a stylistically analysis of the roy’s novel “the …

INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF LITERATURE AND LINGUISTICS

Vol. 4 No. 1 (March) 2021

Pages: 01-15

Published by: Research Syndicate Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.researchsyndicate.com.pk

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A STYLISTICALLY ANALYSIS OF THE ROY’S NOVEL “THE

MINISTRY OF UTMOST HAPPINESS”

1.Khurram Shahzad,(M.Phil Scholar) Minhaj University Lahore

2. Muzaffar Qadir, (Lecturer) English Department BZU Multan

3. Zafar Iqbal, (Scholar) Minhaj University Lahore

4. Khalil Ur Rehman, (Scholar) Minhaj University Lahore

ABSTRACT

The study tries to analyze the novel “The Ministry of Utmost Happiness” by Arundhati Roy with

the perspective of stylistics analysis. Roy keeps prominent position in post-colonial English

literature. As she belongs to India which was remained once a colony of British government.

English concedes as a native language of the British people that is why, English language has

great influence upon the people of India. Moreover, the study will describe the stylistics devices,

which is used by the Roy, in her novel, “The Ministry of Utmost Happiness”. Stylistics

grammatical deviations and devices are used liberally by the Roy, in this novel, to bring specific

effects on the minds of the readers. This present study analyzed the lexical and syntactical

patterns in the Roy’s novel. Henceforth, the study will use the lexical functional grammar theory

by Dalrymple (2010). This paper will use the qualitative method for analyzing the data and use

the analytical approach too. Moreover, the study collects the data randomly from the novel

according to the questions of the study. Hence, the study will depict the suitable citations for

supporting the arguments of the study. The present researcher suggests that the study would be

helpful for the students of linguistics and literature in the future. This paper will not depict a



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comprehensive detailing of these devices, yet, it depicts a snapshot of the conventional flouted as

well as deviations, which is induced by Roy. Stylistics; Simile; Metaphor; Repetition;

Keywords: Stylistic devices, Short sentence, Graphitic, Parallelism, Annihilation, Semantic,

Introduction

Stylistic analysis is a kind of linguistic investigation of written or auditory

communication. It examines the style tools employed by the author in his writing work. The

planned analysis works during a similar means “The Ministry of Utmost Happiness” by

Arundhati Roy with the perspective of stylistics analysis. Roy keeps prominent position in post-

colonial English literature. As she belongs to India which was remained once a colony of British

government. English concedes as a native language of the British people that is why, English

language has great influence upon the people of India. Arundhati Roy shows realism in her

handling of English syntax. She typically omits structured words, like auxiliary verbs,

conjunctions, managers and coordinators. Roy novels conjointly contain egg sentences,

unarticulated phrases, and endless phrases, all of that add new dimensions to the sequence and

performance of the new. Example: - events Small events, normal things, hidden and restored.

Roy typically uses simply a word rather than an entire sentence. Style deals with components of

language or patterns that distinguish one text from another or divide several letter paper,

therefore, as well as the author's personal thinking on a specific subject and his or her ability to

present it to bound readers for a selected purpose. It highlights the author's variations in viewing,

thinking and feeling (Thomas, 2002).

Style

The word style has been derived from Greekword, ‘elocution’ which means ‘the

style’ and the word ‘istics’ is driven from Greek word ‘Lexica’ which means language. The word

Style has several meanings and as a term could be defined in broader way. Such as, it keeps

several meaning outside and inside of literature. The way or manners to do something is called



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style. Moreover, personality of someone is also called Style. The style mirrors the mind and

thoughts of someone. While, In the English literature, the word style refers to voice of writers

and their choice of words, phrases, sentences and the structure of grammar for showing the

readers, what they are intending. (Khan & Tallat, 2015).

Stylistics

Short (1981) argues that the term Stylistics means that interpretation of the

literature from linguistically. Stylistics, being a branch of applied linguistics, concerns the study

of writers, style within the texts of their works. Within the nineteenth century, it proscribed the

non-literary text too. For example Law, Newspaper religion, publicity, etc according to Wales

(1990), ”The goal of most stylistics is not simply to describe the formal features of texts for their

own sake but in order to show their interpretation of the text, or in order to relate literary effects

to Linguistics causes where there are felt to be relevant.”

