a review of p and sediment

8/12/2019 A Review of P and Sediment

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"e'e") an! a# o)e a t-(eat to +ate( @=a"&t#. Cat$-ent )$a"e (e)ea($- +&"" -e" to

"&n; $(&t&$a" )o=($e a(ea) o* )e!&ent an! P "o)) +&t- -#!(o"og&$a" at-+a#) to )=(*a$e+ate() &n t-e $at$-ent. T-e)e a(ea) $an t-en e ta(gete! *o( (ee!&at&on &n t-e R&'e(

a)&n Manageent P"an).

Keywords: t&""age )o&"8 -o)-o(=)8 )=)en!e! )e!&ent8 $="t&'at&on (a$t&$e)8 +ate(F(ae+o(; D&(e$t&'e.

INTRODUCTION

To !ate &n I(e"an!, t-e e/tent o* e(o)&on an! -o)-o(=) >P? "o)) *(o t&""age "an! &)=n;no+n, a) (e)ea($- -a) $on$ent(ate! on @=ant&*#&ng "o))e) *(o t-e o(e !o&nant

g(a))"an!. In$(ea)&ng e=t(o-&$at&on o* an# )=(*a$e +ate(o!&e) &n a(a"e (eg&on) o*

t-e U -a) een "&n;e! +&t- &n$(ea)&ng (ate) o* )o&" e(o)&on $a=)&ng )e!&ent an! P

"o)) *(o *&e"!) $(oe! +&t- +&nte( $e(ea") an! +&t- an a$$=="at&on o* )o&" P

t-(o=g- $ont&n=o=) a"&$at&on o* *e(t&"&)e( an! an=(e) >Catt et al.544?. Re)ea($-

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+ate( @=a"&t# an! &!ent&*&e) ;no+"e!ge ga) an! *=t=(e nee!) &n e(o)&on (e)ea($- on

I(&)- t&""age )o&").

AGRICULTURE AND WATER QUALITY IN IRELAND

In t-e Re="&$ o* I(e"an!, ag(&$="t=(e a$$o=nt) *o( 79.B >a(o/ 6. &""&on -a? o*

t-e tota" "an! a(ea >CSO 994? +e"" ao'e t-e E=(oean a'e(age o* a(o/&ate"#

69B. O* t-&) ag(&$="t=(a" "an!, a(o/&ate"# 9B &) !e'ote! to g(a)) >)&"age, -a# an!a)t=(e?, 55B to (o=g- g(a&ng, an! 4B to a(a"e $e(ea" an! $(o (o!=$t&on +&t-

a("e# a) t-e o)t &o(tant $e(ea" $(o (e(e)ent&ng 6.6B >53,499 -a?. Mo)t o* t-e

g(a&n &) =)e! *o( t-e (o!=$t&on o* an&a" $on$ent(ate *ee!)t=**). 6B o* $(o

(o!=$t&on &) $on$ent(ate! &n t-e )o=t- o* t-e $o=nt(# >S$-="te et al.959a?, +-e(e

t-e )o&") a(e -&g-"# )=&ta"e *o( t&""age, -a'&ng a "&g-ttoe!&= te/t=(e an! *(ee

!(a&nage >Ga(!&ne( an! Ra!*o(! 549?. In t-e )o=t-ea)t, $e(ea") a"one a$$o=nt *o(

5:B o* *a(e! "an! &n Co=nt# Ca("o+ an! 2B &n Co=nt# We/*o(! >Hoo;e( et al.

99?. In t-e )o=t- o* t-e $o=nt(# an! t-e )o=t-ea)t &n a(t&$="a(, t-e *a'o=(a"e

$"&ate (o'&!e) ette( oo(t=n&t&e) *o( )ee!e! (ea(at&on an! -a('e)t&ng. T-e(e

a(e *e+e( +et !a#), -&g-e( tee(at=(e), "e)) $-an$e o* *(o)t, -&g-e( (a!&at&on (e$e&t)

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Cont&n=a" *e(t&"&)e( a"&$at&on at -&g- (ate) on ag(&$="t=(a" "an! &n t-e a)t (e)="te! &n

e/$e))&'e "e'e") o* "ant a'a&"a"e P &n )o&") >T=nne# 999?. E/$e)) P a# t-en ea'a&"a"e to )=(*a$e (=no** *o""o+&ng -ea'# (a&n*a"" e'ent) >C=""eton et al. 99?.A)

)o&" P &n$(ea)e), P "o)) &n )=(*a$e (=no** an! )=)=(*a$e *"o+ &n$(ea)e) >S-a("e# et al.

995?. T-e(e*o(e, t-e -&g-e( t-e Mo(gan) P >P?>t-e nat&ona" )o&" P te)t &n t-e

Re="&$ o* I(e"an! *o( !ete(&n&ng "ant a'a&"a"e P?"e'e" &n *&e"!) o* a $at$-ent,

t-e g(eate( t-e (&); o* -&g- $on$ent(at&on) o* &n)t(ea P !=(&ng +et ont-) >Le+&)992?. P(e'&o=) g(a))"an! )t=!&e) at "ot >Pote et al. 5444? an! *&e"! >T=nne# et al.

999? )$a"e -a'e )-o+n t-at t-e(e &) a o)&t&'e (e"at&on)-& et+een t-e P"e'e" &n

)o&") an! !&))o"'e! (ea$t&'e -o)-o(=) >DRP? "o)t &n )=(*a$e (=no**.

E/$e))&'e an=(e an! *e(t&"&)e( a"&$at&on &) not on"# +a)te*=", =t &t $an "ea! to a

=&"!= o* P &n e/$e)) o* $(o (e@=&(eent) &n t-e )o&". T-e e/$e)) P a# t-en e

o&"&)e! # )=(*a$e (=no** !=(&ng e(&o!) o* -ea'# (a&n*a"". T-e Un&te! State)

Dea(tent o* Ag(&$="t=(e e)t&ate) t-at ao=t -a"* t-e *e(t&"&)e( =)e! ea$- #ea( &n t-e

Un&te! State) )&"# (e"a$e) )o&" n=t(&ent) "o)t # to)o&" e(o)&on >Montgoe(#

99:?. So&" te)t -o)-o(=), a$$=="ate! to 'e(# -&g- $on$ent(at&on), $an ta;e = to

596

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to an ann=a" *&e"! Pa"an$e !e*&$&t o* 29 ;g -a5#(5?, &t too; *(o :53 #ea() *o( a

)o&" to o'e *(o In!e/ 6 to In!e/ 2 >Ta"e 5?.

T-e $=((ent ag(ono&$ ot&= P'a"=e *o( I(&)- )o&") &) 7 g L5 *o( g(a))

(o!=$t&on >Da"# et al.995?. In I(e"an!, "o+ )o&" P$on$ent(at&on) o* 5 g L5&n t-e

5439) )e'e(e"# "&&te! $(o (o!=$t&on. A"t-o=g- nat&ona" )a"e) o* P *e(t&"&)e( -a'e

*a""en *(o 7,659 t #(

5

to 7,239 t #(

5

!=(&ng t-e e(&o! 544399 >DAFF 994?,(&a(&"# !=e to ne+ *a(&ng (a$t&$e), &"eentat&on o* t-e N&t(ate) D&(e$t&'e

>45K7:7KEEC0 Co=n$&" o* t-e E=(oean Un&on 5445? an! (&)&ng *e(t&"&)e( $o)t), t-e

ean P$on$ent(at&on &n I(&)- )o&") &) $=((ent"# g L5>Da"# et al.995?.

