a short and easy modern greek grammar

A SHORT AND EASY

MODERN GREEK GRAMMARWITH

GRAMMATICAL AND CONVERSATIONAL EXERCISES,

IDI OMATIC, PROVERBIAL PHRASES , AND

F ULL VOCABULARY.

AFTER THE GERMAN OF CARL WIED

(1 MARY GARDNER

WITH'

A PREFACE BY

ERNEST GARDNER, MA ,

PI LLOW OP CONV ILLE AND GAIUS COLLEGE, “ M OE,

AND DIRECTOR OF THE BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARM OIDGY AT ATHENS

b

xlonbon

DAVID NU 'IT 270 mo 27 1 STRAND

1 892

TRANSLATOR’

S PREFACE.

MY very hearty thanksare due to all who have so kindly helped

me in my slight task. F irst I must thank Mr. VVied, and take

the opportunity to ask his pardon for the amount of alteration

and rearrangement of his tex t which I have found it impossible

to avoid . Mr. Legrand has also my gratitude and thanks f or

his invaluable dictionaries— French-Greek, and Greek- French ;

their ample information and clear arrangement were a great

help.

To Mr. Noelof Euboea. I am indebted for his kindness in

putting an ex tensive knowledge o f the vern acular idioms to use

in looking over and correcting those cited, and to Mr. William

Loring for similar help with the vocabulary while Dr. Walter

Leaf has completed the tale of my indebtedness by looking over

the proofs. Others who have helped me I n eed not mention by

n ame but it is not out of place to acknowledge here my thanks

to my husband , Mr . Ernest Gardner, to whose constant helpalone the book owes its ex istence.

I hape that the book will be useful to all who visit Greece

I should have been glad of something of the sort myself some

years ago.

MARY GARDNER.

ATHENS , Nov. 1 89 1 .

PREFACE.

IT ishoped that this translation of a Grammar of the Modern

Greek or Romaic language, as it is spoken in the Levant, will

supply a need in England. The condition of the languagepresents in n umerable difficulties even to Greeks themselves,much more therefore to foreigners who would learn to speak andreadModern Greek. A nd the absence of any fix ed and recog

n ised standard of grammatical accuracy, of accidence, of syntax ,

of vocabulary,or of style, hasled many to make the assertion

that there is no such thing as a Modern Greek language at all.

Strange to say, it is among the Greeks themselves that thisassertion has foun d the strongest supporters. Their method is

to ignore theModern Greek or Romaic tongue as dialectical an dhybrid, and to fix on some arbitrary standard of past times, say

the Greek of the New Testament or even of Xenophon they

admit indeed that the future, the infin itive, and perhaps thedative, have fallen out of use ; but even these they are anx iousto restore, and, with these ex ceptions, they would make a prof essedly Modern Greek Grammar identical, to all intents an d

purposes, with a grammar of the Ancient Greek man}. And it

must be admitted that many newspapers and booksare publishedin Greece which are in telligible to any scholar who is familiarwith An cient Greek, and has learnt some few idioms and periphrases which even the strictest imitators of Classical Greek

viii PREFACE.

find indispensable inmodern usage. For the student who wishes

to learn this artificial language the present Grammar is n ot

intended. But he must not imagin e that he will find his

knowledge of much use to him in travelling in Greece, or in anyother part of the Levan t. He may be able to converse with an

educated A thenian who has learnt this same artificialtongue

and who is sure also to be able to speak French, Italian, or

English. But with shopkeepers and servants, muleteers, boatmen ,

an d peasants— all indeed with whomhe will wish to speak

in his travels outside the pale of European languages and

civilisation, he will find himself quite un able to commun icate.

This Grammar, on the other hand, endeavours to teach ModernGreek as it is spoken by the common people. The attempt is a

difficult on e there is, as has been said , no fix ed standard,o f

correctness, and the dialectical variation from place to place is

considerable. But a peasant of the Morea would not really

have a difficulty in making himself understood if he found

himself in Smyrna or Cyprus, though his speech and pronunciation might seempeculiar and if this book can give some

n otion of the common and living basiswhich underliesthe wholespoken tongue of Greece, it will n ot be useless. Doubtless the

student willnotice small variations fromthe forms or rules herelaid down in almost any placewhere hemay fin dhimself but theswill seldomprevent himfrombein g understood when he speaks, o rfromrecognising themeanin g of what he hears. Thus, if he re

quires the simplest necessaries of life , say bread and w ine, thewords npwm

’ and kpam’ will fin d them for himwherever there are

Greeks to hear but the ancien t wordsdpf osand oIvos, which he willfind in some books and n ewspapers, will certainlynot be understood, even though he may ask in an A thenian shop with dp-

ro

vrocctov or o ivowwke‘

iovwritten in archa ic letters over the door.

This Grammar, in itsEnglish form, is intended to be usefu l

especially to classical scholarswho possess already some fami li

PREFACE. ix

arity with An cient Greek, and are an x ious to learn the modernlanguage either for the sake of facility in travelling, or frominterest in the historical development of the language and its

modern literature. At the same time no kn ow ledge ofA n cient Greek isassumed ex cept in dealing w ith forms, usages, oridioms which properly belong to the classical language. Thusthe Grammar may be used also by those who , w ithout a previouskn owledge of An cient Greek, wish to acquire a practical acquaintance with the modern tongue.

A f ew wordsmay be added as to the relation of the study of

A ncient and Modern Greek. It has sometimes been assertedthat a conversational acquain tan ce w ith Modern Greek would beusefulas a basis for the acquisition of Classical Greek, or at

least as a help to its study. But it must in the first place beremembered that by Modern Greek those who adopt this viewdo not mean the lan guage as spoken by the common people,but that artificialsemi- classical dialect written by some, andspoken by a few . Still, even this dialect might be taught. But

the fact is that the whole tendency of Modern Greek is so

difieren t from that of Ancient that it is much to be doubtedwhether a knowledge of o ne would greatly

.

facilitate the

acquisition of the other. Modern Greek, with its compoundtenses and resolved cases, is an analytical language just as

English is. A nd even those who are most carefu l in the selec

tion of a purely classical vocabulary can not escape the influen ceof French and German idioms, which destroy the character of

the language, and are most difficult to avoid if on ce becomefamiliar. Thus there is little left of that ex quisite]y perfect

inflex ion al in strumen t of ex pression , the A ncien t Greek lan

guage and the intellectual training ofiered by its accurate and

scien tific acquisition completely disappears, if it be taught

merely as an analytical language in a transitional stage : to thestudent of the history of language such a stage is most in ter

PREFACE.

esting and instructive .but not so to a beginner whose min d isto be trained in a n ew and accurate method of ex pression.

The future of the Greek language will be watched with the

utmost in terest it is ex posed to most serious dan ger for thereis some doubt whether it is strong enough to survive the attemptat a classical and artificialrenovation that is now being madean attempt not only to reject all words of foreign origin , but to

return to the accidence and the idiom of classical times. Such

a rude amputation of the ‘ growth of 2000 years can not safely

be performed. Should the advocates of classical revival attain

their object in Greece, then Greeks will cease to be mutuallyintelligible throughout the Levant, ex cept in an artificially

constructed dialect and no people has ever yet consciouslyinven ted a language, or restored a dead on e to the life of popular

speech, after it had followed the ordinary course of decay and ana

lyticalregeneration which has produced nearly allthe lan guages

spoken in Europe at the present day. Many of the best edu

cated Greeks are fully aware that any reform and purification of

the Romaic tongue must start fromthe language now learn t bythe people at their mother’s knee, and enrich its vocabularywithout altering its essential n ature and it is to be hoped thatthe more moderate counsels of this body may prevailover therash ex periment of the ex treme purists.

The analogy of another language that has passed through the

same stage is instructive. I n the days of Dante there weremany purists who despised the vulgar tongue of Italy, an d

thought that ancient Latin was the only language fit for an

educated man to speak or write. Had not the monumenta lwork of the great F lorentine at once raised the vernacular to a

literary language,it is even possible that a frigid pseudo- classica l

Latin might have first strangled the popular tongue and thendied a natural death. In Greece there are many songs an d

ballads, and even some prose workswritten in the 'true language

PREFACE. x i

o f the people ; and the influence of all is needed to strengthen

that language in the dangers it is n ow passing through. There

are already man y indications that the popular tongue is beginning to prevail in the struggle. If its development, which hasbeen retarded during the last fifty years by the classical mania,be once again allowed its free course, there is little doubt that

it w ill be very rapid ; Modern Greek only requires a littleorganisation and academic ackn ow ledgmen t on the part ofeducated Greeks to take its due place among the analytical

modern languages of Europe and then its position will be

un ique, hearing as it does almost the same relation to AncientGreek which the Romance languages bear to Latin .

The difficult question of pronunciation cann ot here be entirelypassed over, especially as those who advocate learning Ancient

Greek by mean s of Modern often assert the identity of pron unciation between the two. In the pronunciation of consonantsthe divergen ce in principle is n o t so great, though the weakeningand assimilation that has taken place in Modern Greek in volvesco nsiderable changes, an d is very con fusing to a learner, whene.g. he fin dshemust pronounce Be

’

mrep as the German n ameWeber

o r that Byron’

s n ame is represen ted by Mvra‘

tpwv, or when he

recogn ises in the modern Sévnoo (tree) a familiar word, of whichthe first 8 is a soft th, while the secon d has only saved its soun dby changing itswritten symbol . But it istwo po in ts chiefly thatare matters of con troversy the pron un ciation of vowels an d

the pronun ciation a ccording to accent .

That any should seriously assert that the Modern Greek

pronunciation of vowels, in which 17, t, v, a , on, m, are allabso

lutely iden tical in soun d, is the same as the Ancient Greek

pron unciation , may seem in credible to any English scholar yet

this system, for A n cien t Greek , is actually upheld as correct bymany Greeks and some Englishmen, so that it may n ot be superfluous to n ote w e or two arguments on the other side. First, as

PREFACE.

to euphony— let any on e pronounce after the Modern Greek

fashion oi vial{x ou v rip, 1°

17;c (Which may be transliterated 00

ee—eé éhee-en teen w yeém -an), and then assert, if he can , that

Greek in this form is a language likely to be tolerated by a

peoplewith a keen appreciation for beauty then, as to ambiguity,is it probable that there was no distinction in pronunciation

between the first and second person plural of the pronoun, that

we and you were identical ? Yet according to the modernpronunciation and are both eemeéss. But the

unanswerable argumen t is this if there were no distinctions inpronunciation, how did distinctions in spellingarise, and how werethey preserved ? Any studen t of early inscriptions knows that

the Greeks, by a gradual and tentative process, adopted thePhoenician symbo ls to ex press their speech , not ac cording to

philological rules of derivation , but according to the sound an d

each dialect adapted the characters to ex press the sound it used

some dialectsdenoted ou by 0 ,others by OY,

according to the

breadth of their pronun ciation . Yet there is not a shadow o f

epigraphical evidence for any general con fusion, during the

classical period, between the difierent symbols used to denotethe sounds which in Modern Greek have become identical. 8 0

soon as the confusion began in speech, it penetrated also into

writing , as was in evitable ; thus x ac’

is often written KE after

the third century A .D. , and locally a little earlier. Thatthis confusion did take place at this period, and n ot before, inwriting may be taken as an unanswerable proof that it did n o t

ex ist before in speech. Yet, strange to say, this very fact isquoted by some to prove that in classical timesthe pronunciatio nwas confused. Which is the true in ference may fairly be left tothe decision of any unprejudiced reader. On the other han d cc.

and c, which must always have been similar sounds, are confusedin writing in Boeotia and sometimes even in A ttica as early as

the fourth century That a similar confusion does not occur

PREFACE.

in other sounds that have since become identical, ex cept in a fewlate or dialecticalinscriptions in which the beginnin g of this

tendency can be seen, is a suflicien t proof that in the commonGreek of the best period no such confusion ex isted.

We English are at a disadvantage in discussing this matter,because the system n ow used in our schools and universitiesis obviously incorrect, in substituting our thin Englishvowel scale of a e i for the broader sounds almost un iversal

among other lan guages (it would be a simple changeto pronounce a always as in father, and so on). £ut

even in spite of this drawback, we do at least preserve the

distinction between the difieren t vowels,and keep their relative

values appro x imamcorrect ; and therefore our pronunciation,even without reform, is superior to on e which sinksallthe vowels

to e while a slight reformwould bring our systemvery near tocorrectness by restoring the true Erasmian pronunciation.

When we approach the question of pronunciation by accent,we are on more delicate ground for here the practice of manyf oreign scholars is w ith the modern Greeks against us. And we

must at once ackn owledge that it is our English practice to

ign ore the accentsaltogether in speech, so that they become purely

c onventionalsigns, and a vex ation of spirit to the learner and

even sometimes to the advanced student of Ancien t Greek .

That a familiarity with Modern Greek pronunciation would be a

great help in this respect cannot be denied but whether this

pronunciation afiords a true indication of classical usage is

quite another question. Whether the accent in Ancient Greekwasa pitch accent, or of some other nature not easy for modernears to detect and follow, 1 8 a difiicult and complicated questionwhich cannot here be discussed. But there are very clear indi

cations that it was not in classical times a stress accent, such as

that now used in Modern Greek and Modern English. Wherethere is a fix ed system of stress accents, the long and short

x iv PREFACE.

quantity of vowelsmust at once disappear, as in Modern Greek,where 0 and w for in stance are indistinguishablejn pronunciation .

The evidence of poetry seems conclusive o n this matter. If

pronoun ced by stress accent, any An cien t Greek verse is indistin

guishable fromprose an d in reading A n cien t Greek poetry theorder of the wordsmay be an d is often in verted by a ModernGreek w ithout an y discomfort either to reader or to hearer .

The fact is, that as soon as a stress accent becomes predominan tin pron un ciation , all scan sion of verse must be by that and thatalone, as it is in English and in Modern Greek ; an d as it cameto be in Greek when this chan ge had taken place. A nd therefore, in Byz an tin e writers

,as in Modern Greek, accen t alon e

rules the verse pron ounced by accen t, Sophocles’

w a I w Iex ecs n x eumx ova as 7) (re haVOavec

is pure prose, and on ly such a lin e as Tz etz es’

’

AI I A A a I

yopax pvrcg x apt'ras 770 v T? epwpcmg

can be scan n ed as verse. That all classical poetry was scannedby an arbitrary system,

which had n o relation to the actual

pronunciation of the language, is surely a paradox which is n o t

worth discussing. And this certainly would have been the casé ,if the pron un ciation of the accen ted syllable ln A ncient Greek

was similar to that heard in Modern Greek speech.

Thusmuch has been said upon some points of controversy ,because they are usually raised by the advocatesof the advantageof learning Modern Greek and by puttin g this study upon a

false footing, they either attract studen ts for mistaken reaso n s,

or repel them by assertions which a classical scholar w ill resen t .

Now apart from these erron eous con sideration s, Modern Greek isof the greatest utility an d in terest and in itspresen t developed

stage it may well attract many to study the living language .

Ou the other hand, to have remained 2000 years without chan ge

PREFACE .

or development in grammar or pronunciation ,as some imagine

to be the case with Modern Greek, would be a proof of deathrather than of vitality in a language.

Nothing could be more arbitrary than the distinctionmade bysome of the purists in Greece, who apparently defin e developmentor improvement as a change which took place in the classicalage or in the present century,

’ and corruption as a changewhich took place during mediaeval times.

’

It may not be superfluous to add a few words, froma practicalpoint of view, as to the utility of a kn owledge of An cient Greek

in learning the Modern language . It is obvious that such

knowledgemust be a very great help, an d is indeed indispensablefor a thorough and scien tific study of the Romaic tongue. Yet,

paradox ical as it may seem, I have known several in stances inwhich those who started without any knowledge of Ancient

Greek'

made even more rapid progress at first than others who

enjoyed the same facilities for learn ing, and a knowledge of

the A ncient language as well. No r do I believe this result to

have been due entirely to acciden t. Often, while the classical

studen t is ransacking hismemory for the ancien t word or idiomwhich seems to himmost simple or most likely to survive, or

while he is trying to fit the sounds he hears into the spelling of

some ancient form,his apparently less well-equipped companion

w ill have learn t or recognised the word commonly used by thepeople he is among. To make quick progress in first beginningModern Greek two things are n ecessary— first, to learn it by ear

and not by eye otherwise the confusing spelling an d the variety

of symbols that may denote on e soun d will make it almostimpossible to recognise at first any spoken word and secondly ,to forget, until the most familiar words and idiomsaremastered ,that any such language as classical Greek ex ists. In a short

time, of course, those who are familiar with classical Greek willfind their knowledge invaluable for enlarging their vocabulary

x vi PREFACE.

and for ex plaining usages— n ot to speak of reading books and

newspapers. But it must be borne in mind that all dialectsnowin use for any purpose vary between the two ex tremesof classicalGreek and the Romaic o f popular speech and that anybody whoknows both will nud he can by the help of hisknowledge under

stand any compromise or mix ture that he may come acrosswhile if he learns only what is itself a compromise, he is alwaysliable to meet some new dialect constructed on difieren t lin es or

compounded in difieren t proportions.

It is impossible to find any Modern Greek which can be set up

as a universally recogn ised standard ; but the classical scholarwho has learnt the true spoken tongue need n ever be unable to

ex plain any of the phenomena he may meet, or to understand

and make himself understood in any written or Spoken dialectwhich hemay have occasion to use.

ERNEST GARDNER.

ATHENS, Nov. 1 89 1 .

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

CONTENTS .

THE ALPHABET

V OWELS

DII’HTBONGS

CONSONANTS

THE ARTICLE AND THE NOUX

THE ADJECTIV E

I’RONOUNS

THE VERB

EXERCISES IN CONJUGATION

PREPOS ITIONS

ADVERBS

CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS

IDIOMS

V OCABULARY

A SHORT AND EASY

MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.

THE

Smallletters.

a

Pronunciation .

alpha.veeta.

ghamma .

dhelta.

‘

AA SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.

V 0WELS .

N.B.— The following table is put in a defin ite way for the

sake of clearness ; though the vowel sounds vary irregularlybetween the two ex treme so unds given in each case.

The vowels are seven in number.

They are pronounced as follows, each vowel varying in soun daccording to accent and circumstances .

accented, like a in father, ya0m, milk , pron . ghala .

unaccented, a Fr.malle, nakog, good ; kaléss.

accented, like a in name, x e’

pc, hand pron . hairi .un accented, c met, 868mm, twelve ; dh6dheka .

accented, like cc inmeet, 6pm,hero ; pron . eéros.

min ), nose meé ti.

yc'

Sa, goat yeédha.

pain , eye mati .

s im, fountain pron . vreéssi.

unaccented, like i in hit, «mass, sweet ghlikeéss.

accented,like an in autumn ya. i863,letme see ,

pron . n a idhali .

unaccented, like 0 in on dhcs, all, pro n .

aulos.

DIH :

The simple - S f . arc c fw n in writing by

a t is pronounced like cm?in aim, and pax a‘

ipz, knife, pr o n .

is therefore equivalen t to e makhairi.

e’

x e'

ivo , that pron . ekeé n o .

ea or i, fate meéra .

lavia, fly meéa .

a , ou, mare therefore equivalent to t, v.

1 mis n ot common .

A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. o

atyai, eggs

pron . avgha.

at’mi, these

In these the first vowel has its pron . afta.

usual soun d, the second soun ds ctayyc'

kcov, gospel ;like 1 ) before vowels and the promevanghélio n .

conson antsB, 7 , 8, C, pt, v, p, an d stkoyzafi, small- po xlike f before the other conso pron . evloghizi.

nan ts. efix ohos, easy

pron . é fkolos.

nfipa , I found

pron . eévra.

o v is pronounced like 0 0 in moon, I shake,pron . koon ati .

When the second of two vowels has a diaeresis over it, eachvowelis pron oun ced as it would be if alon e

, x aiipévos, poorfellow , pron . kae

'

main os.

l

A ny i- sound followed by an accen ted vowel is pronoun ced as

the semi- vowel 9 , and iswritten 9, g , &c.

CONSONANTS .

The conson ants are pronoun ced as follows

Eaters. Pronunciation . idkEx zimlfies. Pr

finun ciation .

v. w, t row. V é 0 .

9h or rather half- waybetween 9 and 3/ ya

'ra , cat. gbéta.

3! before 1 or c sounds. fizzy“, woman.

£333:n9 before 6, X» 7 . 5776 1 0 9 , angel . dnghelos.

tie. in though, fiat th. Séx a ,ten .

”N

Sdheka.

z . (1 1 1-61

, I —desire. z itafi.

th in think , sharp th. Guya f e'

pa ,daughter. thighataira .

k. x ahés, good. kaléss.

701

20235520 6 and L

Kvpt'

a , lady. khireéa.

7 6V mipcov, master ton girio n .

A l. Mom» , I melt. lialin o .

1 This is a true diphthong. An other ex amplemay be seen in such wordsas é poAé

—yw ,

when the g, which is n ot heard in pronunciation , stillserves tokeep the vowels o

,1 fromcoalescing in to oz.

9 after v and y.

4 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR

m.

n . v0 .1 , yes.

m in the article before a word begin u

‘

mwékqw ,the war. tom bafilemo .

lning with 7r.

6 after p. and v.

trilled

f83 (hardz (“ ft before B Smyrna. Zmirn ee.

8, A, p, v, p.

ruipa ,n ow . t6ra.

d after v. 1 re'

w e, five. pénde.

d at the beginn in gof a word preceded Sév eracpuifu , it dhen deriahz i.by the v of the doesn’t fit.article or by 861 1 .

6 11 in look, or 1611 . xd , I lose. khan o.softer, like a gut—ltural 71 before 5 x e

’

p1 , hand.

and 1 sounds. Id; f . (be

'

pw, I bring. fero.

gl/ pa. npwpf, bread . psomeé .

Though double con son an ts are written in modern Greek,3 1 1 1 01 , this doubling has n o effect o n the pronunciation

, ex ceptin the case of W

IOTA SuBscRIPT.

1 ; (an d w in literary forms) is sometimes written w ith an iotasubscript, which is not pronounced. w}. ypaittys

'

, that you maywrite, pron . n a gréfis.

ROUGH AND SM BaEA'rmNGs.

In Modern Greek the an cien t m continue to ex ist in w riting,

according to the ancien t usage, b in speakin g.

817 1 0 9, holy , pron . ah-

yos.

you saw, pron . eédhete.

fidcfir qg, tailor , pron . rahftis.

dvoqm’

a, thoughtlessn ess, pron . an is cea.

56m, get out 1war ds, priest.Epwopos, merchant.502n tailor.a dpofvra, forty.

as.

6 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.

For the purposes of accentuation 17, w, and the diphthongs countas long syllables e and 0 short while a

, 1 , and v may be eitherlong or short .

NB . This distin ction of long and short syllables isa survivalfroman cien t Greek , in which it wasmade in pronun ciation. InModern Greek it ex ists on ly in writing, and its use in decidingthe accentuation is therefore arbitrary . The rulesof accentuationare, as might be ex pected under the circumstances, frequentlyv iolated in popular Spoken Greek, especially when a word changesits accen t fromrule in declen sion .

Pnocm'

rrcs AND ENCLITICS.

The few words w ithout accent falling in to the class of proclitics are, for the purposes of accentuation, considered aspart ofthe word following them.

They are the article 6, f), o i, 75(at), and the preposition ( is.

The en clitics throw their accents back o n the precedin g word,

un less they begin a sentence.

The genitive an d accusative cases of the personal pronoun are

ex amples of enclitics.

RULES .— I . If the preceding word has a circumflex accent o n

the last syllable, or an acute accent on either of the last tw o

syllables, the en clitic loses its accent .

7 5 kpam.

’

y ou instead of 7 6 kpaa i my Wine.

7 0 531 ra 131 o i3f ov f oil1 ra 181 oi3 7 00, of his child.

7 6 a 1 r1'

1'

1 G as 7 6 0-

1 1 0 69, your house.

2 . I f the preceding word has a circumflex on the penultimatesyllable

,or an acute accent on the an tepenultimate

,the enclitic

transfers its accen t to the last syllable of the precedingword, an dthat accent becomes acute.

E9 . 7 6 7pof¢1p6v rov in stead of To ypdtlnpov 7 0 13, his han dwriting.

A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 7

PUNCTUATION.

The semicolon is used as the mark of in terrogation andfor the semicolon a dot placed above the line isused

The other marks of punctuation are used as in English .

Ex namsn IN Rmnme .

N.B .— The fo llowing transliteration must be regarded as

merely approx imate,as the soun ds in English and Modern Greek

difier so widely

Ea ‘

irAOpe'

vos 1 rpo d'

AAau; d ; 7 739 Awf

x ovpas‘

r o ths

Xaplomain os taiss pro alless esss teess Lyakoorass tooss

p1 3‘n‘

yv «Adio x a you’

9 7 6 x ép1 ,

may teemblauska mo oss to hairi,

é¢aw da€nx a 1 1-61 9 1711 0 1 1 1, pi r ots ye

'

povs'

e fandasthika pauss eémoon may to oss yairooss

(rvv'rpdcbovs

‘

sindraufouss

mamas” 1 11 16 7 0.’

s‘

7 6 Anpe'

pu

kathauss prafita sto limairi ;

e’

Aacfipc‘

z 7 6V voilv pov (Ix : 7 6 yhvx ?) kpaa i mpm'

nra

elafra ton noon moo eéhay to glikd krasseé sikat’

issi

c’

vflvpoupovv waAno'

. x'

34mm’

9 Tbv x a’

fie 3da

en thimoémoon ta palya mas kaipsala steen kathe dhafissi

9 I d A 9

w Tl. (YGLVGV 770 1} GLVG L

au tee ai-yinan po o éenay

a i {71 1 1511 1 1 1 pas“ éx e

'

ivaa

ay eemairay mass ekeén ay.


imrpoam'

. ToBaA'rérm pk f ats Scidwax s 7 0 53 édx im,

embrostamoo to V altetsi may taiss dhafness too efahn i,

Kai. 6 Moipx os' ém

’

jpe 7 6 V pap'

n fpwv 7 6 av ecfiafw ,

kay o Marcos autan epeéray taun marteéron to stefahn i,

Kai. ‘

n'

js’

Ap.7rAavfig ai yafipacs dm‘

) Tov'

px ovs'

kay teessAmblaneéss ay mavress apo Tobrkooss paidhiadhess,

Kai. f f); KAec'

a oflas 1 1 7. 86x 11 7 13V’

Ap¢iflwv x 1A1 é8a 1 9 ,

kay teess Kleésso‘

vass ay dheka taun A ravaun hilyadhess,

Kai 6 Kapaifcrx os arav’

sfilv’

Apofx oflav vcx oiio e,

kay o K ara1 skos af1 tan steen Arakhovan n ikoéssay,

Kai fl‘

w x dp‘

lrov Kai. o x dmros p.

’

c’

pm-

ro iio'

c

kay taun gambon airotobssa, kay o cambosm’airo toossay

9 l d Atw 7 1 eyewav won 6 v0 .1.

au tee ai-yinan poo censy

ai fipépat. éx efvaa

ay eemairay mass ekeénay.

Q o-

qpafa. 7 69°

EAA¢£80 9 1 1 raAa1 c‘

1 Kai. SofaapfmAu seemiiya tesesEllédhoslpalaya kay dhox azmain ee’

s'

x aAéfla (I)? mire 06’

va. c rime o x ov éw;

steeng galeéva mo o auss patitay thay na staikeess sko n izmain ee 2

paiipe pov d pew pe’

ve, ( is 7 6V mail pov yepvas

mavray moo andhreeaumain ay, eess ton stavlo moo yern a’

nhss

m‘

; dpxw es 7 08 7 0v¢ex 1 00 you r ip Bpov‘

rfiv yd. Anapovds‘

,

kyarkheéssess too too fekyéo moo teen vron teén na leesmo n éhss,’

f e'

x a0'

es 1 1-171 9 KaBaM ofpw ( is “m

‘

yv fidx 1 o'

ov pus efx e

x aikhassess pause kavallareen sess teen rakhes soo may eékhes

Kai. o'dw dvepos 1 1

-

61-

000 6 ; 11 2 dypw pe’

vats

kay sahn ahn emauss petoossess may aghreeaumainess

Tpfx ats‘

.

treékhess.

A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.

9 I v 0

(0 f l. eyewav 770 1 ) e1va1

au tee ai-yinan poo eénay

ai fwépa t pas éx efvm.

ay eemairay mass ekeénay.

THE “ ARTICLE AND THE “NOUN.

Gender.— There are three genders, masculine, feminine, neuter.

Number.— There are two numbers, singular and plural.

Casa— There are four cases, nominative, accusative, vocative,genitive.

The dative is wanting, and is replaced by the genitive oraccusative, or the accusative with a prepositio%

THE ARTICLE.

There is a defin ite and an indefin ite article.

The defin ite article is declined as follows

M7 600 m(v) 7 0 159 V afsm‘fis

7 739 7 6>(v)

N.B.— The finalv of the article is only retained before vowels,

and the consonants x , f , 1 r, 7 , up, but even then it is oftendropped.

The indefin ite article is declined as follows

Mace. Fem. Ncut.

zims 1 1 16. 2m.

3va(v) M(V) 3m.

c A e I Q A c A e I Q

CVO‘

US, 67 0 9 , (VG. ( VOS, (V0 0

1 0 SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.

A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 1 1

Fmsr DECLENSION.

The first declension containsmasculine nouns ending in“

as, i};c’

c, 009 , and feminine nouns in e'

and oi)“

Skel6 ton Declension of a Noun of First Declensz'

on .

S ing. Plur .

Fem. Noun s. Bo th

Nom. 61 1 3

A cc. 81 1 1 ;

V oc. 811 1 s

Gen . 31 1W

The dash stands for the stem of the word. The finalv followsthe same rule as in the article.

It is thus visible that the masc. n ouns form the Genitive singular bydropping s fromNom. , the feminine by adding 5 to the Nom. ; both masc.

and fem. add v to the stem for the Acc. ; the V ocative in both masc. and fem.

is simply the stemo f the word. The luralis formed in both in the sameway ; by adding 81 1 1s to the stem for t e Nom. V oc. and Ace. cases ; and

for the Gen itive.

6 war ds, the priest.

Sing.

Nom. 6 mwds‘ , the priest. o i. mu rdSa is,A ce . 7 6V 1 ra1 r8(v), the priest . Tots 1 ra 1 rd8a 1s‘ ,

V oc . war d, priest. 1 ra 1 rd3a1s,

Gen . rov 1 ra7ra, of the priest. 7 13V 1 ra 1 rof6‘

wv,

dAe‘rroi), the fo x .

Nom. dkfwot‘

,

A ce. Tb(v)dlevroflv), the fo x .

V oc. 0 6 1 1-

00, fo x .

Gen . 7 739m g, o f the fox .

1;

1 2 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.

Compound words like vomomfpm, master of the house,’are

similarly declined the only 9 being in the accen t, whichis not on the last syllable.

SECOND DECLENSION.

The second declension contains masculine nouns ending in 179 ,

and fem1 n ine words ending in a , n.

Skeleton Declcmion .

A cc.

V oc.

Gen . 9 «W accented.

Fromthis it is visible that for the Gen itive the masculine n ouns drop theirNom. final3 , while the feminine nounsadd a final3 to theNom. bothmass.

and fem. add 1 1 to the stemfor the Accusative, and have simply the stem for

tho V ocative to form the pluralboth and fem. nouns take em for

Nom. , Voc. , Acc. , and 8 9 alwaysaccented for the Gen.

6 x ke’

cfrrm, the thief. 1} 051 1 1 0 0 1 1 , the sea.

Sing. Sing.

Nom. «Aidin g KAG’

tfrmts 901 1 1 0 0 01 1 9

Ace. x he'

drmv Odhaozaafi)V oc. xAéc/yr

'

q 003 4 0 0 0 .

Gen . e’

dmrp «Accbrfiv 001 1 1 0 0 1 1 9 GaAamJ-Gw

f, x apSui, the heart. the nose.

Nom. x ap81 a'

. x apSuu'

s Nom. pur?p ”157 11 1 ; (1 1 61 6 )Acc. x ap81d(v) Ace. 1 1 151 1 10)V oc. x apfiw

'

.V oc. 11 6m

Gen . 1 1 14 1 3189 x apSu'

fw Gen . 11 157 779 1.1 1)e


e’

Am'

8a , hope. mix ra.

Plur.

c’

Am'

Baw

e’

Am'

«w

6 warc’

pas, the father. the men th.

r arépa 1 9

ware'

pwv

FOURTH DECLENSION.

The fourth declension contains masc. words in 0 9 , and neuterwords in o and 1 .

This declension contains the greatest number of words.

Skeleton Decle'nsiom.

Masc. words in 0 9 . m o .

Sing. Plu 'r .

0 9 OI.

ovs'

— ' 0) V

A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR 1 5

Neuter words in 1 . Neuter words in

Ex amples.

6 dvaponros (dOpwr os), the man .

S ing.

dvapum'

os dvflpwwm

6'

v0pw1 ro(v) civflpo'

m'

ovs

dvflpum'

e dvflpw‘

n‘m

dv0p167rov d po'

m'wv B1BA1'

ov B1BA1’

wv

7 6 x e’

p1 , the hand 7 6 wovAc'

, the bird (fowl).Sing.

1 rovA1'

1 rovA1 1i

wovAwi) 7rovA1 6‘

w

dr » 1

F IFTH DECLENSION .

The fif th declension includes neuter n ouns in a, as,

Skeleton Declen siom.

um Nom

um. Ace.

a'

ra Voc .

arcs ai-tm(v) Gen . ovs

Plur .

x e’

pw. Nom.

Ace.

Voc.

Gen .


Words inmow.

1 11 0 1!

1 1 1 0 1 1

fmros, fparov

7 6 37 0 9, the year.

Sing.

37 0 9

7rPw uimt')

7 6 7 11 6191 1 1 0 1 1 , the writing.

Nom. V oc. Acc. 7 1 10541 1 11 0 1 ! ypa tflpa 'ra

Gen . 7pa 11/ 1'

1 1 0 1'

0 9 7pa¢ 1pdrw(v)

WORDS FOR EXERCISE IN THE DECLENSIONS.

6 41 1 01 1 69 , the baker.6 wawovrlfis, the shoemaker.6 x ac/x

'

s, the coff ee.

1) a apd, the row .

7} pe'

Aw '

aa ,[

the bee.

7A1’

60 0 a , the tongue.

47maix a (gen . the woman. 6 dépas, the air, wind.

Mpr dSa , the torch. ¢p0vr1'

80 , the care.

6 mamas, the sievemaker .

6 f evex e'

s, the tin.

pa'

ipoi), the ape .