Stylistics analysis

Stylistics analysis means a commentary, which provides a quantifiable data based on scientific

and objective applications in systematic ways. Khan & Tallat, (2015) claims that stylistics

analysis of literature is different than the literary criticism, such as, It uses technical concepts

terms and conditions of linguistics’ science. The stylistics analysis enables the researchers and

students to understand the nature of literary communication. Yet, in literary criticism we focus

upon the interpretation of the literature beyond the sentences style. On the other hand,

Widdowson (2013) stated that stylistics is a branch of linguistic which analyze the literature as

well as literary criticism at the same time. Furthermore, he argues that if we conduct the

literature, then it is taken as a text, and if it is conducted as a literary criticism then we take it as a

discourse. While when we tackle it as a text, we analyze only the language of the literature yet,

when we interpret it as a discourse, we analyze the code (Grammar) and context (situation in

which the language is used) of the literature. That is the basic purpose of stylistics in the domain

of applied linguistics (p. 6).



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Bibliography of the writer

Arundhati Roy is a famous Indian writer of English literature. She wrote many novels

with different prospective. As well as she wrote about the feminism, Marxism, racism, post

colonialism, symbolism, ethnicity and socialism. Her novel “God of Small Things” is a great

example of it.

Significance of the Study

The study will present the easy way to understand the literary communication

with the help of stylistics tools of lexicography and syntactical elements. The research would be

helpful for the student for understanding the communication of the writers, which they use into

their literary works. That is why, the study has very important role in the field of linguistics as

well as in literature.

Statement of the Problem

There are some scholars, who has done the stylistically analysis of the postcolonial writer’s

work. Yet, a little work has been done on the Roy’s “The Ministry of Utmost Happiness”.

However, the problems of Grammatical deviations from the above-mentioned novel have not

been yet discussed by the any other researcher, especially with the reference of Dalrymple’

theory of lexical functional grammar theory (Dalrymple, 2010). Moreover, the study will explain

that how the novel is rich due to the caring the devices of stylistics. The problem of depiction

these deviations would be rise and also the reasons of these deviation discussed by the present

researcher in broader way.

Delimitations

The study selects the Roy’s novel “The Ministry of Utmost Happiness” from her works. This

study will analyze the novel stylistically and ignore the all aspects of the novel. Further, the

study can depict the theory of “Lexical practical Grammar” by Dalrymple (2010).



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Limitations

First limitation is the time limit; the researchers have to complete it within the Three

months. Secondly, the researchers have to complete it with the limited resources.

Research Questions

1. How Roy uses stylistic devices in her novel?

2. Why the stylistics devices are helpful to understand the literature?

Objectives

Objectives of this research are:

To know the sensuousness of the Roy (2017)

To know and reasons which is depicted by the Roy, in her novel, “ The Ministry of

Utmost Happiness

To analyze the stylistics ‘devices’ of Roy’s work and makes easy to understand the

literary communication.

Literature Review

Stylistics is a study of styles that's principally connected with literary text (Leech &

Short, 2007). Peter Verdonk mentioned that vogue could be a approach that explains the

utilization of language in an exceedingly specific context, for a selected purpose, by a selected

person. Thus stylistics will be seen as study of fashion that explores specific options gift in an

exceedingly language and states its effects and functions. Style shadows itself in an exceedingly

specific approach in an exceedingly literary text for specific purpose to specific impact. He

explains that rhetorical analysis deals with linguistic options like descriptive linguistics,

meanings, choice of words and sentence structures. Of these options investigate the scope of

stylistics.



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Literary stylistics refers to the study of a method employed in literary language. It may be

thought of as a compilation of form content. Brumfit and Carter (1986: 3) see some discrepancy

between styles and Literary Criticism, the important distinction between the two is “the level of

careful systematic attention given to the analysis of language”. Once analyzing a text, one is

curious about selecting one thing that the author has done. Once text shows a file for perennial

repetition of sure sentence patterns or repetition or frequency of sure words in another lexical set,

it's natural to look at this as stylistic components measured in terms of normal deviations.