Ma&ntenan$e o* t-e P *e(t&"&t# o* a(a"e )o&") &) &o(tant a) $e(ea" $(o) e(*o(

ette( &n )o&") o* goo! P )tat=) >7.559 g L5Mo(gan) P? t-an on )o&") o* "o+ P

)tat=) t-at -a'e een )="eente! +&t- -&g-e( "e'e") o* P *e(t&"&)e() >S$-="te et al.

959?.

T&""age "an! -a) -&g-e( P a"&$at&on (ate) t-an g(a))"an! !=e to t-e -&g-e( o**ta;e)

an! t-e nee! *o( ne+ )ee!&ng ea$- #ea(. S=**&$&ent"# -&g- a'a&"a"e P "e'e") a(e

52:

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)=(*a$e >959 $? )o&" )a"e) $o""e$te! *(o (e!ete(&ne! o)&t&on) at a !en)&t#

o* )a"e) e( 599 ;

a)e! on an =n&a)e! g(&! )a"&ng )$-ee. T-e#!e"&neate! t-e a(ea) -a'&ng -&g- a'a&"a"e P =)&ng t-e &n!e/ an!) *o( t&""age )o&") &n

t-e P &n!e/ )#)te >Ta"e 5?, +-&$- )tate t-at )o&") -a'&ng 59 g L 5P "e'e") a(e

&n e/$e)) o* $(o (e@=&(eent. T-e a=t-o() att(&=te! -&g- "e'e") o* a'a&"a"e P &n

Co=nt# Lo=t-, ea)t D="&n an! )o=t-ea)t We/*o(! to a $o&nat&on o* "&g-tte/t=(e!

)o&"), an! 'egeta"e an! t&""age *a(&ng &n t-e)e a(ea). S&&"a("#, &n no(t-+e)t e((#,t&""age *a(&ng on "&g-tte/t=(e! )o&") (e)="t) &n e"e'ate! P "e'e"). F=(t-e(o(e, t-e#

att(&=te! -&g- "e'e") &n ea)t an! $ent(a" Co(; to a $o&nat&on o* &nten)&'e !a&(#&ng

an! t&""age on -&g-"# *e(t&"e )o&"), +-&"e -&g- "e'e") &n no(t- Ca("o+ an! )o=t- &"!a(e

a# e !=e to &nten)&'e t&""age on "&e)tone!e(&'e! )o&"). Re!=$&ng t-e)e )o&" P

"e'e") a# not e o))&"e &n t-e )-o(t te( a) S$-="te et al.>959a? )-o+e! t-at

e"e'ate! )o&" P $on$ent(at&on), (e)="t&ng *(o ag(&$="t=(a" "an! =)e, a# ta;e an#

#ea() to e (e!=$e! to ag(ono&$a""# an! en'&(onenta""# ot&= "e'e").

A &o"og&$a" )=('e# o* 52,5 ; o* I(&)- (&'e( an! )t(ea $-anne") *(o 99: to

994 >M$Ga((&g"e et al. 959? e)t&ate! t-at 9.:B +e(e )"&g-t"# o""=te!, 59B +e(e

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994 &n t-e SERD +e(e o* o!e(ate o( oo( e$o"og&$a" )tat=) "a(ge"# !=e to TP an!

$-"o(o-#"", o))&"# (e"ate! to &nten)&'e ag(&$="t=(e >M$Ga((&g"e et al.959?.

LEGISLATIVE ACGROUND

T-e WFD a&) to (e)to(e o""=te! +ate( o!&e) to at "ea)t goo! e$o"og&$a" an!

$-e&$a" )tat=) > 9.923 g P L5&n (&'e()? # 953 an! (e'ent an# *=(t-e(

!ete(&o(at&on &n t-e )tat=) o* )=(*a$e +ate(), t(an)&t&ona" +ate(), g(o=n!+ate( an!+ate(!een!ent te((e)t(&a" e$o)#)te) an! +et"an!). e# to t-e WFD &) t-e a!ot&on

an! &"eentat&on o* RMP an! P(og(ae) o* Mea)=(e) >POM? # t-e en! o*

95. T-e)e )et o=t t-e a$t&on) (e@=&(e! +&t-&n ea$- ao( (&'e( a)&n to a$-&e'e )et

en'&(onenta" @=a"&t# oe$t&'e), +-&$- +&"" e (e'&e+e! on a )&/#ea("# a)&). T-e)e

"an) =)t &n$"=!e a)&$ ea)=(e) an!, +-e(e ne$e))a(#, )="eenta(# ea)=(e) to

e &"eente! *o( a )e$&*&$ +ate(o!# to -e" a$-&e'e (e)$(&e! +ate( @=a"&t#

)tan!a(!). T-e RMP -a'e &!ent&*&e! ag(&$="t=(e a) one o* t-e a&n -#)&$o$-e&$a"

(e))=(e) a**e$t&ng a +ate(o!#. T-e a)&$ (eg="at&on *o( ag(&$="t=(e &n t-e Re="&$

o* I(e"an! &)t-e N&t(ate) D&(e$t&'e an! &) g&'en )tat=to(# e**e$t &n t-e E=(oean

Co=n&t&e) >Goo! Ag(&$="t=(a" P(a$t&$e *o( P(ote$t&on o* Wate()? Reg="at&on) 959

96

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Ve(# *e+ )t=!&e) &n I(e"an! -a'e "oo;e! at )o&" e(o)&on (ate) on t&""age )o&") !e)&te&nte(nat&ona" (e)ea($- # (on'ang et al. >544:?, C-ae() et al. >999?, Dea)# et al.

>994?, Ste'en) et al.>994?, an! Van Oo)t et al. >994? $on$ent(at&ng )e$&*&$a""# on

)=$- )o&") !=e to t-e&( e(o)&on (oen)&t#. T-e "o)) o* *e(t&"e to)o&" !=e to soil e(o)&on

on ag(&$="t=(a" "an! &) a g(o+&ng (o"e &n We)te(n E=(oe, an! -a) een &!ent&*&e!

a) a t-(eat to )o&" @=a"&t# an! t-e a&"&t# o* )o&") to (o'&!e en'&(onenta" )e('&$e)>oa(!an et al.994?. G(eate( !ean! *o( *oo! an! a!'an$e) &n *a( a$-&ne(# -a)

(e)="te! &n &nten)&*&e! $(o (o!=$t&on, "ea!&ng to -&g-e( t&""age an! +ate( e(o)&on

(ate). L&n!)t(o et al. >995? !e*&ne! t&""age e(o)&on a) t-e net o'eent o* )o&"

!o+n)"oe t-(o=g- t-e a$t&on o* e$-an&$a" &"eent). ot- t#e) o* e(o)&on $an

-a'e a negat&'e &a$t on (o!=$t&'&t#, +&t- t-e o)t )e'e(e &a$t o$$=((&ng !=e to

a "o)) o* to)o&" !et- &n )o&") +&t- a (oot (e)t(&$t&'e "a#e( >La" 995?. It &) e)t&ate!

t-at 553 &""&on -a, o( 5B o* E=(oe) tota" "an! a(ea, &) a**e$te! # +ate( e(o)&on

>EEA 5443?. So&" +ate( e(o)&on &n t-e U &) (&a(&"# a (eg&ona" -enoenon

a))o$&ate! +&t- )an!# t&""age )o&") &n t-e )o=t-+e)t an! )o=t-ea)t o* Eng"an!

