jRÙp ARu ˙YLm Gu]?
« ˙U˙X ˘LÙ”jR „r®˚XL∞p ˙YLm Li” ©•dL øeLs TVuT”jßV NUuTÙ” G’?
˙YLm =
˙YLjßu AXœ =
CVdLm
''35 kmph''A’
Gu]?
TPm 9.1
9
ÁWjßu AXœ
˙SWjßu AXœ
...................................–––––––––––––––––––...................................
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
96
« AlT• Gu\Ùp LÙ¨‡˚PV ˙YLjßu AXœ VÙ’?
« ™ßYi•´u ˙YLjßu AXœ VÙ’?
TPm 9.2
˙T⁄kßu ©uTÙLjßp G›RlTh”s[ '35kmph'G˚Rd œ±l©”°\’ G]l ◊¨k’˘LÙiPÙVpXYÙ?
CqYÙfl œ±l©PlT”Y’ Hu GuT’ œ±j’SiToLfiPu LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.
EeLs TÙPNÙ˚X´u A⁄°p C’UÙߨVÙ] GfN¨d˚Ll TX˚LLs (speed limit)®fljRlTh”s[]YÙ? Aeœ YÙL]eL∞u ˙YLm œ˚\dLlT”°\RÙ? J⁄ ˘NVpßhPm YØLi” ©•dL‹m.
˙TÙdœYWj’ ÆßL˚[d L˚P©•dLÙR YÙL]eL˚[ EeL[Ùp Li”©•dL ÿ•ŸUpXYÙ?
˙TÙdœYWj’ ÆßL˚[ ¡fl˙YÙ⁄dœ GßWÙL EeL[Ùp Gu] ˘NnV CV¤m?
∫WÙ] ˙YLm, ∫Wt\ ˙YLm (Uniform Speed and Non Uniform Speed)
0 s 2s 4s 6s 8s 10s
A B C D E F0m 4m 8m 12m 16m 20m
Tp˙Yfl LÙX A[‹L∞p a¨ TVQm ˘NnR ÁWjßu TPm 9.2 Cp ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
« A ÿRp B Y˚W a¨ TV¶jR ÁWm GqY[‹? ARtœ G”j’d˘LÙiP LÙXm GqY[‹?
« B ÿRp C Y˚W TV¶jR ÁWm ARtœ G”j’d ˘LÙiP LÙXÿm GqY[‹?
C˚Rl ˙TÙufl Utfl C˚P˙Y˚[L∞p TV¶jR ÁWm ˙YLÿm LQd°P‹m. ø ◊¨k’˘LÙiP’ Gu]?
a¨ NUUÙ] ˙SWeL∞p TV¶jR ÁWm NUUÙ]RpXYÙ? Ceœ a¨´u ˙YLm ∫o˙YLUÙœm.TPm 9.3 I EtfllTÙodL‹m.v.
TPm 9.3
0 s 2s 4s 6s 8s 10s
A B C D E F0m 4m 10m 18m 30m 50m
˙SWjßu A•lT˚P AXœÆ]Ù•. J⁄ Æ]Ù• SWj˚R˙VKo AXœdLÙXm G]d œ±l©”°˙\Ùm.
Ko AXœ ˙SWjßp ˘TÙ⁄sTV¶dœm ÁWm ˙YLm Bœm.
TPjß≠⁄k’ a¨ TV¶jR ÁWÿm ARtœ G”j’d˘LÙiP ˙SWÿm Li”©•j’AhPY˚Q˚V ®Wl◊L.
97
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
TVQm ˘NnR ÁWm ˙SWm ˙YLm
(Æ]Ù•Ls) (¡hPo / Æ]Ù•)
A →B 4m 2s 2m/s
B →C 6m 2s 3m/s
AhPY˚Q´≠⁄k’ Jq˘YÙ⁄ NUUÙ] LÙX A[Æp a¨ TV¶jR ˘RÙ˚X‹˙YflTh•⁄lT˚Rd LiºoL[pXYÙ? Ceœ a¨´u ˙YLm ∫Wt\ ˙YLUÙœm.
NWÙN¨ ˙YLÿm ˙YLeL∞u NWÙN¨Ÿm(Average Speed and Average of Speeds)
TPj˚R Etfll TÙodL‹m.
TPm 9.4
0 s 2s 4s 8s 14s 18s
A B C D E F0m 4m 8m 10m 24m 36m
A⁄i Yq˙Yfl LÙX A[‹L∞p TV¶jR ÁWm TPm 9.4 Cp LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. TPj˚RlTœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ AhPY˚Q˚V ®Wl◊L.
LÙX C˚P˙Y˚[ TV¶jR ÁWm TV¶dL G”j’d ˙YLm =Æ]Ù•´p ¡hP¨p ˘LÙiP LÙXm
0 - 2 4m 2s4m
2s= 2m/s
2 - 4
4 - 8
8 - 1414 - 18
AhPY˚Q 9.1
Jq˘YÙ⁄ LÙX C˚P˙Y˚[L∞¤m A⁄¶u ˙YLm UÙflTh•⁄lT˚Rd LiºoL[pXYÙ?CqY˚Lf „r®˚XL∞p ˙YLj˚Rd œ±l©”Y’ NWÙN¨ ˙YLjßXÙœm. TVQm ˘NnR˘UÙjR ÁWm, ˙SWjßu A•lT˚P´p A⁄¶u NWÙN¨ ˙YLm LQd°PXÙm.
NWÙN¨ ˙YLm = = ..........................................................
= .............. m/s
AhPY˚Q 9.2
˘RÙ˚X‹
LÙXm
TV¶jR˘UÙjR ÁWm
TVQjßtœ G”j’d˘LÙiP LÙXm
(¡hPo)
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
98
CPl˘TVof£ (Displacement)
WÙ¶´u ≈h•≠⁄k’ TÙPNÙ˚Xdœf ˘Np¤m TÙ˚RLs TPjßp LÙhPlTh”s[].
« NÙ˚X A YØ WÙ¶ TÙPN˚Xdœf ˘Nu\Ùp AYs TV¶jR ÁWm GqY[‹? NÙ˚X BYØVÙLf ˘Nu\Ùp TV¶jR ÁWm GqY[‹?
« WÙ¶´u ≈h•≠⁄k’ (H) TÙPNÙ˚Xdœs[ (S) ™L‹m œfl°V ÁWj˚Rd œ±l©”m˙LÙ” Ju˚\l TPjßp Y˚WdL‹m. ß˚NŸm œ±l©”L?
« NÙ˚X A YØŸm, NÙ˚X B YØŸm TV¶dœm˙TÙ’s[ ÁWjßtœm ≈h•≠⁄k’TÙPNÙ˚Xdœs[ ˙So˙LÙh”j ÁWjßtœm C˚P˙VŸs[ ˙YflTÙ” VÙ’?
« WÙ¶´u ≈h•≠⁄k’ TÙPNÙ˚X A˚Uk’s[ ß˚N G’?
Road - A1.5 km
N
EW
S
Road - B2 km
TPm 9.5
B]Ùp Jq˘YÙ⁄ LÙX C˚P˙Y˚[L∞¤m A⁄¶u ˙YLeL˚[ ˘UÙjRUÙLd LQd°h”,˙YLeL∞u Gi¶d˚L´]Ùp YœjRÙp A⁄¶u ˙YLeL∞u NWÙN¨ °˚Pdœm.
˙YLeL∞u NWÙN¨ =
=........ ........ ........ ........ ........
........+ + + +
=................
= .............
NWÙN¨ ˙YLjßtœm ˙YLeL∞u NWÙN¨dœÿs[ ˙YflTÙh˚P A±k’˘LÙiºoL[pXYÙ?
HS
˙YLeL∞u ˘UÙjRm˙YLeL∞u Gi¶d˚L
99
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
LÙ¨u CVdLj˚Rl TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ AhPY˚Q˚V ®Wl◊L.
0m 100m 200m 300m 400m 500m
A B C D E F
0 10s 20s 30s 40s 50s
« ˙Yflß˚NL∞p CkR ˙So˙LÙh”l TÙ˚R´p TV¶jRÙp WÙ¶dœl TÙPNÙ˚Xdœf˘NpX CV¤UÙ?
J⁄ œ±l©hP ß˚N´p ˘TÙ⁄s A˚PŸm CPUÙt\jßu A[‹CPl˘TVof£ Bœm.
« J⁄ TÙ⁄s K¨Pjß≠⁄k’ Y˘\Ù⁄ CPjßtœ˙So˙LÙh”l TÙ˚R´p CVdLU˚PkRÙp Al˘TÙ⁄∞u CVdL˘RÙ˚XÆtœm CPl˘TVof£dœ™˚P˙V Es[ ˘RÙPo◊ VÙ’?