Language, by selecting a definition, will represent a specific read of the fictional world. Our

concern with Stylistics is that the approach the fictional world is command or thought of. Fowler

notes, “Statistically, the corresponding building choices, agreeing to chop the globe given in one

pattern or another, raises the purpose of read of the globe, that I will we can decision the

outlook”(16). The style of thought then may be the fulfillment of narrative points or the results of

native style, of, for instance, an outline of a character or landscape.

In Simpson’s, (2004) words, style is that the art of written translation within which the

most importance of language is given. Language is vital in terms stylistics analysis as a result of

several patterns and forms that have an effect on style parts are a very important key to literary

language. According to Simpson,(2002) the foremost stylistic analysis in writing language is

style and additionally explains that several kinds of literature like music genre, advertising, legal,

journalism and informal interviews replicate a high level of style.

The purpose of the style analysis is to make a link between the text and therefore the design.

Therefore, style analysis is closely associated with examining the connection between style, text

writing and aesthetic work (Leech & Short, 2007). Lutan, (2012) conducted a qualitative

descriptive study of the world-famous moving-picture show "Message". The investigator found a

few dozen metaphors and these square measure parables, litotes, personification, metonymy,

synecdoche, symbol, metaphor, exaggeration, metaphor and figure of speech (Regmi, 2014).



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According to the Leech (1981), the stylistics is a branch of art of the literature he also

describes it “study of the style of the different writers”. Further, leech (1969) had said that

linguistically analysis of the literature is called Stylistics. Widdowson (2014), has argued that

stylistics means is a study of the literature as a linguistically. Moreover, he distinguishes between

the stylistics analysis and the literary criticism which are based on linguistics as well as stylistic.

The study has to analyze the very novel stylistically with the using of lexicon-syntactic tool.

Further, Aarts, F and J. Aarts (1982) claims that ‘lexicon-syntactic’ describes the usage of the

words according to the functions of the parts of the speech in the language structure. Crystal

(1981) stated that the term stylistics is not only the study of the language structure of the literary

works but it also defines the contextual meanings of the literature as well. Freeman (1970) argues

that, the writers of English literature deviate the rules of the English language as two levels one

deviation of grammar second deviations of the contextual or sensual meanings of the language of

literature. So, we can understand the communication of literary language through the usage of

stylistics devices.

Leech, G., & Thomas, J. (1990) complains that the term stylistics is a very broad term in

the field of applied linguistics. Through this, we could teach the second language teaching

students that how could understand the meanings of literary language. This could increase the

competency of their language skills. According to Simpson (2004), for understanding the

literature one must have the knowledge of the language of literature in which it is depicted. If

someone has not the knowledge of language of literature he could not define it at all.

Carter &Stockwell, (2008) argue that word stylistics could be divided into two words as

phonologically style and istics, the first word means style of writing of the writers and second

means the language, so that, the whole word stylistics denotes the style of the literary languge

which is used by the writers of literature. Mehmood (2009) argues that the study of ‘Lexico-

grammatical functions of the Noun Phrase could be used wrongly by the writers for using the

literary devices and implicit language with perpose of criticizing the society and its standred.

Rehman (2014) has described that ‘Lexical, Syntactic, Semantic, and Morphological Features of



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the English language is used in the formalistic perspective. Kachru (1989) has argued that for

teaching syntax in non-native countries the stylistics analysis is a very useful tool’, such as, the

unambiguousness of existing non-native English varieties as forms through the stylistics analysis

of the literature (p.49). He espouses a concept of bilingualism, which could be related with

Halliday (1964,) concept of bilingualism. According to Kachru, (1969) the study describes a

number of civil teachers and officers in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Srilanka, that use the

South-Asian register of the English language in these areas and the writers are also uses the

language in their works which is affected by these cultural registers.