>C-ae() et al. 999?. In I(e"an!, )o&" e(o)&on &) (&a(&"# a -enoenon a))o$&ate!

:

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an! )=(*a$e (=no** >Q=&nton an! Catt 996?. Longte( a(a"e =)e an! o!e(n

$="t&'at&on et-o!) $an (e)="t &n "&g-t te/t=(e! )o&") $a&ng >)=(*a$e $(=)t $a=)e! #-ea'# (a&n!(o) on *&ne"# $="t&'ate! )o&")? =n!e( (a&n &a$t >F(a)e( et al. 5444?. In a

(e'&e+ o* $(&t&$a" "e'e") o* SOC &n t&""age "an! &n I(e"an!, S&n; et al. >959?

$on$"=!e! t-at )o&" *=n$t&on &) =n"&;e"# to e a!'e()e"# a**e$te! +-en SOC &) ao'e a

t-(e)-o"! o* B >e@=&'a"ent to 2.6B SOM). So&") -a'&ng "e)) SOM t-an t-&) t-(e)-o"!

)-o="! e *=(t-e( a))e))e! to )ee &* t-e# a(e &n goo! en'&(onenta" an! ag(ono&$$on!&t&on. T-e)e *=(t-e( ea)=(e) $o="! &n$"=!e o)e('at&on o*0 e(o)&on8 g=""&e) &n t-e

*&e"!8 $oa$t&on8 an! $a&ng >S&n; et al. 959?.

In$(ea)&ng SOM $ontent &(o'e) t-e $o-e)&'ene)) o* t-e )o&", (e!=$e) t-e (&); o*

)=(*a$e $(=)t&ng, "o+e() t-e (&); o* )o&" $oa$t&on, &n$(ea)e) &t) +ate( -o"!&ng

$aa$&t# an! (oote) )o&" agg(egate *o(at&on, t-e(e# &(o'&ng )t(=$t=(a" )ta&"&t#

an! (e!=$&ng e(o)&on. A) an EU Mee( )tate, I(e"an! &) (e@=&(e! to on&to( SOC

"e'e") &n "ongte( >7 #ea() o( o(e? t&""age )o&") &n o(!e( to en)=(e t-at )=)ta&na"e

anageent (a$t&$e) a(e =t &n "a$e to (e!=$e an# *=(t-e( !e$"&ne &n SOC >DAFF

994a?. In $ont(a)t to t-e U, no +o(; to !ate -a) een $a((&e! o=t &n I(e"an! to

297

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A )t=!# # C-ae() et al.>999? o* 52 e(o)&on)=)$et&"e a(a"e $at$-ent)

>$onta&n&ng e!&= )&"t, )an!K"&g-t "oa, )&"t# $"a# "oa, "oa# )an! an! )an!# "oa)o&")? &n Eng"an! an! Wa"e) et+een 544 an! 5446 (e'ea"e! t-at )o&" e(o)&on $an

o$$=( at an# t&e o* t-e #ea(, (o'&!e! t-e $on!&t&on) )=&ta"e *o( e(o)&on a(e (e)ent.

T-e)e &n$"=!e0 "a$; o* g(o=n! $o'e( 'egetat&on > 53B?8 "oo)e, *"=**# an! 'e(# *&ne

)ee! e! $on!&t&on)8 -ea'# (a&n*a"" > 53 !a#5? +&t- a -&g- &nten)&t# > 6 -(

5? &n t-e (e)en$e o* -&g- +&n!)8 )tee )"oe)8 (e)en$e o* 'a""e# *"oo( *eat=(e) t-at

$on$ent(ate )=(*a$e (=no**8 an! $oa$te! t(a"&ne) >=n)ee!e! +-ee"&ng a(ea) =)e!

to *a$&"&tate )(a#&ng oe(at&on) &n $e(ea" $(o)?. T-e &n$&!en$e o* )e'e(e e(o)&on

(e)="t&ng &n t(an)o(t o* SS an! P, &n a(t&$="a(, ten!) to e -&g-"# !een!ent on

-#!(o"og&$a" )to( e'ent) >E!+a(!) an! W&t-e() 99?, an! &t -a) een )-o+n t-at

a(o/&ate"# 49 to 43B o* )o&" e(o)&on o$$=() !=(&ng t-e o)t )e'e(e B o* )to()

>W&nega(!ne( 5447?. E(o)&on a")o o$$=() o'e( e(&o!) o* (o"onge! "o+e(&nten)&t#

(a&n*a"" >Ro&n)on 54448 F(a)e( et al. 5444?.

Mean ann=a" (e$&&tat&on *o( I(e"an! (ange) *(o :395999 on t-e ea)t $oa)t to

et+een 5999539 on t-e +e)t $oa)t. T-e -&g-e)t ann=a" (a&n*a"" o* et+een

269

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et a". >999?, =( >999?, Mo(gan et a". >999?, &e"# >999?, an! I('&ne et a". >995?.

O'e("an! *"o+ e'ent) (e)="t&ng *(o &nten)e )=e( (a&n*a"") $o="! otent&a""#t(an)o(t P an! )e!&ent *(o '="ne(a"e t&""age )o&") to )=(*a$e +ate( o!&e) !=(&ng

t-e g(o+&ng )ea)on.

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

E(o)&on !(&'en # anageent (a$t&$e) )=$- a) t-e !e$&)&on) a!e # *a(e() a) to

+-at $(o) to g(o+, -o+ to anage an! (ea(e t-e "an!, an! +-en to )o+ a(e a")o

'e(# &o(tant an! ea)&e( to $-ange &n t-e )-o(tte(. Re)ea($- on $="t&'at&on (a$t&$e

&n t-e U # C-ae() an! Ga(+oo! >999? &!ent&*&e! 'a""e# *eat=(e), "a$; o* $(o

$o'e(, +-ee"&ng) >t-e a))age o'e( )o&" # +-ee") o* a 'e-&$"e? an! t(a"&ne) a) t-e

a&n $ont(&=to() to e(o)&on. Re)ea($- # S&"g(a et al.>959? on )an!# "oa an!

