a sport psychology perspective on career ... · career retirement retirement (reints, wylleman,...

Vrije Universiteit Brussel - P Wylleman 2012

8th Discovery Vitality Wellness and Fitness Convention

Johannesburg, 24 August 2012

PROJECTVOORSTELLING

(SPORT)HOTEL 13 november 2006

A sport psychology perspective on career

development and career transitions

Paul Wylleman

[email protected]


Optimal 1

2

3 AGE

22

14

18

10

Talent development


10 15 20 25 30 35 AGE

10 15 20 25 30 35

10 15 20 25 30 35

Athletic development Mastery

Develop-ment Initiation

AGE

10 15 20 25 30 35

Disconti-nuation

(Reints, Wylleman & Dom, 2008; Wylleman, Reints & Dom, 2007)

Initia- tion

Deve-lop-ment

Mastery Discontinuation 15 elite judoplayers

Initiation Develop-

ment Mastery 10 elite fencers

Initia- tion

Deve-lop-ment

Mastery 3 elite swimmers

Athletic development


(Australian Sports Commission, 2003)

10 15 20 25 30 35

Mastery Develop-

ment Initiation Athletic development

AGE

10 15 20 25 30 35

Disconti-nuation

-Duration 2,1 y -14% very-40% quite difficult -Obstacles: 1.   26% money 2.   19% repeated illness/injury 3.   18% self-doubts physical/

physiological attributes

Jun Sen

Elite level at both jun & sen 64% competed in junior WC 33%

Junior-to-Senior

Junior-senior transition


Free of Injuries


Injuries & cont’d part

Injuries & discont’d part

Mastery Develop-


AGE

10 15 20 25 30 35

Disconti-nuation

Importance to progress

Ability to motivate

Teaching ability

Confident & relaxed style

Insistence on perfection

Detailed knowledge sport.

Junior-to-Senior


Injuries

Coaching style

10 15 20 25 30 35


(Reints, 2011)

Mastery Develop-


AGE

10 15 20 25 30 35

Disconti-nuation

Junior-to-Senior


Junior to senior level

Integration into senior

level

10 15 20 25 30 35


Mastery Develop-


AGE

10 15 20 25 30 35

Disconti-nuation

Career retirement

Retirement

(Reints, Wylleman, & Dom, 2008)

15 Flemish retired judokas

Mastery

8/15 Image post-athletic career

Discontinuation

14/15 Image post-athletic career

7/15 Problems (e.g., increase

responsibilities, financial situation, lack goal-oriented work, fixed hours)

10 15 20 25 30 35


Mastery Develop-


AGE

10 15 20 25 30 35

Disconti-nuation

Career retirement

20 25 30 AGE 40 35

Average age disconti-nuation

34

28-29 Diving

Swimming Ice skating

30

24 Gymnastics

40

49-56 Golf

Equestrian Shooting

41 Sailing

Retirement

(North & Lavallee, 2004)

10 15 20 25 30 35

1.   Females earlier than males 2.   Disabled athletes earlier than able-bodied athletes

1.   More likely finalizing academic career or no academic career in favor of sport

2.   More likely new career

1.   More likely finalized academic career 2.   Less likely new career.


(North & Lavallee, 2004; Stephane, 2003)

35 25 30 AGE 40

3-5 yrs 30%

1-2 yrs 13% 21% no plans

79% plans

+6 yrs 57% 55% no plans

45% plans

27% likely less training

31% find work

72% likely more training

31% enter education

Disconti-nuation

Up to 5 months: crisis

6-11 months: adjustment

±12 months: stabilization

Considering to discontinue within:

Career retirement


(Fernandez et al., 2006; Reints, 2011)

Career retirement

Decision to retire or postpone retirement influenced by: •  Push factors: negative considerations in current situation pushing

athletes out of athletic career •  Pull factors: positive reflections in future situation pulling athletes out

of their career •  Anti-push factors: positive considerations within athletic career •  Anti-pull factors: negative factors in post-athletic career

Athletes’ Retirement Decision Inventory (ARDI)

24 Flemish former elite athletes.


(Reints, 2011)

Career retirement


Mastery Develop-


AGE

10 15 20 25 30 35

Disconti-nuation

Career retirement

Retirement

(Reints, 2011)

Planning career end

Athletic retirement

Start post-athletic career

Reinte-gration into

society

10 15 20 25 30 35


Psychological development Adulthood Adoles-

cence Pu- berty

Child- hood

10 15 20 25 30 35

(Wylleman & Lavallee, 2004)

Readiness • Motivational: interest • Cognitive: abstract reasoning understanding roles

1. Childhood

Identity formation • Athletic identity • Identity foreclosure

2. Puberty Adolescence

Role formation • Partner • Societal role

3. Adulthood

10 15 20 25 30 35 AGE



Disconti-nuation

Psychological development



39% effort & perseverance 16% self-belief 13% quality coaching

29% love sport 20% natural abilities 12% quality coaching 12% family encouragement

23% effort & perseverance 21% quality coaching 14% amount practice 10% self-belief

AGE 10 15 20 25

Mastery Develop-ment

In



Psychological development AGE 10 15 20 25

Mastery Develop-ment

In

26% financial support (≠family) 21% self-belief 11% quality coaching

20% quality coaching 18% training facilities 14% amount practice 13% physical characteristics 10% self-belief

25% self-belief 18% physical characteristics



10 15 20 25 30 35

Psycho-social

development

Partner Coach

Family (Coach) Peers

Peers Coach

Parents

Parents Siblings Peers


10 15 20 25 30 35 AGE



Disconti-nuation

Adulthood Adoles-cence

Pu- berty

Child- hood

Psychosocial development



Vocational profession Professional athlete

Primary educa-tion

Higher education

Secondary education

10 15 20 25 30 35

Academic/ Vocational development

Psycho-social

development

Partner Coach

Family (Coach) Peers

Peers Coach

Parents

Parents Siblings Peers


10 15 20 25 30 35 AGE



Disconti-nuation

Adulthood Adoles-cence

Pu- berty

Child- hood

Academic/Vocational Development

(Semi-) Professional career Higher ed

(Semi-) Professional career



Development athlete determined by different developmental levels and their interaction

3

Conclusions

Each career stage has own developmental characteristics

2

Development of athletic career characerized by stages and transitions

1

Developmental and holistic nature athletic career requires also developmental perspective performance psychology

4


•  Wylleman, P., & Reints, A. (2010). A lifespan perspective on the career development of talented and elite athletes: Perspectives on high-intensity sports. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20 (Suppl. 2), 101–107.

•  Wylleman, P., De Knop, P., & Reints, A. (2011). Transitions in competitive sports. In N. L. Holt & M. Talbot (Eds.), Lifelong Engagement in Sport and Physical Activity (pp. 63-76). New York, NY: Routledge.

•  Wylleman, P., De Knop, P., Verdet, M-C., & Cecic-Erpic, S. (2006). Parenting and career transitions of elite athletes. In S. Jowett and D. Lavallee (Eds.), Social psychology of sport (pp. 233-247). Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics.

•  Wylleman, P., Harwood, C., Elbe, A-M., Reints, A., & de Caluwé, D. (2009). A perspective on education and professional development in applied sport psychology. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, 435–446.

•  Wylleman, P., Reints, A., & Van Aken, S. (2012). Athletes’ perceptions of multilevel changes related to competing at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13, 687-692.

References

a sport psychology perspective on career ... · career retirement retirement (reints, wylleman,...

Documents