Kumar (1987), commented that the stylistics present the ways of the literary analysis

linguistically. Roy (2017), in her two years before published novel, “The Ministry of Utmost

Happiness”, depicts that the Muslim society of Jammu and Kashmir is facing the discrimination

by the Hindu society on the basis of religious differences. This novel is all about the domastic

issues of the India and Indian held Kashmir. Moreover, for describing these issues she uses some

deviation of the grammatical rules of the English language. Before this novel, she wrote the

novel The God of Small Things and she also uses some deviation in that novel as well. In the

very novel she uses the deviations as a powerful literary figure for presenting the thoughts in

implicit language. She uses the deviations for describing the marginalization in a great manner.

Walmsley, and Jespersen, (1989) commented that functional grammar prescribes the way

of forming the sentence structure. For example, in the sentence structure, we follow the SVO

structure (S) subject and (V) verb are the compulsory components but (O) object is X-element,

further, noun phrase could also be described as, it has four slots or we can elaborate the noun

phrase as the headed phrase. Such as, it has an obligatory noun head and three other non-

obligatory slots(p.15).we would describe the Noun phrase as headed phrase, for instance, it

contains the noun head as an obligatory constituent, however, the other three slots are not

obligatory functional slots, for example, we could use for determiner (Det.), pre modifier (PM.),

and for post modifier (PoM.)”



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Khan & Talha (2017) claims that Roy has used parallelism to refer repeated patterns in

the separate parts of the sentences because of creating the emphasis, yet, repetition of the

syntactical and lexical patterns that create further emphasis. For instance, Roy (2017) comments

that, “Anjum waited to die Saddam waited to kill and miles away, in a troubled forest, a baby

waited to be born” (92).

Kalpana, R. (2018) has stated that stylistics is a study of the literary language, which is

used by the writers during their writings. In the stylistics analysis, we point out the grammatical

errors of the writers in the literary works. But the writers devote the rule with some specific

reasons and devices of stylistics enable us to understand the reasons of that deviation.

Theoretical Framework

This study will depict the theory by Mary Dalrymple (2010), Lexical Functional

Grammar, which helps to the present researcher for proving the arguments of the study.

Dalrymple,(2010) claims that syntactical constitution, Semantic roles, and grammatical functions

has belonged to the parallel formational structure of deferent form of all characteristics. They do

not relate with the derivations, yet with the structural correspondences, such as melodies relate

towards of the songs. The songs are decomposable in the parallel linguistics and melodic

structures, which constrains the nature of whole. Moreover, the sentences of the human

languages could be decomposed by themselves in the parallel system of the constraint structural,

prosodic, that whole should jointly satisfy.

Research Methodology

The present researchers try to highlight the syntactical deviations through the stylistics

analysis, especially, in the novel of “The Ministry of Utmost Happiness” by the Indian writer

Arendeti Roy. For this purpose, the study would adopt the following methodology.



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Paradigm of the study

This study uses the qualitative method for answering the research questions and will use

the analytical approach as well. The study selects the Roy’s novel “The Ministry of Happiness”

and collects the data for stylistics analysis. Furthermore, the study adopts the theory of lexical

functional grammar by Dalrymple (2010).

Sampling for data collection

This study collects the data randomly from the novel of Roy “The Ministry of

Happiness”, according to the subject matter of the study. Especially, the researchers, collects the

data from the novel in which the writer depicts the stylistics devices and literary terms.

Furthermore, the study will select the data for describing the lexical and syntactical deviations

and the purpose of that deviation in the above-mentioned novel

Instruments

This study adopts the model “lexical functional grammar” by Dalrymple (2010).

Moreover, the study will apply the stylistics devices as the tools for the analysis of the study.

Yet, only two devices would be used, syntactic and lexical items as an instrument for analyzing

the data according the questions of the current study.

Data Collection

The data of study collects from the novel of Subcontinental writer Arundeti Roy “ The

Ministry of Utmost Happiness” with the aim of analyzing it stylistically. While, the data has

collected randomly for the very novel for presenting the appropriate arguments about the topic of

the study. Some suitable citations would also be depicted by the researcher for supporting the

analysis of the research. The study will apply the “lexical Functional Grammar theory by the

Dalrymple (2010).