)&"t# $"a# "oa )o&") on 6 )"oe) &n Eng"an! -a) )-o+n t-at t(a"&ne) $an (e(e)ent

t-e o)t &o(tant at-+a# *o( P an! )e!&ent "o)) *(o o!e(ate"# )"o&ng *&e"!).

In a )t=!# o* &t&gat&on ot&on) *o( )e!&ent an! P "o)) *(o +&nte()o+n a(a"e

$(o) on t-(ee )o&" t#e) >)an!#, )&"t# an! $"a#?, Dea)# et al.>994? )-o+e! t-at

$oa(e! to "o))e) *(o $(oe! a(ea) +&t-o=t t(a"&ne), "o))e) o* )e!&ent an! P

2:6

2:32:7

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Co"&an$e. e# t&""age oe(at&on)K(a$t&$e) t-at a# &a$t on )o&" an! +ate(

@=a"&t# an! o))&"e &t&gat&on ot&on) *o( I(e"an! a(e o=t"&ne! &n Ta"e .

IMPACT OF TILLAGE FARMING

So&" "o)) on a(a"e ag(&$="t=(a" "an! &) t#&$a""# an o(!e( o* agn&t=!e -&g-e( t-an

=n!e( =n!&)t=(e! nat&'e 'egetat&on >Van Oo)t et al. 994?, an! t+o o(!e() o*

agn&t=!e -&g-e( t-an (ate) o* )o&" *o(at&on >Montgoe(# 99:?. T-e(e &) =$-

e'&!en$e to )-o+ t-at )o&" e(o)&on !=e to (a&n*a"" an! o'e("an! *"o+ &) e/a$e(ate! #

t&""age oe(at&on). Ho+e'e(, o* )&&"a( &o(tan$e &) t-e e/tent o* t&""age e(o)&on

(e)="t&ng !&(e$t"# *(o t&""age oe(at&on). T-&) gene(a""# (e)="t) &n a o'eent o* )o&"

*(o $on'e/ )-ae! to $on$a'e )-ae! "an!)$ae) an! "ea!) to a n=t(&ent(&$- )o&" &n

t-e "atte(. W-&"e +ate( e(o)&on &) )t(ong"# $ont(o""e! # )o&" $-a(a$te(&)t&$) )=$- a)

)o&" )tone "e'e", te/t=(e an! $(=)t&ng otent&a" >Van Oo)t et al. 994?, e/e(&enta"

)t=!&e) -a'e )-o+n t-at t&""age )ee!, !et-, !&(e$t&on an! &"eent $-a(a$te(&)t&$)

a(e t-e (&a(# $ont(o") on t&""age e(o)&on >Van Oo)t et al. 997?. It &) o* ao(

&o(tan$e t-at e(o!e! n=t(&ent) an! )e!&ent a(e (eta&ne! &n*&e"! )o a) not to &a$t

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*o(at&on >$on)&)t&ng o* &ne(a" +eat-e(&ng, )o&" &oa)) g(o+t- an! !=)t !eo)&t&on?

+-&$- (ange *(o 9.2 5.6 Mg -a

5

#(

5

, +&t- t-e "o+e( "&&t e&ng &n!&$at&'e o*E=(oean $on!&t&on) >C(eae( et al. 959?. Re)ea($- on t&""age )o&") &n I(e"an! &)

nee!e! to 'a"&!ate t-e e)t&ate) o* e(o)&on (ate) g&'en # t-e o!e" o* Van Oo)t et al.

>994?.

T-e otent&a" TP "o))e) a))o$&ate! +&t- t-e)e e)t&ate) o* e(o)&on $o="! -a'e )e(&o=)

&"&$at&on) *o( +ate( @=a"&t# &n I(e"an! &* t-e e(o!e! )e!&ent (ea$-e) )=(*a$e

+ate(o!&e), g&'en t-at t-e t#&$a" (ange *o( TP $ontent o* nono""=te! ag(&$="t=(a"

)o&") &n I(e"an! &) e)t&ate! at et+een 9.9 to 9. B >M$G(at- et al. 995? +&t- t-e

e!&an TP $ontent o* I(&)- )o&") >959$? e&ng 9.55 B >Fa# et al. 99:?. A"#&ng

t-&) (ange o* TP &n I(&)- ag(&$="t=(a" )o&") to t-e e)t&ate) o* +ate( e(o)&on (eo(te! #

Van Oo)t et al. >994? *o( I(e"an! g&'e) a (ange o* 9. to . ;g P -a5#(5"o)t *(o

a(a"e "an!. T-&) &) a $on)e('at&'e e)t&ate o* P "o)) *(o a(a"e *&e"!) !=e to e(o)&on,

g&'en t-at P -a) "o+ )o"=&"&t# an! &) (&a(&"# o=n! to *&ne( )o&" *(a$t&on) "&;e $"a#,

+-&$- (=no** (e*e(ent&a""# t(an)o(t) >Q=&nton et al.995?. In a )t=!# o* TP e/o(t

$oe**&$&ent) *(o !&**e(ent CORINE "an! $o'e( $"a))e) &n 39 e/e(&enta" )=

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a))e))ent o* ea$- t#e o* e(o)&on &n &)o"at&on an! +-&"e &nte(a$t&ng +&t- one anot-e(.

T-&) &) e))ent&a" &* +e a(e to =n!e()tan! t-e (o"e "a#e! # t&""age e(o)&on &n !e"&'e(&ng)e!&ent to )=(*a$e +ate().

Ra&n*a"" 'a(&a&"&t# &n I(e"an! o*ten (e)="t) &n t&""age *&e"! oe(at&on) e&ng $a((&e! o=t

&n "e)) *a'o(a"e $on!&t&on) >)o&") at o( nea( *&e"! $aa$&t#? +&t- &n$(ea)e! (&); o* )o&"

$oa$t&on *(o *&e"! a$-&ne(# t(a**&$. T-e t(en! to+a(!) "a(ge( a$-&ne) +&t-

&n$(ea)e! a/"e "oa!) *=(t-e( &n$(ea)e t-e (&); o* )o&" $oa$t&on. Coa$te! )o&") +&t-

oo( )t(=$t=(e a(e o(e (one to )=(*a$e $a&ng an! oo( &n*&"t(at&on o* +ate( !=e to

(e!=$e! o(o)&t# an! $on)e@=ent (e!=$t&on &n -#!(a="&$ $on!=$t&'&t#, "ea!&ng to

ea("&e( )at=(at&on an! t-=) &n$(ea)e! )=(*a$e (=no** an! e(o)&on &n )"o&ng a(ea). So&"

$oa$t&on $an o$$=( a) )=(*a$e $oa$t&on &.e. +&t-&n t-e t&""e! "a#e( o( a) )=)o&"

$oa$t&on +-&$- o$$=() eneat- t-e "o=g- "a#e(. S=(*a$e $oa$t&on &) no(a""#

!ea"t +&t- &n t-e ne/t t&""age oe(at&on +-&"e )=)o&" $oa$t&on &) =$- o(e

e()&)tent an! !&**&$="t to (eo'e. W-&"e )=)o&"&ng -a) een t-e )=e$t o* =$-

(e)ea($- an! $an (e!=$e ="; !en)&t# an! $oa$te! "a#e(), &t &) gene(a""# $on)&!e(e!