« CPl˘TVof£ ß˚N´≠ A[YÙ ApX’ß˚NŸfl A[YÙ?
KhPl TkRVjßp —¥j 200 ¡hPo øsYhPY•Æ¤s[ J⁄ TÙ˚R´p 25 Æ]Ù• ˙SWmK•V ©u]o ’Ye°V CPjßp ¡i”m YkRÙu.
« —¥j TV¶jR ˘RÙ˚X‹ GqY[‹? NWÙN¨ ˙YLm Gu]?
« —¥jßtœ HtThP CPl˘TVof£ GqY[‹?
ß˚N˙YLm (Velocity)
J⁄ LÙo 500 ¡hPo ˙SWÙ] TÙ˚R´p TVQm ˘NnR˚Rd œ±jR RLYpLs TPjßp ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[].
TPm 9.6
LÙ¨u CPl˘TVof£ G”j’d˘LÙiP ˙SWm J⁄ Æ]Ù•´p¡hP¨p Æ]Ù•´p LÙ¨u CPl ˘TVof£
A → B 100 m ................. .................
A → C ............ ................. .................
A → D ............ ................. .................
A → E ............ ................. .................
A → F ............ ................. .................
AhPY˚Q 9.3
T¨UÙQj’Pu ß˚N˚Vf ˙Noj’·flm A[˚YL˚[ ß˚NŸflA[˚YLs (vector quantities) .Guflm ApXÙRYt˚\ ß˚N´≠A[˚YLs (scalar quantities) .Guflm ·flYo
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
100
$ LÙ⁄dœ J⁄ Æ]Ù•´p HtThP CPl˘TVof£ (CPl˘TVof£´u A[‹) Li”©•jRÙVpXYÙ? C’˙Y LÙ¨u ß˚N˙YLm.
« ß˚N˙YLjßu AX˚Ld Li”©•dL‹m.
« ˙YLjßtœm ß˚N˙YLjßtœÿs[ YflTÙ” Gu]? EeLs Li”©•l◊L˚[ A±ÆVpœ±l˙Th•p G›’L?
« J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄∞u ˙YLÿm ß˚N˙YLÿm J˙W ˙TÙXÙœm „r®˚X˚Vd Li”©•?
« ß˚N˙YLj˚Rj ß˚NŸfl A[YÙLd ˘LÙsY’ GR]Ùp?
AhPY˚Q 9.3 ˛Cp Jq˘YÙ⁄ ®˚X´¤m ß˚N˙YLm NUUÙ]RpXYÙ? Cjß˚N˙YLm∫ojß˚N˙YLm Gu\±VlT”°\’.
« ∫Wt\ ß˚N˙YLjßtœ Y˚WV˚\ ·\XÙUÙ?
øsYhP Y•Æ¤s[ J⁄TÙ˚R YØVÙL 200 ¡hPo ÁWj˚R 25 Æ]Ù•´p K•, ’YdL CPjßpß⁄m© YkR —¥jßu ß˚N˙YLj˚RŸm, ˙YLj˚RŸm LQd°h”l TÙodL‹m.
ÿ”dLm (Acceleration)
CW´p ®˚XVjßp J⁄ ˘RÙPoYi• Yk’ ®tT˚RŸm, £±’ ˙SWjßtœ©u ◊\lTh”f˘NpY˚RŸm Ƈ LY≤j’d˘LÙi•⁄kRÙu.
CW´p ®˚XVj˚R YkR˚PŸm˘RÙPoYi•
CW´p ®˚XVjß≠⁄k’ ◊\lTh”f ˘Np¤m˘RÙPoYi•
0 m/s 6 m/s 14 m/s 14 m/s 6 m/s 2 m/s
A B C D E F
0 s 10 s 20 s 30 s 40 s 50 s
« CW´p ®˚XVjßtœ So˙LÙh•p Yk’˘LÙi•⁄dœm RÙPoYi•´u ß˚N˙YLjßpHtT”m UÙt\m Gu]?
« CW´p ®˚XVjß≠⁄k’ ◊\lTh”f ˘Np¤m Yi•´u ß˚N˙YLjßp HtT”m UÙt\mGu]?
œ±l©hP ß˚N´p TVQm ’Yeœm J⁄ RÙPoYi•´p Tp˙Yfl SWeL∞¤s[ ß˚N˙YLmTPjßp ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. TPj˚Rl TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ AhPY˚Q˚V ®WlT‹m.
TPm. 9.8
TPm 9.7
ß˚N˙YLm = CPl˘TVof£
LÙXm
101
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
« A ÿRp B Y˚W ˘RÙPoYi•´u ß˚N˙YLjßp HtThP UÙt\m GqY[‹?
« J⁄ Æ]Ù•´p HtThP ß˚N˙YLUÙt\m (ß˚N ˙YLUÙt\ ≈Rm) GqY[‹?
ß˚N˙YL UÙt\jßu ≈Rm ÿ”dLm Bœm.
« ÿ”dLm LÙiTRtLÙ] J⁄ NUuTÙ” E⁄YÙdL ÿ•ŸUÙ?
ÿ”dLm =
=
a =v u
t
−
AhPY˚Q 9.4 ≠⁄k’ ÿ”dLjßu ≈Rj˚Rd ◊¨k’˘LÙiºoL[pXYÙ?
« TPm 9.8 Cp D ´≠⁄k’ E dœj ˘RÙPoYi• TV¶dœm˙TÙ’ ß˚N˙YLm AßL¨jRRÙApX’ œ˚\kRRÙ?
« Cl˘TÙ›’ ß˚N˙YL UÙt\jßu A[˚Yd Li”©•dL‹m.
Cflß ß˚N˙YLm ’YdL ß˚N˙YLj˚RÆPd œ˚\YÙ˚LVÙp D ÿRp E Y˚W´¤m, E ÿRpF Y˚W´¤m ÿ”dLm ˘SLh•q G]d LiºoL[pXYÙ? Ceœ E⁄YÙœm ÿ”dLj˚RGßoÿ”dLm (retardation) G] A˚ZlTo, Gßoÿ”dLm HtT”Y’ W´p®˚XVjß≠⁄k’◊\lT”m ˘RÙPoYi•dLÙ ApX’ W´p®˚XVjßtœ Yk’˙N⁄m ˘RÙPoYi•dLÙ? ARuLÙWQm Gu]?
« 50 m/s ß˚N˙YLjßp TV¶dœm J⁄ TkRVdLÙo ߺ˘Wufl ©˙Wd ˘NnVlT”°\’. 20Æ]Ù•Lfidœl©u LÙo CVdLUt\ ®˚X˚V A˚P°\’ Gu\Ùp LÙ¨u Gßoÿ”dLmLÙiL?
’YdL ß˚N˙YLm u ‹m Cflßß˚N˙YLm v Ÿm ß˚N˙YL UÙt\jßtLÙ] LÙXm t Ÿm B]Ùp
ÿ”dLjßu NUuTÙ” Li”©•lTÙVpXYÙ?
AhPY˚Q 9.4
BWmTj ß˚N Cflß ß˚N ß˚N˙YL ß˚N˙YLUÙt\jßtœ
˙YLm ˙YLm UÙt\m G”j’d ˘LÙiP LÙXm
u v v - u (t)
A - B 0 6 m/s 6 m/s 10 s26 m / s
0.6 m / s10s
=
B - C
C - D
D - E 14 6 m/s -8 m/s 10s 8 m / s10s
− = ---
E - F
1 Æ]Ù•´p HtT”mß˚N˙YLUÙt\m/ß˚N˙YL UÙt\
A[‹
ß˚N˙YL UÙt\mLÙXm
Cflß ß˚N˙YLm ...........................................................................................................................................
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
102
TPm 9.9
ÿ”dLm (a) =
v ua
t
−=
v - u = at
AlT•VÙ]Ùp v = u + at GuT’ J⁄ CVdL NUuTÙPÙœm
« A˚NYt\ ®˚X´≠⁄k’ 5 m/s2 -ÿ”dLj’Pu TV¶dœm J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄∞tœ 10s ˛dœ©u◊ HtT”m ß˚N˙YLm Li”©•dL‹m?
Íufl ˙YflThP „r®˚XL∞p TÙ◊ ™ßYi•´p TVQm ˘NnR TÙ˚RŸm Jq˘YÙ⁄˙Y˚[´¤m HtThP ß˚N˙YLÿm TPm 9.9 (i), (ii), (iii) GuT]Yt±p ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[].
« TPm (ii) Cp TÙ◊Ætœ ÿ”dLm Es[RÙ? LÙWQm Gu]?
« TPm (iii) Cp TÙ◊Ætœ ÿ”dLm Es[RÙ? ARu LÙWQm Gu]?
