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Saint AndrewFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation,search"St Andrew" redirects here. For other uses, see St Andrews (disambiguation).

Saint Andrew

Icon of the Apostle Andrew

Apostle, First-called

Born early first century AD, Bethsaida

Diedmid- to late first century AD, Patras, upon an Xshaped cross

Venerated

inAll Christianity

Majorshrine

Church of St Andreas atPatras, with his relics

Feast November 30

AttributesOld man with long (in the East often untidy)white hair and beard, holding the Gospel Bookorscroll, sometimes leaning on asaltire

Patronage Scotland,Russia,Sicily,Greece,Romania,Amalfi,Luqa (Malta) and Prussia; ArmyRangers, mariners, fishermen, fishmongers, rope-
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makers, singers and performers

Christianity portal

Saint Andrew (Greek: ',Andreas) (early first century - mid to late first century AD),

called in the Orthodox traditionProtocletos, or theFirst-called, is a Christian Apostle and theyounger brother ofSaint Peter. The name "Andrew" (fromGreek: "", Andreia, manhood,or valour), like other Greek names, appears to have been common among the Jews from thesecond or third century BC. No Hebrew orAramaic name is recorded for him.

TheNew Testamentrecords that St Andrew was the brother of Simon Peter, by which it isinfered that he was likewise a son of Jonah, or John, (Matthew 16:17; John 1:42). He was born inBethsaidaon the Sea of Galilee (John 1:44). Both he and his brother Peter werefishermen bytrade, hence the tradition that Jesus called them to be his disciples by saying that He will makethem "fishers of men" (Greek: , halieis anthropon). [1] At the beginning ofJesus' public life they occupied the same house atCapernaum (Mark 1:21-29).

The Gospel of Johnteaches that Andrew was adisciple ofJohn the Baptist, whose testimony firstled him and John the Evangelist to follow Jesus (John 1:35-40). Andrew at once recognized Jesusas the Messiah, and hastened to introduce him to his brother (John 1:41). Thenceforth the twobrothers were disciples of Christ. On a subsequent occasion, prior to the final call to theapostolate, they were called to a closer companionship, and then they left all things to followJesus (Luke 5:11; Matthew 4:19-20;Mark 1:17-18).

In the gospel Andrew is referred to as being present on some important occasions as one of thedisciples more closely attached to Jesus (Mark 13:3; John 6:8, 12:22), but in Acts there is only abare mention of him (1:13).

Eusebius quotes Origen as saying Andrew preached in Asia Minorand in Scythia, along theBlack Seaas far as the Volga andKiev. Hence he became apatron saint ofRomaniaand Russia.

According to tradition, he founded the See ofByzantium (Constantinople)[2]

in AD 38, installingStachys as bishop. This diocese would later develop into the Patriarchate of Constantinople.Andrew is recognized as its patron saint.

Andrew is said to have been martyred by crucifixion at Patras (Patrae) in Achaea. Though earlytexts, such as theActs of Andrew known to Gregory of Tours,[3] describe Andrew bound, notnailed, to a Latin cross of the kind on which Christ was crucified, a tradition grew up thatAndrew had been crucified on a cross of the form called Crux decussata(X-shaped cross) andcommonly known as "Saint Andrew's Cross"; this was performed at his own request, as hedeemed himself unworthy to be crucified on the same type of cross on whichChrist wascrucified.[4] "The familiar iconography of his martyrdom, showing the apostle bound to an X-shaped cross, does not seem to have been standardized before the later Middle Ages," Judith

Calvert concluded after re-examining the materials studied by Louis Rau.[5]

Saint Andrew is the patron of Patras. According to tradition his relics were moved from Patras toConstantinople, and thence toSt Andrews(see below). Local legends say that the relics weresold to the Romans. The head of the saint, considered one of the treasures of St Peter's Basilica,was given by the ByzantinedespotThomas Palaeologus to Pope Pius II in 1461. In recent years,by decision ofPope Paul VI in 1964, the relics that were kept in the Vatican City, were sent backto Patras. The relics, which consist of the small finger, part of the top of the cranium of Saint
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Andrew and small parts of the cross, have since that time been kept in the Church of St Andrewat Patras in a special shrine, and are revered in a special ceremony everyNovember 30.

Basilica of St. Andrew at Patras, where the saint's relics are kept, said to be erected over theplace of his martyrdom

Contents[hide]

1 The Acts of Andrew

2 Relics

3 Amalfi

4 Traditions and legends 4.1 Malta

4.2 Romania

4.3 Russia and Ukraine

4.4 Scotland

5 Conclusions

6 See also

7 Notes

8 References 9 External links

[edit] TheActs of Andrew
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Crucifixion of St. Andrew.