2nd.

6 omiAa, the stair.

6 the momen t.1}mi) “(mims), the town .


4 th.

6 66cA¢6s~

, the brother. 7 6 f éhov, the wood .

6 (MAW ,the friend . 7 6 e 161

'

,the key.

6 7 0 1 1 1 11 69 , the river. 7 6 1 1 017 1 , the eye .

the leaf. 7 6 o Ao i381 , the flower.

5 th .

7 6 3631 1 11 , the terrace. 7 6 the thicket.x pe

'

as'

, the meat. 1 7 6ByciAo'

tpov, the dislocation .

1-6 6 1 1 60 9 , the flower. 7 6 (tépmpov, the freight, behaviour

NOTES OH THE DECLENSIONS.

Several words are of difieren t gen ders in the singular and

plural, 6 9 .

6 «o ros'

, wealth 7 6. 1 rA0 15-m, riches.

6 x pdvosthe year ; 7 6 xpd , the years.

O ther words have two plural forms, the bride a i

micpaug an d aiw ¢66a 1sn Othersagain have two forms in some o f thec ases : 1.1 q ; and 7 00 1 1 151 1 0 , two Genitive forms of 6 pfivas

'

.

Plural Non) . o i 11 731 1 0 1 and oi 1 1 1311 11 1 9 .

Ace. 7 069 1 1 15v and 7 0 69 1 1 51 1 1 1 1 9 .

6 ye’

po s (occasionally 6 ye'

po vras), the old man .

Gen . yépov, 7 00yépow a , f o ilyepo'

v'

rov.

6 pdo ropas'

, the craftsman .

Gen . 14 010 7 0 11 0 , and pao'rdpov.

DmmU'rIVEs.

Modern Greek has several en dings like our English kin inlambkin , ling in darling &c., but they are more commonly used,an d may in fact be added to almost any words. Dimin utivesare often used as terms of endearment.

1 Genitive x pe'

a‘ros.


The most important are

(l) to form masc . words—ai x n s, II é-rpos

'

,Her

o

pdms, Peter, Peterkin 651 1 1 71 1 1 9 , dvrpoJAns, man , mann ikin .

(2) to form fem. words— o iih a , { f (a , dSeMM, 685A4>0 15Aa ,

sister, little sister ; n’

f pa , wef pérfa, ston e, pebble.

(3) to formneuter words—ofm,

(ipl. (this is the most common),maf'ro , ww rofm, plate , little plate ; 1 m161

'

, 1 ra 160fp1 , child,little child .

AMPLIATIVES .

There are also several en din gs for amplifying words

(1 ) to formmasc . words, 0 s, or a p o s, added to words of fem.

o r n euter gen der, pv'

ros, or 11 157 11 11 0 9 , big nose, from n ose .

(2) a , a p a , 0 i} K Aa to formfemin in e words, x c'

pa , x epofia ,

from x ép1 , hand .

PATRONYMICS .

Patronymicscommon ly end in 6 1 r 0 vA0 s, of. 6 77 9 , e 1’

8 77 g, 1’

8 1 ; 9 .

6 .9 .

’

Apyvp61 r0vAos, v amw wcfs'

qs.

FORMATION OF THE FEMININE.

The common endin gs f o r the formation of corresponding femin ine words are 1 0 0 11 and p a .

Séa x akos, teacher fem. Baa x o’

Aw o'

a .

1 191 150 7 779 , washerman fem. wh impa .


THE ADJECTIVE.

The adjective has diff eren t en dings for each of the threegenders we divide adjectives into three declensions.

F IRST DECLENS ION.

The adjectives of this declension end in 0 9 , 1 ; (a), o(v).

The feminin e formends in a. when the termination is precededby a vowel or liquid, but sometimes even in this case the ending

Singular .

Fem. Neut. M1 1 86 .

x aAfi KaA6(v) x aAo f

KaA'

rflv) x aA6(v)s x aAmis

KaA'é KaA6(v) KaAo f

x aAfis‘

x aAo ii naAt'

Bv

holy.

Singular . Plural.

M1 1 3 6 . Fem. Nea t.

657 1 0 9 dym. 67 1 0 1 1

(IV I Q

7 1 0 1! ayu y) a1w67 1 : 67 1 01 67 1 0 1/

dyto v

The following are similarly declin ed

pukpdc, little. pafipos, black. 7 1 1 10 0 7 69 , kn own .

Ka x ds' , bad. 1 1 67 01 0 9, great. x dx x wos, red.


SECOND DECLENS ION OF ADJECTIVES .

The secon d declen sion con tain s adjectives en ding in 179 , a , 1 Ko(v)an d in m, 1 0 0 0 1 x o(v).

Eat. {nhtdpfl9 , jealo us.

Singular .

Masc. Fem. Neu t. Maac. Fem. Neut.

N. {nh dpng t tdpa t uipucobl) {nkuipa ts‘

CnAwfpats‘

Cnhwfpma

A 1206 1 610 770)V . Cnhwfpa

G , Cnhdpn {nhwfpas {nhwpmo i} CqALapc'

bv Cnhuxpdw {nMapc w

1 1 69689 9 , headstrong, 1 1 69681 57 0 0 , a60661 x 0v, is similarly declin ed .

THIRD DECLENSION .

The third declension contains adjectives en ding in 159, u é , 6.

Ex . yAvmis, sweet .

Plu ral.

Nom.

‘

yhvmfs yAvx eui yAv yAvx ets yAvna cu'

s yAvx cf.

A cc . ykvmibl) 7Avx eui(v)V o c. yAvmi yhmcew

'

.

Gen . yAvmi yhvx euis yAvx eq yAvx aGw yAvna

The following are similarly declined

Bapiis, heavy. 41 0 116159 , broad.

waxes, fat. pax plis‘

, long.

The adjectives in 151 have also a collateral form in és,

yAvx ds, yhvmi, yAvx é .


Ladies’ clothes are dear. In k is black. His han dwriting is n o t

good. She is not ill . The weather is very bad to- day. On the

first day of the year.

are you n ot afraid o f, 661 1 “360 1 1 1 6 1 rd black , M fipos.

with Acc. she is n o t, 661 1 d y e.

loug- say, much time (time : the weather, 6 x a 1p6s.

in Constantin ople, trans. by a s with to -day, afipepa.

Acc. The Greeks usually call on , trans. simply by Ace.

Constan tin ople, 1 ;the ink

,\6 pek ém. day, imépa. (i) pépa).

Dmmurrvns.

The most common dimin utive en dings for adjectivesare onirfmo s,0 Oli‘l’CtKO , and o niAns, ofiAa , 0 0A1 .

Ex . x a\0 67 {1 x 0 9 , x aAmi‘rZum, x aAoni‘

rfmo , rather good .

dowrpmiA'

qs, dc rpo fJAa , dmrpo iih ,whitish .

COMPARISON .

The an cien t comparative sufiix repos, T (p’

n, T(po(v), still ex ists,

and is occasionally used ; but has f or the mo st part given way tothe word 71

-6 1 0 placed before the adjective.

7r16 wpop¢o , prettier. 1 1 1 Kpo 1'

ep0 9 , smaller.

The suffix form is preferred by literary dialect ; w or 0 is then writtenbefore the su ffix according to the an cien t rule.

The followin g adjectives form their comparatives irregularly

1 1 157 01 0 9 , great p eyaAzrrepos, greater (peyaAcfrepos).KaAos‘ , good '

x aAvrrepos (x aMw epos).Ka k o S , bad ; x e1por €pos [Ka x u

'

rrep7ro z\v

'

s, much ; 1 rep1 0 0'6'rep0 9

The English than after the comparative is usually translatedby 6 71 6 w ith the A ce. or sometimes by 71

'

a with the Nam

cive p eyaAef‘

repos 61 1-6 7 6V d oho , he is bigger than Charles.

The superlative is ex pressed by placing the defin ite articlebefore the comparative 6 KaAAL

'

repos‘

, or 6 m6 scAég, the best.


PRONOUNS .

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

Emp hatic. Un emphatic. Emphatic. Un emphatI Q ANom. 1 7 19 (pa s

Acc. £1 1 69

Gen .

emf), 61 1 0 1 0 0 61 1 69

3rd. Emphatic Form.

M0 8 6 .

9 I 9 Iauras avro

1 1 67 661 0)11 67 0 0, ain

'

ovvofi, 1 1 67 00, at’

rrovvo i}

(airmvo ii)

Fem.

(airmvocf) airrafs‘ (m’

rmvafs)I o D f 3 I

aurous, avrovvovs 1 1m (amvais)

0 67 10v 0 67 631 1 , hirrwvfiv

(«WM


3rd. Un emphatic Form

S ingular .

Fem. Neat. Masc. Nea t.

7 6v(e) trusTy'

s)1 779 7 61 V (7 0 159) 7 6W(7 0 159) 7 631! (7 0 159)

1 If the subject of the verb is a personal pron oun , it isusually n ot ex pressed as it is made clear by the verbaltermin ation which person ismeant .

Ae'

ym, I say Ae’

ya s'

, thou sayest Ae’

yu , he says.

The pronoun must be inserted if the subject is to be emphasiz ed .

Aé-yw, I say e’

ort Ae'

ya s‘

, thou sayest .

2 . I n order to further emphasiz e the pron oun, the emphatican d the en clitic forms are often used together in the obliquecases.

e’

pe’

va p1 6 66pm; do you kn ow me ?

3 . When the pron oun to be emphasiz ed is the indirect objecto f the verb, it is often used w ith the preposition sis.

d ; 60 69 7 6 7m (7 6 (bra), I said it to you (it was to you Isaid it).

4 . The oblique cases of the en clitic pron oun stand immediately before the governing verb, ex cept when the verb is in the

imperative mood, in which case they follow it.

7 6” f épw, I kn ow him; 7 0 6g 66811 , I saw them 815V TO

BAe'

vrw, I (1 6 n ot see it 7r1ip"ro , take it c

’

ig TOV‘, let him be .

5 . I n the compoun d tenses of a verb the oblique cases of thepronoun stan d either between the aux iliary and the participle, o rbefo re the aux iliary .

7 6V eix a ( ir e?or cix u 7 6V eiwci, I had told him.

6 . When a verb has both a direct an d an in direct object , thein direct always comes first.

7 00 7 161 1 0. (17 0 13 7 6 eir a), I told it to him.

7 0 159 7 0 3610 0 1 1 , I gave it to them.


DEMONSTRATIVE Pnonovns.

A I A 0

7 0 1 1 7 0 9 , Tovm, rov-

ro , 171 1 1 8 .

th e.

éx eivos, éx etvo , that.

7 001 -0 9 is declined regularly. e’

x e‘

ivos is declined like the emphatic pron oun 1 1 67 69 .

The demonstrative pron ouns have the defin ite article afterthem.

6 11 0 01 1691 1 7 19 , this lookin g-glass ; 611 4 1 1 1) ‘

yvva'

ix a ,

that woman .

Possnssxvn PRONOUNS .

Singular. Plural.

o ,-

r6 o i, ai (fi), 7 6.

9 ,

3 , Q ,

3 , 9 9

(1 ) The possessive adjectives are thus ex pressed by the gen itive of the personal pronoun .

6 vra'

rc'

pas‘

pov, my father fmfl'

pa‘rwv, their mother ; 7 6

dxpohéw a'

ou, thy watch.

(2) When the possessive adjective is emphatic, the adjective

‘

6o is 6361 x 159 , 261 x 159 , own ) is used together with the

gen itive of the pers. pron.

This form is always used when in En glish the possessive pronoun stands alone.

1 1 0 0 7 6 Kar e'

Ao e e 1 1 1 6 dipopcfio 1 6 61 x 15

My hat is prettier than yours.

NOTE. — The repetition of the article, as above, is not absolutely n ecessary.


RELATIVE PRONOUNS .

r ot, who , which'

(indeclinable).6 61 1-020 9, 6 61 1-020 , 7 6 61 1

-

020 , which (in written language only).

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS .

wgtds. 1 936, 1 7 0 16 who ?Which ?7 1

’

What ?

71-

0 169 is declined regularly. The gen itive has the collateral forms

7r0 1 av0 i3, 1 7 0 1 01 1459 , wowvéiv. 7 6 is in declin able when it occur salon e it means what 7 1

'

1 1 061 6 1 9 ,what are you doing ? I n con

jun ction w ith another word, it mean s also what kind of , 7 1’

B1BA1’

0 eive 0167 6 what kind of book is that, or what book is that 1

7 0 16; is used both alone and w ith a substantive.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.

1 . The reflex ive pronoun éavrév is used in the compound ex

pression 7 6V 61 1 0 7 601)you, myself ; 7 6V thyself ; 7 6V

7 0 0 , himself, itself, 7 6V 601 0 7 61 1 7 179 , herself. This form maybe intensified by adding ’

1'

61 0 g.

év7pe'

1 rovpa 1 7 6V 661 0 7 6V 60 0 7 6 I em ashamed o f

mysel f .

2 . The reflex ive pronoun is only ex pressed whe'

n it is to beemphasiz ed , otherwise it is un derstood in the verb.

wAfivopm,I wash myself.

INDEF INITE Pnonomms AND PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES .

61 1 -050 9, 67791 0 he or she who , whoever, Whatever.

61 1 -0 1 0 9 0 6 {89 06. yeAdoy , whoever sees you will laugh.

61 1-0 1 0 9 sometimes has Kai d’

v used together with it.61 1 -0 1 0 ; mi (iv EM”, whoever may come.


2 . 11 01

00 , every (indeclinable), is always used as an

'

adjective,11 71 1617 1 1 11 , everything ; 11 0501 71 6001 , every day ; 1 1 010: 7 1 ,

e verything 1 1 010: 7 1 7 61 1 £pe01’

Ce1 , everything annoys him.

11 01061 1 0 9, every on e, (compoun d of 1 1 0100 and Z1 1 0. 9 , one).1 1 01061 1 01 ; 7 6 f c

’

pa , every on e kn ows it.

1 1 010: is also used w ith other n umbers to den ote recurrence.

11 0106 7 61 1 7 6’

p.e'

pa 1 9 every five days.

671 0s, 6M), 6M, all, has the article following as in English.

6M 7 6. 7 pdypa7 a,‘

allthe things.

6Ao 1 o i 1 1 0 0177330 1 1 , allthe studen ts.

3 . x dvrg os, 1 1 021 1 91 01 , 11 017 0 1 0 , some on e, a certain .

«61 1 71-

0 0 0 9, x dwroan, 11 611 7 00 0 ,a certain number, a good

many.

a'

H7 01ve 1 161 1 1 70 0 0 9 Kdo '

pos'

sis 7 6 Oéarpov. There were a

good many people in the theatre. (11 60 1 1 0 9 = FrenchI I

7 67 0 1 0 9, “ 7 9 1 11 , 7 57 91 0 , such a.

60 0 9 , 61m, 60 0 , how much, how many, how great.7 60 0 9, 7 60 1 7, 7 60 0 , so much, so man y, so great.

1 1 01 7 1 , some, is used in the singular w ith neuter wordsonly ,in the plural w ith words of all three gen ders.

«67 1 0 77 0 1 16620 1 1 1 rpe'

1 re1 V6. (in , it must be something importan t.

«57 1 0 7 1 1 11 7 1 6 7 0 1 9 , some soldiers. 7 1 , something.

001 0 0 1 1 1 31 1 01 11 67 1 7 1 , I w 1lltell you something.

6 6621 1 4 3671 1 1 1 , 7 6 3621 1 0.so and so such an one.

6 16 7 6 i6 8021 1 01 11 012 6 an on e and such an other.

pcpmo f, pepucafs, pepmof, some.

4 . 11 1 1 1 1 61 1 0 ; or 1 1 11 1 1 4 9 , x appwi, Kawe'

wa , any on e (no - on e) isused inn egative and in terrogative sentences like the French un own .

1761009 11 1 1 11 6 1 0. ( is 7 6 0-

1 1-137 1 did you find any o n e in the

house (at home)?861 1 1 1 01 1 1 61 1 01 o r 1 1 01 1 1 61 1 01 861 1 I found no—on e, or (by

ell1psis) 11 11 1 1 61 1 1 1 , no- o ne.


anything,nothing, used l ik e

Kawe'wa 9 .

1 37 1 9 7 197 0 7 1 ; did you say anything ? 861 1 037 0 7 1'

7ro7 e, I sa id

n othlng, or 7 191 1 07 0, n othing.

5 . 6 681 0 9 , 7)681 0 , 7 6 681 0 , the same.

C V

0 67 69 0 7 6 ei1 r'e, he said it himself.

11 61 1 0 9 , 1 1 01 1 0 , or pdvax og povdx q, po'

vax o , alon e, is usedw ith the gen itive of the personalpron oun it mean s by myself ,yourself , &c.

1 1 611 0 9 7 0 1 1 7 6 31mm, he did it by himsel f .

0AA0 9, 0M”, N o , other .

MODE OF ADDRESS .

The second person singular is usually used in addressing a pe rson . In con sequen ce of foreign in fluence those who w ish to b e

very polite frequen tly use the z ud. pers. plur. The true ModernGreek form of polite address is to use 7 0 0 Adyov 0 0 0 to defin e th eperson spoken to, 7700 7 1 1 1 1 1561 1 0 9 , 7 0 13 Aéyov a

'

ou Wherew ere you born ?

The forms 7 0 0 Adyov 7 00, &c. are also used .

7 00 Aé-

yov 7 ou dy e he is a doctor (this gen tleman isa doctor).

7 00 Adyov 7 179 661 1 6 7 9 1 7 61 1 1 17 170 1 1 0 9 , she (or this lady) isn eighbour .

A fter the prepositions sis (0 14

) in to , and 071-0, f 7 0 1 1 1 , thearticle is omitted in the fo rmmen tioned above, 81 6 Adyov 7 0 v

7 1100501 , I amwriting f or him.

7 00 Adyov 1 1 0 0 is also used as a reflex ive form.

0 i0 '001 1 0 1 1 0 1 7 00 Adyov 1 1 0 1 1 x 0AA1'

7 ep0 , I feel better.

E0367 6 1296 2 .

— A .

Moi)A6 1 6 1 7039 01 7600 1 1 6 . A61 1 1 1 5 f épa .

’

E0 629 06. 1 707 6 , 8611

061 690 7 0 1 19 0 7 5 1w ( 69 7971 1 Emipvnv. (06. 71-000 1 1 0C15 0 0 9 .

a w III I I

V I

EI

7 ou 7 0 £1 1 7 00 . 1 1 6 9 7 0 Pp0 1/1 e7 e 7 0 . A9 T77V € 1 1 0 41 1 1737. (7 5 1 1 0


Ex ercise 2 .

Tell it to me. To whomhave you given the w ine ? A re yo u

n o t from Con stan tin ople ? Do you know this gen tleman ? Wh o

read the letter to yo u ? He himself. I shall give you nothing .

I have no other books. Did you find any on e at home ? No o n e .

These pen s areworse than mine . We will go w ith you . I willtell you somethin g. A sk himwhat o’clock it is.

from,67 6 with Ace. at home,

’

s 7 6 0 7 11 7 1 .

read, the pen , 1 re'

w a.

lx 1v, (1 )have. ask , 6167 1 1 0 6 ,you found, 1 1611 1 7 1 .

Ex ercise 3 .—B .

He who hasmoney is n ot always happy. We w ill give boththe letters to you . No o n e has seen us. I love on ly you . We

know it, but you do no t kn ow it. We go to Mytilene every threeweeks. Have you any acquain tan ces there ? The lady there ismy cousin . He does n ot feel well . He is as stupid as he is

rich.

Jmon ey, 1 70 11660 1 1 . (we)go , 1 1

always, 1 76 1 1 7 07 6 . there, 3x 6 1“

.

happy, 1 67 0 x 41 9 . thelady, k upia .

we shallgive, 06 the cousin , 1;bo th, 11 0 1 7 6 860 . she ismy cousin ,me 851 1 66110 1) 1 1 0 0 .

(he &c. )saw, eibe. (the article is n ot used in cases likeI love, 67 0ml}.only, 1 1 61 1 0 1 1 . (he, she)does n ot feel, 831 1 0 20 06 1 1 1 7 0 1 .(we)kn ow, fépopdv). say, in Greek , feelhimselfthree, 7 pe

'

1‘

s. well, nuAd.

week , 63600680 . stupid , 11 0 1 1 7 69 .to , cl: with Ace. rich, 1 721 060 1 0 9 .


THE V ERB.

Voices. The verb has two voices

The active, ypdgtw, I write .

The passive, 7 1 16 161 7 0 1 , it is written .

Moods.—There are three moods

Indicative, 7 1 1001 0 1 , I write.

Subjunctive, 1 16 ypdcpy, that he may write.

Imperative, ypaiqtc, write.

There is n o infin itive proper . It is ex pressed by means of theparticle w ith the subjun ctive 831 1 1 16 ypoiqzw,

I canno twrite. Two abbreviated infin itives are in use as participlesthese w ill be discussed under the formation of the compoun dten ses.

m es — There are three simple tenses

Presen t, W000 » , I write.

Imperfect, gypacfia, I was writing.

A orist, €yp0 1/1 0 , I wrote.

There are four compound tenses

Perfect, 2x 0 1 yptillf u , I have written .

Pluperfect, eix a 7 110111 1 1 , I had written .

Future, 06 I shall write.

Future Perfect, 06 ix u1 7 1 16111 0 1 , I shall have written .

There are two participles

Present Active, 70 1101 0 11 7 0 9 , writin g.

Perfect Passive, ” 0 1 1 1 1 61 1 0 9, written.


0hssification .— There are two kin ds of verbs : (1 )simple, and

(2)co n tracted.

In con tracted verbs the 0 o r e preceding the terminatio ncoalesces w ith the vowel of the termination, 60 1663 for 6d ,

I speak .

The letter immediately preceding the termination is called thecharacteristic letter.

PersonalEn dings of 1 11 0 Verb.

Present Indicative. Present Subjun ctive.

v9

y ovv (0 1 1 11 6)

N B.- There is n o difference in pronun ciation between Indic. Pres. an d

Sub] . Pres.

Imperfect In dicative. Future Indicative.

S ing.

a. is placed before the Subjunctiveto ex press the Future.

Con ditional.

179060. With in fin itive ending in

NOTE .— TheEu lish conditionalmay also be translated by the particle 90

with Imperfect or luperfect 9 . 06 elx a, I should have.

06 comes from 01’

(a shortened form o f 0621 0 1) and mi. It is also used inthis form 06 1 16 321 67 01 , I shallsee.

Imperative, 2nd pers. sing. - e, plur. — ere. Instead of theseforms, an d for the other persons, 1 16. or é

'

s with the subjun ctive isused.

Present Participle.

0 1 17 0 9


T1 1 1 1 Avxmu mss 2x 1 » AND

Before proceeding to the conjugation of 1 the regular verb, it isnecessary to give the irregular aux iliaries. These possess onlythe present, imperfect and future tenses.

”

Ex w, I have.

Presen t Indicative. Presen t Subjunctive.

Sing.

6x 0 1 , I have. Zx ope(v) (1 1 6) 3x 1 » , that I may have. (v6)gx wpdv)2x e1 9 2x 1” 3x ere

3x 0 1 3x 3) 3x 0w (e)

Imperfect Indicative . Future Indicative.

Sing. Sing.

(Ix a , I had . ei'

x ape I Shall have .

‘Ix es

Ix c

Condition al.Sing.

17006 0 . 3x 0 1 , I should have .

170A “

6006 0

Imperative.

1 1 6 or 69 w ith Subjunctive.

Presen t Participle.

2x 0 1 1 7 0 9 , havin g.

Nm — The perfect o f 1 x 01 issometimes ren dered by another verb (31 0 5 0 , I

have got. The third pers. of (x 0 is used impersonally to mean there is; ittakes the A00 . 0.9. (x c1 11 0 1 4 1 10 la7 p61 1 £66 is there no doctor here !

Note also 7 1 1 x 0 9 , what is the matter with you !

A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR .

'

Ex 1 0 7 6 fl1fl1\1'

0 .

”

Ex 0 1 9 1 7 1 1 7 0'

pa 1 1 0 2 11 1 1 7 61 1 1 1 ;”EX“ 1 7066 0 69

66 57 0 1 1 9 1 7 0 1 1 680 1 9 . A61 1 3x 07 0 31 10 . 161 1 0 80 0 11 1 16 01 1 1 1 .

Ti Zx ovw o i 0 0 9 ; A61 1 eix a x ap7 1'

.

‘EIX09 7 11 1 1 680 1 0'

7 ov .

EIx 0 311 0. 1 7 1057 0 1 1 0 7. 31 1 0 1 7 1 111 0 81 1 1 . M16 ¢0p6 0Ix ap 0 51 1 0 71 0 7 611 1 11 0 6 31 1 1 1

0 11 0 6 01 11 1 . A611 ci'

x u7 0 1 1 0.1p611 1 16 Tf 02x 0 1 1 0 o i. 6806 160 5 0 0 9

2 151 1 01 1 0. 861 1 3x 1 0 11 0 .1p6, 6663 0 .17

pm06 3x 1 6 . (96 3x 0 1, “ ypcippa7 a N65x 0“ 131 7 0 1 1 0 1 1 15. EIX0 1 7 0661 1 11 60 1 1 0 1 1 011 02; A61 1 3x 0 1 11 06667 011 0

6 1 7’

0 67 6.

1“A1 1 dx o. xpfipam. 06 03x 11 11 0 6 1666 0 1 1 9 .

1"A1 1 064 1 11 0 9 06

03x 09 1 704 1680 1 9 . T0?) 0 0 1 1 861 1 610 1 9 31 1 0 . 0080 9 7 1] B1 0'

1 1 1 1 1 ,

T6 w 0 A61 1 7 6 3x 0/1 0 1 1 ."

Ex ow e 7 6 A61 1 7 6x 0w 0 ( 7 a

Zx ovvc).

7 8 8 13 1 1 10 , the book.

1 1 1 1 7 011 0 , themother.

6 4101 0 9 , the f riend.

é pa‘

ios, beautiful.7 6 0 11 0 71 4 11 1 , the little dog.

7 6 z ap7 i, the paper.

680 1 01,the permission .

7 8 1 7 1 11 7 0 , the plate.

7 6 1 1 1 11 0 17 1 1 1 , the fork.

1 1 10 o nce (o ne time).7 6 7 0 7 1 10 , the little eat.6 11 0 1 069 , the time.

1 16 1 731 7 0 , to

6 680 1 1 4167 , tfii

brother.

Ex ercise 4 .— B .

Who has the best knife ? He has n o patience.

“Had theymuch to 11 0 ? Will you have time to-morrow '

i When shall we

have the letter ? If I hadmore time, I should havemoremoney .

Have you courage ? Were there many people in the theatre ?She will have paper and ink to -morrow . Have you n ot timen ow ? This evening I shall n ot have much to do . If they hadf rien ds, they would have greater hopes. Goo d luck to him

(tran s.may he have go od luck). Had you (7 0 17 1167 0 1 1 0 0 1 1)n ot ahouse? Yes, I have it still. Have you the ticket ? Yes, Ihave it in my pocket. Had he it? No

,he had n ot. There is

n ot a better book than yours.

0 41 10 090 , to -day.

c 6pm, to-morrow.

7 6 7 1161 1 1 1 6 , the letter.

patience.86V , n ot.«om 1060 1 4 0 3 , many people.

31002, there.

7 6 ¢C7‘, the food.

7 6 x pfipa-ra, themoney.

7 6 Odppos, the courage.

m, and.

6 0020 3 , the uncle.Vien na.


the knife. 7 6 pax ai‘

pu this even ing, 67 641 0 .much to do , 3

31much work. hope, 01 1 7 6 1 1 .

work, 4; 80 1 1 1 1 0 good luck , 13time, 6 xmpds. yet,the theatre, 7 6 the ticket, 7 6 pt 1AA107 o .

the ink, 7 6yekdm. yes, valor 1 1 4 A1 0 7 a.

I am.

Present Indicative. Present Subjunctive.

(v6) I may be. (v6)

W "

fin fin

Imperfect Indicative . Future Indicative .

Sing.

7311 0 1 1 1 1 06

I was.

50 0 1 11 1 , 130 W

67 6 1 1 0 , 67 0 1 1 0

Conditional.

06 131 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 , I should be.

Imperative.

l ml.

v6 flM G‘

TC, let us be.

V6 150 6 1 , be. v6 170 7 0 , be ye.

v6 51 1 0, let himbe. v6 five, let thembe.

or 69 61 0 .


The missing tenses of are sometimes supplied from the

A orist of 0 7 011 0 11 6 1 , to stand . (See under the irregular verbs.)

00 7 601 1 1 1 6 , I was.

2x un I have been .

elx a 0 7 6 06, I had been .

06 0x 10 I shall have been .

Ex ercise 5 .- A .

E61 0’

9 7 6 0 7 1-

137 1. 1 1 0 16 031 1 0 6 157 9) x vpfa ; 1361 0 1656 1) pov. II 0 1 6

031 1 0 6 67 6 7 6 776 1816 ; 1 1 0 130 6 1 , 1 7 6 161'

1 1 0 1? 170 0 1 111 6 00:

2 6 7 1 1 029 1 1 131 1 6 1 9 1 7 06 06 030 6 1. Av7 69 1 77 6 11 0 1 1 07 6 6 0 1 7 01 1 0 9

’

6 776 0 01 1 6 1 1 0 .

696 031 1 0’

9 7 6 0 71-

117 1. 6 v A 1 1 0Ix 6 7 69 7 1 1 160 01 9 vrovx a 6 67 69 06

fipow a 067 0x 179 . 2 61 1 177 6 11 0 1 1 06 , 7 6 1 1 6 66 16

1 7 1 19 1rr-

6 1 1 0 pavpa'

7mpa

031 1 0 6'

0 1 rp6 . Tov 6 07 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 60 1 1"

170 0 1 1 1 1 6 ¢ op6 9 7 ou M1x 66 1) 7 6

0 1 1-

137 1. Hpovva 7 1 1 6 6 6 6 7 1 1069 0 1 9 01 1 6 B1B6 1 o 1 rw6 0 1 o . 0 6 0 1 1 111 6 0 7 0

appw0 7 0 1 . Avp1 0 11 9 061. 10 1 16 1 9 06 066 1 . N6 130 vx o q .

A9 1

011 0 0

’

6 0v00p0 9 . A,6

-1 7 0 7 0 1 1 6 ppovva 7 01 1 0 9 ! H61 1 7 0 7 0 1 1 6 150 6 1

x 6 66 .

’

9 7 6 0 1 1 537 1 , at home. 11 06 , young g1 rl.rupia, the lady. 7 6 1 1 6 6 6 16, the hair.

4101 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 , my friend, a friend o f min e. pavpos, black.

7 6 m ust, the child , young fellow, 60 7 p0s, white.

waiter, 6 c. 0 the secretary, clerk .

7 0 71 0 6 1 = 1 ro i) 0 10 6 1 , usualway to calla 7 6 3 1 36 1 0 7 10 6 0 1 0 1 1 , the bookshop.

waiter. 6ppw0 7 os, ill.film

'

s, yesterday.

'

s 7 6 1 3 251 6'1p6 1 s, at six o

’

clock .

in 60 1 1 71 0 1 , quiet.7 11 073 , three . 06 0 1500 11 0 3 , free.

6 07 6 6 0 17 0 11 0 3 , bigger, older. 61 1 7 0 7 0 , if only.

13 7 1 1 61 0 1 , the acquain tance. strong.

0 67 0 x 11 1 , fortunate, lucky . 7 6 1 1 7 07 0 , always.

0 6 1 1 , when . 106 6 1£, well.

Ex ercise 5 — B.

He was n o t at home yesterday. Why is she n ot here n ow 1

Where do you come from? I come fromGermany. I was veryill . A t such a time they will n ot be at their shop. Was he n o ta relative of Mr. Argyropoulos

'

l No, he was theson of Michael,


A oristo07 11 6 41 6 , I wrote .

(67 1 1 01111 67 6 1 (661 11 1 0511 0 1 6

Perfect. Pluperfect .

2x 01 7 11601 0 1 , I -have written . 03x 01 7 1 16 111 0 1 , I had written .

F uture.

0?7M ’ or I shall write . 06 7 1 1641 6 11 1 0 , 7 1 1601 1 01 1 006 7 11 6 111 01 ,

96 1 1 1 46 11 9 , 1 11 4 111 11 9 013 1 1 6111 6"

96 1 1106011 » 1 11 4 41 1 1 00 1 1 16 111 0 1 1 1 10)

Future Perfect.

06 0X1» 7 11 6111 01 , I have written .

Con ditional .

06 01 11 1 6 41 6 , I should write . 06 07p6¢0 1 1 0 (7 11 6111 0 1 11 1 0)37 1 1 6 111 09 07 1 1601 07 0

31 1 1 1 q 31 9600 1 1 6)

130066 7 1 1601 0 1 13006 0 11 01 1 7 1 164 1 01

130066 1 1 (130066 1 1 0)7 11 6111 01

Past Conditional.

71006 6 7 1 16111 01 , I should have written . 7p6¢0 116006 0; 13006 6 7 0

13006 6 1 1 (130066 1 1 0)06 0ZX6 7 1 164 1 01 , I should have writtefi.

Subjunctive Mood .

Presen t.

(1 1 6)7 1 164 1 6 1 , that I may write (1 16)7p6¢wp0 (7 1 16 160 1 1 1 1 0)7116 1607 0

YPa¢9 ypci¢o 1 1 1 1(0)


Aorist.

(1 1 6) that I may write . (1 6) 7 1 16 111 6 11 11 0 , 7 1 16511 0 1 1 1 1 0

7 11 01111 11 9 Ypfillfm

7 11 4 41 1 13Imperative.

Present.

7 10601 0, write. 7 1 1 6 1607 0, Write (ye).69 ypofcfrg, let himwrite . yp6¢ o 1 1 1 1 0 , let themwrite .

A orist.

7516111 0, write . 7 1 16111 07 0, 7 116111 7 0 .

69 7 1 16111 31 , let himwrite. 69

Infin itive (used only in the compound tenses).

Present. Aorist . 7 1 1641 0 1 .

Present Participle. 7 1 1 6111 0 1 1 7 6 9 , writing.

Passive Voice.

Present.Sing.

a

yp64>0 11 6 1 , 7 11641 0 1 11 1 6 1 , I amwritten, 6m. 7 1 16 41 066 6 0 7 0 (7 1 1 6 0161 11 006 )

yp6¢ 00 6 1 7 p6¢ 00 7 0 (7 1 16 16000

yp6¢ 0 v1 1 7 6 1

Imperfect.I was written .