« ÿ”dLm APe°V TÙ‹Æu TVQeLs VÙ˚Y?
ß˚N˙YLm J⁄ ß˚NŸfl A[YÙœm. ß˚N˙YLm ∫Wt\ß˚N ˙YLUÙL UÙflY’ Íufl „r®˚XL∞XÙœm.
(1) GiUßl◊ UÙflm˙TÙ’
(2) GiUßl◊ UÙ\ÙUp ß˚N UÙflT”m˙TÙ’
(3) GiUßl◊ ß˚NŸm UÙflT”m˙TÙ’ CmÍufl „r®˚XL∞¤m ÿ”dLm HtT”°\’.
˙So˙LÙh•p 5 m/s ∫WÙ] ß˚N˙YLjßp TV¶d°\’.(i)
A B C D E F2s 4s 6s 8s 10s 12s
5 m
/s
5 m
/s
5 m
/s
5 m
/s
5 m
/s
5 m
/s
(iii)
o 5 m
/s
7 m
/s
9 m
/s
11 m
/s
13 m
/s B
D
C A
(ii)
5 m/s
5 m/s
5 m/s
5 m/s
A B C D E F0s 2s 4s 6s 8s 10s
Cflß ß˚N˙YLm ˛ ’YdL ß˚N˙YLm˙SWm
N
Æ˚N
(a)
(c)
(d)
TPeL˚[d LY≤jæoL[pXYÙ.
Jq˘YÙ⁄ „r®˚XL∞¤m ˘TÙ⁄hLfidœ Gu] ®Lrtjß.
(a)(b)(c) È™´u Dol◊ Æ˚N LÙWQUÙL UÙeLÙn Æ›°\’.
(d)(e)
˘TÙ⁄hLfidœ CPl˘TVof£ HtTPd LÙWQm Gu]?
Æ˚N GuTRu ˘TÙ⁄s Gu]? SiToLfiPu LXk’˚WVÙ• EeLs Li”©•l◊L˚[
A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p œ±j’ ˚YdL‹m.
TPm 10.1
1 01 01 01 01 0
(b)
S
(e)
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
104
TPjßp œ±l©PlTh”s[ „r®˚XL∞p ˘RÙPo©u YÙ´XÙL Æ˚N ˘N¤jRlT”m
˘TÙ⁄hLs VÙ˚Y?
˘RÙPoTt\ Æ˚N ˘N¤jRlThP ˘TÙ⁄hLs VÙ˚Y?
˘RÙPo◊ Æ˚Ndœm (Contac force) RÙPoTt\ Æ˚Ndœm (Non contact force) C˚P˙V Es[
˙Ytfl˚ULs VÙ˚Y?
EsÆ˚N, ˘Y∞Æ˚N (Internal Force, External Force)Æ˚N ˘N¤j’m˙TÙ’ Gl˙TÙ’m ˘TÙ⁄hLs CVeœUÙ?
Ƈ Bh˙PÙ ¨bÙÆp Ts∞d·Pjßtœ ˘Nufl ˘LÙi•⁄kRÙu. ߺ˘Wufl YÙL]m ®ufl
ÆhP’. NÙ˚Xdœ A⁄°p ®ufl
˘LÙi•⁄kR J⁄ ST¨Pm Yi•˚Vj
Rs∞ Æ”mT• Kh”]o ·\, AYo
ERÆ˘NnRÙo. Yi• SLWj˘RÙPe
°V’ Al˙TÙ’ ƇÆtœ Nk˙RLm
˙RÙu±V’. Bh˙PÙ ¨bÙÆu
C⁄d˚L´p C⁄k’ ˘LÙi˙P
ÿu˙]Ùd°j Rs∞]Ùp YÙL]m
SL⁄UÙ GuT˙R AY]’Nk˙RLm.
ƇÆu CkR Nk˙RLjßtLÙ]
Tß˚Xd œ±l©P‹m
J⁄ SÙtLÙ≠´p EeL[’ LÙpLs R˚W´p
˘RÙPÙRYÙfl AUok’ ˘LÙi” SÙtLÙ≠˚V EVojR
ÿVt£dL‹m.
EeLfidœ HtThP A‡TYm Gu]? R˚W´p
®ufl ˘LÙi” SÙtLÙ≠˚V EVojßlTÙodL‹m!
S˚P˘Tt\’ Gu]?
Ju\ÙY’ ˘NVpTÙh•p øeLs ˘N¤jßV Æ˚N,
EsÆ˚NVÙœm.
CWiPÙY’ ˘NVpTÙh•p?
CWi”Æ˚NL∞p ˘TÙ⁄hLfidœ CVdLj˚R
HtT”j’m Æ˚NVÙ’?
ƇÆu Nk˙RLjßtLÙ] EeL[’ Æ˚P Gu]?
TPm 10.2
TPm 10.3
105
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
TPm˛(c)
J⁄ ˙U˚N˚V C⁄Yo ˘Yq˙Yfl
Æ˚N´p Rsfi°u\]o
J⁄ ˙U˚N´u ¡’ Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\L∞p Æ˚N ˘N¤jRlT”Y’ TPm 10.4p LÙhPlTh”s[].
Gk˘RkRf „r®˚XL∞p ˙U˚N CVeœm? LÙWQmGu]?
˙U˚N A˚NYt\ ®˚X´¤s[ „r®˚XLs VÙ˚Y? LÙWQm Gu]?
SÙm J⁄ Bn‹ ˘Nn’ TÙodLXÙm.
J⁄ ˙U˚N´u CWi” Æ∞m◊L∞¤m Jq˘YÙ⁄ Ll©˚Vl ˘TÙ⁄jR‹m. TPjßp LÙh•Ÿs[
T• J⁄ ˘TÙm˚UdLÙ¨u C⁄TdLeL∞¤m LhPlTh”s[ LVflL˚[ Ll©L∞u YØVÙLd
LPjßÆP‹m. L´t±u ÿ˚]L∞p Rh”L˚[j ˘RÙeLÆP‹m. Rh”L∞p NUUÙ]
G˚PdLtLs ˚YdL‹m ˘TÙm˚UdLÙ˚W EtfllTÙodL‹m. LÙo A˚N°u\RÙ? H˙R‡m
J⁄Rh•p G˚P˚V AßL¨j’l TÙodL‹m Cl˘TÙ›’ LÙ⁄dœ Gu] ®Lr°\’?
TPm˛(a)
J⁄ ˙U˚N˚V CWi”˙To ˙Nok’
J⁄TdLjßp C⁄k’ Gßoß˚N´p
Rsfi°u\]o...
D”˘NnŸm Æ˚NŸm D”˘NnVlTPÙR Æ˚NŸm
(Balanced Force, Unbalanced Force)
TPm 10.5
TPm 10.4
TPm˛(b)
J⁄ ˙U˚N˚V CWi”˙To Gßoß˚N´p NU
A[‹ Æ˚NET˙VÙ°j’Rj Rsfi°u\]o
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
106
Cq CWi” „r®˚XL˚[Ÿm Jl¿” ˘Nn’ Et\fl ˙SÙdLp TXuL˚[ œ±dL‹m.
D” ˘NnŸmÆ˚N ˘NVpThP „r®˚XVÙ’
D”˘NnVl TPÙRÆ˚N ˘NVpThP „r®˚XVÙ’?
LÙ˚W CVdLU˚PVf ˘NnR Æ˚N´u Y˚LVÙ’?
LÙo œ±l©hP ß˚N´p CVeœm ˙TÙ’ G˚Pœ˚\kR Rh•p £±’£±RÙL G˚P˚V AßLl
T”jR‹m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ ®˚X´¤m LÙ¨u CVdL˙YLj˚R Etfll TÙodL‹m. S˚P ˘Tflm UÙt\m
Gu]? GR]Ùp ?
LÙo CVdLUt\ ®˚X˚V A˚PY’ Gl˙TÙ’?
LÙo Gßoß˚N´p CVdLU˚PVj ’YeœY’ Gl˙TÙ’?
CRtLÙ] LÙWQm Gu]?
EeL[’ Li”©•l◊Ls ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ ·tflLfiPu Jj’l˙TÙ°u\]YÙ?
$ CVdLUt\ ®˚X´¤s[ ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ CVeLf˘NnV Æ˚N ˙R˚Y
$ J⁄ œ±l©hP ß˚N´p CVdL ®˚X´¤s[ ˘TÙ⁄∞u ß˚N˚V UÙt\ Æ˚N ˙R˚Y.
$ CVdL ®˚X´¤s[ ˘TÙ⁄∞u ˙YLj˚R AßL¨dL‹m œ˚\dL‹m Æ˚N ˙R˚Y
$ J⁄ œ±l©hP ß˚N´p CVeœm ˘TÙ⁄˚[ A˚NYt\ ®˚X´XÙdL Gßo ß˚N´p
Æ˚N ˘N¤jR ˙Yi”m.
∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[Yt±p D”˘NnŸm Æ˚NŸm D” ˘NnVlTPÙR Æ˚NŸm ˘NVpT”m
„r®˚XL˚[d Li”©•.
$ RiΩo ®Wm©V YÙ∞ °Qt±p C⁄k’ EVojRl
T”°\’.
$ RiΩo ®Wm©V YÙ∞ °Qt±¤s[
RiΩ¨≠⁄k’ EVojß A˚NYt\ ®˚X´p
®fljRlT”°\’.
$ L´fl C›dœm ˙TÙh•´p C⁄ œ›dLfim
L•]UÙL C›j’m LVıfl CVeLÙR ®˚X.
$ J⁄ ™ßYi• R˚W YØVÙL SLoY’.
®ÎhP≤u ÿRp CVdLÆß (Newton's first law of motion)LÙ¨u ÿu C⁄d˚L´p C⁄k’ TVQm ˘NnTY⁄dœ ∫h˘Tph ®fNVm ˙R˚Y GuT˚Rj
˘R¨kß⁄l¿oL[pXYÙ? CRu A±ÆVp Rj’Ym Gu]?
K”m ˙T⁄kß≠⁄k’ œßj’ C\eœm J⁄Yo, ˙T⁄kßu CVdL ß˚N´˙X˙V £±’ ˙SWm K•V
©u◊ Uh”˙U ®t°\Ùo.
GRtLÙL AYo CqYÙfl ÿu]Ùp K”°\Ùo?
CqYÙfl AYo KPÆp˚X˘V≤p AY⁄dœ Gu] ®L›m?
EeL[’ Li”©•l◊L˚[l TVuT”jß ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ Æ]ÙdL˚[l TœlTÙn‹
˘NnL.
Æ˚N´u AXœ ®ÎhPu Bœm.
—UÙo 100 °WÙm ®˚\Ÿs[ J⁄
˘TÙ⁄˚[d ˚L´p RÙe° ®flj’
YRtœ ˘N¤jR ˙Yi•V Æ˚N
—UÙo 1 N Bœm.
107
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
A˚NYt\®˚X´¤s[ ˘TÙ⁄˚[ CVdL®˚X A˚PVf ˘NnV Gu] ˘NnV ˙Yi”m?
LÙplTkRÙhPjßp Gß˙W Y⁄m Tk˚R TdLjßp ®tœm SiT‡dœ ˘LÙ”dL Gu]
˘NnV˙Yi”m?
R˚W YØVÙL E⁄i” Y⁄m E˙XÙL E⁄i˚P˚V A˚NYt\ ®˚X´XÙdL Gu]
˘NnV ˙Yi”m?
˘U’YÙL B”m FgN≠u ˙YLj˚R AßL¨dL øeLs Gu] ˘Nn≈oLs?
EeL[’ Li” ©•l◊L∞p C⁄k’ Æ˚N A˚NYt\ ®˚X, TÙ⁄hL∞u CVdL YLm, CVdL
ß˚N ˙TÙu\Yt˚\j ˘RÙPo◊T”jß J⁄ L⁄j’ E⁄YÙdL ÿ•ŸUÙ?
®˚XUm (Inertia)"VÙ˚] EeL˚[l ©u ˘RÙPok’ ÆWh•]Ùp øeLs Y˚[k’ Y˚[k’
KP˙Yi”m.Y]j’˚\ YØLÙh•´u CkR A±‹fljR≠u Ei˚U Gu]? SÙm J⁄ NVpTÙ”
˘Nn’ TÙodLXÙm. T[T[lTÙ] ˙LWm ˙TÙo•p £X ˙LWm LÙ´uL˚[ (Carrom coins) Ju\u
¡’ Ju\ÙL A”d° ˚YdL‹m. v•˚WdLWÙp ARu A•´¤s[ LÙ´˚] A•j’j ødL‹m.
Gu] S˚P˘Tt\’?
EeL[’ Etfl ˙SÙdL˚X A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p œ±dL‹m. J⁄
Rm[¨u ˙Up J⁄ LÙ°R Ah˚PŸm ARtœ ˙Up J⁄ SÙQVÿm
˚YdL‹m. Ah˚P˚V ÆWXÙp —i•ÆhPÙp SÙQVjßtœ HtT”Y’
Gu]? ARu LÙWQm Gu]?
TPm 10.6
TPm 10.7
A˚NYt\ ®˚X´¤s[ J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄s ApX’ ∫WÙ] ß˚N ˙YLjßp
˙So˙LÙh•p CVe°d ˘LÙi•⁄dLm J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄s, ◊\Æ˚N Jufl
ARu ¡’ ˘NVpTPÙR Y˚W A˙R ®˚X´p ˘RÙPok’ C⁄dœm.
C’˙Y ®ÎhP≤u ÿRp CVdLÆß.
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
108
TPm 10.8
®˚\Ÿm ®˚XUÿm (Mass and Inertia)"œi” G±R≠p" (Putting the shot)TVuT”j’m E˙XÙL ˙LÙ[j˚RŸm
A˙R T⁄U‡s[ ©[Ùv•d Tk˚RŸm
J⁄ NÙnYÙ] R[jßu YØVÙL J˙W
˙SWjßp E⁄h• ÆP‹m. EeL[’
SiTu CkR Tk’L˚[ J˙W ˙SWjßp
R”j’ ®fljRh”m.
CVdL ®˚XUm A˚NYt\ ®˚XUm
$ —Zufl ˘LÙi•⁄dœm ™u
Æ£±˚V ®fljßV ©u]⁄m
A’ £±’ ˙SWm —Zp°\’.
$
$
$ UÙUWjßu °˚[˚Vj ߺ˘W]
E¤dœm ˙TÙ’ UÙeLÙn LÙm
˘TÙ•k’ Æ›°\’.
$
$
øeLs ˙T⁄kßp ®ufl ˘LÙi” TVQm ˘Nnß⁄l¿oL[pXYÙ? K•d˘LÙi•⁄dœm ˙T⁄k’
ߺ˘W] ®tœm ˙TÙ’ ˙T⁄kßp ®tœm TV¶dœ Gu] ®L›m? ARu LÙWQm Gu]?
®fljß˚YdLlTh”s[ ˙T⁄k’ ߺ˘W] CVeLj ˘RÙPe°]Ùp? CYt±≠⁄k’ SÙm ˘R¨k’
˘LÙiP˚Y G˚Y?
$ CVdL ®˚X´¤s[ J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄∞tœ ARu CVdL ®˚X´˙X˙V ˘RÙPok’ C⁄dœm
NÙo◊ Ei”. A’˙Y CVdL ®˚XUm
$ CVdL ®˚XUÿm A˚NYt\ ®˚XUÿm ◊¨k’˘LÙiºoL[pXYÙ?
J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄∞tœ ARu Kn‹®˚X´˙XÙ, ˙So˙LÙh” CVdL
®˚X´˙XÙ ˘RÙPok’ C⁄dœm NÙo˚T ®˚XUm (Inertia)GuTo
˙T⁄k’, ˘RÙPoYi• ˙TÙu\˚Y ®tTRtœ ÿu◊ £Xo œßj’ C\eœY˚Rl
TÙojß⁄d°»oL[pXYÙ? C’ Su˚U TVdLd ·•VRÙ? CjR˚LV ˘NVpLs TX ˙SWeL∞¤m
˘LÙ•V BTj’dLs HtTPd LÙWQUÙ°u\] ApXYÙ? CVdL ®˚XUm Gu\ L⁄j˚R
A•lT˚PVÙd° Cf„r®˚XL˚[ BnL.
EeLs Ts∞d·Pjߤs[ NÙ˚XlTÙ’LÙl◊f NeLjßp C’ ˙TÙu\ BTj’Lfim AYt˚\j
RÆolTRtLÙ] ÿ˚\Lfim EhT”jRlThP J⁄ L⁄jRWeœ SPjR‹m.
CVdL ®˚XUm, A˚NYt\ ®˚XUm ˙TÙu\˚Y ˘NVpT”m ©\ „r®˚XL˚[ AhPY˚Ql
T”j’L.
109
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
CWi˚PŸm A˚NYt\ ®˚X´XÙdL ˘N¤jR ˙Yi•V Æ˚N NUUÙL C⁄dœUÙ?
A˚NYt\ ®˚X´¤s[ J⁄ SÙtLÙ≠˚VŸm J⁄ vÂ˚XŸm SLoj’YRtœf ˘N¤jR
˙Yi•V Æ˚N NUUÙ]RÙ?
