a visual history of the gowanus canal condensed pdf version
DESCRIPTION
This a a PDF Presentation describing a general historical overview of the Gowanus Canal, from the American Indian Era, to Makerbot, the 3d Digital Gowanus Printer Robot to the Superfund Cleanup Process. It was given as a talk at Parsons The New School for The Canary Project’s DOWN THE GOWANUS: CLIMATE IN CONCRETE, Conference on Climate Change, 15 October 2011. Prepared by the fun people working at Proteus Gowanus – Hall of the Gowanus archive.TRANSCRIPT
Manhattan
Gowanus Watershed
The Canal
Historic Landfilled Tidal Marsh
Manhattan
A Visual History of the Gowanus Canal
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“Sludgie” Superfund mascot: Anna Martin 2009
Gowanus Lego: Christoph Niemann 2008
the Gowanus Canal
Aerial Photos courtesy of Google Maps and Bing Aerials circa 2009 (?) 1766 Ratzer Map
Can the past have answers for the future?
4000 YEARS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT, changing its landscape from a rich ecologically diverse tidal marsh to an industrial polluted Canal
5 major Human Technology Phases Define Gowanus landscapes
Pre 1600 : Agricultural
1650 - 1800: Tidal
1800 - 1950: Fossil - Coal
1950 - 2000: Fossil - Oil
1950 – 2000: Digital Data
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES, INCLUDING LUMBER
MECHANICAL TIDAL DAMS CAPTURE WATER ENERGY TO GRIND GRAIN
ERIE CANAL & STEAM BOAT NEED WATERFRONT LOTS
NEW MOTORS: FROM WATER TO THE ROADS AND AIR
HIGH SPEED DATA MAKES WATERFRONT WAREHOUSES OBSOLETE REPLACED BY CONTAINERIZATION, AND “JUST IN TIME” SHIPPING
Crossing Bering Straight, Origins Room, Museo de la Antropologia, Mexico
2011, Bering Glacier, NASA
30,000 BC Global Warming allows Humans to reach America through Alaska
1876, Ernst Haeckl, The History of Creation, Hypothetical Sketch of the Monophylitic Origin and The Extension of the 12 Races of Men from Lemuria across the Earth
New Access Corridors and Landscapes allow Human Migration
30,000 BC – A MAJOR SPECIES SHIFT DUE TO GLOBAL WARMING
Because of larger brains, and capability to adapt quickly, Humans thrive on Environmental Change and Disturbed Environments
WHERE DO HUMANS LIKE TO LIVE ? SHORELINES
FACEBOOK CONNECTIONS + WORLD POPULATION DENSITY 2010
Humans thrive on Environmental Edges
Humans thrive on Environmental Change
NASA view of Long Island City Lights circa 2000
4000 BC to +/- 1600 : The Native American & Agricultural Landscape
HUNTER GATHERING, LATER FARMING, BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES ARE EXPLOITED FOR FOOD, FUR, LUMBER, SHELTER
THE FUTURE GOWANUS CANAL
4,000 BC – First Humans checkout the Gowanus Creek Area.
CHEAP LAND !
www.welikia.org www.oasisnyc.net
Period of Climate Stability allows North American Woodlands to develop
GOWANUS
Lenape Woman, Bryant White, www.bbwhite.com, 2007
Native American Settlements emerge
4,000 BC to 1600’s
Gowanus Tidal Estuary provided rich hunting and fishing grounds
1766 Ratzer Map, New York Public Library
1635
Dutch Settlers start appropriating the rich Indian agricultural lands
A main industry is growing grain for local tidal mills and distilleries
"I was going by the house of Lubbertse, and saw many little hills in the way from the house to (Brower's) Mill along the neck and (when I) inquired what the hills were ... was answered that it was the Indian corn lands.”