-

yp6¢o1 10 0 1 11 1 , (0)yp6 ¢60 0v1 1 6 (67 1 1 6 01 60 6 0 7 0

(67 11 6 01 67 6 1 1 0

A orist.

(6 7 1 16410171 1 6 I waswritten . (0)

(31 1 1 1169601 1 (e’

hpaq ix afl , (67001 150151 0 1

(61 961601 1 11 0 (1 11 6 1 1 6 0 1 (1 11 1 0 110 0 :

Perfect. 0x 0 1 7 1 1 6 4106, I have been written .

Pluperfect. 03x 1 1 I had been written.


Future.

06 7 1 16111 0 1 1 1 6 1 , or 7 11 6 16061 , 06 7 11 6 416 1 1 6 0 7 0, 7 1 1 6 6100 61 1 0

I shall be written .

7 1 166 60 01 1 : 7 1 1 1 1 159179 vmwi‘

m7 1 1601 6 1 1 17 6 1 , 7 1 16 1600 61 1 0

Future Perfect. 06 0x 01 7 11 6 01055, I shall have been written .

Conditional .

Sing.

06 07 1 16 41 66 00 1 1 , I should be written. 06

1 1 07p6 ¢ 1 $0 0v1 1

éyp6¢ov1 1 7 6 1 1 (0hp6 4161 17 0 1 10 6 1 1

13006 6 I should bewritten.

Past Con dition al. 06 0Ix 6 7111 6 111013, I should have been written .

Subjunctive.

Present.

(1 1 6)71 1641 0 11 1 6 1 , that Imay be written . (1 1 6)7 11 6 616 1 1 6 0 7 0 , 7 1 16 41 066 6 0 7 0

7 1 16 111 00 6 1 751641 00 7 0

7 11641 07 6 1 7 11 64 1 0 1 6 17 6 1

Aorist.

(1 1 6)yp6 ¢06 , that I may be written . (1 16)7 1 1 6 1600 36 001 )1 1001 116069 7 1 101 115061 0

wa4>05 1 1 1 1 1 9500911 1

Imperative.

7 1 16 160 1 1 , be written .

69 7 1 1641 07 6 1 , let him be written .

Aorist In fin itive.

1 1 161161 0 "

69 7 11 6100 0 1 1 7 6 1 (7 1 1661 10 1 17 6 1 )

Perfect Participle.

7 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 01 1 09 , written


CONTRAC'I‘ED V Enes.

Most contracted verbs end in there are also some inbut the people usually conjugate them like verbs in

6 1 7 0. 7 6 to deceive.

A0 1 131 10 Voice.

Presen t In dicative.

6 1 76 7 61 0 , 6 1 76 7 171 , I deceive. 6 1 7 6 7 60 1 1 0, 61 76 7 081 1 0

6 1 76 7 60 1 0, 67 6 7611 61 76 7 607 0, 61 76 7 67 0

61 7 6 7 60 1 , 6 1 76 76 61 7 6 7 60 1 1 1 1(

Imperfect.

61 76 7 0 130 6 , I was deceiving.

6 1 76 7 0 60 0 61 76 7 0 130 6 1 1

6 1 767 170 6 , I deceived

6 1 767 1 10 0

Perfect . Pluperfect.

2x 10 61 76 7 150 0 1 , I have deceived. ezx a I had deceived.

Future.

I shall deceive. 06 0x 1» 61 7 6 1-

130 01

Conditional .

06 151 76 7 060 6 or 6006 6 6 1 76 760 0 1

Subjunctive.

Present.

Future Perfect.

shall havedeceived .

Past Con ditional.

06 dx a 61 7 6 7 61 7 0 1


Imperative.

Presen t. A orist.

6 1 767 6 0, 61 767 6 61 7 6 7 67 0 6 1 767 1 10 0 61 7 6 7 150 07 0, 61 76 1 -60 7 0

69 69 61 76 7 6“

69 61 7 6 7 0 174 0)69 60 6 7 150 7) 69 6 1 76 7 60 0 1 1 14 0)

A orist I nfin itive. 6 1 76 7 150 0 1 Pres. Participle. 61 76 7 171 1 17 6 9 .

Passive Voice.

Presen t Indicative.

61 7 6 7 031 1 6 1 , I am deceived .

6 1 7 6 7 60 6 1

61 76 7 67 6 1

I xhfierfect.

6 1 76 7 0 150 0 0 4 6 ) I was bein g deceived.

61 7 6 7 0 150 ovv(6 )6 1 76 7 0 61 17 6 1 1

Some verbs have the fo llowing endings fo r the Pres. Indlc

1 0 31 1 7 6 1

Bapwfipm, to be weary.

Present Indicative.

flapwfipm, 36 0 1 071 6 1 , I amweary. [36 0 1 0 151 1 6 0 7 6 flap16p6 0 7 0

Bap1 0'

0 6 1 B6 p1 0 1'

30 7 0 , Bap1 0'

0 7 0

B6 p1 0’

7 6 1 fiapwfiwm

Imperfect.

I was weary.

(636 1 1 1 060 6 0 7 0


Pluperfect.

Future. Future Perfect.A

06 6 1 76 7 6 11 1 6 1

06 61 76 7 006106 0x 10 61 76 7 1 1013

Conditional . Past Con ditional.

6 1 76 7 0 151 1 0 1 6 ! or 61 76 7 17013 06 0Ix 6

Subjun ctive.

Presen t. v6 61 76 7 091 1 6 1 Aorist. v6 61 76 7 11061 .

Imperative.Presen t. Aorist.

6 1 7 6 7 60 1 ) 61 76 7 750 0 1 ) 61 76 137 0

69 6 1 76 7 67 6 1 69 61 76 7 0 91 1 7 6 69 6 1 7 6 7 1 1013 69 61 76 7 000s

A o rist Infin itive. Perfect Participle. 61 76 7 116 01 1 0 9

m s m 010 .

I believe.

Active Voice.

06 000 131 1 0 1 1

0appo f'v

Passive Voice.

This usually has the forms in 6 6 , cited above. Occasionally the following

’

endings occurG I

0 1 4 1 6 1 0 1 4 1 6 0 7 0 0 14 1 006 )030 6 1 030 7 0

The remain ing forms follow the 66 con jugation .


EXERCISES IN CONJUGATION.

OH THE PRESENT Tnnsm(ACTIVE).

Endings f or uncontracted forms

The Active Presen t of the fo llowing verbs is con jugated

above (like 7 1166 10)

Smflfl w, I read.

156w , I throw.

En dings for con tracted forms

for the forms in 010 we hav ef or 610 we have 171 6

60 1 9I

(la.

Bo th the forms in 6 1 » and 63 are often used indifieren tly in th e

singular ; verbs in are only used in the con tracted forms.

Conjugate the followin g verbs like 61 76 7 60»

I ask ;‘

YGH Q ’, I laugh ; 67 6 1 7610 , x 6 1p07 61 0 , I sa lu t eI speak ¢ 1A6w, I kiss. (The two last are more o fte n

con jugated like 0app6 .)

(61 0 , I live, is con jugated as follows (61 , (fig, (13, (131-

0 .

The Subjun ctive is the same as the Indicative, ex cept th a t

f or 01 , when ever it occurs in the termination , g is written .


the language, 7 6 6 6 0 0 . the appetite, 511 051 .fine, 0 116 10 3 . to change, 71 6 6 1

1 13.

the newspaper, 0¢flp€pi8¢ a Turkish pound, 1 1 16 Afpa 7 0 11 11 11 1 11 1 1 .

the wine, 7 b Kpfl d ‘. to whisper, 1 1 00 41 0 1 1 1 6 60 .

the door, 61 1 7011 7 1 1 . to shut, 0 ¢ 6 6 v6 .

to 8 oil, 31 6 6 1 1 13. to kiss, 0 1 6 13.

the er, mrtpa.

ON THE 1 1 1 9 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 7 .

To formthe imperfect, the augment 0 is usually placed beforethe verb ; and the proper terminations, given below, are afiix ed .

6 9 3790141 0

Ex ceptions

l. Con tracted verbs usually n eglect the augmen t. 36 0 7 060 6 ,

I kept for 036 0 7 0 130 6 .

2 . Of the un co n tracted verbs, those o f more than tw o

syllables usually do n ot take the augmen t . 106 7 6 66 36 131 0 , I un

derstand 106 7 6 6636 1 1 0 .

3 . Verbs begin n ing with vowels common ly n eglect the augmen t ; but the rule . when observed, is that the in itial vowellengthens from 6 and 0 to 17, and from o to 01 while 6 1 alwaysremain s unchfinged. Ex amples

Pres. Imp.

6100 1501 , I hear. 6 100 1 1 6 or 13100 1 1 6 .

037 1201 , I touch . 077 1 6 o r 13731 1 6 .

01 1 1661 , I speak . 011 16 0 30 6 or 61 1 1 160 30 6 .

0 1'

1p1f0 100 1 , I find. 0 1311 1 0 106 or 7 1311 1 0 106 .

From this list of ex ception s, it is obvious that the on ly verb s'

which usually take the augmen t are those which are dissyllabic ,

and also begin With a con son an t but most of the verbs in o r

din ary use belong to this class. 607 6 , 06 17 6 .

The augmen t 1 , is used in the verb 006 01 (originally an d

also in many other cases from false analogy. 136 076 , 1571 1 6 011 6 .

Nom.— In the case of verbs compoun ded with preposition s,

the augmen t. if used, is afiix ed before the preposition n ot afteras in an cien t Greek .


ENDINGS or THE 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 0 1 1 07 .

For un con tracted verbs. For con tracted verbs.

Pers. Sing. Plur .

l 6 6 1 1 0

2 6 7 0 o r 07 0

3 080 0 030 6 1 1

Ex amples.

Imperfect like 70641 0 1 . Imperfect like 61 76 7 171 .

1 1 0 1 1 1201 , I think . 7 0661 , I laugh.

I drin k. 1 700 7 1 1 1 61 , I prefer.

81 6 3661 1 , I read. 1 7 001 76 7 61 , I Walk .

7 1 10 1201 , I turn . 6 170 1 1 0 1 161 , I forget.

4100171 , I wear.

1006 7 61 , I hold .

The Imperfect is used like the French Imperfect to den ote an

action or state in past time which is repeated or lasts a certaintime.

I used to walk.

I often walked.

I waswalk ing for some time. [happenedI was walking at the time when something else

e.g. 1 7 00 1 76 7 030 6

I used to write dx .

Ex ercise 7 .— A .

T0 71'

p 8150 6106 1 9 , 7 0 11 00 171 1 001 03 06 006 1 ! 70601 1 1 6 7 6 .

'

Q ,1 16 0 150 6 7 0 106 2"7 66 0 150 1 1 7 6 .

'

A 1 70 10021 1 0 7 01 1 106 100 1 1 6 306 000001 1 6 7 6

0000060 0 . K600 01 7 001 1 0 130 0 61 70 7 0 payagf [I.O S . T61 1 1 17106 1 7 0 33 O

6 1 1 7 1 ) 0S1636C0 7 6 70611 11 6 7 6 , 07 01 001636 56 701 1 000171 1 00036 .

17 21 spat, in themorn ing. 1 1 6 17000, black.

601 1 , the hour. ¢0pGM , dress.

860 , two . 0 0011 6 60 0, I call(in)at.

170 1 1 00 1 11 1 001 , atmid-day.17 11 1 1 601 1 1 70 6, while.

6 1 70, since.


Ex ercise 7 — B .

Every morn ing we used to read the n ewspaper, then we drank

co ffee. A t eight o ’clock we wen t for a walk in the garden and

spoke of vario us things. Was he n ot wearing a white hat ? We

called at their h ouse every day. While you were laughing and

talking I was readin g an d writing . When I wasreturn ingfromthe village

,I used to smoke a cigar .

then , (0 0 1 7 6 . white, 60 1 700 .

the co ffee, 0 101 1 00: the hat, 7 0 106 1 706 0 .

at eight o’

clock,’

s 17 6 23 0x 7 0 606 1 s, when 1 wasreturn ing, the pres. part. o f

the garden , 7 0 0 001306 1 . 7 11px 111 .different, 81 610000 9 . I smoke, 41 0 1 1 11 600 1the thing, 17 0 1 7067 0 6 . the cigar, 17 0 1 ro 1

'

3po .

I speak o f,61 1 1 6 6 7 16.

ON THE A oms'r.

The rules f or the augmen t are the same as in the Imperfect .

A orist endings.

O'

a

O "?

- 0 6 1 1

The characteristic letter of the verb undergoes a change w he nbrought in to con jun ction with the 0 of the A orist ending

l. 3 , 1 7 , 41 combin e w ith the 0 to form 41

9 . 100 1530 1 , I hide 0100 1 1 111 6 .

36 1001 , I dye 5

NOTE.— The verbs in 0 150 1 havin g 1 1 (in pron un ciation 41 b e fo r e

(7) as characteristic letter also form their aorist in 4;

1 7 1 0 7 0 1501 , I believe ; 01 7 10 7 6 11 6 .

7 1 100 1511 1 , I seek 07 1500 111 6 .


2. y, 10, Xcombin e with the 0 to form $ 1

41 1 1667 0 1 , I guard 041 156 6 56 .

1 760106 1 , I plait, kn it 01 76 056 .

3. goccasionally changes to f

0001 1 1 1661 1 , I call 00061 1 1 6 56 .

1 1 1 10 7 64 10 , I emsleepy 01 1 150 7 6 66 .

1 76 1211 1 , I play

4 . Verbs in (w, 001 , and those that have a vowel asistic letter, have the A orist en dings added directlyvowel

n m, I tear 0071 1 0 6 .

7 1 10001 , I spin 07 1 1 00 6 .

6 100 156 1 , I hear 6 100v0 6 .

Nom. (a) The ending 0 6 changes the characteristic 6 and 0

con tracted verbs in to

61 76 7 601

0016001

Ex ceptions to the above rule

1 7 01 1 160 1 , I amhungry 3 01 7 0 151 1 6 0 6 .

81 11160 1 , I am thirsty 0815111 6 0 6 .

100001 1 1 , 000061 , I wear (clothes, 0006000 6 .

7 06601 , I laugh ; 07066 0 6 .

I can °

011 1 7001 00 6 .

1 700 0 1066 61 , I invite , 0 1 700 0 1066 00 6 .

(3) A f ew con tracted verbs have 8'

1 6 theirAorist (as if formedf m 6 Presen t m 0

41 1 10 60 1 , I blow ; 001 150 1786 .

7 06 361 1 1 , I pull 07 0631756 .

(6 ) Verbs whose characteristic letter in the Presen t is v

p eded by 0, 6 , or 0 , lose the 1 1 before the A orist termination 0 6 ,

an 0 is written 01 in the A orist

801 1 01 , I bind ; 0800 6 .

0 6 66 151 1 01 , I scold 3 071 666 0 0 6 .

86 7 1061 1 1 1 1 , I bite 0867 106 0 6 .


(b) Verbswhose characteristic letter in the Presen t is 1 pre

ceded by 41 , or upreceded by X1 lose the 1 or v, and the 4; or Xcombin eswith the 0 of the A orist termin ation to form 41 or 5

106007 6 1 , I cut 3100 011 6 .

805x 1 1 0» , I show 3

6 . Verbs in 666 1 , 001 1 , and some in have n o 0 in the

A orist ; the characteristic letter remain s the same as in the

Presen t, but if 0 is the letter preceding it is gen erally changedto 0 1.

I sen d 30 7 0 166 .

41 6001 1 , I bring 241 006 .

0 03001 1 , I remain 20 0 1 1 1 6 .

NOTE.— Verbs in 6 01 1 and 06 1 have a popular form for the

Presen t in mo

for 0 7 666 01 1 .

<I>f’

pvw 1 1 MM »

0 0’

pvo1 0 1506 1 , I drag A orlst 20 1 106 .

7 . Verbs in ac'

wa1 have 6 1 1 6 in the Aorist

(00 1 6 13001 1 , I warm

8 . Many verbsm 12m, and some others,have a collateral form

f or the Presen t in wiw ; but the A orist always comes from thefirst form

7 1 10126 1 , 7 upw6a1 , I turn (67 1501 0 6 .

0 41 6 6 1201 1 , 0 006 6 1 166 1 , I shut (60 4166 1 0 6£0x 6va1 , f 0xv6w, I forget f e

'

xw a .

Some other verbs, again , having only the form yé.0.1 in 1

Presen t, formtheir A orist as froma P msent in ac'

vw or 61 1 0»

16 01166 1 , I serve Win e

10000 16 1 , I hang up


U SE or THE A ORIST.

The Aorist in dicates indefin ite past action : 20 1 -6 66 , I sen t.It is distinguished on the one han d from the Imperfect, whichdenotes repetition or con tin uance, and on the other from the

Perfect,which den otes action completed at the presen t time. It

occupies therefore the same position as the Fren ch passé indéfin i,and is o ften used where the English idiom prefers the Perfect

20 1 -0 16 6 1 5 70600 6 , I have sen t the letter.

In verbs whose Presen t ex presses a state or con dition,the

A orist ex presses the beginn ing of that state as past

1 70 1 1 161 , I amhungry 31 7 0 131 6 0 6 , I have got hun gry, I amhungry.

1 6 10 1-613 1 1 , I amsleepy ; 016 50 1 6 56 .

I n particularly vivid speech the A orist is used to ex pressfuture action the action is represen ted as so n ear and certain as

to be practically past

41 157 0 13 0 0 0 1061 010 6 , go away, or I’

llk ill you (or you’

re adead man ).

NOTE.— It will be observed that the above rules are merely

practical and the philologist may take ex ception to the lack ofex planation of the forms given but such ex plan ations wouldn ecessitate a kn owledge of ancien t Greek on ly possessed by thoseto whom the ex plan ationswould be superfluous. In many casesthe an cient Greek rule, based on philological reason s, is violatedfrom the influence of an alogy

31 76 166 , 500150 1766 .

Ex ercise 8.— A .

”1 30 101 141 0 10ai. 50 15106 10 0 1 8 303660 .

”Avatlzav 1 6 101 10 16. P1 6 1 280V

171 1 6 111 0 ;"

Ex ogbes‘

x épt 0 ou 1 6

000 0 60 6 1 6 0 6 9 WOMO IS 41 006 13 : 7 1 6 1 1 7 0. 0 x 1 §01 0 ; EIU O J. 6006 1 0 1 0 ;

0 0 33 6 6 41 6 1 ! 1 6 [36 001 6 (06 7 16. Tbv 37 1 100 111 6 1 76 107 06. M0 7 1500 111 0”

0 x 1 , 86 1 0 6 9 07 1500 111 0 106 1 1 059 . A0'

v 1 0 01 7 10 1 0111 6 .‘I’Es' (x eés) 0x 00élz6 0 0

56 1 ) 7 6mix ra . H60 6 1s‘ 71 606 1 ; 36 06 11 0


0 1015101 19, I bend, stoop.0 1 1 11 61 1 6 1 , I lift.6 1 1601 6 1 , I light.1 11 mpf, the candle.

6 60 1 1 6 , the lamp.106101 6 1 , I cut.1 8 x 0

'

01 , the hand.

06101 11 1 , I B6W.

1 8 106000 6 , the dness.0 x i0» , I tear.

Ex ercise 8 .— B.

She lighted the lamp. Why have you n ot written the letter ?I have cut my finger. Have you sewn the dress? The heavyWin e has don e you harm. I ben t down and lifted up the ticket .

Some on e asked f or you . How long did you dan ce'

l Have yo uheard the story ? He did n ot believe it. They were a year

away.

the finger, 6 86x 1 v7tos. the year, 6 70061 1 0 3 .the story, 13 1

‘

0 1 opi6 .

3 1 760 1 00100 f; 80 566 1 6 1 7 161 6 ; Moi) 380 160 1 8 0 1 7 131 1 1 0 1 1 :’

E1 7 6 1'

£6 1 0 x ap1 16 ; M69 2106 0 106 1 1 31 1 6 6100667 1 .mEppufl

fe 1 8

856 1 61 78 1 8 1 7 6 06 9150 1 . A011 0’

00v66fa 1 0 1 8 01 v0 1 1 106. II 0 189 41 61 1 1 6 50

A31 1 30 1 6 60 ; 1 11 1 1 10601 6 06 P067 006 01 1 150 7 65 0; 801 1 0I1 1 0 6x 1 8)

6 1060 17.”E0 10160 1 8 x 0

'

0 1 pov.

"1 66 6 6 60 1 7068 f) 8111 1 0 ov.

1 8 0 1 7 6 08610 A01 1 61 1 0 1 50 1 6 1 0 1 1 . n o?) 31 0056 1 1 1 6 1 7 6 1 81 6 ;

A 1 6 1 }. 30 1 706 1509 1 8 0 10v6 1'

; A01 1 106 066 0 1 1 . T8v 0101 51 1 6 5 6106 68. 106 6 6. I

‘1 6 1 i 31 061 1 6 60.

1 6 0 1 0066 , I clean ,make clean . 8x 1 6 , eight.

13 8066 6 , themaidservan t. 0 41 077 6 1 , I press, squeez e.

1 b x 6 01 f, the card, the paper. 671 6 60 1 , to change.

11 6 041 1 6 , I steal. 13 5111 1 , the appearan ce.

1 21 60071 67 1 , the watch , clock. I open .

1 8 0 1 76 0 1 0 61 1 1 , the stick . 1 8 1 1 1 76 066 1 , the box .

1 8 1 76 06 01501 (13 the window. 1 0‘

1 161 1 , the eye.

556 61 76, out of . 0 1 06x 1 1 6 1 , I push.

101 1 6 67 6 , to keep, to guard. 1 0 0 1011 6 1, the dog.

1 8 11 1 1 0 1 1 11 6, the secret. 1 1 11 1 1 600 , I see.

0 1 60 1 , to put to rights, to tidy up. 11 6 6 6 K6 6 6, very well, tho ro ugh ly.

106MP“. the room.

1 0001600 , I amafraid.

7 0117 006 , quickly, soon .

3 71 601 1 1 , I injure.

6001 1 0 1 0 3 , ill.

3 6 0153 , heavy.

7 1 100 156 1 , I look for, ask for.

1 6 1 1 1 0 17, everywhere.

x opet’vw, I dance.

131 1 1 15x 1 6 , the n ight.86 0 3 , all.

A0 I1 76 1 , I amabsen t.


I turn , 7 1 10501 1 . Io

buy, 67 00601 1 .the leaf , 1 8 101 1 6 6 0 . cigal, 1 8 1 70 1 1 00 .

I fill, 7 00 101 1 . the light, 1 8 10633 .I refill, {6 1 1 6 7 0p 6 1 . I put out, 0 3 151 1 6 1 .at eleven o

’

clock,’3 1 6 1 3 31 160 11 6 the name, 1 8 5 1 1 0 1 1 6 .

themarket, 1‘

1 67 006. the handkerchief , 1 8 06 1 6156 1 .I break, 0 1 761 1 61 (is

pbroken , I leave, 641 1 1 1 1 6 1 .

the ring, 1 8 86 x 1 v6 681 . he1 ‘e, 086 .

the play (say the represen tation),1} 1 7 6 060 1 6 0 1 .

Ex ercise 1 1 .— A .

A01 1 0 0 1 1 71 66 170 0 106 1 1 0 1 9 .

”1 1 07 1 10 03 1 706 1 1 0 170 006 .

c

H 0 171 006’<j1 1 6 1 ;0 0 1 8 1 76 1815 1 179 . ME0651 170 6 1 1 6 1 1 170.0v1 1 6 6 1 78 1 191 1 20 1501 1 1 01 .’

H7 6 1 7 1§0 6 01 0 1 811 1 1 00 1 1 . T81 1 05 1 77 11 170 6 0 0 3 1 6 1 9 1 00 0 006 1 9 . A 1600610 09

1 8 13066 6 10 6 011 6 8151 1 1 1 . A 0 1 1 00 6 0650 6 01 0 1 1 1 11 1060.006 . EX6 1

0 1. 1 1 6X1 , 0100 156 1 0 6 81 1 11 6 1 6. II 0 189

’

0 100 151 1 170 0 1 8 1 06 1 7 02 1 , H60 6 1 76 170 65

0 6 1 0 81 6 1 8 1 1 1 7 16 1 01 0 ;”

E0 1 0 16 03 1 6 7060101 6 1 6 1 7 0 1 1706 111 6 ;"

E0 1 100 1 8

0 6 10100 1 7 1 0 6 1 1 0 1 1 . O 1. 0 1 06 1 1 6 1 1 6 1 9 (0 0686 1 6 1 3) 080 106 1 1 0 1 81 1 6170 1 1 1 1 1 .

0 1 76 1 7 0 1 1 1 679 0 10000 1 6 1 7 6 1 70 151 1 1 6 0.0v.

607 000 , 607 58, to be late. 61 1 1 1 6 1 6, badly (lit. strongly).0 1 10 006 , to -day. 100 1 1 1 1 18, 1 move.

67 6 1 61 , I love. Aorist, I have got 1 8 1 06 1 60 , the table.

fond o f. 1 6 1 1061 1 6 1 ,f

I pay.

6 1 100 3 , the youngman . 816, 7 16, f0 1 .

{1 1 1 1 1 61 I waken . 0 1 06 1 1 00 , I 8 3 1 1 11 .

6 1 00061 1 6 1 , I correct. 6 0 6 11 11 0 3 , the sack .

1 8 000 6 , the ex ercise. 81 750 6 1 ,’

1 l0 w, behind.

3 11 11 6 151 1 6 1 , I seal, stop ; 03 0 156 61 0 6 , I 6 0 1 06 1 1 061 1 1 3 the soldier .

have had (a too th)stopped. 8001 1 6 1 , I strike, heat.1 8 661 1 1 1

,the tooth. 6 6 11 0 1 1 1 3 , the robber.

0 6 061 16 1 , I sweep. 1 8 1 6 1 0 11 1 0, the boo t, shoe.

1 8 the cold in the head. 6 r ar ow ffis, the shoe-maker.11 01 1 151 1 6 1 , I catch cold.

Ex ercise 1 1 .— B.

We asked the gen tleman if he was a German . When did y o uwake thismorn ing ? They stayed out late yesterday. He h a d

a tooth stopped . He caught co ld. He pulled my hair. W e

have kept this book f or him. We paid twen ty-five drachma s .

Mr. Stilian opoulos has sold his house. I have n ot sen t th e

letters yet. Have they brought the n ewspaper ? They quarre lled .


if , 6 1 1 . I keep, 1 1 06 1 66 1 .the German , 6 Pepyawis. twen ty-five, 6 311 00 1 1 611 1 0 .

when 7 1 761 0 , the draehma, 13 806 x 1 1 1).at what o

’

clock ? 1 £8106 I sell, 1 70 1 1 6 6 .

thismorn ing, 1 6 1 711 61 1 . I quarrel, 1 1 6 6 6 61 1 6 1 .the hair, 1 6 1 1 6 6 6 16.

SUBJUNCTIVE, IMPERATIVE, CONDITIONAL.

0 1 1 the compound tenses, and the co njunctions which in troduce

them.

Both the presen t and the Aorist Subjun ctive have the sameendings as the Presen t In dicative, but it is usual to write 6 1 in

the Subjun ctive instead of the 01 , o , of the In dicative. TheA orist Subjun ctive has the same characteristic letter as the Indicative.

The particle 1 16 is usually followed by the Subjun ctive, and

may be tran slated in to English in the followin g various ways.

1 . By the I nfin itive, with or Without to preceding it.

801 1’

$ e’

pw 1 16 1 ovp101 106. I can n ot read Turk ish :1 1 8. 41 157 6 1 . I wish to go away.

2 . By the Imperative.

1 1 6 1 61 1 0 101 1 1 1 651 1 9 106 66 106 66. Watch him well.1 16 1 0 706413] 6 151 69 I Let him write it.

NOTE.— I h this case and the following 1 1 81 seemsto be used after

some verb un derstood like 1 701 1 7 0 1 (ilfaut).

By some equivalen t of the verb ought.

1 1 6 1 0 706111 6 1 , em I to write it 21 1 6 1 61 1 0 1 700 0 106 6 60 6 1 Ought I to invite him?1 1 6. 0 0 1 1 1 8 7061 1 11 6 I S he to read the letter to you 1

By some equivalen t of the verb to wish.

1 16 1 0 1 1 1 7607) 8 6 15100 9 ! The deuce take him (8 6 15100 9 =W0 1 f).


A wish may also be ex pressed with 1 16 omitted.

8 0089 41 1 16650. God forbid.

1 16 occurs in oaths.

1 18 x upe 1 8. Blessmy eyes.

The particle 06 with the Subjunctive is used f or the Future .

881 1 06 1 0 1 1 fcxdaw 1 70 1 0' I shall n ever forget him.

The Subjunctive is also used after a large n umber of particles

7 16 1 16 in order that, so that.

7 1 6 1 1 6 11 1i, lest.’

0 61 1 , if .

and after the indefin ite pron oun an d adverb,

81 70 1 09 , who - ever.

81 70 1 1 , wherever.

and after 10 6 1 9, perhaps, in stead of the future.

0 08 1 0 6 147 61 7 18. 11 6 1137 1 1 0 11 12279 1 781 9 011 1 0 106 1089 61 1006 1 1 70 9 .

I tell you , lest you should thin k that he is a badman .

{0 6 19 36017 61 76111 0, he will perhaps come this even ing.

81 7 0 1 0 1 1 281g; 1 o1 1 1 761 9 whoever you see,tell himthat

The compoun d tenses (perfect, pluperfect, future perfect) are

formed from the tenses of 3x 61 and the Aorist I nfin itive. The

en ding f or the presen t and A orist infin itive is 0 1 .

The Con dition al is ex pressed by the particle 06 or (Pres. 0 0 n d .

on ly)by the imperfect of the verb 006 6 1 , I wish (Imperfect 13006 6 ,

Aorist and the Imperfect or Pluperfect of the verb .

Occasionally the third person of the Imperf ect of 01566 1 is used

in stead of the particle 06.

8 19 1 eaiW ‘ 081 0x 0 1 9 we should be happy.

The Imperfect Conditional of a depen den t clause in English is

translated by the Greek Imperfect Indicative.

If I were. 171 1 0 1 1 1 .


In dependen t clauses con tain in g either a perf:00 nd. or pluperf .

conditional verb, the verb 1 8 always translated in to Greek by theImperf. Co n ditional.

e.g. 61 1 1 0 qf epa 06 1 0 26 07 0 1 1 maymean either if Ik n ew it I

should say it or— ii I had kn own it,I should have said it.

The Imperative 2nd person (Pres. and A orist en dings 0 , 0 1 0)may on ly be used in affirmative sen tences, in n egative sen ten ces

with the Subjun ctive is used .

le. write I“? do n otwrite !

The particle 6 9 with the Subjunctive is the usual rendering o f

the Imperative for the first and third person s 3 but it is n ot usedf or the secon d .

89 let himcome ih .

706111 6 16 0, let uswrite.89 let him write.

Must is tran slated by 1 7001 70 1 with 1 18. following like the Fren cht que.

9 . 1 7001 70 1 1 1 8. 1 01A1 6 170650 1130, you must pay him.

Ex ercise 1 2 .— A.

II 0 1'

5 0i1 1 0 8 T81 1 7up015e1 8 1 6 1 00 9' (906 6 1 16 81 1 1 6 170 1 ) 81 6

1 7 0 156 170 1 1 0 0 01 71 1 1 1 0 6 T15 1 1 81 7005111 6 1 1 0v d8e6¢ev [1 0v

° P0600 1 cv81 1 00006 0 0 0 1 76 1 0

5

06 9 1 1 0v 106 1 x 6 1001 v0 0'

1 0 11 6 1 78 [1 000 9 1 1 0 6 2 0 1 7 6 06

1 1 6 1 8 60x 60 n9 . T15005

6 0 1 0 1 1 6 6

7006C171 0

° E000 1 7 00 1 1 6 1 1 1 106°

H81 0 06 1 8 36 1 780 1° (90

5

6 0 1 0 1 1 6 1 rcv6 150 '

r71 0 1 6

16 1 63 6 0 0 1 0 v1 0 1 8 7061 1 1 1 6 . M171 1 6 100 150 ns 81 1 6 0'

7 ov11 6 1

’

1 1 0 15. A 100v0 0

81 1 81 6 ,86CO1 1 01 1 , 6 666 2 171 1 006 00 1 0 166 1 1 01 1 6 6 106 1 0

100 6 0 1 6 1 78 1 171 1 6006 0 1 9 1 1 6 1 0 80 101 1 1 60 1 1 9° Av

’

1 1 1 70000 6 1 06 0 cv

0 1 0 156 6 1 1 76 06 809’

51536 0 150000 9 006 6 1 1 16 C6 1 . A 0 1 1 [ 1 1 7000v1

1 1 1 6 60x 60 0v1 1

6 151 1 71 1 1 1 71 1 1 0 1 001 6 . M171 1 1 00x 279°0x o;1 0 106 1081 1 . T0050 1 T0060 ! 6 66 6 1 9

06 A9 GKOI5Gwp€ 0 1 1 6 61 78 1 6 1 06 7 0 1581 6 1 7 0v£000 1 9 . IIpe'

1 7 0 1

1 1 6. 1 0 1 1 7 1 100106 1 1 1 0.

9


8 ia1 p153 , the doctor. 7 0 11 1 1 6 11 1 11 6, German .

1 70 1571 1 10 1 , the sale. I try, taste.61 8 pe

’

pos 1 1 0 1 1 , forme. 36 0 150000 9 , free.

1 6 11 6 11 6 6 66 1 I beg, request, 1 21 1 11 11-

70 681 , the song.

1 76 11 6 11 6 71 65 (formforplease). 66 71 6 1 9 , otherwise.


May I bring you a glass of win e (tran s. by v6 and

Do you wish (06 and Subj .)to read the book that I have bought ?W

’

hen will he sen d you the mon ey ? Do n ot forget (v6)to in v itehim. Take care the dag will bite you . I f he does n ot pay me

I shall have n o mon ey to-morrow. A s soon as you have read it

you will believe it. (As soon as 6 111 0 13, use Aor. Can he

swim? Have you n ot cut your han d ? Run quick ly, so as n o t

to come too late. We will n ot'

sell the horse so cheap. He has

forgotten to fix the hour. Ask himwhether he is a Persian o r a.

Turk . We can n ot believe such a thing. He must take theletters to the post. May she open the win dow ? Shut the

w in dow. Go (77 011 1 1 76 1 61) quick ly. Don’t cut the paper. Do n

’

t

laugh . He will be angry if (81 11 1 1 and Subj .)he hears it. Whenwill the lectthem. Call your brother. Do n ot con ceal it. When a

ex pect them to-morrow '

l You must take care n ot to take cLet us go quicker. What can I ofier you ?