˙U˙X ·\lTh”s[ „r®˚XL˚[ Jl¿”˘Nn’ TÙ⁄hL∞u ®˚\dœm, ®˚XUjßtœ™˚P˙V
Es[ ˘RÙPo˚Td Li” ©•j’ G›R‹m.
EeLs Li” ©•l◊L˚[l TVuT”jß Y]j’˚\ YØLÙh•´u A±‹fljR≠p Es[
A±ÆVp A•lT˚P˚V Æ[dLÿ•ŸUÙ? ?
A[Ætœ AßLUÙL UÙQYoL˚[ Ht±f ˘Np¤m Ts∞d·P YÙL]eL˚[l
TÙojß⁄l¿oL[pXYÙ?
CqY˚L YÙL]eL˚[j ߺ˘Wufl ©˙Wd°P ˙SokRÙp Gu] ®L›m?
®˚\˚VŸm CVdL ®˚XUj˚RŸm ˘RÙPo◊T”jß CRtœ Æ[dLU∞dL CV¤UÙ?
EeL[’ —tfll◊\eL∞p CqY˚LVÙ] ÆTj’dL˚[d œ±jR ÆØl◊Qo‹ HtTP A±ÆVp
Uu\jßu ˙UtTÙo˚Y´p Yœl◊Ls SPjR‹m.
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
110
Ek’Æ˚NŸm A›jRÿm (Thrust and Pressure)
Ek’Æ˚NŸm A›jRÿm
T•j’ ÿ•jR ©u SiToLfiPu Æ˚[VÙPl ◊\lT”m
æ◊˚Y AY]’ RÙn A˚ZjRÙo. " "æ◊, ’¶ NX˚Y
˘NnYRtLÙL YÙe°˚YjR ˙NÙl◊d Lh•´≠⁄k’ J⁄
’i˚P ˘Yh•d ˘LÙi”YÙ'' Gu\Ùp. Æ˚[VÙPl ˙TÙœm
AYNWjßp æ◊ J⁄ LjßVÙp ˙NÙl˚T ’i”T”jRj
’Ye°]Ùu. B]Ùp N¨VÙ] ÿ˚\´p ’iPÙdL
ÿ•VÆp˚X. Hu Gufl TÙojR˙TÙ’, RÙu ˘NnR RY˚\
EQokRÙu. Ljß´u ·o˚UVt\ UflTÙLm ÍXm ˘YhP
ÿVufls[Ùu.
TPm 11.1
C’ ˙TÙu\ A‡TYeLs EeLfidœ HtTh”s[RÙ?
EeL[’ A‡TYeL˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›’L.
$
$
Ljß´u ·o˚UVÙ] TœßVÙp ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ G∞RÙL ˘YhP ÿ•Y’ GlT•?
EeL[’ LtT˚]˚V A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›’L. EeL[’ LtT˚] N¨VÙ]’RÙ]Ù?
GuT˚R A±k’˘LÙs[ SÙm J⁄ Bn‹ ˘Nn’ TÙodLXÙm.
NÙRÙWQ T⁄U‡s[ J⁄ Rh•p —UÙo SÙuœ AeœXm EVWjßp —iQÙm◊j Á˚[ ®WlT‹m
TPjßp LÙhPlTh”s[˚Rl TÙufl J⁄ NeLp˚X Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\L∞p —iQÙm◊j Á∞u
¡’ ˚YdL‹m. JqYÙ⁄ RP˚YŸm —iQÙm◊j Á∞p ˙RÙtflÆdœm œØ´u BZj˚Rd
LY≤dL‹m.
1111111111
(a) (b) (c)
111
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
˘NeLp˚X ˚Ydœm ˙TÙ’ —iQÙm◊jÁ∞p œØ HtTPd LÙWQm Gu]?
˘NeLp≠u G˚P (˘NeLp ˘N¤j’m Æ˚N) ˘NVpT”m ß˚N VÙ’?
—iQÙm◊jÁ∞u ˙UtTWl◊dœf ˘NeœjRÙL ˘NeLp˚Xl TXÆRjßp ˚YjR˙TÙ’m
—iQÙm◊j’∞p ˘NVpT”m ˘UÙjR Æ˚NUÙflYßp˚XVpXYÙ?
Æ˚N ˘NVpT”Y’ J˙W TWlT[‹s[ ˘LÙiP R[jßXÙ?
˘NeLp˚X GkR ÿ˚\´p ˚YjR˙TÙ’ —iQÙm◊j Á∞p ·”Rp BZjßp œØ
˙RÙu±V’?
˘RÙPo◊ TWl◊ œ˚\kR ®˚X´p / ˘RÙPo◊ TWl◊ ·•V ®˚X´p.
˘NeLp˚X GkR ®˚X´p ˚YjR ˙TÙ’ —iQÙm◊j Á∞p œ˚\kR BZjßp œØ
˙RÙu±V’?
˘RÙPo◊ TWl◊ œ˚\kR ˙UtR[jßp / ˘RÙPo◊ TWl◊ ·•V ˙UtR[jßp
œ˚\kR TWl©¤m ·•V TWl©¤m J˙W Æ˚N ˘NVpThP˙TÙ’m œØ´u BZjßp
˙Ytfl˚U LÙQlT”YRtLÙ] LÙWQm Gu]?
Bn‹ ˘NnYRtœl TVuT”jßV ˘NeLp≠u G˚P˚V J⁄ ÆpRWÙ— ÍXm Li”©•j’
RWlTh”s[ AhPY˚Q˚V ®WlT‹m.
AhPY˚Q˚Vl TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnRÙp ∏rdœ±l©PlTh”s[]Yt±p øeLs ˘Nu\˚PŸm
ÿ•‹ VÙ’? N¨VÙ]˚Rd Li”©•j’ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›’L.
J˙W ˘Neœj’ Æ˚N UÙflThP TWlT[‹s[ ˙UtR[eL∞u ¡’ ˘NVpT”m˙TÙ’
$ TWl◊[‹ œ˚\kR ˙UtR[jßu Ko AXœ TWl©p ˘NVpT”m Æ˚N ·”RXÙL
C⁄dœm.
$ TWlT[‹ ·•V UtR[jßu J⁄ AXœ TWl©p NVpT”m Æ˚N œ˚\YÙL C⁄dœm
J⁄ UtR[jßp NVpT”m UÙjR Neœj’ Æ˚Ndœm Ko AXœ TWl©p NVpT”m Neœj’
Æ˚Ndœ™˚P´p ˙YflTÙ” Es[’ G]d LÙi°»oLs ApXYÙ ?
˘RÙPo◊ TWl©u ¡’ ˘NeœjRÙLf ˘NVpT”m ˘UÙjR Æ˚N
Ek’Æ˚N G]lT”m. Ko AXœ TWlT[Æu ¡’ ˘NeœjRÙLf
˘NVpT”m Æ˚N A›jRm G]lT”m.
$ ALXm ·•V TdLm
$ N¨j’˚YdLlThP
TdLm
$ ˘NeœjRÙL
˚YdLlThP TdLm
AhPY˚Q 11.1
—iQÙm◊j ÁfiPu
˙Noj’ ˚YdLlTh•
⁄dœm TdLm
˘RÙPo◊ TWl©u ¡’
˘NVpT”m Æ˚N
˘RÙPo◊
TWl©u
TWlT[‹
Ko AXœ TWl©p
˘NVpThP Æ˚N
A›jRm =
Ek’Æ˚N
TWlT[‹
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
112
A›jRjßu AXœ N/m2 Bœm. C’ TÙvLp (Pa) Gu\±VlT”°\’.
Au\ÙP YÙrÆp A›jRjßtœm TWlT[Ætœ™˚P˙VŸs[ ˘RÙPo˚Tl TVuT”j’m TX
„r®˚XLfii”, AYt˚\d Li”©•j’ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›’k.
$ ·”Rp G˚P —Uk’ ˘Np¤m YÙL]eL∞u ©u NdLWeLs CWh˚PL[Ùœm.
$
ßWY A›jRm (Liquid pressure)TPj˚Rd LY≤jæoL[pXYÙ? A˚QdLh”L∞p —YoL∞u A•lTÙLm ALXm ·•VRÙLd
LhPlTh”s[’ Hu?
SÙm £X Bn‹L˚[f ˘Nn’ TÙodLXÙm. J⁄ T‹Po •u≤u A•lTÙLj˚R Uh”m ALt±
Æh” AlTÙLj˚R Ko E˚PkR TÌ]Ùp A˚Pj’d LhP‹m.
•u≤p ˘U’YÙLj RiΩo ®WlT‹m.
RiΩo ®Wl◊m ˙TÙ’ TÌ≤nd HtT”m UÙt\m Gu]?
ARu LÙWQm Gu]?