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Data Analysis

The writer uses the very high-level language in the above-mentioned novel. He uses some

deviations from set norms of the language with the purpose of using implicit language for

criticizing the politicians, society and government. Hence, the study will analyze stylistically to

the novel of “Ministry of Utmost Happiness” by Roy (2017). The study would describe the

lexical and syntactical level in the novel. For example, the use of phrases, classes, sentences,

categorically use of words, sentences without the use of verb and subject, single word sentence,

unconventional use of italics, deviation from normal word order, capitalization, upper-case

letters, repetition and parallelism.

Level of Stylistics Analysis

Short (1981), and Widdowson, (2013) describes the following levels of the stylistics

analysis.

Phonological Level

At this level we analyze the sounds system of the specific given language, for instance,

the basic and formal rules of the pronunciation of sounds. In this level, we analyze the sound’s

potential utility at phonetic level, such as, how the writers and poets utter the words for creating

the rhythm and rime into their works. For instance, john Keats, in his poem “lead and Swan”

utters the word for creating the rhythm in it, even he deviates the rules and uses the insensible

words in it, but the purpose behind it, to create the musical sound in it. For instance, “The sudden

bellow, the wings beating still [….] the thigh crashed by dark web” (p,7, as cited in Widdowson

1975). In the above mentioned text the writers uses the words for creating the musical sound like

the words ‘ bellow, beating, and sudden, still’, but the writer deviating the rules of grammar,

such as, he uses the definite article [The] for the ordinary thing “wings”. Hence, Roy also uses

some sounds in her novel “The Ministry of Utmost Happiness” for setting the phonological

patterns. For instance, “ In some countries, some soldiers die twice” (318). Such as the repetition



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of the ‘s’ sound. She uses repetition words in her novel and deviate the grammatical rules in

literary texts.

Morphological Level

At this level, we analyze the formation of the structure of the literary works, for example, in the

poetry we analyze the lines and stanzas, and cohesion and coherence in it. But in the other

literary work we analyze the sentences and paragraph, and cohesion and coherence in it. In this

level we analyzed the sentence and paragraph and check the cohesion and coherence in literary

texts. Short sentence structures area unit best used sometimes between sentences and typically, at

the top of sentences to urge the learners' attention, particularly in areas wherever the speaker is

powerfully influenced, and feelings of outright cruelty. Once Saddam's father was attacked by a

mob with a pry, the indifference and carelessness of the helpless mob getting back from concern

is well articulated by Arundhati Roy in these short, mysterious sentences, that area unit terribly

effective in transfer emotions “Everyone is look. Nobody stopped them”(89), pertaining to a

happening within which a mob killed Saddam’s articulation plan, as narrated by Anjum,

indicating the high limits of human fatigue. Once the Hijras were created to escape their lives

"for concern of the unseen, like ghouls, within the dark", Roy describes the episode as "It was

nothing, however still it was". (35) Elsewhere, whereas pertaining to ethics policing ladies for

women World Health Organization need Muslim women to decorate fitly, a lady in Roy gets a

clear statement within the following lines: “Women area unit very girls.” (321) once riots took

over geographic area and discontinuous traditional life within the village, short sentence

structures were still used effectively: “Visitors flew out. In the honeycombs of the year came out,

and also the troopers came”. (314) "In some croutons, some troopers died twice". (318) different

deviations utilized by Roy embrace treating the segment as a separate sentence, as seen within

the following lines "But everybody wasn't a Hindu together with the voters of the Sahjanabad"

(87). Stress ways typically recommend that the most plan of a sentence is ready enter the most

paragraphs. Here, Roy skipped the norm. Low The clause, rather than being enclosed beneath the

most clauses, is provided as a separate social control obligatory on the animation.