I take care, wpoa'e'

x w. I cut, 11 641 1 6 1 .I swim, 11 0 6 1 1 1 1 1 766 1 . I emangry, 011 1 1 d .

to come too late, I conceal, 11 0153 6 1 .cheap, 41 1 171 16. I ex pect, 1 711 0 0 1 1 61

1 6 1 . Aor. 01 7 11 60 1 1 0 1 1 6 .

the Persian , 6 1 1 651 0 1 1 9 . 11 6 07 0 11 61 . Aor.

such a thing, 1 61 0 1 0 1 711817 1 1 6 I o ffer, 1 711 0 0 41 611 6 1 .the post, 13 1 1 60 1 6 .

PASSIVE FORM.

The Passive proper seldom has its original mean ing. L‘I an yverbs occur on ly in this form, and then have mostly an act iv emean ing, 2px op1 6 1 , I come.

Some verbs occur in both active and passive form. Some o f

these have the ordinary active and passive sign ification o f t he

verb but the majority have


l. A reflex ive force : x 1 0v1’

z6 1 , I comb ; 757 0 1 1 1206 6 6 1 , I comb myhair.

2 . A reciprocal force 6 1 1 1 6 11 66 00 1 6 , we met each other.

Presen t .

Sing. l r.

(O‘

upu t) 61 1 00 1 6

00 6 1 00 1 0 (00 00)3 01 6 1 0 1 1 1 6 1 0 vv1 6 1)

Endings f or con tracted verbs in 66 1

Pers. Sing.

1

2 60 6 1

3 0 81 1 1 6 1

F or con tracted verbs in an d many in 66 1

P01 1 1 . P1 1 1 1 .

I 1 0 811 6 1 1 0 151 1 00 1 6 )2 160 1 0 (1 0 80 1 0)3 1 081 1 1 6 1

Imperfect.

0 156 6 0 1 0

0 150 6 0 1 0 150 6 0 1 0)ovv1 6 v ovw av 151 1 1 0v0 6 v)

F or con tracted verbs in 66 1

o8v1 6 v(0)

F o r some con tracted verbs in and 66 1 the same as aboveW i th 1 prefix ed,

— 1 0 15;1 0vv, 1 0 150 ovv,


Con jugate the Presen t and Imperfect Passive of the followingverbs

1 1 I wash myself (1 7601 1 6 1 , I wash).x 6v0 1 1 6 1 , I am lost, I perish (x 6V6 1 , I lose).

0100 1 1 1 081 1 6 1 , I sleep.

00 1 0vox6 1po8p1 6 1 (0 1 0vox 6 1p0

'

6 1 , I amstraiten ed, compel).10600 11 6 1 , I sit down .

Aorist.Endings (Indicative)

P8 1 8 . Sing.

1 01 1 106 015106 1 1 02 0171009 015100 1 0 (015106 1 0)3 01 7 01 1 106 1 1 (015106 1 1 0)

The Aorist Passive is formed from the stem of the A oristA ctive, the above Passive terminations being substituted fo r the0 6 . 0 6 9 , &c . , of the Active, and aff ecting the preceding conso n an tdifieren tly fromthe Active A orist 0 . The fo llowing table sho wsthese diff eren ces

Presen t . A orist Pass.

C x 0

1 7 0 1p6§6 1 to an n oy .

1 «w771 6 41 6 1 87p641 017106 , to wrlte.

Z, 08 9 . 0 x 15 6 1

vowel or 1 1"

0

x 6vu1 6x u0 a

6761 77 0 6 .

av 6

(00 1 6 151 1 6 1 €C0'

0 1 6 V6 . to warm.

6 and p 6 and p 60 and p0

¢ ép6 1 841 0p6 041 01 1017106 , to carry.

NOTE.— Ex ceptions occur, such as 6 100 156 1 , 61cauaa, 61 00 150 9 1 711 0.

listen .

to tear.

(8)x 6017106 , to lose.67 6 1 7 15017106 , to love.


The secon d person plural is the same as the Passive A oristSubjun ctive.

N.B.— I twill be observed that this Imperative js derived from

the an cien t Middle Aorist, and n ot from the Passive.

INF INITIVE.

The Aorist is used in the formation of compoun d ten ses, andis the same as the third person of A orist Subjunctive in pro

n un ciation , the y of the Subjunctive becoming 1; in the Infin itive.

Pres. Pass. A orist. Aorist Infin itive.

86 1 1 0 120 1 1 6 1 (0’

)86 V 01f0 017106 86 1 1 01 0 08, to borrow .

COMPOUND TENSES .

The formation of these and the Conditional is obvious, and

may be seen in the table .

PERFECT PARTICIPLE.

The ending is 1 1 0'

vo 9 (1 1 01 1 1 1 , The Perfect Participle is

formed fromthe Passive A orist in the following mann er

1 . 0 0 in the Passive A orist becomes 0 1 1 01 1 0 9 in the PerfectParticiple :

Pres Act . A or. Pass. Aor. Peri . Pass. Part.

0 x 15C6 1 , I tear. 80 x 1 0 6 0700 6 611 0 9

2 . x 0 becomes

1 re1p6ta1 , I an n oy. 01 7 0 121 6 66 1 7 061 6 76 61 1 0 9

3 . 410 becomes 1 1 1 1 01 1 0 9

8 .9 . 7 1 16661 , I write. 87 1 16 111 6 . 875164101 1 106

4 . 0 usually becomes 1 1 01 1 0 9

1 1 1 1 7051 1 6 1 , I press. 01 151 7 6 10 6 . (6 1 1 1 1 76101) 1 0 17 6 16 61 1 0 9


Some verbs in 66 1 have 0 11 01 1 0 9

81 111 66 1 , I thirst.

1 7 01 1 166 1 , I hunger.

The Perfect Passive Participle is often used instead of theA orist Infin itive in active or passive compoun d tenses. In steadof eixa have eix a 7 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 01 1 0 , I had written and in steado f 0Ix 0 7p6 ¢0fi, we more common ly have 81 1 6 11 0 770 6 1 1 6 01 1 0 1 1 , it hadbeen written .

In transitive verbs may have a Perfect Passive Participle

(qf . and 1 7 01 1 66 1 above). 1 70pv66 1, I pass, has 1 7 051 6 0 1 1 6 1 0 9 .

Ex amples of some verbs in the Passive Voice (where theA ctive is n ot given there is n on e)

Aor. Imp. Perf. Part. A ctive .

x 60 ov x ape'

vm x 6vo1 ,

I lose.

1 706 3 1 086 6 1 1 p6 ,8 15€ov 1 pafl1 17 1 1 0'

m9

I draw.

0 v66 07 1'

C0 1 1 6 1 0 v6607 150 ov 0 v6607 1 0 /1 0'

VO9 ,

I consider . (thoughtful, pen sive).

(3 41 03 15017106 41 0 ,3 150 0v

(I am afraid) (Imake afraid)

1 00 1 1 11 081 1 6 1 , (0100 16 1507 106 100 1 1 1 1i0 ov

I sleep.

fifx vomc (e’

fififmm'1517 11 69 0 9

x ovp6§opa 1 100 14 1 6 0 6 09 0 9 100vp6§6 1 ,I tire.

The en ding 017106 is often pron ounced 1 17106 , especiallyfter x , 41 , 0 .


0 1x 6p.0'

vo9

(loathsome)

(06 4 161017 6 0pa'

1c ov 60700 1 1 011 0 9

I soil.

Gov 120 0 60 0 {0 017106 Gov 1 0 61 0 91) 1m 10 P 1 1

I shave .

06 11 150 0 11

(I remember)

(0’

)xp0160 017106

(I n eed)

{6 1 76 151 1 0 1 1 6 1 (0756 1 76 6507 0 6 66 1 760 1 1 01 1 0 9

(I go to bed)

Ex ercise I3 .— A.

T61 1 0 430360 11 11 ; 8x 1 , 881 1 1 051 1 0 106 01560v. T81 1 106 1p8 81 7 0v

81 1 0 1 1 11 6'

9 1 1) 861 1 1 0 1 1 06030 151 1 0v1 1 , 6666 0818 1 0 1 1 0603 15017106 . M 151 0 1 1 603810 6 1 ! 081 0 6v0p6 1 1 70 9

' 881 1 06 0 0"

0 1 1 106 2 6 1 1

881 1 06 K o 1 11 1'

i1 a 1 8 68066 159 0 0v"0 x 1 , 801 1 0100 1660171 00

’

A608 020 6 1 100vp6 0 6 0'

1 1 09 1 1 6 100 1 1 1 1 10179 . K0 1p150 0v. K 151 1 6£0pr?) 60p6 10

'59'

021 1 0 660 1 76 1 9’

9 1 81 1 8p15y o . T8M 7866 t 0 0v 0I1 1 0 6 01 1 6 16 01 1 0 .

T8 0 10v6 15’

x 601 ]100 . N6 x 6 0fi9 , 1 1 6 0 106 1 16. 1 Mbv 666071 9 1 6

771671 1 1 6 1 6 . 9 1 8 1 p6 1 70{1 , 7 1 6 1 206 x 6 0081 1 .'

Tpafl15x 0q1 00‘

9 1 91 1 1 d apd

pov. T1'

0 v66o7 1 e'

0 u 1 ; 3 066 07 120 1 1 6 1 1 81 1 6 1560 6 0 1 1 . A01 1

10p6 0 15‘

1 8’

0 1x 6017106 . 8 10606 1 179 80x 100’

1 761 1 6 1 frov 106 15 1 0 1 1 00 10151 6 1 0 0 .

T1’

61p6 06 100 1 1 1 170°fi9 691 111 60 6 1 1 81 1 1 100 1 1 010081 1 0 1 1 1 708 71 16 080 0 1 6

Ap1 1 011 1 106 1 1 08 100 16 60 1 0

’

E100'

1f1 1 0 1 81 1 106 1p81 1 0’

flp1 0 10151 6 1 1 0'

9 1 1)

6x 1 , n o . 1 1 6 a fi: , a curse (may you be lost).1 81 1 106 1 1181 81 0 11 , when . 15 1 1 1 1 0 106 11 8 11 , masker— fool, z any.

13 2090 9 , Syros. 801 1— 1 6 16, n o more.61 71 6, but. 11 11 1 1 001 1 1 1 , the thief , robber.

81 1 106 1 61 1 , whenever. 0 100 1 151 1 6 1 , I kill.I look. 1 6 “01 1 0 1 1 1 106, Armen ian .

13 themud. (08pf0 1roya1 ) I am (Jo6 81166 0 3 , the way, road.

1 8 1 1 6 118156 1 , the handkerchief . 8 3 1 61 1 1 1 1 1, V ienna.


Ex ercise l3 .— B.

I emafraid of him (Acc.) (use Aorist of verb). Now I emthinking of your friend (use A or. of w Moyifopm or

You ought to con sider that. The letters are alllost,I have

been reading and writin g the whole day ; n ow I em tired. Iwas in Nauplia. last week (say the past week). He was dressedin black . Dress yourself. Hé is n ot dressed yet. I could n ot

go to sleep. He Will get shaved . He stretched himself on theground (x dpov)and fell asleep. Do you wan t (0 053” 01 0201 6 0 thekn ife still? Lie down on the sofa. They met on e an other.

Nauplia, 1 6 Nah h a. the so fa, 6 171 1 1 1 6 1 03 .I dress, 5 1 (évwm). to meet one another, 1 101 10 1 1 0 1 (fromI dress myself ,

’

v1 611 0;1 a1 . Aorist, 1 7 1d , I take). Aorist,’

1 1d0 0nna.

5 1 1 601 1 11 11 . Imperat. Aor.

’v1 60 ov. Perf. Pass. Part , 1 7 1 1 1 0 p£v0 3 .

Participle Perf . Pass. 5 1 1 14 1 01 1 0 3 .

V EsBswrm CONTRACTED PRESENT (INDICATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE)AND Aoms'r SUBJUNCTIVE.

In speaking some verbs are con tracted in the terises abovereferred to . The con traction s are as follows

Nom — The shortened forms are also used for the A oristS u b jun ctive, e.g. 1 706 v6 araim where shall I go ?


Con tracted A orist Con tractedform. Subj . form.

(1 6)¢aiyw ¢aiw, used asAor. Subj.Of 1 po

'

rym.

1 p037 0vv(0) ¢67°W 5

x ha'

ive

¢ m1’

m, I amwrong, is con tracted like xMu’

w.

Ex ercise 1 4 .— A .

1 1 0 13 06 1 769 61 761170 ®6’

9 1 6 00'

6 1 p0 26 1 70 16 0éa 1 p0

2 1 0 00a 1 p0 1 1 19’

AMpfipa9 .

"E1 1 0 1'

va0 a v6 Ti

06 (ban AV 7 0 1 60V 1 pwv0 1 70 1 0 ¢p0 frra . A 1a 1 1f ¢ ofio fiv1 az

pm1 ou9 006 10 v6 WAv‘w 1 6 x 0p1 a.

,u.0v. T 1: KM IS,

x 0p1f1 §1 M0 0867 16 1 0 0 1 6 26 051 0 29 , 80V 01 711 01 7 0 v6 1 0 0 1 751 0359 9.1 1 0 169 600 1 61 1 0410010 0 6 151 7 0 011 769

’

E;L0?9 1 0

1 6 41 11 081 0 , the fruit. 0 wp16w , I push.

1 771 61 1 1 » I wash. 6 w oun ds, the (cabinet)min ister.

811 7 11 6 1 1 10 , I bite.


Ex ercise 1 4 . B.

Let n a go and din e (say eat). Where is he going ? He is

going to get shaved. What are you eating ? I em eating fruit.What would you like (1 1

’

009) to eat ? Shall I go home n ow ?

What are you cryin g for ? We have lost our mon ey . You din ev ery late. What do you say ? I say that you are wrong. N0 ,your brothers are wrong.

IRREGULAR V ERBS .

Aorist.

6 1 1 6 1 3 1 1 01 0

(6vafialvw) I go up 6 1 1 6 1 3 6 i vaifia

(6 10 1 18 11 11 10 1)

die 1 re0d 61 7006 1 4 1 01 1 0 :

6p0'

0 w, I leaso 611 00 1 0

a cpfivw, I eave 6M0 ¢v 5.4mm 6¢fi0 1 0 641 1 1 1 1 01 10 :601 mm l¢ es 6 111 131 0

6 :

Ba'

Qv(3 671 71 10 ) I put, lay 3671 1 0 Ban dy“

(Bdrm) Pass.3 0 11 1 0 171 1 6 1

3 6 11 1 01 1 6 1 )I amweary

3 7 4 00(3 7 671 1 1 0 ) I pullout B‘

ydk re

(3 7 4 1 1 10 ) Pass3 7 6 1 1 1 10 , I go out

3 71 01 7 10 , I see 18011 1 01 1 0 3

3 p0'

x w,I wet

BpimtwI find Bpfina

0 1'

1pf0 x w) (0 60311 1 1 )P3 88 . 6 11001 1 1 1 6

No'mf

—

’

Byd)0 1 1o is derived by metathesis from éxfidkkw, and

nmilarly B'

yaww from

A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR

IIo 169 0Iv0 11 61 10 EIV0 6 x 6p M1x 64\179 .

‘A9 (ivefifl [ 1 16 0 1 1mm}.

A61 1’

,1 1 1 70p1

'

6 v6 61 1 11 1363, 7 16 1 6 1 7 0 1 1 0? 1 6 1 ro86p1 1 1 0 1 1 . 2 06 6p00 0 61 70p1

'

1 ra 1 0 9 M6A1 0 1 1 1 , 1 1 09 1 706 15. T6 11 1 1 1 706 0 p0 1 :’

X60771<0‘ 801 1

'

1 0 fihéfl'w 1 70v00v6. M151 7w9 1 6 6 111 1 10 09

’

9 Kamp6 ,1 1 0v l

‘épeqf e'

1 0 v6 1 6311 379 (1 6 A01 1 1 0 m'ipa Kai. 80V 1 7 1 0 1 0 1501 61 1 06 1 6,3pw .

7 N6 1 0°

15 80 56 0. 1 0 eIx e [301 0 1'

9 1 6eéppfipa 696 1 769’

9 1 6 payaCf

36 51 1 0 51 1 6 1 v6 1 rdm'

021 1 0 pa x p0 16. 3 04 1 001710 1

v6 37 03 319 11 151 6 1 6 1mm“, Bya fva 1 1 600 fip68v’

9 6x 1 6) 63pa 1 9 .

a'

Efl'

ya. 6 1 7’

011 0?v6 0 6 386 . EI809 1 6V 68066161!”

9X1 , 80V 1 0 V 0280

061 0 x 1 69 067 0 0 1 51 1 01 1 6 . T6 [ 1 6 1 18156 1 1 1 0 1 1 071 1 0 flpéppw o’

0 1 0v 0 0 1 0 .

1 1 61 9’

flp0'

01,x 09 086 (How is it yo u are here i)‘

0 1 7 6 1 030 6 9 0 0 0 {iitimipay

”Ox 1 , 61 7606 1 1 16 7

"

0861 11 6 i. 8150 xpévm.

1 161 01 , downstairs. 1 6 appdpc, the cupboard.

ni

p, abbreviation o f 1 1 611 10 3. M kpfl d, far.

0 1 17 1 1 1 1 , themoment. 5) fmt , the life.

1 70 1 1 65, I hurt. 1 6 k apcpl, the nail.1 6madpc, the foot. 1 8 Bp68u, the even ing.

0 1 0pl-ra1 os, the walk. I dry.

86r— 1 0 0 00v6, n owhere. 6 1 7'

£86 11 6 ! 860 x pdma , two years ago .

Fibr ous, perhaps.


Have you foun d my ring ? What ring ? (I n ever saw y o u

with (a)ring.) Yes, I forgot that I had n ot shown it to yo u Ibought it yesterday even ing. I have left it about some

where I don ’t remember id be fin d t he

way alon e ‘i The flowers pleasetooth pulled out (use Active). We saw him yesterfather. That is impossible, his father is n ot herebeen his brother (06 $1 1 0 , When will you goeven ing ? I shall n ot go out I have too much to do (tran slmuch work). Do you see this scarf -

pin‘lis it n ot pretty ? I a

thoroughly tired of that sort of thing.

n ever, 801 1— 1 01 0. the tooth, 1 b 861m.

yesterday even ing, 1 0 flpdau. the work, 4; 800 71 0 16 .

the flower, Tb o k ofiba scarfipin ’ K¢P¢Effl


K6 1/1 0 6 151 6 1 6 7 1 161 1 1 1 6 7 16 v6 1 1 1i 1 0 Bpfi 106 6 1 0 T6

0 0 61 1 T606 1061 1 379 60 6111 0 696 1 1 061 1 0’

9 1 6 0 7 1-61 1 . A01 1 f e

’

pw

v6 0 61 0 . K 6 1 6Aafi09 1 1'

0 061 1 6 0 0 9 060 6 ) M66 1 0 1 6 , 106 1 06 6

flafvw 66 6 , 60V 6 1 1-

ow?) v6 0 0 6 1 1 -6 1 1 1 150 01 . G6 1 0 1 0 5366 0 1066 0 1 1

M66 1 0 1 6 , 06 1 06 1 0 IIo‘fi 1 6 601 1 1 62106 ; T&FGOG. (1 601 1 6 06 )

‘

9 1 61 1 7 106 1 106 6'

9 1 69’A01if1 a9 . EI1 1 0 6pp¢o0 1 0 9 6 61 69 6

6v0pw1 1 0 9”

0X6 031 1 0 1 1 61 1 0 1 1 1 1 001 1 0 1 1 01 1 0 9'

10600 0360 1 1 660 . 660 490 1 1 6 19T yr a 1 1 00 6 1

I"

0 x 1 , 1 1 1 5101 1 0 1 1 6 1 1 161 1 0 1 0 . P1 6 1 3. v6v1 pa‘1r

'

fi9

1 6 1 0 11 1 01 671 71 1 , the orange. 6 Opa'

yx opax alkh , the Frank ish1 6 1 p1m 6¢vAAo, the rose. quarter.06x 6 p1 0 1 6 , I thank. 1 6 1 1 0 11 11 1 6 , the poem.

1 6 0 x 071 0 16, the school. 6 1 6 1 1 1 6 , I answer.

4; 6380 1 1 686 , the week.

Ex ercise 1 6.— B.

Y ou have come (too) late ; I have n o time n ow to speak to

(w ith you . Come to me (say to my house)at ten o’clock to

morrow, but do n ot forget the hour. Can you tellme whereMr. Zamacopoulos lives? Come with me and I willshow y o u

the house. Tell him n ot to come to-morrow (use subj .) P ickup all the letters that are (lying) on the groun d and b u rnthem. Give me the key. Haven ’t I given it to yo u ?

Shall I say anything else 1 51 -

0 1 0) to your bro ther !Yes, give him this bottle of win e, and ask him to try it. W e

did n ot un derstan d what he said. He speaks so quick ly t hat

(51 0 1 1)n o on e can understan d him (106 v069h 60v). I learn t to —day,that the church was burn t (down). Do n ot go in : the dog w illbite you. Tell me, are the ladies of Smyrn a beautiful? In d e ed

(021 1 0 66 1500 1 6 51 1) I have n ever seen prettier women anywh ere.

A bout a hun dred people were gathered together on the spotwhere the murder took place/ We have lived four years in t hishouse. Sit down f or a little ! Thank you, I won

’t sit do w n, I

I haven ’t time. Come down out of that tree (say from), yodyoung rascal, 2 ; I willgive you the stick . Please give (1 16 a nd

subj.)me ink and paper I wan t to write to tuy brother . D11n ot leave the wine o n the table I kn ow quite well (0 17 0 531 1 6 ) thathe willget drunk if he finds it.at ten o’clock,

’

9 1 6 1 9 011 6 8 116 1 9 . themurder, 6 061 1 0 9 .the hour, 6 é pa. four, 1 0

'

0 0 6 p6 .

I try, 80 11 1 1 6 09 . the tree, 1 6 801 1811 0about a hundred, 11 6 1 1 1 1 1 6 011 6 1 0 0 1 6 1 1 16. I give the stick, 0 6 1 rffw 61 1 6 8671 0 1 1 .

Ithe spot, 1 6 1 1 011 0 9 .


IRREGULAR V EnBs

Indie. Subj. Imperative.S ing.

1 6 06ln n, I suffer (1 1 6 06 1 600 1 1 1 600 1 1 6001 01 6 611 1 1 6 1 , I take (0 1 51116 1 6pm 1 611 0 1 611 1 0 1 6 11 1 1 01 1 0 9

Passive Passive(01 61101 1 11 6 1 6 11 06

ggrgza

Zéay 1 1 0 1 6501 1 0 1 651 0

I go 01 517 6 1 601

Pres. Subj.1 601

r im» , I drink

f 0'

¢ f a1 , I fallr k ém, I sail1 1 1 06 , I breathe

1 1410 11 01 1 6 1I swellu

a 1 1 1t6m, I lift 1 1116 061 11 6 0 0 0 1 1 11 6 0 1 0

Passive.

0 1 1 1 1 61 1 0 1 1 6 1 , I standup (00 1 1 11 601 1 106 0 1 1 11 1 0065 0 1 1 101150 0 1 1 0 1 1 11 10001 1 0

0 41 11 0 1 1

0 61 11 6 1

(5 (0 1 1 10 6 0 1 510 0 0 1 610 01 0

0 1 6 06 0 1 60 0 0 0 1 6 0551 0

Pres. Imper. 0 1 011 61 11041 01 , I n ourish l0p0d1a 011041 0 011 6111 01 0 011 0 1 1 1 1 61

1 0 9

1 11 070 10, I run (1 11 056 1 0050 1 p6£01 0Pres. Imperative.

1 p0x 6 1 p0x 61 0

1 11 617 01 , I eat 11167 10 11167 0 11167 01 0 «117 0 1 1 01 1 0 9Pass. (0 111 6 7 601 1 11 6 060 1 1116 4161 0

1 vx abm, I happen l1 ux a 1 0x 6 1

6 1 60 x 06 6 1 , 1 pr0mise 01 00 x 601 1 11 6 61 00 x 0061 61 60 x 0 1 1 61 60 x 00 00 61 00 x 01 1 0 “

(pufvopuu ,I appear Mn? 41 6 1 1 0 6 1116 1 1 1 1 1 0

111 0 67 1 0, I go away 0161 17 6 4167 01 667 01 0Pres. Imperative.

¢ 0 57 6 0007 61 0

ififiw}lrejo ice (0)x 6p1 1 11 6 x apéi x apon

‘

i x apfin

1 0 11 1 6 1 11 1 0 x op1 60 w 1 1 601 6 0 0 x op1 60 1 0 x op1 6 0 1 1 6v0 9

1 61 0

t l0 1 c

1 00 0 1 60 1 01 1 1 1 000 0 1 1 1 1 060 0 1 0

1 11 1 060 0 1 1 1 060 0 1 0


”

1 31 1 00 6 1061 01 106 1 0x 1'61 n '

10 6 1 6 100066 1 pov. T60 1 r6 009 ° (What hashappened to you 1) IIO 169 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 6 0 1y6p6 pov

° A011 1 6 1 1 1 1 100 106 1 1 069M17 1 6 506 6661 , 7 1 6 1 6 1 6 xp0 16§0 1 1 6 6 1 1 60 6 100v6v1\1 6 1 1 .0 v 0x 0 1 9

1 rap1 1 0'

va 1 1 1 9 1 16111 6 ; 1 rp0'

1 r0 1 1 6 061 1 0 106 1 1 1 11 1 6 6010ap1 6. 1 1 0116 1 1 1 0 70157 0 1 1 6 1A0 1 1

”

0x o 1 1 0 106 1p6v v6 x 60 0 1 1 1 0 to lose). M0’

100 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 6 1 1 06 1 0 0 6 106 61 11 1 170 1 11 100 1 6 x 0

'

p1 pov. T6 0 1 1 00 0 1061 0 1 ‘ 0 1 1 101 00 0 1 0 . 2 16106010 1 1 1166 1 60106 611 1 6 1 9 2 6V 1 0 V 0666

’

6 1 16 11 6 1011 0 16 00 1 6017106

v6 10pv0001 . 2 1 60 0 1 1 , 1 1 1 11 1 015711 9’

6 1 1 6 60 1 . T60 1 0 11 00 6 1 106 61 1 0 10v1 1 6§0 1 9°

Tpéx a 7 10 157 011 6 1 00p0 1 1 0 v 1 6 06 76!”

E1 1 11 “ v6 1 1 1 1 6 0 1 0M v .

Tov 1 1 1 1-

o0 x 0'

01 1 10a v6 1 0 1 1 1 r1\1 1pu'

1 0 0 1 6 vp1 ov. Mov 0061 1 1 1 100 1061 1 0 1 9C

0 6 p6E0v0 9 .

’

Ex 6p1 1 106 1 066 1 rov (When ) 6 10ov0 a 1 1669 0 1 06 1 01 1 6 9 0 ovQ

07 1 1 00 106 66. 2 1 11 11 011 6 006 7 6 r okv 106 1 1 1 1 ov1 o 60V 0x 6p1 6 0 6 .

x rw a‘

i, I strike. 1 6 60 1 1 61 1 1 , the needle.1 6 1 1 00611 1 , the head. 0 61 1 , when .

1 6 0 17 611 0 , the cigarette. 1011 615 61 , I hide.

1 6 06 1 1 181 , the together.

1 6 11 0 1 18671 1 , the pen . 11 6 1 0 1 9 , somewhat.11 6 1 1 1 1 16 60 1 1 6p16, about ten . 1 1 6 116507 0 9 , wonderful.1 1 0 1 1 61 1 , I sting. 1 1

’

81 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 , in spite of that.1 1 1 1 6 1 1 0 0 6 , the bee.

Ex ercise 1 7 .- B.

Take the kn ife ; I do n ot wan t it any longer. Take care that

you don’t fall. There is n o lamp o n the stairs. You 1 ° han d is

swollen . What has happen ed to you ? A bee stunc

g me. Wh yis he n ot up yet ? It is past seven d

’

oleck (0Iv0 six 001 0. 1 0106 0

He must get up every morn ing at six o’

.clock Sto p 1are you go ing ? No one is allowed to go

in there. Do n ot run so quickly, or you will fall. You promisedme to come. Why did you n ot keep your word ? Make n o

promises (promise n othing)that you can not keep. I beg o f y o u

n ot to go away. He appears to he an Englishman . How (1 6)do you do ? I amvery well, thank you. I amglad, (to hear it).That seems won derful to me .

the stairs, 0 11 671 6 . I keep, 1 1 11 6 1 10 , 1 1p6 1 61 0.seven o’clock , 001 6 806 1 9 .

‘h W t the Englishmanf é ”

1 1 7 7 71 0 3 ,

n o on e is permitted, 80 1 1 01 1 1 1 061 1 0 1 6 1 (0 9 .0 0 11 6 1 1 011 6 . well, 1 1 6 11 6.


IMPERSONAL V EaBs.

Pres. In die.

60 1 11 6051 0 1 , it lightens.

flp6 60 16§0 1 , it grows late.

flpe’

x a , it rains.

vvx 1 6v0 1 , n ight comes ou .

Bpow éi, it thunders.

x 1 0 v6§0 1 , it snows.

111 q 01 , it driz z ies.

1 rp0’

1 0 1 , it is n ecessary.

1 1 66 0 1 , it con cern s.

v0 16§0 1 , it con cern s (1 6 0 0 1 1 0 1650 1

K d KOM VG‘Ta-t, it displeases.

Ex ercise 1 8 .— A.

A 1 6 1 6661 1 37 6 61 1 0 1 9 ; M0 13 41 6 61 1 01 6 1 1 171 9 06’

2 1 1) 2 1 1 1511 107621 1 xwv6{0 1 0 vx v6.

’

Eflp66g9 0 0 , 1 1 1 161 1 01 1 16 41 6110 1 11 0 .

"

0 x 1 , 106 1 0 0

6 1061 1 1 1 60 6 1 1 6 (till) 1 6 29 51 1 60 106 e 1 0 106 1 1 1 61 1 . N6 1 1 0 6 1 1 6061 0 1

fipoxfi (There is rain falling already). Bpow g’

i 106 3. 60 1 11 6111 1 0 1 .A év 1 1 ou 1 1 66 0 1 61

’

6 61 1 6 (That does n ot matter to me).0 1 1x 1 16, o ften .

Ex ercise 1 8.— B.

I am sorry (it displeases me) that I can n ot give you an

u mb rella it is rain ing hard . It has been thun dering an d

lighten ing. Youmust get ofl’

, before n ight comes on , so that youmay n ot lose your way. It does no t matter so much to me fo r

(6 1 6) the money, as f or the friend I have lost.

the umbrella, 61 611 1 1 11 67011 6 . hard, 1 11 0 1 1 0116.

Aorist.

60 1 p6 1/1 0

(631 1636 90 6

331 1 050

(0’

)V 15x 1 01 0 0

(0’

)Bp61 1 1 1 10 0

x 16v1 0 0

(f’

Nnx fl m

Imperfect.

(61 1-

11 01 1 0, n o A orist).

What does it matter to you 1)

Aorist.I

106 10041 6 1071“


NUMEBALS .

Cardinals.

Q I Q1 . 0 1 1 6 9 , 1 1 1 6 , 01 1 6

6v0 (6v6)1 p0 1 9 , 1 p66 I I

(1 c0 0 ep1 9), 1 0'

0 0 apa 1 9 , 1 00 0 0p6

1 1 61 1 1 0

0061 60x 1 0 ) 0760 09616 1 16 31 1 1 1 6 1 0 9

66106 66106 1 0 9Q Q C

0 1 1 1 0 106 (01 160106 ) 0 1 160 106 1 0 9

66160 106 60 166106 1 0 960 106 1 1 1 069 , 60 106 1 p66 66106 1 0 9 1 p61 o9

60 106 1 0'

0 0 0p0 1 (60106 1 60 0 0p1 9), 60 106 1 161 6 11 1 0 9

1 0'

0 0 0p09 , 60 106 1 0'

0 0 6 p6

60 106 1 1 61 1 1 0

60 10651 , 60 106 65160 106 061 6

60 106 1 1 1 1 16

061000 1 06100 0 1 6906100 0 1 061000 1 1 1 16, 061000 1 51 1 6 061000 1 69 1 1p61 1 0 9061000 1 6v6 60 151 01 1 0 906100 0 1 1 pe

'

69 , 061000 1 1 p66

061000 1 1 0'

0 0 6 p0 1 (1 0'

0 0 6 p1 9 , 1 60 0 6 1 1 6 1 9,1 c

'

0 0 apa)06100 0 1 1 1 61 1 1 0

6616011 1 66x 1 6

61 1 1 1 1 6

1 p1 61 1 1 6 1 p1 6 1000 1 690 6 p6v1 6 1 00 0 6 p6 1000 1 691 1 01 161 1 1 6 0 6 1 1 1 1 1000 1 69

6611 1000 1 696360 11 131 1 1 6 6360 1 1 1 1 1000 1 69

Ordin als.

7rp0'

1 1 0 9 ,

first

60151 0po9 , o(v)1 p1f1 0 9 , o(v)1 61 6 1 1 1 0 9 , o(v)4 1 6001 0 9 , o(v)2101 0 9


Cardinals. Ordinals.

80. 67601 1 1 1 6 (67 60 171 1 6 ) 6760 171000 1 6990. 01 1 010131 1 1 6 01 1 01 1 1 1 100 0 1 691 00. 0106 1 6 0106 1 0 0 1 691 01 .

1 02 . 660

1 1 0. 60106

1 20. 001000 1

200 . 61 6 1060 1 0 1 , 61 6 1060 1 6 1 9 , 61 6 1060 1 6

300. 1 pa 1060 1 o 1 ,4 00 . 1 01 p6 1060 1 0 1

5 00 . 1 01 1 1 6 1060 1 0 1

600. 056 1060 1 0 1700. 0001 6 1060 1 0 1800. 6x 1 6 1060 1 0 1

900. 0VV06 1060 1 0 1

x fkw 1

660 x u\1 66a t9

1 00 0 6 p6 1 9 ”11 1666 1 9

60106 1 1 1 11 1 1 0 0 1 69

0106 1 0 0106 1 0 10 6101 9 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 69

01 1 6 1 1 1 6 1 001 1 1 [1 1 11 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 69

0V 6 0106 1 0 1 1 11 61 1 1 0 .

The Cardin als 1 — 4 are declin ed, and also from 200 upwards.

has already been declin ed as the indefin ite article.

A 150 has a gen itive 81 1 0 1 1 61 1 1 . rpc'

1‘

s, 1 0'

0 0 ap09 are declin ed as

f ollows

Nom. an d A 0 0 .