œ˚\kR A[‹ RiΩo Es[ ˙TÙ’m ·•V A[‹ RiΩo
Es[ ˙TÙ’m TÌu UÙflThP A[Æp ˘T⁄dLU˚PY’
GR]Ùp?
RiΩ¨u BZjßtœm A›jRjßtœ ™˚P˙VŸs[ ˘RÙPo◊
Gu]?
J⁄ ©[Ùv•d PlTÙÆu J⁄ TdLjßp UÙflThP EVWeL∞p Íufl
’˚[L˚[ C”L. ’˚[L˚[d L ÆWpL[Ùp A˚Pj’l ©•dL‹m.
©\œ PlTÙÆp RiΩo ®WlT‹m. ÆWpL˚[ UÙt±j ’˚[L˚[j
ß\k’ TÙodL‹m
øeLs LÙiT’ Gu]? RiΩo TdLeL∞p J›Ld LÙWQm Gu]?
RiΩo AßL Æ˚NŸPu TÙŸm ’˚[ VÙ’?
GkRj ’˚[ YØVÙLl TÙŸm RiΩ⁄dœ Æ˚N œ˚\‹?
J⁄ ©[Ùv•d œl© / •u G”j’ ARu A•lTÙLjß≠⁄k’ NU EVWeL∞p SÙuœ
TdLeL∞¤UÙL SÙuœ ’˚[Ls C”L. ˚L ÆWpL[Ùp ’˚[L˚[ A˚Pj’l ©•jR ©u
Aßp RiΩo ®WlT‹m. ÆWpL˚[ UÙt±lTÙo.
TPm 11.2
TPm 11.3
113
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
TPjßp LÙQlT”Y’ ˙TÙu\ A‡TYeLs EeLfidœ HtThP’iPÙ?
RiΩ⁄dœs Ír° Es[ J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄˚[ ˙U˙X EVoj’m ˙TÙ’ G˚Pœ˚\‹ ˙RÙu\d
LÙWQm Gu]?
SUdœ £X Bn‹Ls ˘Nn’ TÙodLXÙm.
J⁄ •u ApX’ ©[Ùv•d TÙjßWj˚R Suœ A˚PjR©u Cu˘]Ù⁄ TÙjßWjߤs[
RiΩ¨p ˘U’YÙLj RÙrjßl TÙodL‹m.
ø LÙiT’ Gu]?
TÙjßWj˚R ÍrLf ˘NnR ©u◊ ˚L˚V Æh”Æ”.
ø LÙiT’ Gu]?
B! Gu] —XTm
ø LÙ‘m ˙YflTÙ” VÙ’? ARtLÙ] LÙWQm Gu]?
øeLs SPjßV Bn‹L∞p C⁄k’ EeLfidœd °˚PjR ÿ•‹Ls VÙ˚Y? AYt˚\ A±ÆVp
œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m.
$ J⁄ ßWYm A’ ˚YdLlTh”s[ TÙjßWjßu A•lTÙLjßp A›jRm ˘N¤j’°\’.
$
ßWY A›jRj˚Rd œ±jR A±‹ TVuT”jRlTh”s[ „r®˚XL˚[d Li”©•j’ A±ÆVp
œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m.
$ A˚QdLh”L∞u A•lTÙLm ALXUÙL LhPlTh”s[’ Hu?
$
ßWYjߤs[ J⁄ ◊s∞´p ˘NVpT”m A›jRm Al◊s∞dœ ˙U¤s[ ßWYjßu
EVWj˚Rl ˘TÙfljR’ G]l ◊¨k’ ˘LÙiºoL[pXYÙ?
™R˚Y Æ˚N (Buoyant Force)
K! Gu] L•]m
TPm 11.4
(a) (b)
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
114
LÙt±p RiΩ¨p
RiΩ¨p Lp≠tœ Ui˘Qi˚Q Ui˘Qi˚Q´p
Lp≠u G˚PP Lp≠u G˚P
HtThP G˚P ´p Lp≠u Lp≠tœ HtThP
œ˚\‹ G˚P G˚P œ˚\‹
RiΩ¨¤m Ui˘Qi˚Q´¤m Lp≠tœ G˚P œ˚\‹ HtThPRÙ? EeL[’
Li”©•l˚Td œ±j’ ˚YdL‹m.
J⁄ ßWYjßp J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄s ÿ›Y’UÙL˙Y, TœßVÙL˙Y Ír°
C⁄dœm ˙TÙ’ Al˘TÙ⁄∞u ¡’ AjßWYm ˙Up ˙SÙd°
˘N¤j’m Æ˚N˚V ™R˚Y Æ˚N (buoyant force) Gu°˙\Ùm.
™R˚Y Æ˚N´u TX]ÙLj ßWYjßp Ír° C⁄dœm J⁄ TÙ⁄fidœ G˚Pœ˚\‹ HtT”°\’
G]l TÙoj˙RÙm?
LÙt±p 10N G˚PŸs[ J⁄ TÙ⁄∞tœj RiΩ¨p G˚P 7N B]Ùp Aßp NVpThP
™R˚Y Æ˚N GqY[‹?
C˚Rl ˙TÙufl J⁄ LÙod / £flWlTo Tk˚Rj RiΩ¨p A›jßj RÙrjßV ©u A˚R
Æh”ÆhPÙp Gu] ®L›m?
EeLs Li”©•l◊dL˚[d œ›YÙL ÆYÙRm ˘Nn’ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›’eLs
œ[m Utflm øo ®˚XL∞p Írœm ˙TÙ’ RiΩo EeL˚[ ˙Up ˙SÙd° Ek’YRÙL
EQokß⁄l¿oL[pXYÙ?
EeL[’ A‡TYeL∞u A•lT˚P´p RiΩ¨p Ír°
C⁄dœm J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄fidœ G˚P œ˚\‹ ®LrYRtLÙ]
LÙWQjßtœ Æ[dLm A∞dL ÿ•ŸUÙ?
GpXÙ SÙhLfim CqYÙfl J⁄ Æ˚N ˘N¤j’Y’iPÙ? SÙm
BWÙnk’ TÙodLXÙm.
£±V Lp, LiQÙ• ÿL˚Y, Ui˘Qi˘Qn, RiΩo RÙe°,
ÆpRWÙ— ˙TÙu\˚Y RWlTh”s[]. CYt˚\l TVuT”jß J⁄
Bn‹ SPjßj RWlTh”s[ AhPY˚Q˚V ®WlT‹m.
TPm 11.5
AhPY˚Q 11.2
115
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
°√Pjßp A—jRm ˙NodLlTh”s[’ Gufl Bod°™•v GqYÙfl Li”©•jRÙo?
J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄∞u ®˚\dœm ARu T⁄U‡dœm Es[ Æ°Rm
Al˘TÙ⁄∞u APojß Bœm. J⁄ TÙ⁄∞u APojß ®˚XVÙL
C⁄dœm
APojß =-
°.ÿ 287 ÿRp 212 Y˚W YÙrkR J⁄ °˙WdL A±ÆVp
Yp¤]˙W Bod°™ºv. CYo, TX A±ÆVp Li”©•l
◊Ls ÍXm £\lT˚PkRYo.
J⁄ SÙs £\Ùd°Î≥u AWN]Ù] Õ˙WÙ NdLWYojß
°√Pm Jufl ˘NnYRtLÙLf £±’ ReLj˚R J⁄
˘TÙt˘LÙpX≤Pm ˘LÙ”jRÙo. ˘TÙt˘LÙpXu ∏¨Pj˚Rf
˘Nn’ ÿ•j’ WÙ_ÙÆPm JlT˚PjR ˙TÙ’ Aßp ˘Nm◊
˙Noj’ ˙UÙN• ˘NnVlTh”s[˙RÙ Gu\ Nk˙RLm WÙ_ÙÆtœ HtThP’.
°√Pjßtœ d˙L” Æ˚[ÆdLÙUp Aßp ˘Nm◊ ˙NodLlTh”s[RÙ? Gufl
Li” ©•dL WÙ_Ù, °√Pj˚R Bod°™º≥Pm JlT˚PjRÙo.
Bod°™ºv øiP ˙SWm £kßjR ©u◊m ARtLÙ]YØ ÿ˚\˚Vd Li”
©•dL CVXÆp˚X. œ±l©hP Y•Ym Jufl™pXÙR J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄∞u
T⁄U˚]d Li”©•lTRtLÙ] YØÿ˚\ AY⁄dœf £WUUÙL C⁄kR’.