Maritie Bevors, 84 years old, 1741 New Amsterdam Court Trial Proceedings, as quoted in "Indian Paths in the Great Metropolis", Reginald Bolton, 1922
Cristina Kelly “Maize Field” Bergen Street
1650 - 1800: The Colonial Agricultural & Tidal Landscape
TIDAL DAMS CAPTURE WATER ENERGY TO GRIND GRAIN, WATER TRAILS CUT THROUGH MARSHES TO CONNECT LOCAL AGRICULTURE TO THE GLOBAL MARKETPLACE
NC Wyeth, The Flutter Mill, in The Yearling, 1938
1766 Ratzer Map
Gowanus landscape shaped by Glaciers: the “Cobble Hills” that define early settlement and networks More trees are cut down, Tidal dams are built.
1640
Brouwers Mill, later called Freekes Mill, 1867 Mc Closkey’s Manual on Brooklyn History
POTENTIAL HISTORIC SPRING SITE
Gowanus Tidal water was too salty to drink, Settlers chose sites next NATURAL FRESH WATER SPRINGS.
BECAUSE HUMANS ARE 75% WATER, HISTORY LARGELY DETERMINED BY HYDROLOGY
SPRINGS DETERMINED WHERE OLDEST SETTLEMENT CORES ARE
REMNANT OF DENTON’S POND, 2011
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Native American Settlements Decimated by European Contact and Contagion
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1645: European settlement starts in the Gowanus
Adam Brouwer (1620-1690) mercenary, skull bowler, Gowanus miller
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ADAM’S STOPS
GERMANY
BRAZIL
GOWANUS
GOVERNOR KIEFT INDIAN MASSACRES, 1643
GRAFFITI SKULL, UNION & BOND ST, 2006
GUNS, GERMS & STEEL
GOWANUS TIDAL MILLS Map: Bernard Ratzer,1766 Painting: Alonzo Chappel, Battle of Long Island, 1858
27 August 1776 – Battle of Brooklyn
(FURTHER) CONFLICTS OVER RESOURCE CONTROL
1858
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27 August 1776 – Battle of Brooklyn
Where did the Bodies End Up ?
“Provincials Drowned Here..”
1777 London’s Gentleman’s Map
After the battle was over, the two British officers were buried in a field, near where they fell, and their graves fenced in fenced in with some posts and rails, where their remains still rest.
But for an "example to the rebels," they refused the American rifleman the rites of sepulture; and his remains were exposed on the ground, till his flesh rotted, and torn off his bones by the fowls of the air. After a considerable length of time, in a heavy gale of wind, a large tree was uprooted; in the cavity formed by which, some friends of the Americans (...) placed the brave soldier's bones to mingle in peace with their kindred earth.”
1824 "Notes Geographical and Historical relating to the town of Brooklyn, in Kings County on Long Island" Gabriel Furman The Battle of Brooklyn, John J. Gallagher, 1995
2011 Battle of Brooklyn Site Google Street View
www.whatwasthere.com
1776 Battle of Brooklyn Site Approximate Location
LANDFILLED DURING 1960’S BY TRUCKS COMING AT NIGHT
FEDERAL CLEANUP INVESTIGATION FOUND TOXIC LEVELS OF MERCURY
WILL NEED EXCAVATION
WHAT SHOULD THIS SITE BECOME ?
Above: 1951 Aerial with Boats Below: 2011 View of Filled Basin
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Alonzo Chappel, Battle of Long Island, 1858, viewed from what is now the Carroll Street Bridge
APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF THE FIRST STREET BASIN
IF SUPERFUND WERE TO EXCAVATE THE MERCURY CONTAMINATED FIRST STREET BASIN LANDFILL, WHAT WOULD YOU LIKE TO SEE ?
1) DEP WETLAND fed by rainwater from the Carroll Street Storm Sewer project.
2) BOAT HOUSE & ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION CENTER with a restored water mill children’s play park.
3) PARKING LOT for the new Africa Israel condominium project, with tax payer funding for seized public land.
4) NOTHING. We like the landfill just the way it is.
1766 stream overlay
COULD THIS SPRING STILL BE RUNNING ?
Map: Susannah Drake, dlandstudio, 2010 Overlays do not necessarily reflect dland’s original design, and are for community discussion purposes only
IF SEA LEVELS RISE, SHOULD WE JUST BUILD CITY HIGHER ?