ette( to a'o&! )=)o&" $oa$t&on t-an to (e"# on a""e'&at&ng t-e $oa$te! )o&" "a#e(

6:7

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T(a!&t&ona" on&to(&ng te$-n&@=e) =)e! to e)ta"&)- )o&" e(o)&on (ate) -a'e t-e

&n-e(ent *"a+ o* *a&"&ng to !ete(&ne t-e *ate o* e(o!e! )e!&ent an!, t-e(e*o(e, g&'eno &n!&$at&on o* t-e &a$t o* ea)=(e! e(o)&on (ate) on )=(*a$e +ate( @=a"&t#. "a;e

et al. >5444? note t-at &t &) a(t&$="a("# !&**&$="t to a))e"e &n*o(at&on on t-e )at&a"

!&)t(&=t&on o* e(o)&on an! !eo)&t&on (ate) +&t-&n t-e "an!)$ae an! on t-e a))o$&ate!

)e!&ent !e"&'e(# (at&o) =)&ng t(a!&t&ona" on&to(&ng te$-n&@=e). M=$- o* t-e

&n*o(at&on a'a&"a"e on e(o)&on (ate) -a) een $o""e$te! *(o *"=e an! e(o)&on "ot

)t=!&e)8 -o+e'e(, t-e)e on"# (o'&!e &n*o(at&on on t-e net (ate o* )o&" "o)) *(o t-e

o=n!e! a(ea, a) (e(e)ente! # t-e *"=/ o* )e!&ent a$(o)) &t) "o+e( o=n!a(#. A)

)=$-, "ot )t=!&e) t#&$a""# o'e(e)t&ate e(o)&on (ate) # *a&"&ng to en$oa)) ao(

$at$-ent )e!&ent )to(e) >Co""&n) an! Wa""&ng 99:?. T-e)e )to(e) get "a(ge( a)

$at$-ent a(ea &n$(ea)e) e$a=)e t-e *(a$t&on o* "e)) )tee )"oe), "&;e 'a""e# otto)

+-e(e )e!&ent !eo)&t&on o$$=(), a")o &n$(ea)e >Ve()t(aeten an! Poe)en 995?. It &)

*o( t-e)e (ea)on) t-at t-e (e(e)entat&'ene)) o* "ot (e)="t) &n te() o* t-e +&!e(

"an!)$ae &) o*ten @=e)t&one!. A) t-e )$a"e at +-&$- e(o)&on &) e&ng )t=!&e! &n$(ea)e)

*(o *"=eto"ot an! = to *&e"! an! $at$-ent)$a"e, t-e a(aete() &n*"=en$&ng

t-&) e(o)&on $-ange an!, t-e(e*o(e, )o =)t et-o!) =)e! to ea)=(e e(o)&on. T-e =)e

359

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PHOSPHORUS MOILIATION

Mo&"&at&on &) t-e *&()t ;e# )te &n t-e )ea(at&on o* P o"e$="e) *(o t-e&( )o=($ean! &n$"=!e) $-e&$a", &o"og&$a" an! -#)&$a" (o$e))e). T-e)e (o$e))e) g(o= &nto

e&t-e( )o"=&"&)at&on o( !eta$-ent e$-an&)), !e*&ne! # t-e -#)&$a" )&e o* t-e P

$oo=n!) t-at a(e o&"&)e! >Ha#ga(t- et al. 993?. T-e !eta$-ent an! t(an)*e( o*

non!&))o"'e! P &n a))o$&at&on +&t- )o&" a(t&$"e) &) o(e (ono=n$e! +-e(e *a(&ng

(a$t&$e) gene(ate e(o)&on >C-ae( et al.999? an! (o'&!e) a -#)&$a" e$-an&)

*o( o&"&)&ng P *(o )o&" &nto )=(*a$e +ate() >S-a("e# an! S&t- 54498 To# et al.

99?. T-e )&e t-(e)-o"! o)t $oon"# =)e! to oe(at&ona""# !e*&ne !eta$-ent &)

9.63 an! -a) een =)e! *o( t-e t-(e)-o"! et+een !&))o"'e! DP an! PP

>Ha#ga(t- an! Ja('&) 544:?. Ha#ga(t- an! Ja('&) >5444? -a'e a(g=e! *o( t-e &n$"=)&on

o* a t-&(! o!e # +-&$- P $an e o&"&)e! *o( t(an)o(t to +ate( &n$&!enta"

t(an)*e( o* DP an! PP o$$=((&ng +-en *e(t&"&)e( o( an=(e a"&$at&on), +-&$- a(e not

&n$o(o(ate! &nto t-e )o&", a(e $o&n$&!ent +&t- on)et o* (a&n*a"". T-e# $on$"=!e t-at

e'en t-o=g- &n$&!enta" t(an)*e( +&"" &n$"=!e o&"&at&on an! !eta$-ent, &t )-o="! e

;et )ea(ate *(o t-e)e e$-an&)) !=e to t-e =n&@=e $&($=)tan$e) "ea!&ng = to

&t) o$$=((en$e an! $ont(o". T-e (e"at&'e (oo(t&on) o* PP an! DP &n )=(*a$e (=no** &)

366

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T-e e/en)&'e nat=(e o* *&e"! e/e(&ent) an! &n-e(ent 'a(&a&"&t# &n nat=(a" (a&n*a""

-a) a!e (a&n*a"" )&="ato() an! "ao(ato(# &$(o$o)) a +&!e"# =)e! too" &n P

t(an)o(t (e)ea($- >Ha(t et al. 996?. D=e to t-e $o"e/&t# o* )o&" e(o)&on # +ate(,

*&e"! e/e(&entat&on $an e $o"&ente! # +o(; &n $ont(o""e! "ao(ato(#

e/e(&ent). W-&"e t-e(e a(e )t&"" )oe (e)e('at&on) (ega(!&ng t-e =)e o* )&="ate!