T⁄U˚] A±kß⁄kRÙp APojß˚Vd LÙQXÙm. Ck®˚X´p J⁄ SÙs
R]’ œ∞VX˚\´p Es[ œ∞Vp RÙh•´p AYo Ím°V TÙ’ £±R[‹
RiΩo YØk’ J›œY˚Rd LiPÙo. R]’ T⁄U‡dœ NUUÙ]
RiΩWpXYÙ YØk˙RÙ•V’ Gufl LiP Bod°™º≥tœ J›eLÙ]
Y•Y˚Ul◊ CpXÙR J⁄ TÙ⁄∞u T⁄U˚]dLi”©•lTRtLÙ] YØÿ˚\
°˚PjR’. œ∞VX˚\´p C⁄kR˚RŸm U\k’ AYo Ÿ˙WLÙ Ÿ˙WLÙ (Li”
©•j˙Ru, Li”©•j˙Ru) GuflNj R™hPT•˙V ˘R⁄Æp K•]Ùo.
NU G˚PŸs[ —jRUÙ] J⁄ ReLd Lh•˚VŸm —jRjRu˚U Li”©•dL
˙Yi•V °√Pj˚RŸm TVuT”jß °√Pjßp ˘Nm◊ ˙NodLlTh”s[’ G]
AYo Li” ©•jRÙo.
RWlTh”s[ NUuTÙh˚Pl TV]T”jß EeL[’ Li”©•l◊L˚[ A±ÆVp
œ±l˙Th•p G›’L
Bod°™º^Ùp ˙Yfl TX Bn‹Lfim SPjRlThP].
J⁄ ßWYjßp Ír° C⁄dœm ˘TÙ⁄∞p ßWYm ™R˚YÆ˚N˚Vf ˘N¤j’UpXYÙ?
CkR ™R˚Y Æ˚Ndœm ˘TÙ⁄s CPl˘TVof£ ˘NnŸm Aj ßWYjßu G˚Pdœm
H˙R‡m ˘RÙPo◊s[RÙ?
Bod°™ºv Rj’Ym (Archimedes' principle)øeLs Bod°™º˚^d œ±j’d ˙LsÆlThP’iPÙ?
ßWYjßp J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄fidœ G˚Pœ˚\‹ HtT”°\’ G]d Li˙PÙUpXYÙ?
®˚\
T⁄Uu
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
116
SÙm Ko Bn‹ ˘Nn’ TÙodLXÙm.
J⁄ÆpRWÙ£u ÍXm J⁄Lp≠u
G˚P˚Vd LÙt±¤m RiΩ¨¤m LÙiL.
RiΩ¨p Lp≠tœ HtThP G˚P
œ˚\˚Yd LÙiL. J⁄ øo ®Wm© YØŸm
_Ù¨p RiΩ˚W ÿ›Y’UÙL ®WlT‹m
Lp˚X J⁄ Ë≠p Lh• _Ù¨p Es[ ø¨p
˘U’YÙLj RÙrjR‹m ˘Y∞˙Vflm
RiΩ˚W ÿu]˙W G˚PLÙQlThP J⁄
LiQÙ• ÿL˚Y´p ˙NL¨dL‹m.
˘Y∞˙V±V RiΩo Utflm LiQÙ•
ÿL˚Y´‡˚PV ˘UÙjR G˚P˚Vd
LÙiL. Lp≠tœl TßXÙL ©\
˘TÙ⁄hL˚[l TVuT”jß BnÆ˚]j
ß⁄mTf ˘Nn’ Li”©•jR A[‹L˚[
AhPY˚Q´p ®WlT‹m.
RiΩ¨p ˘TÙ⁄∞tœ HtThP G˚Pœ˚\‹dœm A’ CPl˘TVof£ ˘NnR RiΩ¨u
G˚Pdœm C˚P˙V Es[ ˘RÙPo˚T, AhPY˚Q˚Vl TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ ·\XÙUÙ?
™R˚Y Æ˚Ndœm CPl ˘TVof£ ˘NnVlThP RiΩ¨u G˚Pdœ™˚P˙VŸs[
˘RÙPo˚Td Li”©•dLXÙUÙ?
øeLs Li”©•jRj ˘RÙPo◊L˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p œ±j’ ˚YdL‹m.
EeLs Li”©•l◊L˚[d ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ ·tflPu Jl¿”˘NnL.
J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄s ÿ›˚UVÙL˙YÙ TœßVÙL˙YÙ J⁄ ßWYjßp
Ír° C⁄dœm˙TÙ’ Al˘TÙ⁄∞p ßWYm N¤j’m ™R˚Y
Æ˚N ˘TÙ⁄[Ùp CPl˘TVof£ ˘NnVlT”m AjßWYjßu
G˚Pdœf NUUÙL C⁄dœm.
Lp
C’ Bod°™ºv Rj’Ym Gu\ ˘TV¨p A±VlT”°\’.
TPm 11.6
AhPY˚Q11.3
TuT”jßV
˘TÙ⁄hLs
LÙt±p
˘TÙ⁄∞u
G˚P
(a)
Ri٨p
˘TÙ⁄∞u
G˚P
(b)
ÿL Y u
G˚P
(c)
ÿL˚YŸm
˘Y∞˙V±V
RiΩ⁄m
˙NokRG˚P
(d)
Ri٨p
˘TÙ⁄fidœ
HtThPG P
œ˚\‹
(a-b)
˘TÙ⁄s
CPl TVof£
˘Nnj
Ri٨u
G˚P (d-c)
117
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
Ri٨p Ri٨p
™RlT˚Y ÍrœT˚Y
£X TÙ⁄hLs ø¨p ™RdL‹m Yfl £X TÙ⁄hLs ø¨p ÍrL‹m NnYRtLÙ] LÙWQm
Gu]?
RiΩ¨p ™Rdœm J⁄ UWdLh˚P´u G˚P˚Vd LÙt±p ÆpRWÙ— ÍXm LÙiL
UWdLh˚P RiΩ¨p ™Rdœm˙TÙ’s[ G˚P GqY[‹?
È™ ∏r˙SÙd° DojR ©u]⁄m RiΩ¨p UWdLh˚P´u G˚P ÈwVm(Zero) B]’
GR]Ùp?
AlT•˘Vu\Ùp Ceœ ˘NVpT”m Æ˚NLs VÙ˚Y? AYt±t°˚P˙VŸs[ ˘RÙPo◊Ls
Gu]? J⁄ TÙ⁄∞p N¤jRlT”m ™R˚YÆ˚NŸm AR]Ùp CPl˘TVof£ NnVlT”m
ßWYjßu G˚PŸm NUm G] SÙm A±˙YÙUpXYÙ? AlT•˘Vu\Ùp J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄s J⁄
ßWYjßp ™Rk’ °PdLj ˙R˚YVÙ] Lh”lTÙ”Ls VÙ˚Y? G] G›ßl TÙodL‹m.
$ ˘TÙ⁄∞u G˚PŸm ™R˚Y Æ˚NŸm NUUÙL C⁄dœm.
$
C’ ™RjRp Æß Gu\ ˘TV¨p A±VlT”°\’.
™RjRp Æßdœ J⁄ Y˚WV˚\ G›ßlTÙo.
C⁄m©]Ùp ˘NnVlThP LlTp ø¨p ™Rd°u\’ B]Ùp, C⁄m◊j ’i” RiΩ¨p
Írœ°\’ Hu?
™RjRp (Floatation)£X TÙ⁄hLs ø¨p ™RlT˚RŸm Yfl £X TÙ⁄hLs
ø¨p ÍrœY˚RŸm SÙm A±˙YÙm. AYt±u Th•Vp
Jufl RVÙ¨j’l TÙ⁄eLs.
TPm 11.7
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
118
TÙ≠p RiΩo LXdLlT”°\’ Gu\ ◊LÙ˚W øeLs TX ˙Y˚[L∞¤m ˙LhT’iPpXYÙ?
C˚R A±k’ ˘LÙs[ TVuT”j’m L⁄Æ´u ˘TVo Gu]?
CdL⁄Æ ˘NVpT”Y’ GqYÙfl?
J⁄ ßWYjßp ™Rd°u\ TÙ⁄s CPl TVof£ NnŸm ßWYjßu G˚PŸm TÙ⁄∞u G˚PŸm
NUm GuT˚R øeLs ◊¨k’ ˘LÙiºoL[pXYÙ?
J˙W ˘TÙ⁄s UÙflThP APojß Es[ ßWYeL∞p ™Rdœm ˙TÙ’ A’ CPl˘TVof£ ˘NnŸm
ßWYjßu A[‹ (T⁄Uu) J˙W UÙߨ C⁄dœUÙ?
Ko Bn‹ ˘Nn’ TÙodLXÙUÙ?