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Grammatical Level

At this stage each morphological and syntactical level are mentioned. Additionally, the

essential objectives are to focus on the structure of sentences within the language within which

the texts ar given. While, the way to use ordination, phrases, phrases, essays, nouns, pronouns,

verbs etc. exploitation nouns as verbs is another issue Arundhati Roys likes to use in alternative

elements of his narrative. Additionally to providing a freshness of language within the narrative,

these options conjointly lend a guiding line by inform to general negligence and negligence once

the typical person responds thereto in events around him or her. In Khwabgah, that is “Anjums”,

for instance, the bodies are “placed” (58), wherever they're set to rest, these corpses contribute to

the “richness of the soil” and therefore the uncommon maturation of the adult trees ”. The burial

ground became “twice as lovely, because the buses in Srinagar” (p. 319) after they lacked area

and were as common as “multi-storey parking lots” (Ibid). Ideally, these issues ought to evoke

feelings of disgust, rebellion and compassion. Arundhati Roy’s use of such names and actions,

instead, effectively demonstrates the neutrality of human life and mortality, that is reduced to a

different operate. Another space wherever Roy uses nouns as verbs is once he explains however

Anjum raises a baby. Anjum reads stories to form Zainab sleep "unprotected for children",

concerning Anjum's analysis of themes within the news. Similarly, Urdu language, during this

novel, becomes "ghettoized" (15). Roy uses many Urdu language words in her novel for convey

clear meanings toward readers but this is syntactical deviation.

Use of rhetorical devices

In the site, Anjum lives like a "tree" (1), he feels unfree by vultures "like a pain in a very

limb" (1), he shakes in a much shaped space "like a fugitive from flight". additionally, he's

delineated as outlay plenty of your time observance TV reports broadcasting "bombings and

terrorist attacks" "increasing like malaria" (42). Whenever individuals hurl insults and abuse at

him, Anjum makes them “blow him away sort of a ghost.” (1) The strange figure utilized by Roy

demanded required attention. Cameras wander and click on “like a distressed bear” (327). Ahlam



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Bhaji is delineated as "floating regally" as a "dirty queen", that is additionally confusing (59).

Newton's army is delineated as spreading the ropes of social panic "with the strength and talent

of the bloodhound" (62). One cannot miss the delicate references to the expansion of the Zainabs

from |a lady to a loud woman. The mouse that originally sucked “sand-like love absorbs the sea”

bit by bit transforms into a lady with bumps, thence the name marsupial (32). Once bearing on

Miss Jebeen, Roy uses capital B to Bandicoot and M in Mouse to ask the bandicoots attributes of

the growing mouse Jebeen has adopted.

Conclusion

In the beginning of study we have discussed this study is not completely stylistics

analysis, this is only grammatical and morphological stylistics analysis. This stylistics analysis of

Roy novel highlight the interesting insight of skills how Roy skillfully uses metaphor and other

rhetorical in her work. Roy has used skillfully literary devices in his novel for convey the real

sense of her literary work. We have discussed grammatical deviation and use of short sentences

cohesion and coherence in Roy novel. She uses different literary devices and Urdu sentence in

her novel for make interesting to her novel. We have analyzed Roy novel The Ministry of Utmost

Happiness as stylistically and highlight the syntactic deviation, use of noun as a verb, use of

short sentence, use of adjective and Indian English with Urdu words in novel. If not anything, the

points mentioned in present paper would offer each the lecturers and students with the specified

tools to explore a number of the distinctive options of language. Hence, it makes straightforward

to the scholars furthermore for the academics to grasp the literature through the stylistics devices.



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Brumfit, C. J., & Carter, R. (1986). Literature and Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford UP.

Carter, R., & Stockwell, P. (2008). Stylistics: Retrospect and prospect. The language and

literature reader. London and New York: Routledge, 291-302.

Dalrymple, M., Hristov, B., Butt, M., & King, T. H. (2010). Agreement patterns and

coordination in Lexical Functional Grammar. Proceedings of LFG2010.

Freeman, D. C. (1970). Linguistics and literary style, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

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Walmsley, J. (1989). The Sonnenschein v. Jespersen Controversy. Meaning and beyond: Ernst

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