(a&n*a"" &n "a$e o* nat=(a" (a&n*a"" >Potte( et al. 997?,t-e(e &) +&!e)(ea! )=o(t *o(

t-e =)e o* (a&n*a"")&="at&on e/e(&ent) to ota&n )oe e)t&ate o* t-e agn&t=!eo*

otent&a" "o))e) *(o !&**e(ent "an! anageent )#)te),)o&" t#e), an! "an!)$ae)

>Pote et al.54448 S-a("e# et al.9958 =n!# et al. 9958 S$-(oe!e( et al. 9968

Ta(;a")on an! M&;;e")en 9968 L&tt"e et al.993?. N=e(o=) )t=!&e) o=t)&!e o*

I(e"an! -a'e =t&"&)e! (a&n*a"" )&="at&on to e'a"=ate n=t(&ent "o))e) &n (=no** *(o

t&""age )#)te) >An!(a);& et al.5438 -ao et al.9958 Da'e(e!e et al. 9928 F(an;"&n

et al. 99:?. St=!&e) -a'e a")o een $on!=$te! =)&ng "ao(ato(# (a&n*a"" )&="at&on on

*"=e) a$;e! +&t- t&""age )o&" to (e!&$t (=no** o* SS an! PP =)&ng )&"e )o&" te)t)

>U!e&g+e an! Wang 99:?, an! e/a&ne 'a(&a&"&t# &n o&"&at&on an! t(an)o(t o*

n=t(&ent) an! )e!&ent # o'e("an! *"o+ a$(o)) a (ange o* )o&") >M&""e( an! Q=&nton

994?. In a!!&t&on, *"=e )t=!&e) =)&ng $on$ent(ate! o'e("an! *"o+ a) oo)e! to

3:

3:4

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A "a(ge (oo(t&on >= to 49B? o* P e/o(te! *(o $at$-ent) on an ann=a" a)&) &)

gene(ate! *(o a (e"at&'e"# )a"" o(t&on o* t-e $at$-ent an! !=(&ng on"# one o( t+o

)to( e'ent) >S-a("e# an! Re;o"a&nen 544:?.T=nne# et al. >999? )-o+e! t-at 69B

o* t-e tota" ao=nt o* DRP "o)t &n (=no** *o( 544: *(o *o=( g(a))"an! *&e"!) (ang&ng

&n )&e *(o 9.3 56.3 -a +a) "o)t +-en ao=t 539 o* (a&n *e"" &n a *o=(!a#

e(&o!. In $ont(a)t, a )t=!# o* n=t(&ent an! )e!&ent "o)) to +ate( *(o ag(&$="t=(a"

g(a))"an! $at$-ent) o* t-e D(&)e# R&'e(, Co. Co(; &n 99, *o=n! t-at o(e t-an

9B o* TP "o)) +a) *o( t-e *&'e ont-) o* O$toe( to Fe(=a(#, +&t- a "a(ge

(oo(t&on $o&ng *(o ao=t 59 )to( e'ent) +-e(e -&g- P $on$ent(at&on) o$$=((e!

)&="taneo=)"# +&t- -&g- )t(ea *"o+) >Le+&) 992?. T-&) e'&!en$e )=gge)t) t-at,

+-&"e e/t(ee (a&n*a"" e'ent) +&t- "a(ge (et=(n e(&o!) "&;e t-at (eo(te! # T=nne# et

al.>999? $an e (e)on)&"e *o( a "a(ge (oo(t&on o* DRP "o)t o'e( an at#&$a" #ea(,

o(e no(a""# one +o="! e/e$t P "o)) to e )(ea! a$(o)) a n=e( o* "a(ge )to()

t-(o=g-o=t t-e #ea(. In a!!&t&on, (e)ea($- at "ot)$a"e on a(a"e "an! &n t-e U #

Q=&nton et al. >995? )-o+e! t-at o(e *(e@=ent"# o$$=((&ng )a""e( e'ent) a$$o=nte!

*o( a g(eate( (oo(t&on o* t-e P "o)t o'e( a 7#( e(&o! t-an &n*(e@=ent "a(ge e'ent). It

75

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+&t- a e($-e! +ate(ta"e. T-e !&'&)&on) et+een )at=(ate! an! &n*&"t(at&on (=no**

e$oe !&**&$="t a) a VSA &) gene(ate!.

MODELLING SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENT AND P DELIVERY TO

SURFACE WATERS AT THE CATCHMENT SCALE

In*o(at&on on )o&" e(o)&on an! P "o)) a$(o)) !&**e(ent "an! =)e) >e.g. t&""age an!

g(a))"an!? an! &t) e**e$t on +ate( @=a"&t# at $at$-ent )$a"e +&"" -e" I(e"an! eet t-e

(e@=&(eent) o* t-e WFD. Deta&"e! ana"#)&) o* $at$-ent $-a(a$te(&)t&$), a))e))ent

o* (&); to )=(*a$e an! g(o=n!+ate(), *=(t-e( ana"#)&) o* e/&)t&ng &n*o(at&on an!

$o""e$t&on o* ne+ !ata a(e a"" nee!e! to )=o(t t-e &"eentat&on o* t-e WFD

>I('&ne et al. 993?. G&'en t-at t-e(e &) )t&"" =$- to =n!e()tan! ao=t t-e $o"e/

(e"at&on)-& et+een t-e $at$-ent an! t-e o'eent o* )e!&ent an! P, an! t-e

(e)on)e o* t-e a@=at&$ e$o)#)te to ant-(oogen&$ &a$t), o!e""&ng t-at $an

e"=$&!ate ;e# 'a(&a"e) an! (e!&$t (e)on)e) &) a 'a"=a"e too" >I('&ne et al. 993?.

Man# !&**e(ent ;&n!) o* o!e") a(e a'a&"a"e *o( =)e to )&="ate )o&" e(o)&on an!

763

767

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21/58

&n ot-e( $o=nt(&e) an! +&t- ea)=(e! "o))e) *(o I(&)- an! &nte(nat&ona" $at$-ent)

>Ta"e) 2 an! 6?. Ca=t&on &) (e@=&(e! +-en $oa(&ng (e)="t) *(o t-e)e ta"e) g&'en

t-e e**e$t o* $at$-ent )&e on )=)en!e! )e!&ent #&e"!.

EMPIRICAL MODELS

T-e)e o!e") a(e gene(a""# $on)&!e(e! to e t-e )&"e)t o* t-e t-(ee o!e" t#e) an!

a(e *(e@=ent"# =)e! &n (e*e(en$e to o(e $o"e/ o!e") a) t-e# $an e

&"eente! &n )&t=at&on) +&t- "&&te! !ata an! a(aete( &n=t), an! a(e a(t&$="a("#

=)e*=" a) a *&()t )te &n &!ent&*#&ng )o=($e) o* )e!&ent an! n=t(&ent gene(at&on

>Me((&tt et al. 992?. T-e# a(e !e(&'e! *(o t-e ana"#)&) o* *&e"! o)e('at&on) an!

en!ea'o=( to $-a(a$te(&)e (e)on)e *(o t-e)e !ata.