Gen .

Masc.

Nom. 1 00 0 6 p0 1 (1 00 0 6 p1 9)Acc. 1 00 0 6 p0v9 (1 00 0 6 p1 9)Gen . 1 00 0 6p0 w 1 00 0 6p01v 1 00 0 6p01 1

'

The numbers above 200 are declin ed regularly.

61 6 100 0 1 0 0 1 69

1 p1 6 100 0 1 0 0 1 69

1 0 1 p6 100 0 1 0 0 1 69

1 1 0 1 1 1 6 100 0 1 00 1 69

066 1000 1 0 0 1 6901 1 1 6 100 0 1 0 0 1 69

6101 6 100 0 1 0 0 1 69

01 1 06 100 0 1 0 0 1 69I

x 01 1 00 1 0 9 I61 9 x 1)1 1 0 0 1 0 9

1 11 19


The ordin als above 30 are most commonly ex pressed bymeans of the cardinals.

Numeral nouns may be formed by adding on e of the suflix es

mud» 4 1m,

80 100 106 p16, a. doz en .

0 6 1 1 6 1 1 1 6 11 16, n umber of forty— two score .1 0 1 1 or 1 01 1 1 611 1 (6 piece of mon ey of five lepta), a halfpen ny.

60 106p1 (ten lepta), a pen ny.

TpWW épflS, a person thirty years old.

1 01 101 1 1 61 109, 1 1 person fifty years old.

Dls'ramu'rm AND FRACTIONAL N0m m.

Distributives are ex pressed by means of the cardinals with thepreposition prefix ed, 6 g. 61 1-0 806, two apiece, 01 0 01 1000 1 ,twen ty apiece.

Fractions are ex pressed as follows 1

half 1 0 1 1 1 0 6, the half (n oun) 1 0

1 0 1 0'

1 6 p1 0 , the quarter (also 1 0 1 0

The Days of the Week . The Mon ths.

10Kv , Sunday. 0 1 6 1 1 0 661 1 1 0 9 , Jan uary.

“7; A0u1 0'

pa , Monday. 0 <I>0flp0 116p1 0 9 , February.

10

7 Tp1'

1 q, Tuesday. 0M6p1 1 o9 , March.

T01 6p1'

7] (T01 p6017),Wedn esday. 0 April.

210701 1) Thursday. 0M6109 , May.

10 Friday. 0’I06v1 o 9 , J une.

1 0 2633 6 1 0 , Saturday. 0 1 0611 1 0 9 (Akwvdpns), July.

10A6yov0 1 0 9 , August.0 Em épflp1 o9 , 2 041 1 0631 1 1 0 9 , September.

0’

O 101 0'

JBp1 0 9 , October.

0 No épfipwg, November.

0 A0 100'

1 1fip1 09 , December.


(1 60 01 1 1 xp0 1 101 1 1 001 1 0 He is forty years 0 1 11 (001 1 0 0 ap61 11 a x po 1 101 1 1).He will arrive on the eighteen th of F ebruary. The year hastwelvemon ths, the mon th thirty days, the day twen ty- four hours,the hour six ty minutes, an d the minute six ty secon ds. How

much (1 60 0 1 1)did you give f or it i I gave six poun ds f or it

(say— f or howmuch did you buy it i I bought it for six pounds).

the glass, 1 0 1 0 1 1311 1 . the second, 1 0 80 1 1 1 0p6A0 1 1 0 .

to go to bed, 1 106 7 1 601 1 . the pound (money), Alpa.

theminute, 1 0 A0 1 1 6.

PREPOSITIONS.

A1 1 usually take the Accusative Case after them.

’A1 1 1 1f instead o f . with.

6 1 6, O f , from. 1 6 p6, than .

816 , on accoun t o f , during. before.0 19 , at, to, in for, by. towards.

106 1 6, by. x wp1'

9 , 3 11x 01 9 , W ithout.1 1 0 1 6, with.

6 1 1 1 1’

9 , in stead o f , used with Ace. and occasionally Gen . Withthe Accusative the form occurs often est .

E.g. 6 01 01 1 006’

0 6 8004169 1 0 1 1 his brother came instead ofhim.

01 1 1 19 is also used in con jun ction with the preposition 816

E.g. 01 1 60001 0 0 01 1 01 1 6 01 1 1 19 7 1 1 1 010021 1 0 1 1 he scolded me in stead ofhim.

I

or 01 1 1 29 7 16 is often used with 1 16. and the subjun ctive6 1 1 1 19 7 10. 1 16 61 6 30237, 1 6 120 1 : in stead of reading he plays.

0 1 6 has several distinct mean ings : it is used to in dicate

L(13of place, from, e.g. 0px 0 1 1 6 1 A61 1 1 p6 , I come from

on 0D .

(2) of time, from after, sin ce,’

9 1 6 19 660 1 0 tw o

hours after dinn er.


d(3L

in a. pa¥t

1

i£iove sense, some o f , 01 1 6 6 61 0 1 0 Iran some 0 IS Wln e.

(4) in a. distributive sense, 106 001 1 6 9 0r 1'

ip0 61 0 660 1 600 171 1 6 ,they received two dollars apiece.

(5) of material, made o f, e.g. 10001 6 01 1 0 1 1 6006 1 1 6 , 6 cup madeof gold.

(6) o f cause or origin , o i, from, 1 0 006 36 01 0 1 01 1 1 6 1 011 6

1 1 0 1 1 , I received it from my father ; 61 006 1 1 0 6 1 0 1 11 1 1 00011 6 , hedied of cholera.

(7) of comparison , than , 1 001 0 01 1 1 0 1 06 0061 011 0 10011 1 0 , thisis better than that.

Idioms

1 01 1 1101 61 0 1 0 1 1 6 7 6C1

'

,I call at a. shop.

01 011 6 0 6 61 0 1 0M61 1 6 x 0 1 1 , I passed through Mun ich.

1 01 1 0 01 0 let usgo thisway.

01 0 1 00 1 0’1 fip09 where did you buy it?

61’

06071 106 2 011 1 6 , an hour ago .

A 1 d (7 16) takes the acccusative andmeans

(1 ) on accoun t o i, 7 10 1 0 111 1 151 1 6 1 6 07 1 1 1 6 1 1 0M 6 01 6, allthathappened on accoun t of mon ey.

(2) during, 01 1 061 01 6 0 6 1 0 0 11131 1 7 10. 61 10 xp61 1 1 6 , I hired the

house for two years.

Idioms

610. 1 1f (7 10. why ?610. 1 16, so that.810 1 10. lest, so that n ot.1 0 7 10. 1 6001 111 6 , I sold it for three dollars.

(001 1 1003 7 10. 0 01 1 6 , I amSpeak ing O f you.

00 41 6701 7 10. 1 01 1 1 60 1 , I shall go away to Constan tin ople.601 1 7 1

’

6 01 6, It does n ot con cern me.

810 1 020 1 1 1 0 00701 0, Whomdo you mean ? (o f whomdo youthat 1)


0 i s (’

s, (000 0, takes the A ce. andmeans

t(in)motion to a place, r vryafvw

’

s 1 0V Maywv fav, I amgo in go agnesna.

(2) rest in a place, k i 001 a 1

’

s‘

1 0 0 7 1-61 1 1 06 dulov 1 1 0 0 , he

lives in my friend’

s house.

(3) time,’

s 60Ka1 1 0'

V 1 0 on the fifteenth of July.

(fpurpose,

’

s 1 0 ¢ay1’

, we sat down to table0

(5) in oaths,’

s 1 0 006, by God.

Idioms

160; 1 0’

9 1 0 look at it in the light.31 1 11 1 1 0 . Zva. yfipo

’

S‘

1 0 (09 7 0p I took a walk by moo n light.x d001 0 1

’

s‘

1 06 I‘0wp

'

yfov, he lives at George’

s house (1 0 0 1 1 61 1 isun derstood).Es 1 0v0pa

'

6a3in turn .

’

s'

1 070 0 9 , m the en d.

x u 1 é takes the Ace. andmeans

(l) dimction , 01 1 Ka 1 0. 1 0V wpo x vpafav, he wen t alon gthe jetty.

(2)man n er, Ka1 01 71 5mmby chan ce.

(3) defin ition and distin ction , 1 009 1 671 0 0 9 , accordin gto the respective places ; 1 1 0 1 0 1 0V x a 1p6v, according to the

weather.

No 'rE.

— x a1 a’

. when used in the literary and polite dialect o c

casio nally takes the Gen . and means against, 64 1 0070 0 1 1 01 1 0

0 0 0 , he spoke against you .

y. 0 is n ot common in the spoken tongue.

It takes the Gen itive in the ex pression 11 01 6 x apag, joyfully

(with joy).


6 01 01 1 1 00 067 0 1 1 60V"

Aa 00. 01 1 10150 0 0 1 1 0 61’

6 01 0 1 0

71 p67 1 1 6 .<I>0M50

'

1 0 106 00. 7 10. v0. x aflfi. 2 0 71 0000. 1 1 00 1) 1 1397 A a I A

tI s a x I

Ava 1 ok 179 0x ovv0 0 1 6 41 00 1 6 71 0 0 0 v0 KaM 1 1 0p6 6 71 0 1 0 0 1 6 . 2 0 71 0 0 0

K6 1p0’

;1 71 0p1'

0 V0. 71 60) 0x 0? T0v 07 1 1 101 1 1 0 6’

9 1 0 1 6 60? 1 . 0x 0po if 3 f Q A G

0¢0yav 106 1 6 1 0 ¢p0 0p1 ov. A0 1 0 60V 0x 0 1 0 6 0 100 1 0 6 71 0 0 0071

a01 6s. T666 (1 0. 0066 ) 1 0. 1 1 61 1 6 1 1 0 0 . A0I1’

p1 71 0p«'

0 00. 61 6 360 10s A A i 0 I 9 I I

6 0 1 0 1 0 duos“. M0 1 o v 1 1 771 1 6 1) 0360 1 1 6 66 0vo 1 1<g 0 09 1 171 1 Kapapa

II00 7169 1 01 0 1 6 111 0x 11 6 M0 1 0V K6 1p0v 90. 60x 60?) Kai. 6 01 6.

1 1 1 0 0610 , I travel. 1 0 1 1 011 0 3 , the part, region .

6 the fear. 6 0x 0p6s, the enemy.

6 6pm 1 0 «poof , early to -morrow 1 0 ¢po0ptov, the fort.

morn ing. 1 0 0as, the light.6 A67 ” , the reason . 41 0x 11 6 , the cold.

Ex ercise 20.— B.

We asked himwhere he was (trans. is). I worked from eighto’clock in the morn ing till seven in the even ing. He wept f o rjoy (say,

”

for his joy). I recogn iz ed him by his voice . In everyhouse there were ten soldiers. I kn ew that better than you .

Which of the two is your brother ? Let us go this way. He

wen t by Vien n a. Tell him that he may speak with me at

eight o’clock ] He oes n ot do it f or the sake of mon ey. He

wen t away (020 0 1000 7 61 0 9) an hour ago . For how long (7 10171 60 0 0 106 1p6v)have you hired the room ? He is going to Smyrn an ex t mon th (1 00 Ee will be here in ten minutes.

They will n ever go with you . He does it with his own han ds(say hand). You w ill do well to hire the room by the mon th .

I n spite of his in dustry 0X1) 1 01 1 ! 071 1 1 1 000 1 6 1 0 0) he did n o t

succeed . Will you len d me a thousan d drachmas at four percen t. (say, for the hundred)?

until, é1s. I recogniz e, ymplfa .

in themorn ing, 1 0 7rpw'

t. the voice, 4;in the even ing, 1 0 3 11680 . V ienna, 4;the joy, 0) x apd. to succeed, 1 1 6 1 0 11061 1 10 .


ADV ERBS.

Many adverbs of time and place are used as prepositions

1 1 0 135, together ; 1 1 0 56 11 0 0 , with me Onlymon osyllabic pron oun s,however

,are thrown into the Genltive in other casesthe adverb

is used together with an o ther preposition MCI; 11 0 1 009with the others.

ADVERBS or PLACE.

’

71 6vw, above, up, (0)71 6vw 006 51 60 1 0 , come up. 030 0’

71 6vw, he is upstairs.

K 6 1 0 1 , below, down . 01 0 1 161 0 used With 671 6

1 following as a preposition , below, beneath. 006 1 1 61 1 0 , come down .

1 0 ypafppa 171 6 1 1 0 671 0 1061 0) 671 0 1 0 the letter was under thebook.

”

E5 10 out, 671 6601 671 6, outside o f , 001 0 651 0, he is

o u t. 671 6510 671 0 1 0 0 71 61 1 , outside of the house.Idiomatic usage 1 1 6 06 131 10 671

’

0510 , I learn by heart.

M 0'

0 6 , in , inside, 671 0 006 1 1 00 6 , come in .

1 1'

000 0’

9 1 0 71 0 1 7'

ip1 ; What is in the glass? 000 0 100 6 0 7. 1 1 00 6 ,there is win e in it. K 0 71 160 7-0 1 1 00 6 ! please (come)in ; this way,

please.’

Ep. 71 p 6 9 , forward, before, e.g.

0 0 0 , or’

1 1 7rp0 0 1 0’

9 00 006 , before you, in your presen ce .9 1 0 0 71 171 1 , before the house. 1 1 71 p0 0 1 0. 9 6 01 01 1 0701 601 1

1 671 0 1 0 , in comparison with him I am n othing.

’

Ep.71p69 !fo rward 1 come in I go on !

0 71 1 0 0 1 behind, back, after. 671 671 1 0 1 1 1 671 0, behin d,e .g . 6 71 671 60 01 671 0 1 0 0 71 -171 1 1,1 6 v0 ( V0 . 71 0p1fi601 , behind the houseth ere was a garden . 7 0p12

’

w’ I return , turn back.

M 6 1 0 p 0 1 6, far, distan t. 671 0 pakpa o’

, from afar. II60 0

0 6 x p0 1 0. 001 1 0 how far is it? 11 6 100 0 16, very far.

0’

K 0 v 1 6, 671 0 100 0 1 6, n ear, 100 1 1 1 0’

9 , close to ; also as an

1 d verb of time, x ov1 6, just n ow . 71 007 01075106 ” 100 0 1 6 71 01 031 1 1 6 ,0 2


n early fifty were wounded. (1 1 0 10 0610 , I am n ear ; 71 0 1 1 1 060 1 v0.

I have n early fin ished ; 1 0. 71 00 10 , I n earlyfell.)A0616, to the right.’

Ap1 0 1 0p6 to the left.

here, hither.

there, thither.

between , among, 61 1 6 1 1 01 6 515 1 0 1 1 9 80V zx ovv

1 1 00 7-

1 1 06, they have n o secrets between them.

A01 0 1'

3, there.

71 00 0 13, elsewhere, elsewhither. 671’

6000 13, from elsewhere 31 0671 0 1 1 anywhere else.

K 6 71 a v, anywhere, anywhither, somewhere, 61 0 .

II 0 v 0 0 v 6 (1 1 0671 01 6 )anywhere, somewhere (in in terrogat ivesen tences), n owhere (in n egative sen tences).

II 0 i}, where.”O 71 0 v, where (relative), 671 0 1 : 106 2 61 1 7371 0, wherever he

may be.

‘

0 9 , as far as, common ly used together with 0 139 , 619’

g 7 5

0 71 137 1 , as far as the house. 09 also means about, 01 1 0?

619 0311 0 0 1 6v0pw71 0 1 , there were about twen ty people there.

II 0’ p a , over, beyon d , is used with 086 and 00 02, over here, o ver

there 1 0 71 0’

p6 p0’

p0 9 , the further side .

ADVERBS or Tu m.

fifipepa to—day.

A6p1 a(w), to-morrow.

M006 6p1 0(v), the day after to-morrow, some time.

day before yesterday, lately.

arly.

’Apy6, late.

late. i

A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR

Anvnans or DEGREE.

1 1 0006 much, very.

little.

very little, rather.

’

Apx 01 6, en ough, tolerably.

Movax 6

M6woK 6 060ov, at all(ih in terrogative sen tences), (in nega

tive sen ten ces).

ADVEaBs or A FFIRMATION AND NEGATION.

yes.

M601 0 1 6 , certain ly.

n o , n ot (in n egativing a single word), ay. 6x 1 1 007 -

0 ,

n ot this.

A01 , n ot (on ly to negative0 61 0, n or.

0 01 0— 061 0, n either— n or .

T6 6”

1 0209 perhaps.

Ex ercise 2 1 — A.

T0 0 1 1 -31 1 1 0 3 x vpfov e 0 1 1 6 701 1 0 16 671' "

0 x 1 ,0IV 0 100 1 1 1 6. 1 186180111 0 100 1 1 1 0 0 6 p6v1 6 0 1

'

pa 1 9 . 671 0 1 6 8061 6H60 ov l0a 1p6y Z 01 0 A01 0 71 0 5) 0 6 9 (IN 06 1 1 061 1 0 61 1 6 1 1 01 6 515M 9 .

1 1 0 i} 031 1 0 1 0 6 630150 1 , ’

B100'

£1 0 66 170 09 . A01 1 Bpfmcw 1 0. 71 6 71 0 151 C1 6A01 1 1 6

’7n

'

ip0 490. 0371 0 10671 0 1 1’

9 1 0 0 71 171 1 . 1 37 611 0 111 0 971 6 1 1 1 06 M60 1 0 1 6 , 07 1511 061 6

’

9 606 1 9 1 6 29 1061 1 041 6 1 9 , 00V 1 6 038671 0 000 6. M0

’

71po0 1060 00 0 v0. 80 1 71 1 150 6 1 MCI; 1 0 1 1 6 1311 1 0 1 1 . v0.

61 157 01 0 1 6p6 K 6 060 1 0 6 1061 1 1) 6067 0 , 00V 01 1 1 0 71 0000 To i?

61 1 1 60 1 10 6 71p0 6x 1 0» fip0p61v' 671 0 1 61 0 00V 1 0 V 0I06 . He

'

pvm. 00x 6 4 “

71 0000. ¢po f1 1 6 . v q'x‘

l 001636 0 0 1 0 7 11 61 1 11 6 .

“080601 , I spend. 1 1 61 01 , I remain . 1 0 71 6 71 0 171 f1 , the shoe, boot.


Ex ercise 2I .— B.

I saw her from fat 06 . Is he cleverer than his brother ? Far

away from here. We have lost n early eighty dollars. I hadalmost forgotten the afiair. He turn ed to the left. Is Mr.

Man os down stairs? What is un der the plate ? Ismy brotherin the office ? No , he has gon e away somewhere else. I shallfind him

, wherever he may be. To-day I have n othing to

do, to-morrow my work begins. The wedding took placeyesterday. I go to bed early,

‘

and get up early. Fin ish yourwork first (71p6r1 6 ), then I shall speak to you. Tell him that hemust bring me the book at once. H ave you ever heard anythinglike that ?

‘

Will you go to Germany this year ? Don ’t go

(71 0p71 6 1 1'

0) so quickly. What do they call (71 619 001 1 0) this in

modern Greek ? How will you brin g that to pass?1 f a

zlever,m ". V p f the wedding, 6 7 61 1 0 9.the afi

’

air,jl 61 6000 1 . (I {l1,/7a I take place , 7 1 1 6 .

I turn , yvpffw. c I fin ish, 1 0200 161 6 .

the ofi ce, 1 0

CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJ ECTIONS.

K and. It is a common Greek idiom to coordinate twoclauses with instead of subordin ating one of them withWhen o r while. ’ 31 1 0 1 1769 1 06 0 06 make n o n oise

and I will sleep. 61061 1 7) 801: 0Ix 6 337 1) 106 i. 71 561 1 0 1 1 0 0 71 731 1 ,scarcely had I gone out, when the house fell . 1 0V 61 000 0 6 100121 600 70 , I heard himsay so .

Ka 1’

is used to give.

emphasis, 1 1’ ’

£0’

pw 10012’

y6 how do Ikn ow ? It is also used after 0 61 , e.g. 00V 0I1 1 6 1 71 00 150 1 0 9 0 6V 106 30 07-61 1 , I amn ot as rich as he.

or.

43— 6, either— o r.

0 171 0— 0 01 0, neither— nor.

but.

that : 6 g. po i) 0I71 6 v, 71 61 9 (01 1)061 1 1 70. They told me thathe had gone away.


61 1 also means as soon as.

’

61 1 I “ 066 1 1 6 609 61006 , as soon as

you called me I came.

Sometimes 61 1 stands instead of 6 60 1 9 , just, scarcely. 71 0 8

021 1 0 0 68004169 0 0 1 1 61 1 0376100. Where is your brother ? He has

just gon e out.

M’

60ov 61 1 although, is followed by the Indicative .

pf 000 V 01 1 86V 0 6 9 7 1 1 0 1 11 1221 1, 06 0 6 9 0610 0 1 1 6 ” 751 1 6 1 6 .

A lthough I do n ot know you, I willgive you the mon ey.

Ao 1 71 6v, (well) then .

0 71 o v, where, sin ce, 1 0'

1p6 671 0 1 1 1 1 69 671 61 70 0 01001 0 0 9 1 606 1t6,1ipwhat shall we do n ow that he has betrayed us iIt sometimes stan ds for 610 1 0, (so) that. 1 60 0v 080 60041 0 671 0 0

6ppa'

10 7-

q0 0, he worked so much that he was ill."

A 1 1 61 1 3 5 80 0 1 1 8 18 0

A 1 1 6 0 71 0 1 1

when , as soon as, sin ce, (00009’

A¢O1'

3066 7 6 0 1710610771 06 106 3. 0607 6 , when I had eaten , I got upand wen t away.

’

A¢0?1 ‘TOV 30731 0 06 1 0 71 1 0 1 0111 01 0, as soon as yo u

see it, you will believe it.'

A¢0 i‘

1 1 0 000 01 0, sin ce you wish it .

K a 0 61 9 , as, as soon as, 106 069 1 1 0 0 GIM P, as they told me .

106 001 9 61000 0 6 6 01 6, as soon as I

heard that.

2 6 v (0 6) as. 1 6 6y6 71 1'

0 0 6V 1 6 71 6 1816 y ou, I love them as

my own children . 0 6V occasionally has a prepositional force an dgovern s the Accusative. (0 9V 0 61 1 009 6yp1

’

ov9 , they live lik esavages.

(2) if (the verb following takes the Subjunctive).0 61 if he should come, if he comes.

(3) when . 0 6V 731 1 0 1 1 1 1 6 1 00 9 , when I was youn g.

0 61 ! v6 as if , 0 61 1 v6 0 15, as if n ot. 0 6V v6 1 1 7?1 0 775011 0, as if he

did n ot kn ow.

"

A v, ii . 6 1 0009 , if he comes ; 6v 1 0 if I kn ew it (or hadkn own it).


Ex ercise 22.— A.

5 6 1 71 1 1 1 1 51 1. 37 01 0 0 6 1 1 .’

A¢0 i'

1 671 611 6 0 0 Te1 6p1 17 (1 c1 p65 17) 33Vcix u. 71A£ov v5. 371 1 0 1 11 61 177.

‘

QMGE0 5V V5 771 0 5 2 0 1 1A1 6vo s‘ .

2 5V 3 017 5 71 61 15 1 0 1 1 v5. “dry 519 571 0 1 1 50 1 0 7 11 1541 0 1 . Kaachs'

£1 ,1 1 5t 0 171061077106 1 06 i. 541 1 17 6 . Up?) 1 0 9 v5. 1 5. 7 1 161 1 1 1 1 1 1 01 .

559 1 0 . v6 1 1 1 . 101 10 1 760 1 1 1 1 5 51p0 1\57 1. 1 0 1 1 61 9 571 0 1 1’

Ay1ca)u‘

z clve ve’

os‘ f e

'

pec n‘

yv Sovhgj. 1 0 0"

Ex alflc 1 5

71 161 1 1 1 0 . 7 15. v5. 71 507)’

9 1 5. x e'

pw. 1 0 1 1

(1 1 1 1 011 51 1 0 1 , the day breaks. 6 1 1 60 1 0971 3 , themaster.

1011 6 1 601 , I take possession o f.

Ex ercise 22.— B.

They say that the king will arrive to-morrow. Where is yourfather ? He has(inst)gon e out. It is man y years (ago) sin ce(641 09)the theatre was burn t. He looks lik e an Indian . Theylive like slaves. VII you hear anything of it (yc

’ tell it tome. As soon as I saw him I drew my pistol frommy pocket .

Before he came to Vien na, he did n ot kn ow a word of German . 1/A s soon as he had learn t (Ao rist), he wrote to his father. Put

the buttons away, so that they may n o t be lost.

the king, 6 181 1 0 1 1 1 0 153 . the pistol, 1 6 71 1 0 1 611 1 .I burn , 100 10 1 1 1 1 1 . the pocket, 15the Indian , 6

’

Iv853 . I learn , 1 1 1 1 001 01 01 .the slave, 6 80 5A“ , 6 0 10A6Bos. the button , 1 5 100 1 1 71 ! (100 1 1 1 1 1 0.

I draw out, 5 7 4 10101 1 5 1 5.

Rnpsrrrxo x or Amw rlvss AND Anvmms.

Adjectives and adverbs are often repeated for the sake o f

emphasis.

?)AGG 71 1 1 0 1 15 7rpa1’

1'

. He came very early.

Give 1061 1 1 1 1061 1 11 . It is away down below .

1 5 elve ¢pe’

0 100 ¢pe’

0 100 . The bread is quite fresh.

Posrrton or Worms.

The position of words in modern Greek ismuch the same as inEnglish. Words fall i to their places n aturally without the aid

of rules. A few rule‘ave been given under the pron oun s, buton e learnsmost from(1 1servation and practice.

p/ .

1

f (v y' L

- 1


‘1

1 5

IDIOMS.

what do you aim?if you like.

reg

dépa, ai r, Wlnd.

01 1 0 M71 1 0’

s 1 51 1 60pm. (these are words to the wind)that ismere talk .

6 100 1501 , I hear/1 5 2x0 1 I have it on hearsay .

8011 1 6100 151 1 1 I won ’t hear a word of it.

that is a difieren t thing.

du os, other.

06 R010 x wpis‘ M 0 . V I shall come in any case .

6 1 1 6 36 131 1 1 1, I go up.

5 6 07 041 1 0 0 1 1 59 dvdflafva 0 0 the bill amoun ts to1 1 1 029 ”M650 1 ; Afpaw.

61 1 0331 1 1 00 1 1 1 5 31 0 5101 6 . ren t has gon e up.

5 the Win d .

'

9 1 51 1 6 11 011 0 . he may go to the deuce (wind).71 0 1.0 1 10 1fa the whole property is squan dered0 1 1i (scattered to the win d).

6 1 1 0 57 1 1 1 , I ope1 1 5 1 5 1 5 xpt

'

bpa 61 1 0 131 01 .7571 0 150 15 5p061

'

s'

17 671 641 0 0 1 , the decision .

1 5 71 6 1'

pvw 671 5050 0 1 . lt as

dp65'

6p656 , turn .

1 1 ? 1 91 1 1 61 1656 .

693a 1» , I destroy.

el'

pm 6¢av évos 671 5'

1 i)v I am tired to death.

ti o'

6 the heat is k illing me.

I place myself in your hands.

howmuch you take ofi forme?

Only used in this ex pressid i.

this colour fades.

I amhun gry .

I kn ow the worst (I takefinal).

in turn , successively, one

the other.


05. 641-60 01 1 5 701 1 016 1 1 0 1 1 . I will let my beard grow .

6011 770 0 51 1 021 1 0 67061 1 1 1 6 1 0 9 . n ot to men tion that he is n u

educated.

50V 6m. J he did n ot say a word.

61051 1 1) 50

05 B6“ 1 5 5uva1 6

1 5 3661 11 1061 11 1 .

B6z1 1 1 1 11 5: 41 1 0 1 1 6 59 .

50V 1 0 fl6§0 1 5 vo iis‘ 11 0 1 1 .

36x 1 0 106 5 5 0 1’

s voiiv

36 0016, deep.

100 1 1 1 0 151 1 1 6 “ 36 0056 . he was fast asleep.

106 1 1 159 , heavy.

0Iv0 61 1 11 0 10 1 0 9 flap0 16. he is very ill.36 1 1 1 0 61 1 6 1. 11 5 71 61 1 1 . I don t care to go .

85 1 001 1 100 6 1. n onsen se (lit. you don’t troub le

yourself).Bapt 10p6 0 1

’

. strong win e.61 1 11 610 1 01 6 . severe illn ess.

1 5 5 0 1 5 0681. 0x 0 1. 1 1 1 5 36 1 1 0 116 the flower has a strong soen t.

1 1v 516.

36 0 1 171 , I carry, hold.

36 0 1 171 Tip! 61 1 6 71 1 1 0 75pov.

501 1 36 0 1 171 05; 1 5V 1p15xp6 v.

551 1 36 0 1 171 071 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 6 11656 1 9 .

6 5 1 5 1 5 50V

50V 05 36 0 1 659 106d 1 1 0 1 1

V6 1 0 1061 1 1 1 1 .I A A

71 0 0 0 1 1 106 1 11 0 06 0 1 6 1 0 1 6 50 1 51 ;Q C

1 1 0 0 5 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 771 1 175 .1.m 36 01 101 6 1 KMti.I

B6 0 1 1 0 1 6 1 «ak a.

have you n ot yet got sense ?I will do allI can .

I give in (I throw down my

I call out.that beats me (my min d can

’ttake it in ).

he has fallen out with you , hehas a crow to pluck with yo u .

I putmy boots on .

take good heed of it.

I hold my breath.

I can not bear the cold .

I have n o mon ey on me.

this colour is n ot fast.I can n ot find it in my heart to

do it.how long does the journ ey tak e ?in spite of his great age he is

still active (wears well).(also), he has ample mean s.


1 5 x aM 1'

1 0po xpao-I 7 11 1 01 5 1 029 the best win e is grown in

n‘

yv K671po . Cyprus.

71 0 5 05 7 137; 5 7 511 0 9 whe

ée will the weddin g come

0‘C

37 1 1 0 31 1 71 0 11 0 9 . he has turn ed merchan t.551 1 57 1 1 1 5 1 1 551 51 1 7) 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 41k the grapes are n ot n pe yet.

7 1 11 1 1 11 1 6 1 09 . ripe, born .

7 5 1 1 1 51 1 1 1 1, I escape, get OE, rescue.

41 1 171 1 5 1 151 1 0 75 1 1 1 150 5 11 0 . we got ofi cheap .

[ 1 1 65 1 9 0315 151 1 111 0 0 039 1 5 9 1 0151 1 12] scarcely had he arrived in

A thens.

7 11 1 1 1 11 121 1 1 , I kn ow, recogn ise.

7 1 1 1 1 11 1 120 1 9 51 apai1 1 1 1 a . are you a judge of diamon ds?vrai)yywp vix ax c ; where did you get acquain ted

with one an other ?{0 1551 1 0 0 1 5 1 0 1 1 7 1 5 he has shaved his heard, so as

7 1 1 1 1 111 1201 “ n ot to be recogn iz ed.1 5 7 0 1 1813mortar.

1 5 yov50x 0'

p1 , pestle.1 5 youSi. 1 5 yov50x 0

’

p1 . always the same old story.

ypof

cfiw, I write .

551 1 80 151 1 0 1 7po'

4 1 pa1 a. he is illiterate (can n ot read an dwrite).

ypa¢ 1 5 pov. it wasmy fate.71 61 9 yp1i¢ 0o a 1 ; how do you write your name 1ypaq lav 55 131 0 1 . a few were en tered. 21 1 (1 1 1 9 ,

50 1301 1 1 , I show, teach, seem.1

£751 1 0 1 1 50651 1 1 .1 5 x paa

'i. 50 1301 0 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 5 151 1 0

rdvax a1 1 1 1pévo 1 1 1 1 5

506x 11 1 » (57 11 1 0 1 1) 71 p

50 1:w0 5 50 1301 0 1 9 1711 1 1 5 1 1 11 0 11 5169.

I bin d.

3 13560 .

55 x 1 v5 1'

51 .

£2500 0 x ak5 1 5V 7 5 551 1 1 151 1 1 0 1 1]

r 11

8v

1 0 1 1 0 0o u [1 0 opx ovJ

I will give hima lesson .

the wine seems as if it weremix ed with another.

I sulk (show temper).I give a good reception to.

you look like a corpse.

I bin d a book .

I set a. ring (with jewels).he has feathered his n est (he hastied uphis donkey well so thatit won ’t run away).

I have bound himby oath .


5051 05, to the right.1 5 r pdypam. 1 0 i

'

1 54 1 5 . everything wen t well With him.

5 1 5 302 1 1 1 , I read.

I teach children .f ’ f 6 1

I am taking lessons fromso -and

so .

029 1 5 9 l015a when I was studying in A thens.

give.55501 1 571 0 1 1 . I make way.

5551 » 7100 71 021 . I give a din n er-

party.

5 0059 1 1 5 1 0 God f orbid.

1 5 55 1 1 1 1 , tooth .

1 5'

3ya§0 1 551 1 1 1 5 .

I501 1 01 1 1 0 51 1 1 . 1 a. 50 1 1 1 1 a 0 0 1 1 .

50 1 15 0151 1 1 , I work .

[ 50 1 15 0151 1 1 1 1 5 1 17751 131 5 0717 5 0 1 7510 1. 1 0 1 1 551 1 50 1 15 0 1501 .1 5 611 1 0557 1 1 0 0 551 1 50 1 15 0 1501 .

7} 71 5 171 1 15 1 0 1 1 50 1 15 0 150 1 .50 1 15 0 15 , business, work .

5x 1 0 50 1 15 0 1 5.

051 1 0 51 1 1 15 1 1 0 1 1 50 1 15 0 15 .

71 157 11 1 1 1 0 0 1’

s 1 911 1 50 1 15 0 1 5 1 1 0 ov.

1 5 51 1 051 1 1 , drachm(measure).551 1 3x 0 1 51054 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 .

337 501 1 , I take out.3370 5 0 1 5 71 0554 1 1 1 0 1 1 .

37 02 1 1 1 1 5 41 1 1 1 1 1 15 1 1 0 1 1 .

05 0 0 37 55 1 1 1 41 0 151 71 1 1 .

¢p0 51 5 .

05 3755 11 1 51 1 0 . 551 1 1 1 .

F551 1 1 0 3L.

37 02 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 5 1 1 0 0 1 1 5 .

the child is cuttin g his teeth.

that isn ot for you (meat f or y ourmaster).

I keep,

the woun d open , irritatea wound .

his shop is do ing n o busin ess.

his watch has stopped .

his sore runs.