OR
SHOULD WE REBUILD IT LOWER TO DISSIPATE ITS IMPACT – RECREATE THE NATURAL LAYERS OF SHORELINES ?
Painting: Alonzo Chappel, Battle of Long Island, 1858
1625 to 2011: Urban Settlement Core that grows outwards based on water dependent Dutch settlement and early Indian trails
Lenape Canoes, Bryant White, www.bbwhite.com, 2007
New York City Department of City Planning, 1998
1800 - 1940: The Fossil Fuel Landscape – Stage 1: Coal FOSSILIZED BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES ARE CONVERTED TO ENERGY MACHINES REPLACE THE HAND
THE ERIE CANAL CREATES ACESS TO CHEAP PENNSYLVANNIA MINES & STEAM ENGINE BOATS CREATE DEMAND FOR WATERFRONT LOTS
1930’s view of Metropolitan Manufactured Gas Plant & the Steam and Smoke of Industry
1800’s Onward :
City allows Speculators to claim wetlands and underwater lots if they fill them in, typically with garbage, soils from hills and excavations & industrial wastes: The Era of Waterfront Industry begins 1815 Steam Boat
1825 Erie Canal
Regional Plan Association, Waste Management Plan, 1967
DEVELOPMENT 1840s – 1860s the creek is converted into a 1.8 mile long canal
1849 2004, USACE Cultaral Resources Assessment for the Gowanus Canal, Hunter Research, Raber Associates, Northe Eastern Ecological Associates
1879, Currier & Ives
As stream diverted to sewers, no longer enough water to flush Gowanus Creek by tides alone.
Engineering Measures needed to Solve Problem
Brooklyn Public Library, via Kevin Clarke, NYCDEP
STORM SURGE MAP
As the Landscape is hardened and the natural stream and pond structures are destroyed, Water flows speed up. Flooding becomes a common problem.
GLOBAL WARMING IMPACT : the “100-year” flood will be the “50-year” (more frequent floods, in a larger area)
GLOBAL WARMING IMPACT : the “100-year” flood
Brooklyn Public Library, Brownstoner Blog
BECAUSE OF BAD PLANNING EVEN BRIDGES FLOOD SEPTEMBER 2011, 3RD STREET BRIDGE & GOWANUS CANAL
2011, Pardon Me For Asking blog, via reader
RECONSTRUCTING THE PATH OF THE GOWANUS WATERSHED’S HISTORIC STREAM…
How can we get rainwater out of the sewers and back into the historical stream system ? We need more research…
ArcHydro Gowanus Watershed Flow Map by Eymund Diegel, 2010, based on a 2004 Digital Elevation Model.
The blue lines represent the way rainwater would flow if their were no buildings or street drains. Though hypothetical, the flow directions gives clues to the path of historic stream beds, major street regradings, and potential underground aquifer flows.
The blue blobs represent “sinks” or pools in the contours where rainwater would tend to pond. These all represent “opportunity sites” for Green Infrastructure to improve the Canal’s water quality.