T-e Un&'e()a" So&" Lo)) E@=at&on >USLE? >W&)$-e&e( an! S&t- 54:? &) a (og(a

=)e! +&!e"# &n Ae(&$a an! +o("!+&!e t-at e)t&ate) t-e "ongte( +ate( e(o)&on

*(o &nte(&"" an! (&"" a(ea). It &) (e(e)ente! # t-e e@=at&on0A = RKLCSP, +-e(eA&)

t-e e)t&ate! )o&" "o)) e( =n&t a(ea,R&) t-e (a&n*a"" e(o)&'&t# *a$to(,K&) t-e )o&"

7:4

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#&e"! # Fe(nan!e et al. >992? an! F= et al. >997?, an! *o( e)t&at&ng t-e &a$t)

o* not&"" (a$t&$e on )o&" e(o)&on an! )e!&ent #&e"! # F= et al.>997?. A $a)e )t=!#

&n I(e"an! # He >959? to e)t&ate )o&" e(o)&on an! )e!&ent #&e"! =)&ng GIS,

RUSLE an! SEDD, (e!&$te! t-at t-e a'e(age SS !e"&'e(e! *(o a(a"e "an! to

+ate(+a#) +a) 9. Mg -a5#(5. Ho+e'e(, t-&) *&n!&ng )-o="! e t(eate! +&t- $a=t&on

e$a=)e t-e $at$-ent)e$&*&$ a(aete( +a) on"# e)t&ate! *o( t-e D(&)e#

$at$-ent >=)&ng an &n'e()e o!e""&ng a(oa$- e"o#&ng o)e('e! SDR 'a"=e)

*(o *&e"!)? an! )en)&t&'&t# ana"#)&) o* # &n$(eent) o* 5.9 to a a/&= o* 9.9

+a) $a((&e! o=t to &n*e( o))&"e 'a"=e) o* *o( t-e an!on, D(o$=e(, D=a((&g"e

an! Ma""o+ $at$-ent). F= et al. >997? te)te! et+een 9.3 an! .9 +&t- an

&n$(eent o* 9.5 an! *o=n! t-at t-e )e!&ent !e"&'e(# (at&o +a) 'e(# )en)&t&'e to t-e

'a"=e) o* , 'a(#&ng *(o 9.7 > 9.3? to 9.: > .9?.

PHYSICALLY ASED MODELS

P-#)&$a""# a)e! o!e") a(e t-o)e &n +-&$- t-e o!e" e@=at&on) a(e a)e! on -#)&$a"

"a+) an! (e"at&on)-&). T-e# a(e o(e $o"e/ t-an e&(&$a" o!e") an! (e@=&(e

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)$a"e to "oo; at t-e "ongte( &a$t) o* anageent an! a")o t&&ng o* ag(&$="t=(a"

(a$t&$e) +&t-&n a #ea( on +ate(, )e!&ent, an! ag(&$="t=(e $-e&$a" #&e"!) &n "a(ge

=nga=ge! a)&n) >A(no"! et al. 544?. HSPF &) a "=e!a(aete( o!e" t-at

)&="ate) -#!(o"og# an! +ate( @=a"&t# (o$e))e) on a $ont&n=o=) a)&) &n nat=(a" an!

ana!e +ate( )#)te) >I et al. 992?. SHETRANKGOPC &) a *=""# -#)&$a""#

a)e! o!e" +-&$- (e"&e) on (e"at&on)-&) !e(&'e! *(o -#)&$a" an! $-e&$a" "a+).

T-e t-(ee o!e") a")o !&**e( &n t-e&( (e(e)entat&on o* t-e )at&a" 'a(&at&on +&t-&n t-e

$at$-ent an! t-e t&e )te) at +-&$- t-e# $an )&="ate. In o(!e( o* a&"&t# to at$-

t-e ea)=(e! !&)$-a(ge -#!(og(a-) *(o ea$- $at$-ent &n t-&) )t=!#, t-e o!e")

e(*o(e! >*(o e)t to +o()t? a) *o""o+)0 HSPF, SWAT, SHETRAN. T-e e)t

)&="at&on *o( !a&"# TP "oa!) &n t-e )t=!# $at$-ent) +a) # SWAT. In t-e )-o(t

te(, Na)( et a". >993? (e$oen!e! =)&ng SWAT *o( TP "oa! e)t&at&on. T-e

SWAT o!e" (e$ent"# )-o+e! goo! otent&a" *o( (e!&$t&ng TP "o))e) *(o a(a"e

"an! &n a S+e!&)- )t=!# # E;)t(an! et al. >959? >Ta"e 6?.

TOPMODEL &) a (o$e)) a)e! )e&!&)t(&=te! $at$-ent o!e" >I('&ne et al. 993?

&n +-&$- t-e ao( *a$to() a**e$t&ng (=no** gene(at&on a(e t-e $at$-ent toog(a-#

:6:

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*"o+. T-e)e o!e" (e)="t) $-a""enge t-e $oon"# -e"! a))=t&on t-at t-e ao(&t#

o* P t(an)o(t o$$=() '&a )=(*a$e (=no** an! $o="! -a'e &o(tant &"&$at&on) *o( t-e

!e)&gn an! &"eentat&on o* (ee!&a" ea)=(e) >S$an"on et al. 993?.

MITIGATION MEASURES TO PREVENT EROSION ON TILLAGE SOILS

Va(&o=) "an! anageent (a$t&$e) -a'e een )-o+n to &n&&)e e(o)&on (&); on

)=)$et&"e )o&")0 "o+ e(o)&on (&); $(o) an! $o'e( $(o), t&""age t&&ng an! &nten)&t#

an! t-e =)e o* =**e( )t(&) >C(eae( et al. 959?. Fo( e/a"e, &nten)&'e"# $="t&'ate!

)o&") aen!e! +&t- )ent =)-(oo $oo)t, a &(o!=$t o* t-e =)-(oo g(o+&ng

&n!=)t(# &n I(e"an!, e/-&&te! &(o'e! )t(=$t=(a" )ta&"&t# a) ea)=(e! # an

agg(egate )ta&"&t# te)t >C=(t&n et al. 99:?. T-e U Dea(tent *o( En'&(onent,

Foo! an! R=(a" A**a&() >De*(a? -&g-"&g-t) otatoe), +&nte( $e(ea"), )=ga( eet, a&e

an! g(ae! *o!!e( $(o) a) -a'&ng t-e -&g-e)t e(o)&on (&); a)e! on $(o $o'e( >De*(a

993?. To &n&&)e e(o)&on (&); on )=)$et&"e )o&"), "o+ (&); $(o) "&;e o&")ee! (ae,

+-&$- e)ta"&)- a $(o $o'e( ea("&e(, )-o="! e )o+n >C-ae() an! Ga(+oo! 999?.

F=(t-e(o(e, +&nte( a("e# a# e o(e ene*&$&a" t-an )(&ng a("e# a) &t (o'&!e)

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26/58

o'e( a 59#( e(&o!. T-e (ee!&a" a$t&on +&"" $ont&n=e =nt&" )=$- t&e a) t-e o(gan&$

atte( "e'e") a(e )-o+n to -a'e (e$o'e(e! to g(eate( t-an 2.6B o( a "e'e" !eee!

a$$eta"e *o( t-at )o&" t#e. Ha$;ett et al.>959? (o'&!e &n*o(at&on on -o+ 'a(&o=)

anageent (a$t&$e) a**e$t SOC !#na&$) &n a(a"e )o&"). Lan! a"&$at&on o*

*e(t&"&)e( an! an=(e) &) no+ )=e$t to $"o)e! e(&o!) t-at $o&n$&!e +&t- t-e o)t

*(e@=ent a'e(age o$$=((en$e o* t(an)o(t 'e$to(). Fa(e() a(e a")o (o-&&te! *(o

a"#&ng *e(t&"&)e() &n $"o)e (o/&&t# to a +ate($o=()e. =**e( )t(&) o* an! 3

*o( &ne(a" *e(t&"&)e( an! o(gan&$ *e(t&"&)e(), (e)e$t&'e"#, =)t e o)e('e!. T-e

e**e$t&'ene)) o* t-e)e a)e$t) o* t-e (eg="at&on) &) $=((ent"# e&ng on&to(e! &n t-e

Ag(&$="t=(a" Cat$-ent) P(og(a >ACP? >S$-="te et al.959?.