I have work to do.

that ismy own afiair.

go about your busin ess.

he has n ot a gram of sen se.

he has dislocated his foot.I earn my bread.

he gains n othin g (by it).be dismissed his servan t.they set him free.I’

llshow you are a liar , I willprove you to be mistaken .

he put fruit on the table, pro

duced fruit.I will have a tooth out.

I can n ot un derstand it.

I am taking ofi my boots.


3370 151 1 1 1 1 , I go out.

0 71’

0 151 9) 1 1) 50 1 15 01 5 501 1 37 0 15

1 1 0 1 n othing will come of that1 1 71 0 1 0 . busin ess.

1 15

037 171 1 0 ; what came of that ?1 5 j ovx o 501 1 370 1

5

1 1 01 51 5 5150 the stufi Won t run to two dresses111 0 11 00 1 0 59. (be enough for two dresses).

2561 , here.‘

5 x 15p1 0 9 5 71’

0’

61 . this gentleman .

5 100 1 1 0'

£561 look here ! (listen here lit.)I am.

0 1 1 1 0 111 5x 110 5 it is cold or hot.0 15 0 1 0 0 1 is it you ?

71 0 1 0 9 051 1 0 Who is it ?

1 5 71 1 1 1 515 0 0 1 1 021 1 0 are these your children ?0 1 1 1 0 515 1 15 051 17 9 . he is on the poin t of settin g ofl’.30 1 0 1 50 1 1 5 71 1 1 1 9 051 1 0. I sen t to ask how he was.

0 1 1 1 0 1 1 5 0 1 1 050 17 1 1 0 1 1 01 9 . it is enough to sen d on e cra z y

(lit. make on e burst).031 1 0 21 1 0 9 xp51 1 0 9 . a year ago .

71 151 9 050 0 1 how are you 5

51 1 30 151 1 1 1 1 , 1 1 71 0 151 1 1 1 1 , I go ih .

C

0 151 59 0 5 1 1011 10 71 0 9 1 11 71 0 15

1 1 01. that man in terferes everywhere .71 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 .

1 0 1 1 11 71 1 1 11 0 0 1 9 1 5 11 0 15055 1 . he has taken it in to his head .

0 1 1130 151 1 1 1 1 07131 1 1 11 1 159 . I become surety.

01 131 71 1 01 1 0 1 9 50v5 0 1 5 1 1 he set to work .

51 1130 15

1 1 01 9 0 159 1 51 1 105

1 151 1 1 1 0 1 1 . you are ex posing yourself todanger.

071 31311 0 11 0 061 179. he set up as tailor.

15

; 151 1 1 1 0 1 0 , care.21 1 1 1013. 0 0 1 1 l min d your own busin ess !

361 1 1 , out.

1 5 50 151 1 1 1 1 551 1 1 . I kn ow it by heart.f 251 1 1 besides that.h .

5 351 1 1 1 1 1059 . the ghost.above.

about (thereabout).p oyu , I come.50

5

1 1 3px 01 0 1 1 1 0 5 05. it does n ot commen d itself tome, it is n ot con ven ien t to me .


I wish .

0 1 1 5 1 1 0 5 151 1 y ou. he wishesme w ell .0 ou 0155 1 1 1 I I owe you n o thing more.

1 51 1 071 61 1 0 581 0 1 1 151 1 0 1 9 . he took himaside.5811 151 1 1 1 1 . I sweat.071

’

0 5-1 5 1 5 0 5 1 5 1 1 0 1 1 851 1 5811 151 1 01 . I don’t troublemyself about that .

50 1 0 , just, ex actly .

90 {0 1 0 0i9 1 5 yoa15v we are the same age.

70 1 0 1 151 1 151 1 1 0 1 1 . just in time.0 51 5 that is just what I amsaying.

051 1 000 550 1 0 50 1 0 . we are quits.

1 1 0 305 0 , on horseback .

1 5 137 15110 0 0 1 1 03 155 0 . he bought it without looking a t

it (he bought a pig in a poke).1 10190, every, each.

1 1 or 71 p5'

y1 1 0 . everythin g.

1 1 05190 8150 1 1 01 1 0 1 9 . every other day.

1 1 15190 1 150 0 11 0 2’

5 1y1i1 1 1 . every n ow and then .

5 71 5 5 07 139 . of every kin d .

11 0590 xp151 1 0 1 1 . every year, yearly.

1 1 0 5 0, well.1 1 0 5 5 1 1 0 5 551 1 0 1 1 11 311 03. luckily I was there.1 1 05 15. 0 0 1 0 155 07 0 I told you so .

good.

1 1 0 5 15’

9 1 0 1 1 !

1 1 10 11 0 5 11 0 5 75.1 5 1 1 0 5 151 1

1 1 I

1.07 1 1 1 71 1 1

1 0 11 0 1 1 1 0 5 0 9 .

1 1 0 5 5, 1 15

1 1 051 1 1 1 1 1 1 , I make.1 1

'

11 0511 1 1 01 0Q

0 11 0 1 11 0 1 p0 1 9 1 1 01 1 0 1 9

1 1 151 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 p is 0 151 05

1 1 .

1 5 581 0 1 1 051 1 1 1 01 .

805

1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 05

1 1 1 1 0 1 .

851 1 1 1 051 1 1 1 01 .f

71 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 11 0 1 9 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 41 0 1 1 01 1 0

welcome .on ce for all.farewell, 0 11 1 00 0 131 .

I stan d surety (go bail)good heavens, what are yo utellin g me !

how do you do ?he was three days on the way.

I can n ot get on without him.

it is allthe same.that does n ot suit me.

it is n o good. [that dress ?how much do you charge f o rbe quick I make haste l


K 0 7rv1201 , I smoke.51 1071 1 1 1 0 6 1 1 5. dni

'

yv). it occurred to himto go away.

11 071 0 1 1 , somewhere.1 1 0 71 0 1 1 1 1 0 71 0 0 . n ow an d then .

1 1 071 0 1 1 5011 0 ¢ 0p0 1’

9 . about ten times.

Karaflaé'

w, I hu n g down .

851 1 05 11 0 1 0 1 16007; he W illn ot lower the price.05. 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1300 0 1 1 1 10 1 1 3

“ I Will give hima bo x on the ear .

after.

571 150 6 11 0 1 671 1 1 1 1 0 v. he dogged his steps.

1 1 5 71 0 1'

pve1 0 50 1 1 1 50 1 9 11 0 1 071 1 1 1 . he is always following me about.1 1 01 0 1 , below.

01 1 0 1 11 01 1 0 1 011 0 1 11 6 9 .

1 1 0 1 1 1 0, n ear.

[ 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 11 51 30 0 1 5 6 1 1077 0 175 1 0 9?1 51 1 wfipc 0 71 5 11 0 1 1 1 0.

‘ 4

1 1 0 1 1 1 5 9 1 51 1 1 1 0 1 11 1 .

1 co7r1 a§1o , I ex ert myself .1 1 0 1 1 100 1 1 ! come in , please.

K 0¢ 1 w, I cut.

1380 1 15 1 1 51 05 1 1 6511 11; 511 0 1 51 1 this afiair will cost a hun dred5p0 xpa 1

'

9 . fran cs.

861 1 1 0 1 1 K6¢T€L 5 1 65 0 1 1 . that is allthe same to him.

1 1 0 1 1 1 1 121 , I shake .0 51 5 1 5 861 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 61 0 1 . the tooth is loose.

1 1 1 1 1 1 020 1 , I look.

11 151 1 0 05 1 91 1 1 50 1 15 1 10 0 0 1 1 . min d your busin ess.

1 1 151 1 0 56 1 1 0 50 ! look out 1 be o n your guard1 5 5 000 9 , mistake.3x 1 “ 5 000 9 . you are mistaken .

73 5 011 11 0 , hole, pit .

1 51 1 096770 0 1 1 ci9 1 511 5 011 11 0 . they left him in the lurch .

1

6 5 00 m), dirt.3x 1 1 71 05 5 0 29 500 71 0 1 9 it is very muddy out of doors.

1 5 311 0 111 1 5 00 71 77. he has cut and run .

5 00 71 1) 7780 1 15 310. it is a poor busin ess, it is a.

failure.

If Spax pfiv is understood with‘

ptav’

the phrase means I willmake himtake a drachma

you have turn ed everythin gtopsy- turvy.

shortly before sun set.he ran after him.

of course obviously.


5 07 1 1 1, I say.

1 1'

05’

r § what does thatmean !055 1) 1711 1 0 1 0 5 51 1 5 . we’ll talk about that an other

5 0 1 71 01 1 , 1 0 5571 0 1 1 6 . well, that is settled.do you think 80 !

71 1719 1 0 1 1 5 51 1 6 What is he called !559 31 0 31 1 5 51 1 521 1 5 51 51 . let o s suppose that it is so .

so the letter said.

1 5 5 1 71 1 61 1 , centime (te n th part of a Greek pen ny), also 0 min u te

(o i time).851 1 531 5 1 5 1 71-1 61 1 . he hasn

’

t a pen ny.

he owesme a small sum.

t used : k in d (o f), sort (o f).5 0 769 1 1 11 0 0 5 5x 0 9 what kin d of win e have you 1

allkin ds.

561 10 9 , the word .

551 1 5x 5 1 567 0 1 1 .

551 1 71 0 11 1 1 1 6 1 07 5 5 07 0 1 1 .

551 1 5 51 1 0 9 567 0 9 .

flaw

1 1 5 507 0 1 1 .

5 5 0 1 1 1 1 169 , the bath .

p.

’

015710 5 1 1 1 5. 1 1 11 150 1 0 9 he left me in the lurch.

1 5 5 1.1p1’

, strap, thong, harn ess.

5581 71 0 125 1 5 1 1 11 1 1:

1 1025 151 1 1 ,M 61 1 1» , I co llect.1 5. 71 1 10711 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 .

1 1 0 1 1 1 1 6 10, far, distan t.55 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 5 10.

hair.

it is certain (there is n o n eed to

talk about it).the rumour has spread.

he won ’t listen to reason .

that is easily said .

I make a speech.

let us change the subject.for ex ample.

reasonably

he is playin g false.

I ampacking up.

yo u are wide of the mark.

they took hold of each o ther '

s

hair (they fought like tw o

cats).


1) p1v 81a , the smell.1 5 7n )p5 pv 81 a . he has got Win d of it.

0 151 the nose.1 1 1511 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 5) 1 161 -1) 1 0v. he turn s up his n ose (he has go t

0

o n the high horse).3025 1 1 1 151 17 1 0v. he in terferes in everything.

71 15 13 1 1 5 he speaks through his n ose .1 5 1 1 5p5, the water.

1 5 0 5 1 1 1 1 5pé . I have it at my fingers’ ends.

f) 8ov5 e1 5 0 01 1 51 1 5 1 V 5p5 . this huO

Sinesso

pays, has potentlahtles (rmses water).

0 VOW .

5 1 1 069 0'

ov 551 1 5 71 5 1 1 1 0 1 5 yo u are always thin k ing of it.55 57 0

’

9 1 5 1 1 o i} pov. I said it to myself .vrci) e5x 5 9 1 5 1 1 0 5 G ov where were your thoughts(wits)?851 1 1 1 5 11 1 5 1 5 1 1 0 59 1 0 v. he is n o t very sharp.

1 5 1 1 15x 1 , the n ail.Kopvcfr?) 51 9 1 5 1 1 15x 1 0 . fromhead to foot. [tip—to e).

1 5p1 r0 1 5'

1‘ ’

9 1 5 1 1 15x 1 1 11 . he gives himself airs (walks o n

£5¢0p1 51 1 1 1 1 , I unload$ 5¢0p1 151 1 0v )1 5 . leave me alon e.

I turn sour.

1 5’

f 151 1 1 0 '

5 he 1 8 upset a. little .5 K0 1p59 1 5 25151 1 1 0 5 . theweather becameun favourable .

0 031 1 1 0 Evv1 0 71 5'

130 . a sour face.80 1 1 59 , sour .

pov’

Byiix 5 0 51 1) 81 0 0 1 5 5, that pleasure has cost me dear .

80 1 1 1 .

55 0 9 , all.7p1 5 1 5 55 0 o ovJ in earn est .

55 0j o n the who le, in the main .

55 0 he keeps on crying.

p1 5 55 0v9 . in a.mass, in a lump.

0 5 55 0 1 1 1 0v1 0 . however , n evertheless.

1 1 5 0 5 0 1 1 o 7rov. although.

p. 55 0 1 1 0 1 1 551 1 0 1 wise as he is.

1) 51 1 15 1 0 , speech.

111 1 1 0 131 1 » 5 1 1 15 171 1 1 . I b egin a. speech .

5p05 oyw, I co n fess, afiirm. [are talking n on sen se .

"

851 1 71 05 07 5 9 1 191 0 1 5 ! you are proving n othing, yo u


1 5 5 1 1 00 0 , the n ame.

0'

170 5p0 5x 5 1 1 5 51 1 000 1 0v.

11 0 1,

51 1 00 0 .

1 5'

0'

0'

0p0 5 1 1 50 0 1 0 .

5pef t, the appetite.5p5£1 851 1 5x 1 0 .

1 51 1 5p5£1 1 1 .5021 1 1 , I defin e, command, fix .

1 1 0 5 51 9 51p50‘

0 1 5 l

5p1'

0'

1 5 .

5 1 1 scarcely, just.51 1 5151 17 5 .

71 0 00 51 1 1 1 1 , I snfier.

1 1f 571 0 05 91 51 1 571 0 05 .

71 0 121 1 1 , I play.

15 0 5 0 0 0 13my 571 0 15 5 .71 0 1p1 1 1 1 1 , I take.

71 0 1'

p1 1 1 11 0 0 §v 0 0v.

71 0 1fp1 1 1 1 1

71 0 1p11 1 1 1 571 10 1 1 1 1 51 1 5 57 0 0 0v.

1 5 71 0 1fp1 1 1 1 1 571 01 1 11 1 0 0v.

1 5 71 1 1 .1p1 1 5 1 5 71 0 11 1 1 1 1 o u.

E71 0 1'

p1 1 1 1 1 5 1 9 1 5 x 5p1 ]0 5 71 1)p5 5 1 1 71 1 1 0 9

071 0 v1 5 5751 551 1 71 0 1p11 1 1 1 .

7rap5 1 51 1 51 1 0 x 1 v71 0 1 51 1 55 5 0 .

1 5 mp0“

0 71 0 150 0 1 .

E1 0 1 59’

571 17p5 (1 5 71 0 17 11 11 81)L]

”WP‘ 7 ° ?Pal‘l‘a1 5 71 1)p0 7ro5 v 951 01 1 0 .

71 0 1 1 0 00 0 0v 7rapy9 81 0 51 5

71 0 1fp1 1 0 1 0 50 0 .

7ra 1'

p1 1 1a1 80 1 1 5 1 1 10.

A I5’

71 r)p5 0 131 59 1 51 1 51 1 1 p071 7)1 1 .

to-day is his name day thefestival of the sain t afterwhomhe is n amed).

by n ame.four persons.

as if I had no thing else to do (asif I had n o other taste).

I take away the appetite.

welcomewhat isyourpleasure?come in ,&c.

he has just gon e out.

what is the matter with you ?he has come to grief.

he played in e a n ice trick .

I take with me.

I take back .

I take back my word.I take it upon me .

he takes too much upon himself.I cheat.I fell asleep.

I won ’t have that.the on e is as good as the o ther

(take on e and strike the other).I resolved .

who won (the game)?he received my letter.

I got it very cheap.

howmuch will you take for that 2I have myself bled.I borrow mon ey.

he took the responsibility (lit .shame).


71 0 p0 1 1 1i1 1 1 1 , lower.

851 1 1 0 813 5 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 11 5 1 1 1 1 . he will n ot give it for less.

5 71 0 1 5'

p0 9 , the father.

C1 9 1 51 1 71 0 1 5p0 0 0 9] Go to the deuces)

11 1

-

amigo , I provoke, an n oy.

851 1 1 1 5 4 1 6051 . it does n ot matter.

5I1 1 5 71 5 1p0‘

y)1 5VO9 . he is angry.

71 5p0 0'

1 1 1 1 59 , transitory.

I hope you will soon be w ell

71 52 11 1 1 1 , I pass.

5’

71 5p0 11 5 55 0v9 0 71 5 he put themallto the sword .

1 1 71 0 01 .

7r5p11 1T1 1 91 1 1 5 71 5 I thread a n eedle.

3 55 0 1 1 1 .7repl

1 1 1 1 1 51 1 1ca1po 1 1 0 1 1 . I passmy time.815 1 1 5 71 5d 5 11 0 1

p59 . to pass the time (to k ill time).

71 5p11 1 11 5 1 1 0 3 135 1 0 . j I read a book through.

5 71 5p0 0'

5 1 5 71 5 1 17 11 1 0 . he 1 8 over (past)fifty (years old).

71 61 9 1 5pv09 how are you getting ou ? how

d’ye do 11 15 71 5d p1 5 1 p1 0 1

1 1 0 he hoped to get as far asMegara¢payl1 a 1 1 19 1 5 Me

'

yapa . for thirty fran cs.

’

71 5'

p0 1 1 5 0 11 a 1p0 9 . the time (season) 1 8 past.85 1 1

’

5 7r5'

p0 0'

5 5 1 1 0 9 xpo'

vos‘

. n ot a year ago .

E0 51 1) 1 1 0 11 580 851 1 wepvq

'

i 1 1 5 50 1 1; thismon ey is n o longer curren t .

0 5 71 5'

p0 0'

5 5 71 0 1 1 0 1 1 541 0 5 0 9 . my headache is gon e.1 1

‘

)v 71 5p0 0'

1 1 5'

1 1 7p1 5380 1 1 580 . last week .

vrev 1 0'

7'

5 1 1 5x 1 1 1p0 . I have trouble en ough to getalong (I am in straiten edcircumstan ces).

gr5 1 p1 1i, the ston e throw.

[5x 5 1 71 5 1 p15 51 1 . it is his crotchet that11 0 051 1 0 9 5x 5 1 71 5 11 p1 a

'

. 1 ou.7 every o n e has his hobby.

5x 5 1 1 1 15 71 5 1 p1 0 . he has a bee in his bon n et.71 5 1 51 , I fly, throw.

71 5 1 8’

0 71 5 1 1) x 0p0 1 0 v. he jumps f or joy.

r 71 5 1 0 1 5 1 5 1 ov¢ 5 1c1 a 0 vp5 1 5 throw down your guns, drawL

1 5 0 71 0 01 0 0 0 9 . your swords.

pax afp 5 71 5 1 0 55 . he drew his dagger .


71 5 1 )p51 1 1 1 1 , I pay.

5 0559 1 1 5 0 0 3 1 0 71 5q ! may God requite you .

1 0 3 1 0 0 5 . he paid himback (for it).71 5 170 1 5 1501 , I approach, draw n ear.

71 5n0 1 5€5 1 1 5 55131 1 1 0 . he is n ear six ty.

71 1 1 131 11 1 , 1 sulfocate, strangle.571 1 1 131 1711 5 . he got drown ed.

551 1 5 71 1 1 174 1 51 10 9 1 5 xp5'

0 9 . he is deep in debt.571 1 1 57

1

01 1 5 1 5 11 0 p5fi1 . the ship has sunk .

1 5 7ro85p1 (71 581) the foot.p1 5 1 5 71 085p10 . o n foot.0 4 11 51 1 01 5 59 1 5 71 581 . I set on foot, set the World agog .

1 5 71 0 1 54 1 1 the river.

1 51 1‘

7n'

5p5 1 5 71 0 1 51 1 1 he is in a sad pickle .

(1 5 1 0v 5’

71 1}y0 1 1 1 0 1 1 he shed floods of tears.

51 10 1 0 1 5 1 1 1 85 1 1pv0 . a torren t of tears.

1 5 wpfiypa , the thing.

1 1'

71 p5w1 0 5 1 1 1,

0 151 5 5 What is that 1711 1 03 5 1 5 , the sheepskin .

Q oi) 51 5 131 0 60 1 1 1 151 1 71 pofie1'

0 1 1J they gave hima drubbing.

71 po 11 571 1 01 , I make progress.

1 5 we have made a n ice business o f

1.

it amess).521 1 5 5v0p1 1 1 71 0 9 . he is a clever fellow.

I arrive, join . [see h im.

851 1 57rp6¢00 0 0 1 15 1 51 1 I did n ot come early'

en ough t o

851 1’

)1 71 0p51 1 15 1 0 wpo¢05 0 01 I cann ot have them allfin ished .

851 1 05 1 1 5 1 5 5 5 1 111 we have n ot time to fin ish this5 71-6111 5 . even ing.

7rovMI1 , I sell.55 5 0 13 1 1 5 1 0 71 0v5 150 '

y9 tell that to the horse-mar in es(sell that elsewhere).

55x 17, the back.

0 5 1 1 14 17 5 1 {15x 1 7 0 0 1 1 . you are going in search o f a

beating (your skin itches).

in 1 1 1 1 1 , I throw.

51301 5 1 1’

0 51 1 5 1 cv.A he puts his tail between h is

legs (he lets his ears dro p in

terror).


Q

1 0 1 1 5pp1£5 1 0

C I I Q Ip1x 1 1 5 1 1 0 5 1 9 5 )1 5v0 .

5pp1£5 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 5 1 1 0

1 5 5pp1 f e 551 1 1 .0 5pm» , I draw .

I I

0 vp5 9 1 1) 80 05 519, 0 0v.

I lift.0 1)11 5V 1 1 1 71 0 1 1 15 .

0 011 51 1 1 1 1 71 05 1 0p 0 1 1 .

1 5 1 1 50 1511 1 1 10 0 1 1 .851 1 0 171 1 5 1 1 5 1 x 0p0 1 5 .

0 5 1 5 57 51 851 1 1 0 0 171 1 51 1 1 1 1 .

1 5 1 pa7re'

C1 .71 55 5 1 1 0 1 1 .

0 1711 1601 711 0 1 1 1 5 1 1 0 55 1 5 .

1 5 1 0v 1/1 5'

11 1 .A I I I

1 0 71 5 0 1 0 1 1 0 171 1 0 1 1 5 1 85 11 0 71 080p1 0

V 5p5.

1 1 1'

1p0 50 0 11 1501 71 1 0 .

0 1)11 5V0)1 0 1 5 71 5 1 1 10 1 1 5pp1 1 10 1 1’

5 1 1 .

0 4 11 0 1 10111 0 1 5 71 5 1 51 1 571 1 1 0 1 1 .

0 1))1 5p0 , to - day.

eight days hen ce,this day

week .

0

0 1 7 0 1 1 0 9 , stlll.I

5 71 0 0 170 1 1 0 71 0 1 5 1 1 1 pax pa a 1 0 Stlllwaters run deep (keep yourpovxa 0 0v. clothes out of a silen t river).

0 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 , I burst.0 11 0 1 1 1 1 1 5 71 0 1 5 7 55 1 0 . I burst with laughing.

0 11 5 1 1 1 1 1 5 71 0 1 0 11 0 11 0 1 1 0 1 1 . I burst With anger.

0 11 5 0 5 . get out ! go to the deuce ! (burstyourself). 1

trough. I{Sewn 1 4 1 1 I call a spade a spade.

5 0 11 0 71 0 9 , the mo tive.11 0 5 0 1 1 0 11 0 71 0 1 1 . well- in ten tion ed.

851 1 1 0 5571 5 )1 5 1 1 0 1 1 51 1 0 1 1 0 71 51 1 . he said it Without any meanlng.

0 71 5 1 1 1 1 1 , I break .

0 71 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 11 5¢5Af pov. I rack my brain s.

the horse threw him.

he throws the blame on me.

she lowered her eyes.

he throws it up, gives it up.

go about your busin ess.

I hoist sail.I raise the siege.they took himup, deposed him.

he can ’

t take a joke.I won ’

t stand that.I clear the table.I declare war.

my hair stood on end.

I take up the gun .

the vessel draws ten feet o f

water.

I have just got up.

I recover froma sickn ess.I awake.


1 5 0 7rup1'

, the grain .

351 1 5x 5 1. 0 1 1v 1 1 1 0 5 5 . he has n ot a grain of sen se.5 1 1 0 m m. a trifle.

5 11 1 1 1 , I stan d (0 180(1 1 1 51 1 5 1 0 1 9 1 5 1 he hasa. go od seat on horseb ac k .

1 5 51poMy1 1 0 1 1 0 1 5011 1 1 5 . his watch has stopped.

0 1 5 5 1 1 0 1 , I 86 1 1 11 .

05 0 rew 515 1 51 1 70 1 1 15 1 1 . I shall sen d for the doctor.

0 1 pafi5va1 , I bend.

13 50 1 15 5 1 5 50 1 1 153 1 1 10 5 .

0 1 11 1 131 1 1 1 1 , I spread.

0 1 11 51 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 x pefifla'

m.

0 1 pwl1 1 1 1 1 5 1 11 0 71 4 1 .0 1 1 15101 711 5 :9 1 5 x 0p1 5p1 .

0 1 1 151 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 51 151 1 0 1 1 .

0 1 uz\51 1 1 1 1 , I prop up.

0 1 1 15 51 1 1 1 1 1 5

0 1 17 1 11 1 1211 1 , I order.

1 5 0 1 1 11 10 1 1 , the liver .

85 1 1 x ax va. 1 5 0 1 1 11 61 1 1. y ou 5 1 I don ’t fret myself fiddle

0 51 5 . 8 trings over that.1} 0 1 11 1 1 505 1 0 , forgiven ess, sympathy

1 1 5 0 1 1 1 1 71 0 05 1 0 . pardon me.

0 1 1 1 0-

1 59 , correct, ex act.

p1 5 1 5 0 1 1 10 1 5 0 ou. in earn est.1 55 5 151 1 1 1 1 , I finish.

5 1 55 5 1 1 1 10 0 . ready.

1 5 1 5p1. (1 0 1p1) the equal.55 1 1

"5x 5 1 1 5p1 . he is beyon d compare .

1 5p1 5§5 1 (1 a 1p15le1), I fit.

55 1 1 1 5 11 1 02 5 1 . it does n ot fit.

1 1'

1 5 10 1 02 5 1 , What fits?5 1 5 1 1 0 1 , the place.

x pao-i 1 0 13 1 571 0 1 1 . win e of the coun try .

1 pafl1'

5, I draw .

x e’

p1 . I give up, I withdraw.

go ou l

11 0 1 1 1 51 1 I smoke.

03 1 0 131 1 0 1 . 1 I Withdraw.

the thing goes wron g.

I make the bed.

I set the table .he lay down o n the grass.

I pave the street.

I fix my eyes upon .

I make my toilette, dress.

1 1 0 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.

x 55 0 0 5 1 1 0 p5 1'

a

71 05 v 5 x 0M0 5 9 531 5 5 1 1 5 1 1 1 0 571 0 1 1

1 10 0v1 1J

1 5 1 1p0 0 5 5px 1 0 5 v5 é1sx 5V 1 1 1 , I lose.

1 5 x 5a1 u1 .

5 1’

0 5 1 5 x 5v0 1 1 0 1 .

1 5 x 5'

p1 , the han d.

1 151 1 0 x e'

p1 1 1 571 1 5 1 1 M . on e must give and take (o n ehan d washes the other).

5 1 1 1 5 9 1 5 x 5'

p1 1 0v. the afiair lies i n his han ds.

551 1”

ex 1o 9 1 5 x ép1 . I have n o mon ey in han d, I am

out of mon ey.

x 5p1 0 . five times.

5 xp5 1 1 os, the year.

1 1 0 1 1 5 xpovo w5x y bad luck to him.

71 50 1 1 1 1 1 xp51 1 0 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 5 how old is he 31 0v xp51 1 0v. n ex t year.

x wp1 fa1 , I separate .

55V 1 0 1 1 x wp1 fu1’

0 71 5 5555 5 51 1 . I treat himas a brother.

B(wpm b x wpw, hold , have room for.1 0 1 1 1 0 551 1 1 0 x wp5 1 5 wave y ou my min d can t take that m.

1 5 111 1 1 1 1 1 1 , the bread.

[37 021 1 1 1 5 111 1 1 1 11 1 y ou I earn my bread .

51557 0 1 1 5 111 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 0 1 We have eaten bread and

together we are

frien ds).171 1 1 0 , the hour.

1 1f 51p0 531 1 5 ;1 1 0 1 5 1 51 1 1 d1pa 1 1 .

d1pa 1 1 1 91 1 1 51p0 11 .

51pm; 51p0 1 9 .51p0 1 1 .

d1pa. v5. 1 51 1

51p0 11 0 5 15.

the weather has broken .

my stomach is o ut of order.

my heart is breakin g.

they have put the en emy tofl ight.

you have chan ged much f romwhat you (on ce)were.

I have broken my fast .

the win e is beginn ing to turn .

I lose my head.I amdying for it, Imust hav e it .

what o’clock is it 1f or the presen t.

from minute to min ute.from time to time.at any time.plague take him 1good-bye.


an imal, 1 6 {6 0 V await, k ameplw, wepmévwanswer ?xmiw nm awake

’

£v1 rvdw, «3answer éwaw dw, «3 awake (a.

antiquity. 171 éw bca, 1 6 6px a’

io ax e, 6 [u raAfl'

is

an x ious, fiv'f wvx osan x iety, 1; é vnavx ui, a

’

wna'

ux fa f;

¢pow i6aany (with nave

’

vas

any, have you ?e ts a 1’

1 1 6 ;appear, ¢alvopa ¢appetite, i; 6peg¢apple, 1 6 p.?Moapple

- tree, i) puknci

approach. wkna‘

zdfwapricot, 1 6 Bepi nomcovApril, 6 ‘

Awphuosapron , f,maulArab 6

’

Ap¢£1msArabian ’

Apa8m6sarm 1 6 x épc

army, 6 a1 pa1 63arrange, mduw

(set in order), BdAAw

arrest Bd s qpuAafdyarrival, fr)arrive, 450dart, {1 1 6x 30 ;artichoke, i; aw wdpa

artist, 6 1 ex vf1 nsas

, aév, 61 3

as (since), fitpofi, 31 rws, £1 6 1 84)as far as, 8mas soon as

, am, é cpo i}

(be)ashamed,’W pévro ,uac

ashes, d 1 c€x 1 nask , (é)pw1 dw,

- a'

6

ask for, (fl f dw,- w, yvpe6w

askew,Ao£6s

asleep, be, x omofipatass, 1 6 7 a

‘

i80 6pt

assure, BeBawvwat

,sis

at all, a Jh ov, 616o , part“

attend, r poaéx watten tive, wpoaems s

August, 6 Ab'

yovavos

aun t, fl (Ma (75 05 19Autumn , 61 rc6paavaricious, ¢ ¢Adp7 vpos

baby, 6 14 1 1 6 1 4 1 63 , 1 6 ppback (backbone), 1 5pi x :back, behind, 61 rfo'wbad, x amfsbag, 1} a

'

amcoBAa, 1 }Bax tm'

a

(go) bail for, Gmdoyat, o é‘

wacbake, Www

bakehouse, 6 ¢ o z‘

3pvos

baker, wwyasbalcony, 1 6 pr a émball, 1imri AAa, 1 6 1 61 :ball (dance), 6 x op6sbandit, 6 Ick é¢ 1 ns

ban ish, etopifiubank, 15mrdj x a, 1} 1 p¢£1 refabanker, o

'mra'

ymépns, 1 pawefl1 nsbaptise, Ba¢ 1 £fwbarber, 6mrapp.1 répns, o' x ovpe6s, x o vpéa sbargain , avp¢ awia

barley, 1 6barrel, flapélubasket, 1 6 k aAJOz, 1 6 x o cpim,

r ave'

pt, 1 6 (muffinbath, 1 o umb y to , 1 6 Aow pdbath, take a, p vw 14 1 61 1 7 13battle, mix "bay

- tree,«3;M45” ;

beam, flash, 6 6x 1 ?va (6x 1‘

iva , 6m1 ?8a )

Egan , 1 6 ¢aaoGA1“ar, ca Barn 4 3, cpe

'

w

beard, 71

2? {veta P

beast,1 6 6 0 V

beat, x 1 wrdw, 4 3

beautiful, c‘vpa'

ios, 6p0p¢osbeauty, 13 x aAo fibecause, q uad , 61 61 ;become, yluw, yfvomu

bed, 1 0 x peBBéfl

(go to) bed, 1 Aa'

yzdfwbedclothes, 1 6 1 1 pwm

'

6c, 1 6. fiofix a

bee, “A tom:

beef - tea, broth, 1 6 (mm!

VOCABULARY. 1 1 5

beer, 1 ) 1 1 1 1 pbefore, rplv v6

before, 1 p61 '

6p0 3’, wpo 1 fi1 epovbefore (place), 81 1 1 1163 , 31 1 1 11 0 0 1 6 ,61 1 1 1163

beg, (1 1 1 61 1 , -w, dhenpo o'wnv

baggu , 6 {1 1 1 161 1 0 1begin , px lfwbehave on eself , ¢ épopa 1

b ehaviour, 1 6 ¢ 6p«mobehind, (6)1 rla

'w

believe, 1 1 1 1 1 60 , Oappéi, vop ffwb ell, 1 6 1 1 0 1 160 8”b ellows, 1 6 ¢ vo

'

cp6

belly, 11 0 1 71 16beloved, 67 11 1 1 11 16 1 0 3b elt, {6mb en ch, 1 6 6 11 11vben d, 6 1 11 1 1 661 1 1 1

b en eath, 11 61 16 6 1 1 0 11 61 16

b en efit 1 1 6410 1 1 1 1 1

b esides, 311 ,1 63 , 1 1 d

wager (n . 1 0 1 0mb et, wager (v. 6 1 0 1xm1 a1 lfwb eti'othal, 11 1

'

611 11 1 1 3 1 1 1 a 1 sb etrothe, fippafiawffopmb etter, x aAAh ep0 3

allthe better, 1 66 0 1 6 x aAMfl po1

b etween , 1 1 6 1 14 6ond, 1 r£pa 61 6 (adv. r apawépa.