J⁄ A[‹ _Ù•´p RiΩo G”j’ RiΩ¨u UhPj˚Rd œ±dL‹m. RiΩ¨p J⁄ UWdLh˚P
˚Yj’ ¡i”m RiΩo UhPj˚Rdœ±dL‹m. Bn˚Y Ui˘Qi˘Qn˚Vl TVuT”jߟm
˘Nn’ TÙodL‹m E]dœ °˚PjR RLYpL˚[d œ±j’ ˚YdL‹m.
Bn‹dLÙL øeLs TVuT”jßV ßWYeL∞p
J⁄ ˚ah˙WÙ ¡hPo (ßWYUÙ≤) ˚Yj’l TÙodL‹m
E]’ Etfl˙SÙdL≠u Æ˚[ Gu]?
˚ah˙WÙ ¡hPo RiΩ¨p EVok’m
Ui˘Qi˘Q´p RÙrk’ LÙQlThP˙Ru?
™RjRp Æß˚Vl TVuT”jß EeL[’ Li”©•l◊dL˚[ A±ÆVp
œ±l˙Th•p G›’L .
RiΩ¨u APojß˚V A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙi” Ut\ ßWYeL∞u APojß˚V ˚ah˙WÙ
¡hPo TVuT”jß Li”©•dLXÙm.
J⁄ TÙ⁄∞u APojßdœm RiΩ¨u APojßdœm Es[
Æ°R˙U ˘TÙ⁄∞u JlTPojß
$ TÙ≠u Án˚U˚V A±V J⁄ XÙd˙PÙ ¡hPo (TÙpUÙ≤) GqYÙfl ’˚Q◊¨°\’ Gufl
Eu]Ùp ·\ ÿ•ŸUÙ?
$ vhWÙ (E±g—œZÙn), UQp, ˘U›œ ˙TÙu\Yt˚\l TVuT”jß J⁄ XÙd˙PÙ ¡hPo /
˚ah˙WÙ¡hPo A˚UdL ÿVt£dL‹m.
Y∞UiPX A›jRm (Atmospheric pressure)ßWYeLs A›jRm ˘N¤j’°u\] G]l ◊¨k’ ˘LÙiPÙVpXYÙ? YÙŸdLs A›jRm
˘N¤j’°\RÙ? SÙm TÙodLXÙm.
TPm 11.8
ÿh˚P Æ›eœm ·m◊dœ”˚Y
˙YL˚YjR©u◊ ˙Up K” ALt\lThP J⁄ ˙LÙØÿh˚P˚Vd
œflLXÙ] YÙnTœßŸs[ J⁄ ·m◊ œ”˚Ydœs G∞RÙLd
LPjß ÆPÿ•ŸUÙ? ÿVt£j’lTÙo œ”˚Ydœs LPk’
˘NpXÆp˚X Gu\Ùp J⁄ G¨Ÿm LÙ°Rj’i˚Pd
œ”˚Y´‡s ChP ©u◊ ÿh˚P˚V ARu YÙnl Tœß´p
˚Yj’l TÙo. ø LÙiT’ Gu]? LÙWQj˚Rd Li”©•dLXÙUÙ?
TPm 11.9
119
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
Tm©u YØVÙLjRiΩo ˙U˙X EV⁄YRtLÙ] LÙWQj˚Rd Li”©•dL PÙ¨˘`p≠
TVuT”jßV RLYpLs VÙ˚Y?
$ È™˚Vf —t± LÙtfl UiPXm Jufl LÙQlT”°\’.
$ CkR YÙŸÆu G˚P È™´u UtTWl©p NVpT”°\’.
$ Ko AXœ TWl©p ˘NVpT”m YÙŸÆu G˚P˙V Y∞
UiPX A›jRm
Y∞UiPX A›jRjßu A•lT˚P´p ÿh˚P ·m◊d
œ”˚Ydœs ˘Nu\Ru LÙWQj˚Rd Li”©•dLXÙUÙ?
Y∞UiPX A›jRm ∏r˙SÙd° Uh”UÙ NVpT”°\’.
SÙm Li” ©•dLXÙm
$ J⁄ ©[Ùv•d œl©´p RiΩ˚W ®Wl© CfldLUÙLd œl©˚V A˚PdL‹m. œl©´u
A•lTÙLjßp J⁄ £±V ’˚[ C⁄dL ÷i’˚[´u YØVÙL RiΩo ∏r˙SÙd°
Æ›°u\RÙ? œl©´¤s[ øoUhPjßtœ ˙Up TdLjßp œl©´p J⁄ ÷i’˚[´h”
A˚R A˚Pj’m ß\k’m ˘Nn’TÙo.
øeLs LÙiT’ Gu]? LÙWQm Gu]?
EeLfidœd °˚PjRÿ•‹L˚[ G›ßlTÙodL‹m.
°QflL∞p C⁄k’ RiΩ˚W ˘Y∞˙V G”dL Tm◊Ls TVu
T”j’Y’iPpXYÙ? ÿtLÙX Tm◊Ls ™L G∞V]YÙL C⁄kR]. J⁄
øiPœZÙn ARu J⁄ ÿ˚] °Qt±¤s[ ø¨p Ír° C⁄dœm. Ut˘\Ù⁄
ÿ˚] J⁄ £≠iP⁄Pu (E⁄˚[) C˚QdLlTh•⁄dœm. Tm©tœ J⁄
˚Ll©• Ei” Cd˚Ll©•˚Vj ˘RÙØXÙ∞Ls ˙U¤m ∏›UÙL CVdœYo.
CqYÙfl ˚Ll©•˚V CVdœm˙TÙ’ RiΩo ˙U˙X G›m◊m. CqYÙfl,
RiΩo EVWdLÙWQm Gu]? ˚Ll©•˚V CVdœm ˙TÙ’ £≠iP¨p
˘Yt±Pm E⁄YÙœm. ClTœß˚V SÙd°j RiΩo Up G›m◊m RiΩ˚W
˘Yt±Pj˚R ˙SÙd° EVoj’m Bt\p VÙ’? CVt˚Ldœ ˘Yt±Pjßu
¡’s[ Æ⁄lT™u˚U LÙWQUÙLj RiΩo TÙnk’ Y⁄°\’ GuT˙R
Au˚\V Sm©d˚LVÙL C⁄kR’. CjRÙ≠ SÙh˚Pf NÙokR A±ÆVp
A±OWÙ] PÙ¨˘`p≠ GuTYo CRtœ A±ÆVp ÿ˚\´XÙ]
Æ[dLU∞jRÙo. LÙt±tœ G˚P Ei”G]d Li”©•jR Lƒ≠˙VÙ Æu
∫PWÙL C⁄kRYoRÙu PÙ¨ ˘`p≠
TPm11.10
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII
120
˘Yt±Pm
0.76 -¡hPo
TÙRWNm
TÙRWNm ÿ›Y’m ∏r ˙SÙd° C\eLÙUp EVWjß˙X˙V ®u\Ru LÙWQm Gu]?
CRtœ Y∞UiPX A›jRj’Pu H˙R‡m ˘RÙPo◊ Es[RÙ?
EeL[’ Li”©•l◊dL˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›’L
Y∞UiPX A›jRj˚R A[dLl TVuT”m L⁄Æ˙V TÙ˙WÙ¡hPo
$ GYWvh £LWjßu S”lTœß´p J⁄ TÙRWN TÙ˙WÙ¡hP¨p TÙRWN vRmTjßtœ 50 ˘N.¡
EVWÿm. £LWjßu ˙Up C’ 30 ˘N.¡˛m Bœm
CRu LÙWQm Gu]? øeLs F°dœm ÿ•‹L˚[d œ±l©P‹m.
TPm 11.11
Y∞UiPX A›jRj˚R ÿRuÿR≠p A[kRYo
PÙ¨˘`p≠ BYÙo. J⁄ øiP J⁄ ÿ˚]
A˚PdLlThP LiQÙ•d œZÙ˚V ÿ›˚UVÙLl
TÙRWNjRÙp ®WlT‹m. œZÙ´u ß\kR ÿ˚]˚V
Lh˚PÆWXÙp A˚Pj’ ˙Up ∏ZÙLj ß⁄l©
YÙnTœß J⁄ œY˚[´¤s[ TÙRW^jßtœs
C⁄dœUÙfl ˚Yj’ ÆW˚X ALt\ ˙Yi”m.
Cl˙TÙ’ œZÙ´¤s[ TÙRWNUhPm C\eLj
˘RÙPe°V’. £±’ ˙SWm ˘Nu\ ©u◊
∏r˙SÙd°Ÿs[ C\dLm PÙ¨˘`p≠
œY˚[´¤s[ TÙRWNUhPjß≠⁄k’
œZÙ´¤s[ TÙRWjßu EVWj˚R A[k’
TÙojR˙TÙ’ A’ 76 cm N.¡. BL C⁄kR’.
Y∞UiPX A›jRm A[dLXÙUÙ?