a study on rheological and tribochemical behavior of biogreases based on waste cooking oil and...
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بسم هللا الرحمن الرحیم
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A study on rheological and Tribochemical behavior of Biogreases
based on Waste cooking oil and it’s sulfurization
El-Adly,R.A, M. Adel Yossef, Enas A. Ismail, Modather, F. Hussein and Dalia M. Abbas
Industrial Lubricants •More than 90% of all lubricants are based on petroleum •The demand for biodegradable lubricants is expected to grow at about 10% annual rate
Lubrication
Lubrication is the act of applying lubricants and lubrication substances which are capable of reducing friction between moving mechanical parts
Metal Substrate
Metal Substrate
Asperities
All surfaces, no matter how smooth they may appear to the unaided eye, when sufficiently magnified are rough and uneven. This unevenness is know as asperities.
Asperities
Asperities when rubbed together generate particulate
Adhesion and Cohesion
Adhesion is the property of a lubricant that causes it too stick or adhere to the parts lubricated.
Cohesion is the property which holds a lubricant together and resist a breakdown of the lubricant under pressure.
Adhesion
Cohesion
Moving Surface
Oil molecules
Oil molecules slide over each other
Grease Composition
Fluid Thickener Additives
Petroleum
•paraffinic •Naphthinic •Aromatics
Synthetic
•PAO •Polybutenes •Esters
Bio oil
Vegetable oils and its modified
Soap
Lithium, Sodium, Barium, Calcium, Aluminum
Non-Soap (inorganic) Clay, Graphite, Silica and Carbon Black Non-Soap (organic)
Polyurea, PTFE, Wax
•Antioxidant •Antiwear •Antirust •Anticorrosion •Extreme pressure •VI Improver •Tackifier •Pour Point depressant •Solid Boundary Lubricants •Dye
Vegetable Oils as Lubricants
Advantages:
•Good boundary lubrication properties Polar ester groups are able to adhere to metal surfaces •Excellent viscosity – temperature characteristics Narrow range of viscosity changes with temperature •Biodegradability •Compatibility with mineral oil and additive molecules
Vegetable Oils as Lubricants
Disadvantages: •Poor oxidative stability Due to the presence of bis-allylic protons •Poor low temperature fluidity Due to high molecular weight
Using elemental sulfur (10 wt % ) in presence of
nitrogen bubbling at 185 oC
Modification of waste cooking oil Through Sulfurization reaction
Characteristics WCO SWCO Test
Density, g/ml @ 25/25, oC 0.863 0.965 D.1298
Refractive index, nD20 1.4652 1.4665 D.1218
Kinematics viscosity, c St. at 40oC at 100oC
31
8.16
430 72
D.445 D.445
Viscosity index 257 216.1 D. 189
Dynamic Viscosity, @ 50 oC (rpm 30), cP
80
560 D.97
TAN, mg KOH/gm @72h 1.85 0.89 D-664
Average Molecular weight 640 925 GPC
Iodine value 43 7.6 D-5554
Oxidation stability index 19 51 Cd 12b-92
Peroxide value 5.5 0.9 ISO 3960
Pour point, oC 9 1 D91
physico-chemical properties of WCO and SWCO
Fatty acid profile for Waste cooking oil
0.66 0.43 0.28
19.3
4.96
22.94
8.29 8.63
4.95
0.66 0.43
0
5
10
15
20
25
%
Variation of Shear Stress with shear rate forPWCO at different tempertaure
Variation of Viscosity with shear rate for PWCO at different temperature
Variation of Shear Stress with shear rate forSWCO at different tempertaure
Variation of Viscosity with shear rate for SWCO at different temperature
Oxidation stability index for purified waste cooking oil and sulpherized waste cooking oil
Physico-chemical properties of bio greases based WCO&SWCO Test WCO grease SWCO grease Test method
Penetration at 25oC
Un worked
worked
276
289
262
276
ASTM D-217
Dropping point, oC 115 140 ASTM D-566
TAN, mg KOH/gm, @72h 2.1 1.5 ASTM D-664 Oil separation, Wt% 5 3.5 ASTM D-1724 Copper Corrosion 3h/100oC Ia Ia ASTM D-4048 Code grease according to
NLGI
Egyptian standard
1 1 LB LB
Apparent Viscosity, cP, @ 90 oC 89892 91023 ASTM D-189
Consistency Index 520 915 Yield stress D/cm2 29 5 33 4
Variation of shear stress with Shear rate of grease based on WCO
Variation of viscosity with Shear rate of grease based on
WCO
Variation of shear stress with Shear rate of grease
based on SWCO
Variation of viscosity with Shear rate of grease based on SWCO
Schematic view of the pin on disc apparatus
Tribological behavior of greases prepared
Oil lubricant
79.5Cm 20 Cm
33 Cm 18 Cm
Grease feeder
pin
load
Disk
Element , % Pin Disc
C Ni Mo Cr Fe Mn P S
Cu Si
0.23 0.10
0.0117 0.10 98.1 0.71
0.029 0.021 0.30 0.19
0.47 2.5 0.7 1.2
95.6 - - - - -
Chemical composition of the Pin and Disc
Biogrease Friction co-efficient
Weld load, Kg
WCO grease 0.17 175
SWCO grease 0.12 250
Tribological properties of prepared greases based on WCO &SWCO
Blank WCO
WCO Greases
SWCO Greases
SWCO Greases WCO Greases
WCO Blank
Et-OH
Conclusions: 1- Optimization and utilization of waste material that cause environmental damage and turn them into valuable materials such as waste cooking oil. 2- Environmentally friendly bio greases production using waste vegetable oils substitute for Petroleum greases.
3-The prepared bio greases show better performance concerning mechanical stability and thermal stability.
4- The physicochemical and tribological properties of the prepared biogreases show that good lubrication performance
Autoclave for Grease preparation
Penetrometer
Dropping Point
Grease-Oil Separation
Kinematics Viscosity
Potentiometer
Programmable Rheometer Model HADV-IIIULTRA
Programmable Rheometer Model LVDV-IIIULTRA
Oxidation Stability for Greases