Hiile, 6) a'

yfa 7 11 1 1 41 4)b iz , M67 4 6b illo f farm

s"

1 ; Moms, 6 11 a1 6Ao '

yos 1 6 V

¢ a‘

yn1 wv

b illiards, 1 6 pr 1AA16p8ob ird, 1 6 1 6 1 0 1 1 71 61 1 1

irthday, 1 6 7 6W 7rr06p1 a

biscuit, ruck, 1 6 1 ra£1p661 , 1 6 parm11 61 0

b ishop, 6 66 1 1 1 61 1 1 3 , 6 (3)-t ick er ”(little)bit,b ite, 8a7 x 6vw, 1 p167 wb itter, mx p6s

b lack, 1 1 av s

black (of boots, Aoufl pdpw, Aoua1 1161 1 1 1

blacking, 15 1 1 1 1 07 1 6bless, ebAo ‘yifw, - w

b lind, 1 1 1 111 1 1 63 , 6 1 11 1 1 363blonde, 51 1 1 106:

blood , 1 6 afluablo tting-

paper, 1 6 c 1 ou1 r6x ap1 1blow 451 1 6 610 , 4 3

blow up, 1 6 1 601 (4 3)’

s 1 611

blow with a fist, 4, 7 11 001 6blue, 1 1 0 1863blunder 111 1 1 1 97 10blush , redden , 11 0 11 11 1 1 1 10»boat, 6) 36pm, 1 6 11 11 171 1

boatman , 6 3 1 1 11 11 6abody, 1 6 nappi, 1 6 0 6 1 1 1 1bold

, 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 120 :

bon e, 1 6 11 611 11 0171 0book, 1 6 B1BM0

bookbinder, 6 B1BA1 0861 1):bcot, 1 6 1 a1 0 61 (1 , 1 6 1 1 1 366 1born , yevwmlvosborrow, Ban ffoym, walpvw Bavemdbo th, ical0 1

‘

81 16bottle, 6; pr ow ikmboundary, ‘

1 6 8pmbourse, 1 6mmw ‘rfipwvbox , 1 6 11 0 0 1 !

boy, 1 6 1 4 1 81, 1 6 67611 1brain , 1 6 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 61 1

brandy, 1 6 11 0 1 1 16 11bread , 1 6 41 0 1 4break, 0 1 'd

1

breast, w 27 1 4 J

brick, 1 0 178A0 1 'bricklayer, 6 x 1 lo' 1 nsbride, i; V6¢ 1 Jbridegroom, 6 7 amrp6sbrid e, 1 6 ye¢6p1brid e, 1 6 11 11 1 60 1 11 1brigand, 6 1 1 71 661 1 1”bring, ¢£pwbroad , ¢ap86s, 1 1 1 1 1 1 63bron z e, 6mrpo iiw fos, 1 6 x ék x wpabrook , 1 6 61 1611 1 , 1 6 6661 1 1 1broom, 6 1 11 0 171 1 1

broth, 1 6 (0 14 1 !brother

, 6 41 1 1sbrother- ia-law

, 6 wvm éh iupos,61 r8p68ek¢ 0 1 3 6 7 11 1 1 81 163brown, peAayx powds; 11 611 11 1 1 0 3bmsh 6) 3 0 311 1 1 01brush 3 0 14 1 1 6lbud, 1 161 1bug, x 0p16s


build, x 1 i§w

(who )built this house ?1 0 1 61 (11 1 1 1 1 511 61 6 1 6 6 1 531 1

burial, 1 6 0641 1 1 1 0burn

,naiw

bury , 061 1 1 0bush , 6 3é 1 as(be)busy, (x v 60 11 71 1 16butcher, 6 1 1 1 1 1 61 1 1 1 , 6 x pemrdmmbutter, 1 6 6 0 1

5

1 vbutterfly, 1 1 1 1 1 11 71 0 1781 1

buy, 67 0 11600buy food, (6v fgwby, 61 6, 6 1 6, 1 1 6

cab, carriage, 6 11 1 1 1 161 0 1 1 , 13 611 1 150cabbage , 1 6 6 670 1 1 1 0

cabman ,6 61 1 1 156 1

café, 1 6 x a¢ eveiovcalculate, Aoyamdfwcalf , 1 6 1 1 0 6 x 611 1

call (name), 71 67 1 »call out, 41 01 116(10

this)called ? 1 6 s 6vop6§e1 a 11 1 61 6 1 1 171 3 1 6 Aéve

calm {1 60 0 x 1 1 1 , 6; 7 1 171 61 1 1 1 (atsea)

calm 61 0x 601 »calm 950 0 x 0 1 3 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 163 (at sea)can , (0 1 1 1 0 11 63can 6 1 eve11£scan dle, 1 6 Kflp‘cape, headland, 1 6 6 11 11 1 1 1 61 11 1captain , 6 o a7 6s o f a ship, 6

1 Ao fapx os

card, 1 6 x apfl

(play) cards, waifw x ¢ p1 16care, 1; 1 poo

'

ox ficare, take, 1 pod e

'

x w

careful, 1 11 00 1 11 1 1 11 6:careless, 61 61 1 11 1 0 1caress, cajo e, x a

‘

1'

61 6w

carnival, 6; 61 611 11 1 1 1 :carpenter, 6 p. 11 63carpet, 1 6 x uA

carriage, 61min , 6 1 1 1 1161 6 1 1

carry, 1 41 m

case, in any, x wpls 671 71 0cask , 1 6 Bapémcastle

,1 6 1 6 11 61 1 , 1 6 11 60

'

1 p0 , 6 1 1 61 1 7 0 3

cat, 6 7 61 0 3 , 6 7 61 1103 130 1 1 , 1 161 1 10catholic, 6 60 1 1 11 63 (6 41 1167 11 0 1 )cauliflower, 1 6 11 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 3 1cedar, 61 11 61 1 1 1 10 3cemetery, 1 6 6) 1 1 6 1 1 6 1 1 1 :cen time, 1 6 Ac1 1 61 1certain , B&Bawscertain ty, 13 131 0 41671 1 1 1 1chain , 6) 16dge

'

va, 6) 671 1 1 0 681 1chair, 6; 1 1 6 1 1 1 achalk, 6) 11 1 1 1 106 61 1 , 1 6 TEfl

‘fl

'

t-‘

U‘pt

change (smallmon ey), M a n i,6101 1 1

change (money) x n dgm, 61AA 6 §¢ 1charcoal, 1 6 11 6115 0 1 1 1 1 0charity, 61 {Aenyoo'év-

ncheap, 6 601 1 1 163 3 111 1 1 1 1 1 63cheat 7 1 11 601 , 4 33

cheek, 1 6 1 167 0 1 16 0cheese, 1 6 1 uptChemist’s shop, 1 6wppax eio v

cherry, 1 6 11 6p61r1cherry - tree, 6; 11 1 11 0 0 1 6chest (o f the body), 1 6

chicken , 1 6 11 01 1 61 0 1 16 0 1child, 1 6 1 6 1 6 16611 1chill, 1 6 11 960

chin. 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 0 1L

choke, 1 7 17 1 1 1 (pass. 1 1 1 17 0 1 1 1 1 1 )cholera, x ox épaChristian , 6 x p1 0

’

1 1 a 1 16s'

Christmas, 1 6 x p1 0'

1 0 1'1 ‘yevva

church, 15 (311 11 71 1 10 611 (61 611 11 11 1 1 1 1 1 6)cigar, 1 6 1 0 3mcigarette, 1 6 0 1 7 611 0 (ready made ) 1 6

0 1 7 6 11 61 1 0

cistern , 6) 1} 6 1 611 1 01 1citiz en , 6

city, 6; 1 671 1 3clean 1 1 1 0

'

1 p1 11 6s, 11 001 1 416 3clean 1 1 1 0 1 11 6610 , 11 11 01 1 11 60 »clear, 6 1 1 1 1 1 963clerk, 7pappa1 e6sclimate, 1 6

climb, 6 1 1 1 1 3 1 1wcloak, 1 6 1 11 1 1 0 111611 1


cursed, ex ecrable, x a1 apay évos

curtain , x op1’

iva

cushion , M a x imcustom, o

'

vvflOu acustomer, 6 pomfl epfis, wekdrnscut, n6¢ 1 w, «630

damage, Bhéqdamp, 67 p6s, Bpeyy évos(1c 6 x opésdance x opeéw

danger, 6 x lv8vvosdaring, bo ld, 1 0Aynp6$dark, mcan wds

it is dark , d ye a'

x o1 d8cdate (day o f themon th), 1} pepopnmddaughter, 1) 9v7 a1 e

'

pa

day, 1)MM?”day before yesterday, wpox

're'

s

dead,

deaf, nov¢6s

dealer, 6 1 rpa7pa1 ev1 ¥ 1sdear, 614 31363death, 6 0&va1 osdebt x péosdecan ter, 1 6 paravx dlu

December, 6 Aene’

pfipcosdecide, np&~ 2» J? c i “

decision , judgment, Hi awé‘lpam

x pim(s)deed, ti wpafudeep, flaws

delay an ew, - 6

departure, fivax é pflms

depth, 1 6 5 4 00 3deputy, Bovx evfl

’

ps

describe, wcpc-ypdcpwdesert 13 épmuia, 1 6 (pnpadespise, wep¢¢povéw,

«23

devll,6 BuiBv s

diarrhma, 15Buippo tadie (o f an an imal),

dlfl‘

er, 6¢a¢ épwdifference, acacpopddifficult , 666 x ok o sdig, a

'

lca'

qrrw

I

digest, x wvefiwdigestion , x é velludin e

, yevmwlfip, 1 pé ‘

yw

din ing-room, 1 pa1refapia, f) adk adinn er, 7 6 6mdin ner- napkin , i) 1 re1 0 ‘

e'

1 a

direction , 13 61 960vvmdirector, 6 Bnev w fisdirt, mud,“damdirty, Bpémygsdiscover, énx ak fiww

disgrace, shame, Jarrpmrfidisguise, ah kdfwdis st, 6 6n8iadis 1 6 1 44 1 0

dismiss, 6: 66wdisorder, au gtadisposition , 84 06 0 :

ditch, 1 6 claim, 6 6x e1 6s

divide, x wpffwdo , x dv

(how do you) do , r é s 6 10 0: 1 1 mipwa s ,

(what am I to)do 1 ! v6 x dpw

doctor, 6 1a1 p6s (7 1a1 p6s)dog, 1 6mwhl

,6mcék os, (f . f;man e ,

1 6 o'v t

doll, 13 x ofinhadollar, 1 6 fl immpovdonkey

,6 ydfiapos, 1 a 7 ai

’

60 6pt, 1 6 7 6

Mmdoor, 13 1 r6p1 adoubt émpcBoMa

doubt fiy tpcfidk kw

dove, pi eon , 1 6 r epw‘

1 épt

down, R 1 a»

doz en , f; w ovftva, f; Swaex dsdrag, draw,

0 6pm»drawer, 1 6 d vpfl ipc

drawers, 1 6 aéBpax o

dream 1 6 63mmdream t rw

’

s 1 6V flr vov

dress, 1 6 ¢6pepadrink, 1 'ldrive, take a, wmaivw 1 9W aw e,

drop, a1 aM1 aa

drown , 6 1 6 1 vt7 w

druggist, a othecary, 6 pax ow o‘

io s

dmggist’

s s op, 41 n efapc 1 6 <pappax e

'

iov

VOCABULARY. 1 1 9

drunk, peflvapévosdrunkard, 6mtqmsdrunkenness,

‘

1 ;

dry (a. 0'

1 e'yv6s, {nptfs

'

dry (1 1 . c 1 e‘

yv6rw

duck, 1 ; mime:

dumb, 3 0 1 1363

dust, powder,‘

1 ; 1 x 61")duty, 1 6 x péos, 1 6 x aMmovdye (v. 3d6mdye (n . n ,uwo

'

ytddysen tery, 1 ; Gvaevn pfa

dwarf , 6 vdw os

each, 6 a e'

vas, d e

ear, 1 6 ab'ri

cally, wpwt

earn , gain , x epalfw,watpm

earth, fl‘m

earthquake, 6 c'

ewm‘seast, 1 ) 6va1 oAfi

edge, rim,1 6 x e

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education , 1 ) 6m1 po¢flx e

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election , éo -fl;electric, 6Aen1 puc6$else, MM”embassy, i; wpeo'Belaembroidery, 1 6 x éw nyaemperor, 6 an

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empty, 666m factory, (pdp‘rpma

empty one’

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endure, Baa'

fl iw, «B, 61 ro¢ épw faith, ‘h 1 rf0'

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ener etic, wpo x oyye'

vos fall, r é¢ 1 aEng and, “w i de fall ill, 6ppwa'1 éw,

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A7 7 Auc6$ , false, lyEnglishman , 6

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1 7 7 Aé{os falsehood, lie (n . 1 6 166mm(44 6mm)en ough 6px e1 69 (speak)falsely, lie, Aé'yw ¢éflp¢ 1 a

en ough (adv. pardowa, chute"!(it is)enough, wi lleden tertain (as a guest), 1 pa1 1 dpw, r eat

r atofiyac

en trance, 6 6 1 6 080 3

envelope, 6 ¢dx eAAosenvirons, 1 6 r epix wpa

envy, 6 ¢ 06vosequal, Ia'asestate, n

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even ing, 6) écn répa, 1 6 d Bv

(good)even ing, x aM wwépa (G ov, aas)(this)even ing, 6 1 64’s(in the)even ing, 1 6 éo'

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every , d e, 6 a évas

ex act, accurate, awa 1 6s

(six o’clock)ex actly, o'wmrar. ’

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eye, 1 6 MWeyebrow, 1 6 ¢p68;


family, i; oix o'ye'

vemfamous, wepltpmw s

fan Bew dhg , 1 6 para“far, pax pé v,m pvd, é h ép

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fare, 1 6 6.7 167 wv, b 6 rufik o s

fashio n , mode, 6Ma,6 d vppds

fast (adm), 7p4n opa , 6701 67 0”fast 7 1 10 7 6 60

fasting vna1 m6sfat, stout, wax tis, x ov8p6s

fate, f) 1 6x 1 1 , 1 6 7pa¢ 1 6father, 6 1m1 £pasfault, sin , x pfiaafeather, 1 6 ¢ 1 cpdFebruary, 6 é eBpovdpws

feel, aio Odvopatfemale, 053kfetch, r n

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fickle, fia 1 a1 osfiddle, 1 6 BtoAi

field, 1 6 x wpdqufig, 1 6 a8mfight wok euéw, «3

fight a'

vmrk ox flfigure, 13 ¢ ¢7 0 6pafill, yey ifwfind, Bpimcwfin e Aew1 6s, ¢?vos

finger, 6 d o s

fin ish, 1 €Aet6vw, o'

u'mm

fir, 4) 1 66m)fire 13 ¢w1 id

(the)fire hasgon e out, (0 3 1mm6 «pfire (conflagratio n), r vpx afi

fire-brigade, o i v oaBéowat

(at)first, 1 p661 a ,1 6 1 rp¢31 ov

fish, 1 6wdptfisher, 6 wapfisfist, 6 7 p600 $

fix , 0'

1 epe6Vw

flag, bann er, 6 o'

nmu’

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flame, i; ¢Adyaflank (o f a person), 13 wk ew dflatter

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flax,1 6Mvay

flea, 6 66mmflee, «peé

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flo or, 1 6 x a1 d0'

1 pa4 m

florin ,1 6 cpwpim

flour, 1 6 6Afl 7ptflower, 1 6 o k ofimflute, 1 6 cpAdow o

fly (m), 6 “viva, t winfly 1 6 1 6

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follow, 6o ovOéw,o é

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foot, 1 6 1 665 1 6 1 ro6a'

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forbid, épt ofl fa , 61 6 7 ope6w

force, power, 6 86amforce avayx dfwforehead, 1 6 x oh ak a

foreign , f évos, é£w1 epm63forest, 1 6 64 0 0 3

for°

ve,- 6

for 1 6 1 npo 6mformer, wepadpévos, 1 rpqmvforsake, 6¢fivw

1 6 ¢p06pwv

fortune, 1 6x 1 1fortune (wealth), {1 r eptovd iafowl, i) «61 1 6 , 1 6 x 0 1 1 dr ovh o

fox , f) 6Ae1 ro t7

free, €Ae60€po s

freedom, 13 éAevOepiafreight, fare, 1 6 67 é '

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Fren ch, l‘aAAmdsFrenchman , 6 Pdk k osfresh, ¢péa

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546 6 61 63'

friendship, cpmiafright, 6 (663 0 3

(to) frighten , 1 po‘udfwfrog, 6 Bd1 pax osfrom, 61 rd

(in ) fron t, fi npdo fldv), purpoan ifruit

,6 ma 1 6s, 1 6 ¢pofi1 a

full, 7m“ 1 0 3 ,

fun ctionary, 6 61 dAAnAosfur, 5) 7 0 6m:furn iture, 1 6further ou, wapar épa


hate 1 6 1 1 10 0 6 householder, 6 0 0 1 11 0 11 6ahate 6 1 0 6 how ? was ,

hay, 1 6 x op1 1£p1 howmuch "

.l «60 0 1 ,

head, 1 6 KGQ dAt humble, x apnhdshealth, 1) hun g up, 11 11 66 6 0 6 61 1 0 :

hear, 6 11 066 1 , 611 067 6 1 hun ger, 1} 1 62mheart, 1) 1capa1 1i hunter, 6 11 0 1 1 1 17 6:heat, 1)(60 1 1 ) hurry, be in a, Buf fopmcheaven , 6 0 641 6 1 163 hurt BAdWw, (1 1 1 1 161 10 1heavy, Bap6s hurt (be in pain), 1 0 1 1 600, -6

heel, flWépva husband, 6 0 601 7 0 5 3 6 M p6

heel (o f stocking), 1 6 1 6 160 151 1 1 hush 0 67 0

height, 1 6 hut, 1 6 x aAéBc

hell, 16 11 671 6 0 1

help, 3 01 106hen, 15 11 61 1 6here, 6813here here I am! (answer bywaiter), (4106 0 6 (from ¢ 06v10 ,arrive)

herring, 6 60077 6hide, skin , 1) 1 1 61 0 6 , 1 6 1 r6 1 0 i

hide 111 163 10

high,

high -Way, 6 6 0 1 x 1 6 63 61166 0 :hinder, preven t, 1 6 1 0 1 1 1 0hire 61 1 0 1 11 1 600history, 15 {0 1 0016hold; 11 06 1 61 0 ,hole , 1 i 1 1161 1 6 , 1 11 061 6holiday, 1 } 1} 660 1 6 , 13 6p7 i6holy

, 67 1 0 :

Holy Thursday, 1! 1 1 6 1 61 1 1) 11 6161 1 )home, inland, 60 6 1 1 6 11 1 11 63home, at,

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(is he at)home 6 1 1 4

hon ey,1 6 “(M

hon our, 1}hope A r tful,hope 1)671 1 1 6 6b orn , 1 6 Répas

horse , 1 6 6A07 0 , 6(ou)horseback , x aBdAAahorse- boy, 6 67 1 07 161 1 1 :hospital, 1 6

hot, (6 0 1 éshotel, 1 6£6v060x 6

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hotel-keeper, host, 6£6 v086x oshour, 1} dopahouse, 0 1 1 551 1

ice, 6 1 67 0 3ice-cream,

1 6 1 6 7 10 1 0 , 1) 1 A6 0 1£86idea, 1} 1866if , 6 1 1 , 61 1 6if he should come, 1 1 1 x 61 1 1 16 (AO1;ill, 6110000 1 0 3 , 60 06 14 1 3ill, I feel, (0x 6 1 6 1 1 6 11 6 1 1 61 1 1 - use, abuse KW R GXGlpffOMillegal, 1 6 116 1 1 0 14 0 3illegitimate, 111 6 61 1 1 1 0 3illn ess, 1} 611 11 10 0 1 16immediately, 61 160 1 1 3(he will come) immediately, 1 161 1 6

(px e'rat

impatien t, 6 1 1 0 1 61 1 0 1 10 3important, 0 1 0 086 20 3impossible, 6661 1 6 1 0 3improvemen t, 1} 11 6AA1 1 lp6 0 0

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in cessan t, 6 11 6 1 61 6 0 0 1 0 3inconven ience 1 1 6 10600indeed, certainly, 3 686 16 , 1 1 1671 1 0 1 6indifferent, 68164 1 000 3indisposed, 6 6 11 061606 1 0 3indisposition , 1) 11 6 6 081 6 06 0 56in fan t, 1 6 1 1 0106in fect, to (with a disease), 1 1 0 10 1 6 6 1 ,

1 1 0Mu3in fectious, 11 0AA1 11 1 11 63in form, 6260 1 1 0 1 61 0, - é

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VOCABULARY .

ingratitude, 1?6x 6p1 0 1 16 ju pitcher, 1 6 11 0 0 1 1611 1

in habit, 11 6 1 0 1 11 610 , 4 5 Ju y, 6’

1 0 1’1A1 os

inhab itan t, 6 11 61 0 1 11 0s jump, spring, 1 1 166 1 1 , 4 3

inherit, x lnpovoy e’

w,Jun e, 6

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1mosinjury, 75 1)(1 11 1 16 just, 81 11 6 1 0 3in k

,1 6 1 1 6A6m just (ex actly), 1 0 6 , 1 0 1 6 , 0 10 0 1 6

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pV 6 , 1 7 justice 1 6 61 1 1 6 1 0 1 1,81 11 6 1 0 0 61 1 1 )

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(wayside) in n , 1 6 x dwin n ocent, 60450 3in san e, 1 p6A7tos

1 23

inscription , 1 5 61 1 -wow!) keep (hold), 11 11 6 1 616 , - 10

in stead of ,mu keep (guard), 41 0 11 6 1»in strument, 1) 1 1 1 1x 6 11 1 ; keep (one

’sword), 86 0 1 65 (1 61 1 6 67 0 1 1)

insult 1 11 0 0 367 0 1 0 , wu pdfi'

w kettle, 6 1 6'

V1 f 6pes, ‘hinsuran ce, 60 0671 6 1 6 key, 1 6 11 71 6 1 8!

in ternational, 61 6011 1” kick, “ 0 1 0 6

in terrupt, 61 6 11 641 1 10 kidn eys, 1 6 1 1 641 11 16in terruption , 1661 6 11 0 1 1 4) kill, 0 11 0 1 61 1 10in tolerable, 6¢6p1rros kin d x aAds

in troduce, 1 1 6 110 0 0 1o kind (description), 1 6 6 160 3

in ven t, find out, 6¢ 6vpi0 1 1 w king, 6 B6 0 1A6'

6 s (BM CAGGS)in ven tion , 1} 6¢ 66p6 0 1 , 1 6 641 6 611 6 1 1 6 kiss 1 6 epikmaain vestigate, 656 1 601 : kiss «B

invite,wpo0 11 6Aéw, «3 kitchen ,

1 6 M 7 € tp€ léiron 6 0 160 11 0 3 kn ee, 1 6 7 61 1 6 1 0iron 0 161 1 1161 1 1 0 1 kn ife, 1 6 pax afpu (pen -kn ife), 1 ;iron 0 1 66 11 61 1 10 0 0 0 7 16island, 1 6mat kn ife- thrust

,1 ; 1 1 6 x 6 1p1é

I talian 6’

I 1 6 A6s kn it, 1 71 611 1 »Italian

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l1 6 7\1 11 6$ knock, x 1 v1 r1iw,

Italy,1 1 6 1 1 16 kn ot 6 11 61 1 1 0 3

ivory,1 6 ¢ {A1 1 o

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£6pw,

kn ow,recogniz e, v ptfw

known ,famlliar, 7 vw0 1 6s

jam,1 6 7A611 1 0 1 1 6

January, 6’

Iavova’

.p1 0 3

1 651 1 0 1 1 3 , labour, 1?BovAeuiJew, 6 15

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EBpaia ladder, fl 0 1 1 6A6

jewel, 1 6 0 1 0 11 6 1 lady, 1 1 k upia, fi x vpdjoin , 61 1 61 1 10 lake, viM1 1 10 )joke 6 x wpa

'ras lamb, 1 6 6pwi, 1 6 6pva'

11 1

joke x wp6 1 6 1’m lame

, 11 ou1 0 dsjourn ey, 1 6 TG£f8¢ lam 1)71 61 1 1 1 6

(have you done this)journey lamf, 6 7 1;

6 61 61 1 1 61 1 61161 1 0 , language, 17'

7 A1'

B0 0 6

joy, fl x apd lan tern , 1 6 ¢avdp1judge , 61 11 6 0 1 1 1 1 large, 1 1 67 1571 0 5"


last 3 6 0 1 13, 4 1 0611 10lastlastly, at last,

’s 1 6 1 6A0 s

late, 6117 6late (dead),laugh, 7 6 71 6 10 , «13law

, 6 1 1 61 1 0 3lawyer

,6 6 1 1 1 1 17 611 0 5

lay, put, Bdfwlay the table, 0 7 650 6 1 6 1 pav e

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1 1 06 63 1

leaf,1 6 ¢ 6AA0

learn , 1 1 6 06 1 1 1 16 , 1 1 6 11 0dlearn by heart, 1 1 6 06 61 6 1 61

’

leather, 1 6 13 1 1 61 0 6leave, 661 41 11 1»left, 61p1 0 1 6p6s, {6 11365leg, 1 6 1 1 661 , 1 6 1 1 06611 1lemon ,

1 6 21 6 1 1 61 1 1lemonade, Amovdbalen d, 86 1 1 6 I§wlength, 1 6 1 1 531 1 0 3Lent, 2 6 11 6 11 00 1 1;less

,671 17 61 6pov

lesson , 1 6 1 1 6011 1 1 6

let (o f a house) 611 0 1 11 1601 :

let, to be, 6’

9 0 1 11 16f6 1 6 1letter

,1 6 7 1161 1 1 1 6 , 13 61 1 1 0 1 0 71 1;

letter o f the alphabet, 1 6 7 1161 1 1 1 6 ,0 1 0 1 x 650 1,

lettercase, 1 6 wop'rocpdkw

liar, 6liberty

, 6A6 0 06p1 6library, 4; B1BA1 094311 17he, (n . ) 1 6 4461 1 1 1 6lie down ,

wka'

yuifwlife, Cwfilift up, 0 n11 6vwlight, 1 6 4512’slight (Weight), 671 6 111 1163lightens, it, 60 1 11641 1 6 1lightn ing, 60 1 11 6 1 6like 81 1 0 1 0 3 , 1 1 6 11 6 1 71 60 1 0 :like 67 6 1 6

(do you)like it, o"

6p6'

0 6 1 6 61 6likely, 1 106 1 1 63

lime, 6 60 360 1 1 1 3lan e, 1 mmlmen , canvas, 1 6 71 1 1 1611 1linen fromthe wash

,1 6 60 ‘

r p6ppovx 6linen (soiled), 1 6 pofix alion , 1 6 A6 0 11 1 6p1lip, 1 6 x emoslisten , 6 11 0601little, 1 1 1 11 11 61 , ékl'yoslive, (63, {611 1live (at), 1 1 600 11 6 1lively, (16 1 11163liver, 1 6 0 0 11 161 1living

, (1 1 1 1 1 1 6 11 6:load 7 6 1 1 100load 1 6 ¢6p1 w1 1alobster, 1 6 60 1 6 11 1lock f) 11 6 6 1 66 11 16lock 0 41 6 71 106London

, 13A6V 1 p6 , 1 6 o bivov

long, 11 6 11 11 61(a) long time , 1 0 6 611 11 6 1p61/long for, 7 0 11 6610 , (1 1 1 610 , «3look 11 1 1 1 1 600look out 661166 ,lo oking-glass, 6 11 6 6p6 1 r1 nslose, x dlottery, 1 6 A6 x 6 fovlove 1 } 67 6m;love 67 6 1 6

1 OW, x aynAds

luck , 1 6x 1 1luggage, 1 6 1 1161 1 1 1 6 1 6

luggage-

porter, 6 x apdkmluggage- ticket, 61 1 1 686 151 1 61 0 0 11 6 11 55:lunch, mid-daymeal, 1 6 1 rp67 6 0 1 1 6

machin e, 13 1 1 1 1x 6 1 1 1)mad, 1 11 6 70 1 61Madon na, 6; 1 1 6 11 6 7 93maiden , 1 6 x opf1 0 1maid-servan t, {1 80 1771 6 , 13 61 1 111 151 1 1 1 6make, 11 6/1mmale

,611 0 6 11 1 11 6:

man ,6 6 1 1 1 11 6 3 , 6 6 1 1 011 1 6 1 1 0 3

manner, way, 1 p61 rosmany, wak Aoi


nail,1 6 x apcpf

nail (o f the fi nger), 1 6 v6x 1n aked , 7 0 14 063name, 1 6 61 1 0 1 1 6name, what is your 1 61 1 0 6 A67 8 ;narrow,

6 7 6 7 63

n ation ,1 6 (Owes

n ational , 601 4 11 6:n ative, 61 1 1 61 1 0 :native country, 41 1 6 1 11 166

n atural, ¢va 1 11 6$

nature, 13 41 611 1near, 11 0 1 1 1 15, 0 1 1 1 16n ecessary (it is), 6 1 1 1 6 6v67 1mn ecessitate, 6v6 7 11 6Cmnecessity, 61 6 1 167 11 1 1neck , 6 Mum‘sn eed, require, x peuifo1 1 6 1needle, 1 6 BGAJW

negro, 6neighbour, 6 7 4 1 0 1 1 6 :neither. nor, 061 6 . 061 6

nephew,6 61 1 641 1 6:

n est, 41 41 1 1 1 1 66net, 1 6 1 71 6 1 1 1 1 61 1 , 1 6 Six "

n ever,

n ew, 11 6 wo6pto s

new year’s day, 41 1 pw1 0x pomdn ews, 61 61 81 10 1

newspapers, 6 lmftepfaa 3¢ 7IFGP‘S)n ice, 11 6 71 63 , 1 166 1 1 1 1 0 :n iece, 1 1 81 1 1 641 16n ight, 61 v6x 1 6n ight, at, 1 6”m

i

x “

n o , 6x 1noble

,667 6 14 1 3

n oise, shout, 1} 4 mm“noon , 1 6 1 1 6 171 11 1 611 1n orth 6 80 11 113

5

north 8611 11 6 1 0 3

n ose, 4; 1 1 61 17n ot, 66V

n ot yet, 6 11 614 1)n ote. 1 6 13 0 71 14 6 i “

n othing, 1 61 1 0 1 6n otice, 51 1 1 11 1 6 16 1 1 :n ovel, romance, 1 6 11 601 1 e 1 1 1 1 6

November, 6 N0 6'

1 1 8p1 osn ow, 1 6 116

number, 6 611 101 1 63nurse, 13 1 1 6 11 6 1 1 13 1 1 6 , 61 w aw dnut (walnut), 1 6 11 6 11681 (haz eln ut),

1 6 ¢ ow 1 o i‘

m1

oak , 73 811 6s, 1 6 41 6 6 31 0 18 16

(evergreen ), 1 6 woupv6p1oath, 6 8pmosoats, 1 6 81161 1 1

1 1 61 1 1 1 6 1 x dpw . See also com

A056:tion , 61 1 6 11 6 1 611 1 16 1

observe, 1 6 116 1 1 111616 , 4 13, 0 1 1 01 6 61»occu

gied (o f a place), 1 1 6 6 1 1 61 10 :

Octo r, 6’

0 11 1 6’

v 1 0 3

offer, 1 110 11 416116oflice, coun ting- house, 1 6 7M 6

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o ften , avx vdoil, 1 6 A661old, 1 6 71 6 1 6:oldman , 6 7 611 0 3old woman , 13 7 11 116, 1)7 6 1161 1 1 1 6 6 6older than I , 1 1 67 6 A6 I1 6pos 61 6

13 671 116olive- tree, (Amiomn ibus, 1 6 Aempope

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only, 1 16V”open 6vo 1x 1 6sOpen d

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uwt-ywopera, 51 61 6 11 6 [ 1 6 1 1 6 71 6611 6 1 1 6 ]opin ion , 1 1 7 1 16 1 1 1 1opium, 1 6 6 111 161 1 1opportun ity, 1?6611 6 1 11 16opposite, 61 révav1 1 , napaiopposite, Bir k aop osite the house, Bir x a

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s 1 6 1 1 1-fin

a liveshard by, 11 606 1 6 1 61 6 Bl :

oppressive, 3 6 06sorange, 1 6 wop

'ro'ydAM : (mandarin ), 1 61 1 6 v1 6 piv1 : (bitter), 6 6 1161 1 1 0 .

orange- tree, wop

'ra‘

yakhcdorder, badge, 1 0 1 6 11 1 1 1 1 11 1 0 1 :

order, regulation , 1 1551

VOCABULARY .