The apocryphalActs of Andrew, mentioned by Eusebius,Epiphanius and others, is among adisparate group ofActs of the Apostles that were traditionally attributed to Leucius Charinus."These Acts may be the latest of the five leading apostolic romances. They belong to the thirdcentury: ca. A.D. 260," was the opinion ofM. R. James, who edited them in 1924. TheActs, aswell as a Gospel of St Andrew, appear among rejected books in theDecretum Gelasianumconnected with the name ofPope Gelasius I. TheActs of Andrew was edited and published byConstantin von Tischendorfin theActa Apostolorum apocrypha (Leipzig, 1821), putting it forthe first time into the hands of a critical professional readership. Another version of the Andrewlegend is found in thePassio Andreae, published by Max Bonnet (Supplementum II Codicis

apocryphi, Paris, 1895).[edit] Relics
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Reliquaryof St. Andrew at Patras.

The shrine to Saint Andrew in St. Peter's Basilica,Rome.

The purported relicsof the Apostle Andrew are kept at the Basilica of St Andrew in Patras,Greece; the Duomo de Sant'Andrea, Amalfi, Italy;St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh,Scotland;[6]

and the Church of St Andrew and St Albert, Warsaw, Poland. There are also numerous smallerreliquaries throughout the world.

St Jerome wrote that the relics of St Andrew were taken from Patras to Constantinople by orderof the Roman emperorConstantius II around 357 and deposited in theChurch of the HolyApostles. The head of the saint was given by the Byzantine despotThomas Palaeologus toPopePius II in 1461. It was enshrined in one of the four central piers ofSt Peter's Basilica in theVatican. In September 1964, Pope Paul VI, as a gesture of good will toward the Greek OrthodoxChurch, ordered that all of the relics of St Andrew that were in Vatican City be sent back to
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Patras. The relics, which consist of the small finger, part of the top of the cranium of SaintAndrew, and small portions of the cross on which he was martyred, have since that time beenkept in the Church of St Andrew at Patras in a special shrine, and are reverenced in a specialceremony everyNovember 30, hisfeast day.

[edit] AmalfiIn 1208, following thesack of Constantinoplethose relics of St Andrew which remained in theimperial city were taken toAmalfi,Italy, byPedro, cardinal of Capua, a native of Amalfi.

The Amalfi cathedral (Duomo), dedicated to St Andrew (as is the town itself), contains a tomb inits crypt that it maintains still contains the rest of the relics of the apostle.

On 8 May 2008 the relic believed to be Andrew's head was returned to Amalfi Cathedral.

[edit] Traditions and legends

[edit] Malta

The first reference regarding the first small chapel at Luqa dedicated to Saint Andrew dates to

1497. The pastoral visit of Mgr. Pietro Dusina affirms that this chapel contained three altars, oneof them dedicated to Saint Andrew. The titular painting showing Mary with Saints Andrew andPaulwas painted by the Maltese artist Filippo Dingli.

At one time, many fishermen lived in the village ofLuqa, and this may be the main reasonbehind choosing Saint Andrew as patron saint. The titular statue of Saint Andrew was sculpted inwood by Giuseppe Scolaro in 1779. This statue underwent several restoration works includingthat of 1913 performed by the Maltese renowned artist Abraham Gatt.

The Martyrdom of Saint Andrew on the main altar of the church was painted by Mattia Preti in1687.

[edit] Romania

The official stance of the Romanian Orthodox Church is that Saint Andrew preached the Gospelto the Daco-Romans in the province ofDobrogea (Scythia Minor), whom he converted toChristianity. Nevertheless, these claims are supported by little historical evidence are usually partof the nationalistprotochronism ideology, supported by the Orthodox Church, which argues thatthe Church has been a companion and defender of the Romanian people for all of their 2000-yearhistory.[7]

[edit] Russia and Ukraine

St Andrew's prophecy of Kiev depicted in Radzivill Chronicle.
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The monument in Kiev

The Kievanhill where St. Andrew is said to have erected the cross is commemorated by thecathedral dedicated in his name

Early Christian History in Ukraine holds that the apostle Saint Andrew is said to have preachedon the southern borders of modern-day Ukraine, along the Black Sea.
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Legend has it that he travelled up theDnieper Riverand reached the future location ofKiev,where he erected a cross on the site where theSt. Andrew's Church of Kiev currently stands, andprophesied the foundation of a great Christian city.

It was in the obvious interest ofKievan Rus' and its later Russian and Ukraninian succesors,striving in numerous ways to link themselves with the political and religious heritage of

Byzantium, to claim such a direct visit from the famous Saint. Claiming directlineage from St.Andrew also had the effect of disregarding any theological leanings ofGreek orthodoxyoverwhich disagreement arose, since the actual, much later, "indirect" proselytising via Byzantiumwas bypassed altogether.

[edit] Scotland

The Saltire (or "St. Andrew's Cross") is the national flag of Scotland

About the middle of the tenth century, Andrew became thepatron saint ofScotland. Severallegends state that the relics of Andrew were brought under supernatural guidance fromConstantinople to the place where the modern town ofSt Andrewsstands today (Gaelic,CillRmhinn).

