a short introduction to psycholinguistics: garden-path sentence
TRANSCRIPT
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A Short Introduction to Psycholinguistics:
Garden-Path Sentence
Department of Computer Science,
Graduate School of Information Science and Technology,
The University of Tokyo
T. SUWA
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Basic Concepts – Syntax and Parsing
A big elephant squashed a small fly easily.
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Basic Concepts – Syntax and Parsing
A big elephant squashed a small fly easily. A N V A N Adv
NP NP
VP
S
Syntax tree: structure of sentence
D D
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Basic Concepts – Syntax and Parsing
A big elephant squashed a small fly easily. A N V A N Adv
Lexical category: classification for grammatical roles of words
D D
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Basic Concepts – Syntax and Parsing
A big elephant squashed a small fly easily. A N V A N Adv
NP NP
VP
S “Sentence”
D D
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Basic Concepts – Syntax and Parsing
A big elephant squashed a small fly easily. D A N V A N Adv
NP NP
VP
S “Noun Phrase” (for Subject)
“Verb Phrase”
D
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Basic Concepts – Syntax and Parsing
A big elephant squashed a small fly easily. D A N V D A N Adv
NP NP
VP
S
“Determiner”
“Adjective” “Noun”
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Basic Concepts – Syntax and Parsing
A big elephant squashed a small fly easily. A N V A N Adv
NP NP
VP
D D
S
“Verb”
“Noun Phrase” (for Object) “Adverb”
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Basic Concepts – Syntax and Parsing
Parsing = making syntax tree from sentence
A big elephant squashed a small fly easily. A N V A N Adv
NP NP
VP
S
D D
A big elephant squashed a small fly easily.
Parse
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What is a garden-path sentence?
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What is a garden-path sentence?
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What is a garden-path sentence?
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What is a garden-path sentence?
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Example
I put the candy in the box into the bag.
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I put the candy in the box into the bag.
Example
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I put the candy in the box into the bag.
Example
NP V
VP
S
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I put the candy in the box into the bag.
Example
N NP D V
NP
VP
S
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NP
I put the candy in the box into the bag.
Example
N NP D V
NP
VP
S
N D
PP
P
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NP
I put the candy in the box into the bag.
Example
N NP D V
NP
VP
S
N D
PP
P
Require correction
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I put the candy in the box into the bag.
NP
Example
N NP D V
NP
VP
S
N D
PP
P
NP
Require correction
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NP
I put the candy in the box into the bag.
Example
N NP D V
NP
VP
S
N D
PP
P
NP
NP
N D
PP
P
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NP
I put the candy in the box into the bag.
Example
N NP D V
NP
VP
S
N D
PP
P
NP
NP
N D
PP
P
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Garden-path arising suggests we prefer as first choice
I put the candy in the box …
What the Example Indicates
I put the candy in the box into the bag.
here
I put the candy in the box …
rather than
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Syntactic Ambiguity
Syntactic Ambiguity = Situation that there is more than one syntax tree for the same sentence
They discuss the violence on TV.
They discuss the violence on TV.
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Syntactic Ambiguity
Time flies like an arrow.
Time flies like an arrow.
Time flies like an arrow.
NP V PP
VP S
NP V NP
VP S
V NP PP
VP
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Fundamental Issue
1. How do humans prefer one interpretation to others for the same sentence?
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Fundamental Issue
2. When encountering a garden-path, how do humans correct temporary syntax tree?
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Fundamental Issue
2. When encountering a garden-path, how humans correct temporary syntax tree?
Even today, there’s no good
general explanation
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“Follow the next direction ASAP.”
Experiment for Detecting Garden-Path
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“Put the candy in the box into the bag.”
Experiment for Detecting Garden-Path
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“Put the candy in the box …”
Result of Experiment
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“Put the candy in the box into the bag.”
Result of Experiment
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Conclusion
Garden-path sentences are
• Interesting phenomena in itself
• Suggestive of how humans recognize sentences
• Still not well-understood
• Have close relation to humans’ preference of interpretation