1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

10

ARUP. 2019. Four Plausible Futures. Scenarios 2050. London: Arup.

https://www.arup.com/perspectives/publications/research/section/2050-scenarios-four-plausible-futures.

ARTHUR, W. B. 1989. Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-in by Historical Events. The

Economic Journal 99: 394, 116–131.

ATLANTIC COUNCIL. 2020. Election 2020: What is at Stake for Energy? Global Energy Center Issue Brief.

https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Election-2020-final-web-version.pdf.

BRAMAN, S. 2012. Technology and epistemology. Information policy and desire. In Cultural technologies in the

technology of cultures: Culture as a means and end in technologically advanced media world., ed. Göran Bolin,

133–150. New York: Routledge. BRYNJOLFSSON, E., HU, Y. & SMITH, M. D. 2006. From Niches to Riches: The Anatomy of the Long Tail. MIT

Sloan Management Review 47: 4.

BRYNJOLFSSON, E. & MCAFEE, A. 2013. Race Against the Machine: How the Digital Revolution is Accelerating

Innovation, Driving Productivity, and Irreversibly Transforming Employment and the Economy. New York:

W. W. Norton.

CUSUMANO, M. A. & YOFFIE, D. B. 1999. What Netscape Learned from Cross-Platform Software Development.

Communications of the ACM 42: 10, 72–78.

CUTOLO, D. & KENNEY, M. 2019. The Emergence of Platform-dependent Entrepreneurs: Power Asymmetries,

Risks and Uncertainty. (April 15, 2019) https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3372560.

EVANS, D. S. 2003. The Antitrust Economics of Multi-Sided Platform Markets. Yale Journal of Regulation 20: 2,

325–381.

11

EUROPEAN COMMISSION. 2013. A Vision for Public Services. Directorate-General for Communication Networks,

Content and Technology. Brussels: European Commission.

FOUNTAIN, J. 2001. Building the Virtual State. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.

FREY, C. B. & OSBORNE, M. A. 2017. The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?

Technological Forecasting and Social Change 188: 254–280.

FOROOHAR, R. 2019. Fracturing the Global Economic Consensus. Financial Times. July 7.

https://www.ft.com/content/7f4c362e-9e73-11e9-b8ce-8b459ed04726.

GAWER, A. & CUSUMANO, M. A. 2002. Platform Leadership. How Intel, Microsoft and Cisco Drive Industry Innovation. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Review Press.

GORDON, R. 2016. The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The US Standard of Living since the Civil War.

Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

GHAZAWNEH, A. & HENFRIDSSON, O. 2013. Balancing Platform Control and External Contribution in Third-Party

Development: The Boundary Resources Model. Information Systems Journal 23: 2, 173–192.

INSTITUTE OF POLICY STUDIES. 2012. IPS Prism Report. Singapore: Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy,

National University of Singapore. https://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/docs/default-source/ips/prism-project_ips-prism-

report.pdf.

IVERSEN, T. & SOSKICE, D. 2019. Democracy and Prosperity. Reinventing Capitalism Through A Turbulent

Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

JACOBIDES, M. G., CENNAMO, C. & GAWER, A. 2018. Towards a Theory of Ecosystems. Strategic Management Journal 39: 8, 2255–2276.

JANSSEN, M. & ESTEVEZ, E. 2013. Lean Government and Platform-based Governance. Government Information

Quarterly 30: 1–8.

KATZ, M. L. & SHAPIRO, C. 1994. Systems Competition and Network Effects. Journal of Economic Perspectives

8: 2, 93–115.

KENNEY, M. & ZYSMAN, J. 2016. The Rise of Platform Economy. Issues in Science and Technology 32: 3.

KRISHNA, M. 2019. The Amazon Effect on the US Economy. Investopedia. July 29.

https://www.investopedia.com/insights/amazon-effect-us-economy/.

LINDERS, D. 2012. From E-Government to We-government: Defining a Typology for Citizens Coproduction in

the Age of Social Media. Government Information Quarterly 29: 4, 446–454.

MOKYR, J. 1990. The lever of riches. Technological creativity and economic progress. New York: Oxford University Press.

NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE COUNCIL. 2016. The Paradox of Progress. Washington, DC.

https://www.dni.gov/index.php/global-trends/three-scenarios.

NOE, T. H. & PARKER, G. G. 2005. Winner Take All: Competition, Strategy and Structure in the Internet Economy.

Journal of Economics and Management Strategy 14: 1, 141–164.

NORDIC WEST OFFICE. 2018. Global Scenarios, 2021–2026.

OECD. 2019. An Integrated Approach to Paris Climate Agreement: The Role of Cities and Regions. OECD

Regional Development Working Papers 2019/13. Paris: OECD Publishing.

OECD. 2018. OECD Scenarios for Digital Transformation. Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and

Development.

OSTROM, E. 1990. Governing the Commons. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

PARKER, G. G. & VAN ALSTYNE, M. W. 2005. Two-Sided Network Effects: A Theory of Information Product Design. Management Science 51: 10, 1449–1592.

PENTTILÄ, R. 2019. The Age of New Empires. Presentation in Tallinn. August.

PIKETTY, T. 2014. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University

Press.

RAMIREZ, R. & WILKINSON, A. 2016. Strategic Reframing. The Oxford Scenario Planning Approach. Oxford:

Oxford University Press.

ROCHET, J-C. & TIROLE, P. 2003. Platform Competition in Two-Sided Markets. Journal of European Economic

Association 1: 4, 990–1029.

SHOEMAKER, P. J. 2004. Forecasting and Scenario Planning: The Challenges of Uncertainty and Complexity. In

D. J. Koehler and N. Harvey eds. Blackwell Handbook of Judgement and Decision Making. Oxford: Blackwell

Publishing. SCHWARTZ, P. 1991. The Art of Long View: Planning for the Future in an Uncertain World. New York: Doubleday.

STREECK, W. 2016. How Will Capitalism End? Essays on Failing System. Verso.

VAN DIJCK, J. 2013. The Culture of Connectivity. A Critical History of Social Media. Oxford, UK: Oxford

University Press.

VESNIC-ALUJEVIC, L., STOERMER, E., RUDKIN, J-E., SCAPOLO, F. & KIMBELL, L. 2019. Government 2030+: A

Citizen-Centric Perspectives on New Government Models. EUR29664 EN. Luxembourg: Publications Office

of the European Union.

12