I have found this model accurately depicts why my neighbor’s basement floods on Sackett Street (the old Bergen Creek watercourse)
POTENTIAL STREAM OUTFLOW SITE
ECOLOGICAL (HISTORICAL) WATER CYCLE
URBAN WATER CYCLE
IT RAINS
WATER GOES INTO PIPE
CONDENSATION
EVAPORATION
INFILTRATION & HISTORIC STREAM RESTORATION
IT RAINS
SOME WATER GOES INTO PIPE
WHAT WE WANT 2011, Lukas Kronawitter, Terreform One, Water Sensitive Urban Design for the Gowanus Canal
2011
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Heron photo: 2007 Bob Gusskind
CONSERVANCY 2ND AVE BIOSWALE 2011, Adam Katzman
1924 Metropolitan Gas Works MGP Site (Lowes)
1924 Citizens Gas Works MGP Site (Public Place)
1924 Fulton Gas Works MGP Site (Thomas Greene Park)
The Gas Light Era
1924, SPEED GIS, Mayor’s Office of Environmental Remediation
1922 Public Place Citizens Gas Works MGP Site showing Water outflows, probably from coal washing
1922, National Grid Archives
1910 Brooklyn Rapid Transit Powerhouse consumes mountains of coal and canal water for steam generators. Closed when Canal water became too silted and polluted to use for steam in 1938
This Trolley Powerhouse gave the Brooklyn “Trolley” Dodgers their name Impact: PCB’s, Air Pollution (Acid Rain)
1910, Thomas E. Murray, Power Stations book - via Robert Lobenstein
2011 Brooklyn Rapid Transit Building Google Street View
1906 Brooklyn Rapid Transit Building Original Structure
1910,Dreitzker & Gerhard, Investigation of the Sanitary Conditions of the Gowanus Canal, MIT thesis
1906 looking north from Union Street Bridge, showing Lumber Yards and Fulton MGP Coal Docks
Wide range of Industrial Toxics Chemicals start being used 1910,Dreitzker & Gerhard, Investigation of the Sanitary Conditions of the Gowanus Canal, MIT thesis
1850-1900 Widespread Industrialization
1853 Gowanus Canal Construction Starts 1855 Irish Immigrants 86% Men are City Laborers 74% Women are Domestic Workers
1869 Canal Complete 2,740 New Buildings 20,000 Residents 30 Churches 100 Storehouses and factories
1880 30 Businesses 6,140 Vessels 896,016 Tons of Cargo
INDUSTRIAL HUB 1915 to 1950 - Gowanus is the nation’s busiest commercial canal
From John Shapiro’s Welcome to Gowanus presentation, Pratt Institute Center for Planning & the Environment, 2011
Population: Temperature Difference: 10,000 4 degrees celsius 100,000 6 degrees celsius 1,000,000 8 degrees celsius 10,000,000 10 degrees celsius
(Oke, 1973)
Cities are 6 degrees warmer than forests Cities are 6 degrees warmer than forestswarmer than forestswarmer than forestswarmer than forests
1912 –Irish & German Shops at 4th Avenue and Bergen Street
1915 –Greg Chapel Italian Social Club on 4th Avenue & Sackett Street
1915, Charles Spero, via Leslie-Arlette Boyce & Brian Merlis’ book – The Glory of Brooklyn’s Gowanus, 2011
1920s – Fred Goat Machine Shop at 314 Dean Street & 3rd Ave (now next to NYC Resistor & Makerbot 3d Printers)
1900’s - Peak worker population – Port of Brooklyn has 25,000 Annual Vessel Trips
From Leslie-Arlette Boyce & Brian Merlis’ book – The Glory of Brooklyn’s Gowanus, 2011
Water System continues getting treated as Garbage Can & Toilet 1947 snow dumping at Butler street
1911 Flushing Tunnel built to help “flush out” raw sewage and industrial effluents
Brooklyn Public Library
1900-1930 Peak of the Canal
1892 Butler Storm Sewer built to flush Canal pollution, but fails
1900 60 Businesses, 25,000 Vessels
1910 Henry Ford begins manufacturing the automobile 200,000 Italians enter USA annually
1916 New York City Passes Zoning Resolution
1929 Black Tuesday
1950 – Gowanus Canal – Police Dredging for Bodies 1998 Gowanus Body
Crime & the Gowanus Exaggerated reputation – Only received a body and a half a year during it’s more turbulent decades. Best Place to dump a body is Jamaica Bay and Pelham Bay Park
1919 PROHIBITION MADE WATERFRONT IDEAL SPOT FOR SMUGGLING BOOZE – LEADING TO CRIME SYNDICATES
1933 Gangster Chart
1900’s to 1970’s
Brooklyn Public Library
Corbis Archives
CAN HUMAN DESTINY BE CHANGED BY ALTERING OUR ENVIRONMENTS THROUGH COMMUNITY ACTION?