(give) order for, wapa‘

y‘

ye'

k kw

1 6p67 7 6 1A6 , r ap‘fiW GCAG)

ornament, 1 6 11 60 1 1 1 1 1 1 6orphan ,

1 6 61141 6 1 1 6outside (also , get out), 656:out, he hasgone out, 687 51 11 6 (51 1over, 1 6 1 1 10

over a hundred pounds, 1 6 11 6 1 d

61 1 6 61 1 6 1 61 1 Mpmsovercoat, 1 6 1 6 1 1 1 1 141611 1owl,

‘fg 11 0 6 11 1 1 0d 7 1 6

own (a.) [nb1s (1 1 0 1 1 , 0 0 0 ,cx ,

1 6 3 6 61

oyster, 1 6 0 1 1 1 161

pack ,packet, 1 6 1 6 1661 0 , 1 6 661 1 6

pain'

6 1 61 1 0 3

pain (be in ), 1 0 11 610 , - 6

pain t 1 6 x p131 1 6 , 6 1 1 1 0 26paint (v . 1 (wwwwpain ter, 6 (107 11 1541 0 :pair, 1 6 (6 07 611 1palace, 1 6 1 6 71 61 1

pale, 1610 161 : (o f colours), 6 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1paper, 1 6 x ap-riParadise, 6 1 1 6 11 1566 1 0 0 :1 1 3 1 11 80 1 , 61 61 1 1 rp6AA6

pardon , I beg your pardon , 1 1 6 0 0 1 1

1 606 1 6 ! 1 16 1 1 6 awx wpfifl ! 6 1 17 7 1 16 1 1 1 1

paren ts, 0 1'

Paris, 1 6 1 1 6 11 16 1parrot, 6 war r a

'

ydk k os

part, 1 6 11 611 0 3

parting (o f the hair), 13 x wpfd 'rpa‘

partridge, 13 1 1 61 61 1 1 6pass (o f time), 1 6 11 1 1610 ,

passport, 1 6 61 6 3 6 1 611 1 0 1 1 , 6 1 601 6 11 63

past 1 6 11 6 6 1 1 61 1 0 3

patch p‘l

'M Ad

patien ce, 13 61 0 1 1 0 14 1pattern , model, 1 6 6627 11 0pay 6 1 1 1 0 063 , 1 6 A6 1 1

pay «Anpdyw

paymen t, 61 whnpwyfipea, 1 6 “ (6Mpeace , 61 6 211 41 1 1 1 1

1 27

GVOS

peach, 1 6 13056 11 1 1 1 0 1 1

pear, 1 6 6 1 6 1 : (Wild) 1 6 6x A66 1 , 1 6

67 11 6 1 661

pear- tree, 61 61 1 816 , (Wild)6) 300 1 6 6 16pearl, 1 6 1 1 6 p7 6 p 1 1 6p 1peasan t, 6 x wpuc6s, 6 1 1 10 11 1 61 1 1 3 , fem.

x wpé fl aaa

peculiar, Odd, r eptep‘yos, 1 6 116 15pen , 1 6 11 0 1 166A1 , 1 ; 1 61 1 11 6

penkn ife, 6 0 0 07 16

people, 0 1‘

6 1 1011 01 1 0 1 , 6 11 66 1 1 0 3pepper, 1 6 1 r1 1 r6

'

p1

perfume , 6 1 1v a1 ci

permission , 1} 666 1 6

permit, 61 1 1 1161 6 1permitted , it is n ot, 66V 61 1 1 1 11 61 6 1 6 1persevere, 36 0 1 6

person , man , 6 6 1 1 011 6 1 0 3 , 1 6 1 11 60 0 »

1 1 0 1 1

pet, 67 6 1 1 1 1 1 63 , x pva6photograph 13 41 6 1 07 11 6 61 56

photograph (v ¢w1 oypa¢ iphotographer, 6 61 10 1 07 11661 0 :photography, “71 (66 1 1 07 11 6 4166

pianoforte, 1 6 mi npick 6 x ovg

'

pas, 6 11 6 01 6 3picture, 61 6 211 6 1 1 6 , 13 {wypafl a

piece, 1 6 11 0 1 1 1 1 61 1pig, 1 6 7 0 1 1 11 0 61

1 1

pigeon ,1 6 «6 11 1 6 1 611 1

pilgrim, 6 x 6 1 §fis

pill 1 6 11 6 1 6 1 61 1

pillow,1 6 1.1 6 51A6p1

pilot, 6 vamry6s

pin , 67 Kap¢ ff d a

pin e, 1 6611 1 1

pink , gilly-flower, 1 6 7 6 p6¢ 6 AA0

pipe (to smoke), 1 6 1 0 1 111 1 1 0 611 1 : nar

ghileh, 6 11 6 117 1 1 1 63 3 6 6p7 1A6'

s

pipe (water), 6 0 10 71 551 1 6 :

pistol, 1 6 1 r1 6 1 6A1

pitch , 1 6 11 6 1 11 6 1 1 1 (1ca1 pd1 1 1)pity Aw o311 6 1

pity, what a, 1 ‘kpl1 1 aplace, 6 1 61 0 3 , 1 6 1 1 611 0 3

plague, $1 wavo fmk a ,6 A0 1 1 1 6s

plain ,6 11 61 1 1 0 3

plan , 1 6 0 x 681 0 11plank , 1 6 6 6 1 461plant 1 6 111 1 1 1 611


plate, 1 6 1 161 0 priest, 6 1 6 1 8 :

play . 1 61

00 prince, 6 1 1 167 1 1 11 6 : 6 r pi‘

yu np)pleasant, 6 6x a

'

p1 0 1 0 3 prin cess, 1 } 1 11 17 1 1 1 1 60 0 6please , 611 60 10 do you like that print 1 1 1 1 61 1 1 0

0’

6p6'

0 6 1 6 61 6 prison , 1 } 161 1 1 1 6 1 1 1?if y o u please, 0 6 I CN KM B. pro bable , 1 1 06 1 16:

pleasure , f) x 61” , 51 6 6x 6 p1'

0 1 1 10 1 (s) profit, 1 6 1 1 61160 5

pleasure what is your 6pl0 1 6 progress, 1 } 1 110 1 1 0 1 4 1plough ,

1 6 6 1 1 61 11 1 promise 1 } 6r 60 x 6 0 1 (s)

plum, 1 6 66 1 16 0 11 1 1 1 0 1 promise 61 60 x 0 1 6 6 ,1 60 1

po cke t, 1 0 61 1 1 pro noun ce, 1 11 0 111 61 101

po in t, peak , 13 1 1 61 1 1 pron un ciatio n ,1 } 1 1 1 04 1 0 116

poison (1 1 . 1 6 ¢ ¢ p1 16 x 1 proper, regular, 1 6 11 1 1 1 1 6:poison 6 6 1 1 1 1 6 11 61 00 property, 1) 1 6p1 0 1 1 0 i6police, 61 60 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 66 proprietor, 6polioeman , 6 1 71 1 1 5511 6 ; proud, 61 6p41¢6 1 00 $polite, 6 67 6 7 41 : pro ve, 61 0 66 1 x r 6

'

01 ,~ 6

pomade , 1 0 1 16 1 01 proverb , adage , 1 1 1 0 110 1 1 1 61poor, w 61 (wretched), 1 1 6 171 1 61 1 0 : provide , 1 11 0 1 1 1 106 610pope, 6 1 6 1 8 : provin ce, 1 } 61 6 px lapoplar, 1 } A66“ ; Prussia

, 1 } p 0 0 la

po rk, 1 6 x o 1p1 v6 Prussian , 6 Hp6 0 0 os

port, 6 71 1 1 1 61 1 6 3 , 1 6 1 611 1 0 , f; pub lic , 61 11 1 60 1 0 3porter, 6 x apélms publish , 81 1 1 1 0 0 1 6 61 0position , situation , 1) pull

,- 6

, 0 611 1 1 01

possible, 80 7 0 7 63 pulse (pulsation 6 0 ¢ 1ry1 1 6sit is)possible, (661 1 1 0 11 6? pump, 1 1 1 71 0 61 1 1 6post, 1) 1 60 1 6 , 1 6 1 6 x 6 6p0 1 1 6

‘

1'

0 1 1 punctually, 0 01 0 1 6’

s 1 01 1 1 81 116 1

postage-stamp, 1 6 7 11 6 1 1 1 1 6 1 60 1 11 1 0 1 ' pun ish , 1 1 1 1 1 01160 1 , 1 6 1 6660 1

postman , 6 81 6 1 1 0 1 1 6 6 : pun ishmen t, 1) 1 1 1 1 10 11 16postpone, 6 1 1 6 .8d pure, 1 1 6 86 116s

pot, vessel, 1 6 61 7 620 1 1 purgative, 1 6 11 6 06110 1 0 1 1 , 1 6 1 1 6 06 1 1 1 1 1 1 61 !

potato, 1 } 1 6 1 61 6 purse, 1 6 1 0ml

poun d (lit re), 1 1 Ai1 pa, o f weight ; 1i push 0 1 pa’

1x vo

.\ 1'

pa o f money put on (a coat, shoes), 3610 1 10 , 1 1 1 6 1 1 0

pour out, x l'ww 1 1 0 1

powder, 15 0 1 1-61 1 1 ;power, 1} 661 1 6 1 1 1 5 , 1 1 11 1 611 6 0 1 3

praise, 61 6 1 1 1 610 , 4 0

pray,1 po0 6 6x 0 1 1 6 1

prefer, 1 11 0 1 1 1 16 10 , «3 quail, 1 6 611 1 611 1prepare, 61 0 1 1 1 600 M AJVG’

prescription , 0 6 1 1 1 6 7 4; quart (litre), M1 116

present 1 6 66 11 0 1 ! quarter, 61 1 6 1 61 6 11 1 0

present x aplg’

w quay, 1 1 1 11 0 11 1 1 1 1 6 16pretty, 6 1 1 0p¢ os queen ,

1 5BM ‘AIO’O’

G

prevent, 61 1 1 06600 queer, 1 6 11 16 117 0 3price, 15 1 1 1 1 16 question , 1 1 6116 1 1 10 1

prick , pierce, 11 6 1 1 6 10 , quickly, 71 67 0 11 6 , 67 11 417 0 1 16pride, 61 6p1 14>6v6 1 6 quiet

, fi0 vx os


round about, 1 p¢y6pw sis

row, paddle, Adpmrow 0 ezp6n yal, Ba0 ¢Am6srub 1 pffiwrubbish, 1 rr o1 6mo x pd

‘

ypa

ruin , x a1 a0 1 pé¢wruins, 1 6 épefma

,1 6 x aAaa

‘rd

ruler (for hues), 6557 0run , 1 pe

'

x w

Russian 6‘

P6 0 0 os

Russian '

Pw0 0 uc6s

rustic, x wpta1 m6s

sacrifice, 0v0 u£§wsack, 6 0 6mm:sad, hmn 'mévossaddle, i) 0 s

’

u c z (pack -saddlc), 1 6

d ovpépt

safe, 0 0 0 1 63

sail, 1 6 way!sailor, 6 va61 fls

'

saint, 67 1 0 3salad, 4) ouA61 a

salt 1 6 {mi nsalt 6Aa1 f§wsalted, é k afl tme

'

vos

same, i6m:sample, 1 6 Beiypasan d, 13sap, juice, 1 6 (mm!sardine, i; 0 ap6£AAasate, x op1 6fwsated, x op1 a0 y e

’

vos

satisfied, ebx apw fl me'vos'Saturday, 1 6 2 633a1 osauce, 0 6A1 0 0

can cer, 1 6 6 man'

k ka

savage, fiypws

save, 0 60»save

, econ omiz e, oinovomfw, «13, x dpwwo ix ovop fav

Saviour, 6 Ew fipasS3 W, 1 6 1 rpt6mscales, weighinginstrument, i; (wapcd

scamp, 6 x a1 ep76pm,6 pa0 napas

scarce, 0 1 6m”

scarcely, MM :

scarf, 1 6 Be’

h o

scen t, pv h d

scholar, student, 6 6 0 071 1 63 , 15pa'Mrpxa

school, 1 6 0 o ei'

ov (1 6 c ne cJ)science, 13 61 1 0 1 654 71scissors, 1 6 41 0A“:

screw, 13 3 160.sculptor, 6 7 A6¢ 1 nssea,

(are you)seasick ? mdvec 067x0 0

0 0,

seal, Sign et, BofiAu

season , 65pa

seat oneself, ndOopac

second (o f time), 1 6 Sew ep6k ex 1 ov, 150 1 1 7 6 61

secret 1 6 yu0 1 uc6

secretary, 6 7pappa1 e6ssee, BAéww (7 Ae

'

1 rw)I have n ot seen him for two day s(x w 660 ,ue

’

pms v6 1 0 1» 1 6mseed, 6 0 1 6pos, 1 6 0 1 6mmseek, 7 0pe6wseem,

tpafvopac

seethe, d Cwseiz e, mdseldom, 0 1 6 1/ca

sell, wovkdw,- 6 (wovh‘w,

send, 0 1 e'

7 ww

sense, 6 vo i‘

as

sen try, 6 0 nmr6sseparate, x wpig

’

w

sermon ,x fipurypa, Gcaax fi

serpen t, 1 6M61servant, 6 606A“ ,

Gama,6 impe

’ms,

i; 61 6pé1 p¢a

service, 13 t‘

n r17p6 0'la

set, Bdk kw

set on fire, 6v6¢ 1 w

severe, austere, 0 60 1 1 1 1165

sew, 6d¢ 1 wshadow, i; 0 am!Shake, x ovve

’

w, 4 3

shame, 3V1 po1 rfishare, divide, peptgwsharp, x o¢ 1 ep6s, é x oma

‘

y éro s

Sharpen , é x ovffwshave, Eovpfgw, gupifashawl, 1 6 0 6h

VOCABULARY.

sheep, 1 6 1 p6Ba-

ror

sheet, 1 6 0 w66mshelter, 1 6 0 0 61 0 0 0 0.shepherd, 6 6 BAdx osshine, 6aAf§wship, 1 6 fl wi

‘

ov, 1 6 x apiBzshirt, 1 6 6)1 ro x 6;4 1 0 0shoe, 1 6 1 0 1 061 0shoemaker, 6 1 0 1 0 0 1 571 3shoot 1 p3 86 1 6 7 0 0¢£lflshop, 1 6 payaCf, 1 6 pwcmcdk cshore, 1 6 r apdiu

short, x 0w 6sshoulder, 6shout, ¢wv6§wshovel, 1 6 ¢ 1 06p!show

, Befw , 31 1 066 6wshut(V . x k elw, 0 ¢aAv6w,

4 3, e ¢86vw

shut e ¢0 1 6sshy, feel, be ashamed,

’

v1 pé-r op,az

sick, 5ppw0 1 os, 60 05 4 1 3 , 666mm”(be)sick (vomit), gepve

‘

i

side, 1 6 pe’pos, «Aevpd

(ou this)side, 61 6 1 061 0 1 6 y e’

pos, 61"

0 61 9) 1 6 peptdsigh, 69a0 1 ev6fweight, 1 6 BAe

'

zpmosilen ce, 0 6 1 0 !(be)silen t, 0 1 0 1 6

silk 1 6 6 6 1 651silken , silk pe1 a£¢0 1 6$silly, o p66ssilver 1 6 60 136 1 , 6 Kn ow:

silver (8 . 60 1751 67 1 0 3 , ap'

yvpofis

simple, 61 A6ssin , 6) épamlasince ?upo i)since 61 6 1 61 6siflcere, eiAmpwfissing, 1 pa7 0 0 86w, «B

singer, 6 1 pa‘

yovbt0 1 fis, f; 1 pa7 0 0 6f0

1 pm.

sink, BvOz’Cwsir, Mn , master, gentleman , 6 3: 15pm:sister, 6; 6.56A¢fi, 1 6 686mmsister- in -law, f; yvvamaBéA¢m 6v8p

aBékqmSit, kdfloyat

site, situation , i; 660 ;

siz e,

1 3 1

skill, 13 pa0 1 0p¢6skilled workman , 6 1 ex vi1 mskin 1 6 1 6 1 0 1 , 1 } 1 61 0 0 , 1 6 Géppa

skin , flay, 7 66mmskull, cran ium, 1 6 x pavtov

sky, 6 0 6pav6ssleep 6 6mm:sleep, fallasleep x oquofipaz

sleeve, 1 6 pa nda“slip,slipper, f; waw ofi¢ kaslow,

sly, wavofip'

yos

small, pmp6ssmallpox , i; ebAo-yuismart r ovdw,

smell, ,uvpffasmell smell,

a 1 ro¢ 0p6smile, x apo-ysk é"smith, 6 0 ¢6npovp7 6s, 6smoke 6 nawu6s

smoke ¢ 0undpw, namlifmsneez e, ¢ 1 epvf§0pacsn ow, 1 6 x t6m(it)snows, x tovlfet, 1 r£¢ 1 u x ¢6msnuff

, 6 1 ad x os

so, (1 0so much, 1 60 0s80 that, 61 0 0 v6, 6 0 1 :

soap, 1 6 0 a1 rai3msociety, 41 émcpia

sock, K6A1 0 a

soda, 1 0 1 60 0 0

soft, pak ax tfsso ftly (o f sound), x apnhdso iled, Aepwpe

'

vos

soldier, 6 0 0 6 86 1 0 3 , 6 0 1 pa1 m'

wmsole (o f a shoe), 0 6Aa

son , 6 vf6s

son - in -law, 6 7 0mrp6:

so ng, 1 6 1 pa‘

yo t'

360

soon , “6 7,

6Af‘yo

sorrow, é; A61 1 ;

(be)sorry, Avwofipacson y, I am, y ou x anorpa t

'

ve'

rat

sorry, Aw ny e'

vos

soul, 1 ) 60 x 13H


south 6 V61 0 :southerly, southern , r61 1 0 $sovereign (pound), Mp6 (

‘

A-

n iu x fi)spade, shovel, 1 6 ¢ 1 0 6p¢

Spain , 1 ;‘

l0 w6viaSpanish, 1 0 1 6 7 1 1 1 63speak, 6mA6u ,

specimen , 1 6 8627 1 1 6spectacles, 1 6m1 07 9 6h 1 ¢

speech, 1'

p61 1 1 71 16 , 6 A67 0 :spider, n 6p6xmspirit, r vnmaSpirit for lamp, 1 6 0 7 1 11 1 0 k an tu

'

1 a

splendid, Aapr p6s, éfaz'

pn os

splinter, 61 60 x 1 0 6 6spoil, x aAw6a , w

sponge, 1 6 0 ¢ 07 7 6p1spoon , 1 6 1 6 x 0 0 1 ¢ 71 6msport, hun ting 1 6 x vvi

‘

ryz

sprain , 1 6 0 1 11614 1 1 6

spread,spring (o f 1 1 atel), -bBp0 0 1spri1 1g (seaso n), 6 1 1 0 151squander, 0 1 6 1 6 71 60 1 , 4 5

equin e, 1 451 067 6 1 1 0 3squeez e, 0 6677 0squin t, 6AAO¢0wpi§asquin ting, 6AA0 i00 posstable, 6 0 1 6 176 0 3stag, 1 6 A645:stage (o f theatre), 0 x

‘m'f)stagger, 0 x 0v1 0mpA60 , «3

staircase, 0 x 6Aa

stand, 0 1 611 0 1 1 6 1 , 0 1 6x 1 1 1

stand still 0 1 6 1 4 6 1 66 1 , «3

star, 6 60 1 épas, 1 6 60 1 p0

start, ¢ e6‘

7w

starving, 1 5 1 1 06 0 1 1 69 0 :

state, 6; 1 0A 1 1 elastatio n , 6 0 1 6 014 6:

steady, 0 1 aOep6s

statue, 67 6 1 1 1 1 0.steal, nAé¢ 1 w

steam, 6

steamboat,1 6 Ba1 r6p 1 , 1 6 61 1 1 61 17 1 0 1 0

tench, 1'

) 6 1 ro¢ 0p6, n Bpwpastep, pace, 1 6 Bfipastick, 1 6 pr a0 1 a17msti

‘

ll, 6x 66 ?)stink, Bpwmiw, «3

stinking,5 116 1 1 1 7 0 :

stirrup, 1 , 0 11 671 6

stocking, fl 1 6 1 1 1

stomach:1 6 0 1 0p6x 1

ston e, 1 61 1 1 1 1 , precious sto n e, 1‘

;

1 6 1 1 1 11 0 6

st0p, stand, 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 601 , «75, 0 1 51 0 1 1 1 1 1 ,1 6A6 1 6vu

stop (imperative), 0 1 60 0 1 1stopper, co rk, 1 6 0 1 0 61 1 1 1 1 6store - room, cellar, 61 0 061 11 1 ;storm, vi i; 1 p1 x v1 1£astflry (o f a house), 1 6 1 61 0 11 1 6(0 1 1 the upper) stony,

’

s 1 6 81 6 1 1 11 61 0 1 1 1 6

stove, 1‘

) 06 111 1 60 1 11 6

traight ou, 1 0 1 1 1 , 1 0 6

tranger, £61 0 :strap, thong, 1 6 o pf

straw,chaff , 1 6 fix upob )

strawberry, 1 6 ¢p6 0 1 1h 0stream, 1 6 66 31 1 1 1street, 1 61 161 4 0 3 , 1 1 1 5 1 1strength, power, 1 ; 661 1 11 1 1 1

strike, 1c1 v1 601 , - 6

string, 1 6 0 1 6 7 61 0 , 6 0 1 67 7 0 :string o f an instrument

, chord, 1‘

1

x opMstro ng, 67 161 9, 7 6 1163 3 61 1 1 1 1 1 63strong- bo x ,

chest, 11 60 0 11student, 6 1 1 1 1 0131 61study, 0 1 0 116600stuff , material, cloth,

stumble, - 6

stupid, 1 1 0 0 1 63suburbs

, 1 6 1 eplx wpasucceed, £1 1 1 vx alvwsuch , 1 0 1 0 61 0 1 , 1 61 0 1 0 3

sudden , 356 41 1 0 :suffer

, 61 0 41 611 10

suffice, ¢ 06vw (M61 1 6 )sugar, 6 {6x ap1suits (it), ¥ px e1 a 1sulphur, 1 6 1 16 161sum, amoun t, 1 6 1 0 0 61 1

summer, 1 6 11 6 1 1 0 11 6 211 1sun , 6 6371 1 0 :sunset, the sun is setting, 6 671 1 0 :fla0 1Ae

¢

ve1

sunrise, 1 ) 6 11 6 1 0 71 9) 1 0 11 fihlou


to -morl‘ow, 0 6p1 0(v) uncle, 6 1 1 1 601 1 1 0 3 , 6 0620 :(Jay af ter)to -mor1 °ow, 1 1 1 00 671 1 0 1 1 (1 1 3 0 1 1 unclean , 6 11 600 11 1 0 1

o f any indefin ite near future time) uncleann ess, 1) 6 1 0 00 11 0 10

to -mo rrow morn ing, 0 611 1 0 1 6 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 3 1 1 61 0 (61 6)tongue, 1; 7 6 130 0 0 undelstand, 11 0 6 03 0 1 1 1 10 , 11 0 1 0 6 1 1 1 1 5 6too , too much , 1 0 p0 1 06 6, more com 61 1 10 1 60 1 , 4 1 1

mouly omitted, a y. it is too little , undo, x aAvw

6 1 1 1 0 1 66 17 0 undress oneself, 3 661 0 1 1 0 1tooth, 1 6 660 1 1 unhappy, 611 0 rvx 1

'

1 3

torment, 180 0 0 1 601 1 un ifo rm 1 ;tortoise, f; x 6 6 61m un kn own , 67 1 1 100 1 0 :

torture, suffering, 1 6 360 0 1 1 0 unluckily, 61 1 0 1 1 1 x 1‘

1

‘

1 s

torture 30 0 0 1 1 100 unpleasan t, 60 0 696 0 1 0 6touch, 67 7 100 mm] , 61 0 3 , 61 3towel, f) 1 6 1 0 61 0 unusual

,0 1 6 1 1 1 0 :

tower, 6 1 6117 0 ; unwell, 11 0 11 06 606 1 0 1

town ,1 66 1 (s) up, (0 1 6 1 00

train , 1 6 1 00 21 1 0 uphill,tramway, 1 6 1 061 1 1 , 1 6 1 11 0 1 1 3 0 1 upon , (0 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 3

transcrlbe, 6 1 1 1 1 7 11 641 0 1 upon the table,’

s 1 6 1 pa1 6'

fctranslate, 1 1 6 1 0 ¢p6f 1 1 1 use

, make use o f , pe1 0 x e 1pf§omutravel, 1 0 51 6661 1 1 “Sc flll, ” 610 1 1 1 0 :treat (en tertain), 1 11 0 1 1 611 1 1 1

tree, 1 6 661 1 611 0 1 6 11 6 0 11 5

tremble, 1 11 61 1 0 1

trench, 6 6 6 11 11 0 3 , 1 6 x 0 v1 6 1c1trial(in co urt), 1, 61 1mtrip, 1 6 1 0 5161trousers, 1 6 1 0 1 1 0 6 61 1 1trun , 66 1 101 1 1 61 , 3 68 0 1 0 :trumpet, 1; 0 0 6 1 17 7 0trunk, 1 6 1 1 1 0 0 66 0truth,

‘7; 66 6106 1 0

try (test), 60 1 1 1 1 1 601 1 , (do on e'

s best)1 p0 0 1 0 06

'

10, 4 3

t1 1 1 1 1 blet°, 1 6 1 0 1 1511 1tun e x 0p61§wTlllk

, 6 Tofipn os

Turkey,j,Tovpx ia

tulkey, 6 7 66 6 0 3 , 1 6 7 0 6 6 61 0 1 1 6 0Turkish, Tovpx ucos (T0 1 1p11 1 1c6s)turn , 7 11 11 100turn , drive (o f a mill), 1 11 0 3 13

turn upside down , revolution iz c,7 11 11 101 1

"

0 1 1 10 11 61 1 0 , 6 1 1 0 11 0 1 61 1 11 1twilwht

,1 6 6 1 1 11 0 1 17 6:

ugly, 66 10 1 1 1 0 3umbrella, 61 1 1 11 66 6 0

vacation ,15 1 6 60 1 3 , 6 1

'

61 6 11 1 1 1 6 1

vaccination , inoculation , 6 61 1 3 0 6 1 6 01 6 61 1 1606 16 0 1 1 6

valley, 6) 1 1 0 1 6 666

varied, 1 0 1 1 1 16 0 3vase , 1 6 67 7 620 1

veal, 1 6 8 1 666 0 , 1 6 y ouc x dmveil, 1 6 3 66 0vein , 1; 111 6 67 6 , 13 6 6 63 6velvet, 6 11 6 1 1 111 63ven ture , 1 06 1 1 11 6 1 , 4 6vermicelli, 6 6 1ae

’

s

ven n icelli soup, 1; 0 0 61 6 41 1 66vernacular, 61very, very much , 1 06 6, 1 0 6 6 6vest

,1 6 7 6 6 61 1 1

victory, 11 1 1 1 11 1 ;V ien na, 11 3 1 61 1 1 1 1 ;village

,1 6 x wp16

vine, 1 6 61 1 1 66 1 : (trellised), 1 6 x 6 1p ¢vin egar, 1 6 $ 6281V ineyard, 1 6 61 1 1 66 1 6virtue, 11 611 6 1 1 1V isit 15 61 10 x 6 161

V OCABULARY .

visit 61 1 0 11 61 1 6 1voice, 13 41 6 14 1volume, 6 1 61 1 0 3

vomit, 56 11 1 0601 , - 8

vo te 41 1 1 111 101 1voyage , 1 6 1 6 5161

wages, 6 1 1 1 0 063 , 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6’

1‘

0v, 1 6 6 6 1 1 6

wait for, await, 1 11 0 0 1 1 61 1 1 11 , 11 6 11 1 6 11 611 1

wait tillI moun t, 0 1 60 0 11 11 6 11 6 3 61wait upon (a sick person), 1 6 11 1 1 0 1 0 61 1 6 1 , 1 1 1 1 1 1 601 1

waiter, 1 6 1 6 1 61

waken , 2 1 1 1 1 601 , 4 9

walk (1 1 . 6 1 6 11 1 1 6 1 ”

walk 1 6 11 1 1 6 1 601 , 4 3 . 0 1 117 1 6 1 1 100walking- stick , 1 6 1 1 1 6 0 1 0 171 6, 1 } 11 611 1 6wall , 1 6 1 6 5x 0 1 3 1 6 1 1 1 0 11 18611 1

walnut, 1 6 x ap1'1 61

wan t, x p6 16fo1 1 6 1war, 6 1 66 6 1 1 6 9warm {6 0 1 6swarm (6 0 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 , oneself (6 0 1 6 1 11 0

wash , 1 6 151 1 10 , 1 6 61 1 11 1

washerwoman, 17 1 6 60 1 11 6waste, x ¢ 6 1 6 10 , 4 3

watch, clo ck, 1 6 61 11 0 6 67 1watch

,keep awake, 67 11 1 1 1 1 161 11 , - 6

watchman , guard, sen tinel, 6 0 1 1 0 1 6:water, 1 6 1 1 6 116water-

pipe , 6 0 6 6 11 1 1 6 3water- closet

, 1 6 6 61 61 6 1 0 :wax

,1 6 1 1 1 111 1

wax - candle, 1 1 0 1 6 11 1 1 6 1 0 61 6way, 6 611 61 1 0 3

weak, 6661 1 6 1 0 :

wenkness, 13 66 11 1 6 1 1 16weapon , 1 6 51 6 0 1 1

weather, 6 11 6 1 11 63wedding, 6‘ V

ednesday, i; T6 1 p661 1 , T6 1 6p°m

weep, 166 6 16 1 , 11 6 6 17 111weight, 1 6 18611 0 :welcome

, 11 6 6 6 1 171 11 1 0 6 : (61 11 10 6 1 6)well 1 6 6 6

(get)wellsoo n 1 6 116 0 1 1 11 6 0 6 :

1 35

well 1 6 1 1 17 661west

,6 11 1 1 11 63

wet, 3 11 6 1 1 1 1 61 0 3 ,what di fference does that makeme 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 0 160 1 , 1 1 11 6 1 1 1 6 6 1

wheat, 1 6 0 1 1 611 1wheel , 6 1 pox 6sWhen 1 61 6

where‘

1 1 0 17

whistle, pipe 0 01 11 11 101 1white , 60 1 11 0 3Whitsun tide, i; 1 6 1 1 1 6 11 0 0 1 11Why 7 1 1 1 1 1 (61a1 1)widow, 1 1 x fipawife, 13 0 6617 0 3Wild, 67 11 1 0 :will, purpose, 1;wind, 6 6 1 1 6 1 1 0 5 , 6 6611 6 3window,

1 6 1 6 116 01511 1 , 1 6 116011 116window—pane, 1 6 1 011 1 1wine, 1 6 11 11 6 0 1wing, 41 1 6 116wink 7 ré¢wwin ter, 6 x 6 1 1 1 6

‘

w6 s

wish, Will 066 6 1, 61 101 1 1 1 1 10 , «71wish 61 101 11 1 16

(to)wit, 61 16 6 6111wither, 6 6 11 6 1 1 1 01 1 6 1

without, 71 01 11 13 , 61x 1 1 s, 6 11 6 0wolf, 6 6 61 1 0 3woman , 157 1 1 1 6 231 6won der, 06 11 1 1 601 1wood

,1 6£66 0

wooden , £06 61 6“wool, 1 6 1 1 6 6 6 1word, 1 } 6 6516)work 60 1 1 6 6 1510 , 611 7 66 1 1 6 1work 60 11 6 6 16, 11 6117 6 1 1 16workman , 6 611 7 61 1 1 3workwoman, 13 607 61 11 1 6 .

world, 6 11 60 1 1 0 3worm, 1 6 0 11 0 06 11 1 1Worry oneself 1 1 0 160 1 1 6 1worth , 1 1 6516(be)worth , 615101(it isn o t) worth while, 661 1 651 16 1wound 1 6 1 17 61 1 1 1wrangle, 1 1 6 6 6 61 1 10wreath, 1 6 UT€¢dV ¢write, 7 11666


writing, 1 6 7 11 11 41 1 1 1 0 1 1 (last)year, t épvmwriting-paper, 1 6 x a‘

r l 1 0 6 1 4 16 4 1 (nex t)year, 1 0 3 p vov

1 1 6 1 0 3 yellow, x 11 p1vosWrong, 681 11 0 3 yes, 9 6 1

yes, indeed 1 166 1 11 1 1 1 , Be’

Bamyesterday, (0 11 1

'

s

yesterday even ing, Npés 1 6yolk (o f an egg), 6 11 11611 0 3

yard (25 in ches— cubit), 7 100 ! young véos

(1 53x 1 1 1 ) : (39 Q inches, metre), 1 6 younger, wp -

n pos

1 1 61 11 0 1!

yarn , 15 11 6 1 1 11 1 1;

year, 6 x p6ros (plur. 1 6 p ma), 1 6

(1 0 3 z eal , 4) 6 1 1 0 1 161 1year, this, £41 61 0 : z ealous, 1 11601 1 1 1 0 1

RICHARD CLAY AND SONS , LONDON AND BUNGAY.

DAV !D NUTT .

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A th an asius o n the I n carn ation . Edited fo r theuse of Students, with in troductio n and n otes, by the Rev. A. ROBERTSON.

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B osk ier (Herman A fullAccoun t and Collatio n o f

the Greek Cursive Codex Evangelium 604 (with Two

Facsimiles) [Egerto n 26 1 0 in the British Museum].Together with two Appendices con tain ing

(A) The Collation o f a Manuscript in his own possession . (B)A reprin t w ithcorrections o f Scriven er’slist o f differences between the editions o f S tephen

1 550 and Elz evir 1 624 , Boz o 1 565 and the Complutensian , together with freshevidence gathered froman investigation o f the support afi

'

orded to the variousreadings by the five editions o f Erasmus, 1 5 1 6 , 1 5 1 9 , 1 5 22, 1 527, 1 535 , by theAldine Bible 1 5 1 8, by Colinaeus 1 534 , by the o ther editions o f Stephen o f

1 54 6. 1 5 4 9, 1 55 1 , and by the remain ing three Bez an editions in folio o f 1 5 82,1 588 - 9 , 1 598 and the 8

°

editionso f 1 565 , 1 567, 1 580, 1 5 90, 1 604 . (C) A fulland ex act comparison o f tho Elz evir editions o f 1 62 4 and 1 633 , doubling then

'

umber o f the realvariants hitherto known , and ex hibitingthe support givenin the one case and in the o ther by the subsequen t editions of 1 6 4 1 , 1 65 6,1 662, 1 670, and 1 678. (D)Facsimile o f Codex Paul. 2 4 7 (Oath . Eps. w ithcorrection of previousdescriptions. (E)Report o f 11 visit to the Phillips MSS . .

with corrections o f and supplemen t to previous in formation con cern ing them.

and collation s o f parts o f some o f them. (F)Repo rt o f a'

visit to the PublicLibrary at 8 11 1 9 , with Facsimile o f Erasmus’ second MS . Evan . 2 , and a co ]

lation o f Codex Apoc. No. 1 5 . (G) Report o f a visit to the Public L ibraryatGen eva, with corrections o f Cellerier’s collation o f Evan . 75 , as supplied toScholz . (H)Report o f a visit to the Library o f Harvard College, Cambridge.Mass. with in formatio n concern ing the sacred Greek codices there.

(I) Some further in fo rmation concern ing Codex an Evangelistary at

Andover, Mass. U .S .A. (J No te on 1 Tim. iii. 1 6 .

2 4 I ‘ 1 Royal81 10 , 280 pages, bound in Buckmm, 131 122 2 1 3 .

Pro fessor 0 . v. Gebhardt in the TkeoloqischeLiteraturzeittmg. So machtdie Collation imGrossen undGan z en den Eindruck derZuverlblssigkeit, z uma],dank der schon eriihmten Gewissenhaftigkeit des V erf .

’

s, der Gedan ke an

Fliichtigkeitsfeh er gar n icht aufkommen kan n . Und wen n wirklich einc

oder die andere Lesart Misstrauen erregt, wie Mt. 1 , 23 (st. 851 1) oder 2 , 70 15151 6 0 6 1 6 certe so kann dadurch der giinstige Gesammteindruck nur

wen ig abgeschwiicht werden . glfinz end ausgestattete Buch, dutchwelches sich der V erf. den Dank aller derjen igen verdien t hot, welche auf

demGebiete der neutestamen tlichen Tex tkritik arbeiten .

”

A piece o f very honest, careful, and valuable work.

”

P1 1 0 1 . SANDAY, Academy.

Every theologicallibrary and every originalstudent o f the N.T . will

find it importan t to possess thiswork .

”

A valuable contribution to tex tualcriticism.— C'la33 1foalReview .

Ein solches Mass von Sorgfalt ist nun (reilich iiberhaupt n och n ichtdagewesen . Sind mit einer Genauigkeit 1 1 1 1 gegeben , welche die bisherbeknunten Angaben weit hunter sich lessen .

”

a short and easy modern greek grammar

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