The oldest surviving manuscripts are two: one is among the manuscripts collected byJean-Baptiste Colbertand willed to Louis XIV of France, now in the Bibliothque Nationale, Paris,the other in the Harleian Mss in theBritish Library, London. They state that the relics of Andrewwere brought by one Regulus to the Pictish king engus mac Fergusa (729761). The onlyhistorical Regulus (Riagail or Rule) the name is preserved by the tower of St Rule was anIrish monk expelled fromIrelandwith Saint Columba; his dates, however, are c 573 600. Thereare good reasons for supposing that the relics were originally in the collection ofAcca, bishop ofHexham, who took them into Pictish country when he was driven from Hexham (c 732), andfounded a see, not, according to tradition, in Galloway, but on the site of St Andrews. Theconnection made with Regulus is, therefore, due in all probability to the desire to date thefoundation of the church at St Andrews as early as possible.

Another legend says that in the late eighth century, during a joint battle with the English, KingUngus (either the engus mac Fergusa mentioned previously orengus II of the Picts (820834)) saw a cloud shaped like a saltire, and declared Andrew was watching over them, and if

they won by his grace, then he would be their patron saint. However, there is evidence Andrewwas venerated in Scotland before this.

Andrew's connection with Scotland may have been reinforced following the Synod of Whitby,when the Celtic Church felt that Columba had been "outranked" by Peter and that Peter'syounger brother would make a higher ranking patron. The 1320 Declaration of Arbroath citesScotland's conversion to Christianity by Saint Andrew, "the first to be an Apostle".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrew's_Church_of_Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrew's_Church_of_Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Andrew&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_sainthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colberthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colberthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colberthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colberthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth?que_Nationalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Harleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?engus_I_of_the_Pictshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acca_of_Hexhamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acca_of_Hexhamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallowayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?engus_II_of_the_Pictshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_Whitbyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Arbroathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Scotland.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Scotland.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrew's_Church_of_Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrew's_Church_of_Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrew's_Church_of_Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Andrew&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Andrew&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Andrew&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_sainthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_sainthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_sainthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colberthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colberthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colberthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colberthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colberthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colberthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth?que_Nationalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth?que_Nationalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth?que_Nationalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Harleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Harleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Harleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?engus_I_of_the_Pictshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?engus_I_of_the_Pictshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?engus_I_of_the_Pictshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acca_of_Hexhamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acca_of_Hexhamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acca_of_Hexhamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acca_of_Hexhamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acca_of_Hexhamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acca_of_Hexhamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallowayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallowayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallowayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?engus_II_of_the_Pictshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?engus_II_of_the_Pictshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?engus_II_of_the_Pictshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_Whitbyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_Whitbyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_Whitbyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Arbroathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Arbroathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Arbroath


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[edit] See also St Andrew's Day

St Andrews (disambiguation)

Patron saints of places

Roman Catholic calendar of saints

Andrew

Universidad de San Andrs, Argentina, named after the saint

University of St Andrews, named after the Royal Burgh ofSt Andrews, which was namedafter the saint

Order of Saint Andrew

[edit] Notes1. ^ Metzger & Coogan (1993) Oxford Companion to the Bible, p 27.

2. ^ The only bishopric in that neighbourhood before that time had been established at Heraclea.

3. ^ In Monumenta Germaniae Historica II, cols. 821-847, translated in M.R. James, TheApocryphal New Testament(Oxford) reprinted 1963:369.

4. ^ The legends surrounding Andrew are discussed in F. Dvornik, The Idea of Apostolicity inByzantium and the Legend of the Apostle Andrew Dumbarton Oaks Studies, IV (Cambridge)1958.

5. ^ Judith Calvert, "The Iconography of the St. Andrew Auckland Cross" The Art Bulletin66.4(December 1984:543-555) p. 545, note 12; according to Louis Rau,Iconographie de l'artchrtien III.1 (Paris) 1958:79, the Andrew cross appears for the first time in the tenth century, butdoes not become the iconographic standard before the seventeenth; Calvert was unable to find a

sculptural representation of Andrew on the saltire cross earlier than a capital from Quercy, of theearly twelfth century.

6. ^ "National Shrine of Saint Andrew", St Mary's Roman Catholic Cathedral, Edinburgh

7. ^ Lavinia Stan, Lucian Turcescu,Religion and Politics in Post-Communist Romania,OxfordUniversity Press, 2007, p.48

[edit] References Metzeger, Bruce M. (ed); , Michael D. Coogan (ed) (1993). The Oxford Companion to

the Bible. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504645-5..

Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. The Penguin Dictionary of Saints. 3rdedition. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. ISBN 0-140-51312-4.

[edit] External links

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The Missionary Journeys of the Apostle Andrew
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Texts ofThe Acts of Andrew The Acts and Martyrdom of Andrew and The Acts of Andrewand Matthew

Saint Andrew in Orthodoxy

St. Andrew in the National Archives of Scotland

Andreas: The Legend of St. Andrew translated by Robert Kilburn Root, 1899, fromProject Gutenberg

Paintings and Statues of Saint Andrew in Malta and around the world

Biographical Study on St. Andrew the Apostle

National Shrine to St Andrew in Edinburgh Scotland

Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Andrew the Apostle

Patron Saints Index: Saint Andrew the Apostle

Scottish Government Celebrations of St. Andrew's Day
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