1930 Study by New York City Housing Authority Study to look at the correlation between crime and lack of social services
Herge, Tintin in America 1937
1940 - 2000: The Fossil Fuel Landscape Stage 2 : Oil EVEN MORE DIFFICULT TO REACH FOSSILIZED BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES ARE CONVERTED TO ENERGY
NEW MOTORS MOVE TRANSPORT FROM WATER TO THE ROADS
CONTAINERIZATION MAKES WATERFRONT WAREHOUSE OBSOLETE
Bayside Fuel Depot, Smith & 9th Street, 2007
2007, Frank H. Jump
1950’S - The Oil Era
2011, Yuki Kokubo
1930-1970 Decline of Canal Industry
1929-1941 Depression
1949 Gowanus Houses Built
1960 20 businesses
1970 Port of NY Moves to NJ 9 businesses on Canal 85 % decline from Peak
Gowanus no longer competitive for Containerized Shipping Gowanus no longer competitive for Containerized Shipping
Pollution continues: Moves from Water to Air
2009 Air Pollution
the brown stuff makes you cough
2009 New York City Community Air Survey
1960s Community Activists get Sewage Plant built to divert raw sewage from Gowanus Canal
1969 Flushing Tunnel breaks
1978 Gowanus Canal Community Development Corporation founded
1997 Brooklyn Center for the Urban Environment gives Gowanus tours
2011 -
Digital Data High Value & Craft Industry
1950 – 2000: The Digital World HIGH SPEED DATA MAKES WATERFRONT WAREHOUSES OBSOLETE
REPLACED BY CONTAINERIZATION, AND “JUST IN TIME” SHIPPING & MANUFACTURING
HANDMADE GOODS MAKE A COME BACK, GOWANUS BECOMES A LOCAVORE DESTINATION
Makerbot 3d Printing Robot Workshop on 3rd Avenue
THE NEW ERA
2011, Angel Franco, New York Times
2011, Angel Franco, New York Times
2011, Angel Franco, New York Times
LAND (non naturale)
1776 2011 - THE 2 LARGEST INDUSTRIES LEFT ON THE GOWANUS CANAL ARE NOW BASED ON HUMAN WASTE
WASTE RECYCLING Export tons per year to China and India
TOXICS CLEANUP Superfund will spend up to 500 million dollars over a decade or more
LAND (non naturale)
2009, Eymund Diegel, Potential Extent of Superfund Area, based on Culligan Columbia Sanborn Study 2011, John Shapiro
1999 Flushing Tunnel reactivated Gowanus Dredgers founded
2000 Vacant Lots attract Developers 2007 Gowanus Community Plan Gowanus Canal Conservancy founded NYC Gowanus Rezoning Plan initiated
2009 Flushing Tunnel shut down 2011 $ 500 million Superfund Cleanup program begins
2012 $ 175 million Flushing Tunnel Reactivated 2013 Bond Lorraine Sewer Rebuilt 2014 Gowanus Green Housing Built ? 2022 Superfund Cleanup completed
Nat Fein, 1947, Central Park
GOWANUS STAKEHOLDERS
COMMUNITY PLANNERS
2011 Lowline Competition
www.gowanuslowline.org
Red Point Park
Jacques Abelman Amsterdam, Netherlands
Exploring Ideas for the Future of the Gowanus
DESIGNERS
1858 – The City of Chicago raised 6 feet to solve a sewage problem What are solutions for Gowanus ?
Raising Briggs House, Chicago Historical Society, 1855
Sea Level Rise Engineering Solutions ?
Proteus Gowanus
Historical Maps from the Hall of the Gowanus
Community Happenings
Education & Outreach
Proteus Gowanus acts as an interpreter of culture and place, deepening the community’s sense of context and connection
1639 1782 1836 1837 1844
Bringing Memory Back to Space
Bess Adler, Brooklyn Paper, June 2011 www.proteusgowanus.org
Interdisciplinary Gallery & Reading Room
Scientific Samples & Data as Art
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Superfund Manager Tsiamis
1766
1924
The Star of the Gowanus
ARTISTS & POETS
ECOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS SHORELINE ALTERATIONS
Artists now Colonizing Space and removing pollution of neglect
ART IN ODD PLACES
Anne Percoco , 2011
ARTSY RECREATION
GOWANUS is a Naturally Occurring Art District
From John Shapiro’s Welcome to Gowanus presentation, Pratt Institute Center for Planning & the Environment, 2011
The Gowanus Canal Conservancy
Map: Susannah Drake, dlandstudio, 2010
FIRST STREET BASIN RESTORATION
BROUWERS BROOK / DEGRAW ST BIO SWALE
BERGEN CREEK / BATTLE BRIDGE
PUBLIC PLACE PARK
SECOND AVE BIOSWALE
FOURTH STREET BASIN RESTORATION
SECOND STREET SPONGE PARK
WHOLE FOODS PARK
BIOSWALE
BROUWERS
OIL POLLUTION
www.gowanuscanalconservancy.org
ENVIRONMENTALISTS
SECOND AVE STREET END SITE AERIAL SHOWING ILLEGAL MOTOR OIL SPILLS
27 March 2011 Grassroots Mapping Kite Aerial
The Gowanus Dredgers Canoe Club
Making the Canal fun while providing information about its water quality to the Community through free boats and education events
Come on down !
www.gowanuscanal.org
REACHING OUT
WHEN IT SUCKS, ADVERTISE IT
BOATERS
A MILLION GALLONS PER DAY OF SEWAGE GO INTO THE CANAL
WHAT ARE COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS ?
THEY KEEP SEWAGE FROM FLOODING YOUR BASEMENT & ALLOW TOILETS TO WORK DURING HEAVY STORMS
WHAT CAUSES SEWER OVERFLOWS INTO THE CANAL ?
RAIN WAS ORIGINALLY MEANT TO HELP FLUSH SEWERS
HUMANS HAVE HARDENED THEIR LANDSCAPES
SO NOW TOO MUCH RAIN GOES INTO SEWER SYSTEM
CURRENT “SEA LEVEL RISE” IS FROM RUNOFF, NOT MELTING GLACIERS GLOBAL WARMING WILL MAKE THE ABOVE EVEN WORSE IN FUTURE
SOLUTIONS ?
SLOW DOWN RAINWATER
DISCONNECT ROOF DRAIN FROM SEWER AND LET IT SOAK INTO GARDEN
REDUCE CONCRETE IN YOUR HOMES, SCHOOLS & PARKS
Grass: Albrecht Durer, 1503
YOUR HOMES, SCHOOLS
A 100% RUNOFF FREE PROPERTY IN THE GOWANUS WATERSHED :
NATURE
Gogo the Gowanus Muskrat Muskrat: Adam Katzman, 2011 Mussels: Bob Gusskind, 2007
Gowanda is famous in Japan
What would animal friendly planning look like ?
Racoon
(Procyon Lotor)
Part of a large family living in tunnels underneath the Bat Cave.
Wash their pizza crusts in the Gowanus Canal
Eymund Diegel, 9 October 2011
Lion Mane Jellyfish, (Cyanea capillata) and Algae Gowanus Canal & 2nd Street Ava Chin, June 2010
Jellyfish
1922 Citizens Gas Works Crib Bulkhead
WHAT WATER EDGE SUPPORTS LIFE ?
Gowanus Urban Ecology Changes What are Clues to Pollution & Climate Change Adaption by Plants?
Superfund Salad:
Gowanus Metallophyte Plants
have adapted to heavy metals in human environments
What is a “Native Tree” in a Globally Warmed City?
If our urban heat island climate has more in common with Mongolia than Vermont…
what plant types should we use to maximize carbon sequestration and city cooling ?
Paulownia tomentosa, (Chinese Empress Tree) growing on Smith Street, October 2011, Katia Kelly, Pardon Me For Asking
Albizia julibrissin, (Silk Tree ) from Asia, via the Carribean, growing at Subway Art History Museum, Gowanus Canal, June 2011,
An Ecological Remnant of the Dutch Global Trade from the 1650’s
It is extremely fragrant
Should we use it to Smell Engineer the Canal ?
ADD MAGNOLIA
Magnolia grandiflora, (Southern Magnolia) growing at 439 Sackett Street near Bond Street, Gowanus Canal, June 2011,
What do we want for OUR city ?
What do YOU think the conversation should be about ?
This presentation available at www.proteusgowanus.org The Hall of the Gowanus archive