So&" !ata $=((ent"# a'a&"a"e &n I(e"an! e/&)t) &n 'a(&a"e *o() an! &) not *=""#

ae! at t-e ta(get E=(oean )$a"e >5039,999?. Sat&a" )o&" a&ng, $o&ne!

+&t- $on)e('at&'e g(o=n!t(=t-&ng, &) $=((ent"# =n!e(+a# &n t-e *o( o* t-e I(&)- So&"

In*o(at&on S#)te >ISIS?. T-&) a&) to $o"ete t-e )o&" a o* I(e"an! at a

5039,999 )$a"e >EPA 994?. In a (e'&e+ o* )t(ateg&e) to &(o'e )o&" $on)e('at&on &n

E=(oe, F=""en et al.>997? &!ent&*&e! )e'e(a" e)t anageent (a$t&$e) &n$"=!&ng0

64

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G&'en t-e t&e an! $o)t &n'o"'e! &n e)ta"&)-&ng an! oe(at&ng "ot e/e(&ent), an!

t-at !ata a'a&"a"e *(o t-e &) "&&te!, attent&on -a) een !&(e$te! to t-e =)e o*

en'&(onenta" (a!&on=$"&!e) *o( !o$=ent&ng e(o)&on (ate) >Se="'e!a et al. 99?.

# $oa(&ng t-e *a""o=t (a!&on=$"&!e Cae)&=52: >52:C)? &n'ento(# at a a(t&$="a(

)a"&ng o&nt +&t- t-e (e*e(en$e &n'ento(# >t-e tota" 52:C) a$t&'&t# e( =n&t )=(*a$e

a(ea *o( a "e'e", )ta"e =n!&)t=(e! )&te?, t-e (ate) o* )o&" e(o)&on an! !eo)&t&on at t-at

o&nt $an e e)t&ate!. Mea)=(eent) o* 52:C) an! t-e *a""o=t (a!&on=$"&!e

=n)=o(te! 59P a**o(! a ean) o* ota&n&ng (et(o)e$t&'e, e!&=te( >&.e. $a. 63

#ea() *o( 52:C) an! = to 599 #ea() *o( =n)=o(te! 59P? e)t&ate) o* ot- t-e

agn&t=!e an! )at&a" !&)t(&=t&on o* )o&" (e!&)t(&=t&on (ate) gene(ate! # )-eet an!

(&"" e(o)&on, # ean) o* a )&ng"e )&te '&)&t >"a;e et al.5444?. D=e to &t) "ong

(etent&on t&e on )o&" a(t&$"e) on$e a)o(e!, 52:C) >t5K 29.5 #(? -a) t-e

!&)a!'antage o* not e&ng )=&ta"e *o( t-e &n'e)t&gat&on o* e(o)&on (e)="t&ng *(o

&n!&'&!=a" e'ent) o$$=((&ng o'e( )-o(t e(&o!), an! &) =na"e to !&)t&ng=&)- et+een

t&""age an! +ate( e(o)&on. It $an, -o+e'e(, e =)e! to e)t&ate $-ange) &n )o&" e(o)&on

(ate) a))o$&ate! +&t- $-ange) &n )o&" anageent (a$t&$e) on $="t&'ate! "an!

>S$-=""e( et al.996?. In $ont(a)t to 52:C), :e &) )-o(t"&'e! +&t- a -a"* "&*e o* on"# 32

2

6

3

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In a )t=!# o* one o* No(t-e(n I(e"an!) (&e )a"on (&'e() >t-e R&'e( =)-? a&e! at

@=ant&*#&ng *&ne )e!&ent "oa!) an! t(a$&ng &n)t(ea *&ne )e!&ent )o=($e) =)&ng

)e!&ent *&nge((&nt&ng, E'an) et al.>997? +e(e a"e to (an; t-e *o=( a&n agent)

gene(at&ng t-o)e )o=($e), +-&$- +e(e >&n o(!e( o* o)t &o(tan$e?0 !(a&nage

a&ntenan$e +o(;, an; e(o)&on >$a=)e! # &n$(ea)&ng *"o+ an! "&'e)to$; oa$-&ng?,

"o=g-e! a(a"e "an!, an! *o(e)t(# $"ea(*e"". P"o=g-e! a(a"e "an! +a) *o=n! to e

(e)on)&"e *o( 27.7B o* t-e )=)en!e! "oa! an! :.3B o* t-e e! "oa! ea)=(e! &n t-e

R&'e( =)- o'e( a 5#ea( e(&o!. E'an) et al.>997? $oente! t-at t-e o)t "&;e"#

e$-an&)) *o( t(an)*e( o* to)o&" to t-e (&'e( $-anne" +e(e a*te( "o=g-&ng (&o( to

"ant&ng an! -a('e)t&ng o* t-e $(o. T-e e)t anageent (a$t&$e) (e$oen!e! *o(

t-e =)- $at$-ent to (e!=$e )e!&ent !e"&'e(# *(o a(a"e "an! # (e!=$&ng a(e

g(o=n! +e(e0 >5? $(&t&$a" a(ea "ant&ng on "an! (one to "ongte( )o&" e(o)&on8 >?

"ant&ng at a(o(&ate t&e) a) a))e))e! on t-e a)&) o* )to( *o(e$a)t&ng8 an! >2?

'e-&$"e o'eent "&&te! a$(o)) *&e"!) (one to )o&" e(o)&on. Un*o(t=nate"#, a) E'an)

et al.>997? (e$ogn&e!, t-e 5#ea( e(&o! o* on&to(&ng &n t-&) (oe$t +a) too )-o(t

to (o'&!e a (e"&a"e &$t=(e o* )e!&ent !#na&$) &n t-e =)- $at$-ent.

457

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45

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49

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a) M2P, $an e =)e! to g=&!e en'&(onenta""#a)e! P (e$oen!at&on), an! t-at

-&g-e( (&);) a(e $"ea("# a))o$&ate! +&t- M2P 'a"=e) t-at a(e &n e/$e)) o*

$on$ent(at&on) nee!e! *o( e$ono&$a""# ot&= $(o #&e"!). A) a (e)="t o* t-e WFD,

t-e(e &) &n$(ea)&ng (e))=(e &n E=(oe an! I(e"an! to !e'e"o Pa)e! anageent

(a$t&$e) t-at +&"" (e!=$e t-e (&); o* !&**=)e "o))e) *(o ag(&$="t=(a" "an! to )=(*a$e

+ate(). Mo!e""&ng o* P *o( g(a))"an! =n!e(ta;en # S$-="te >997? )-o+e! t-at &t

+a) o))&"e to $-ange t-e (ange o* t-e ta(get P &n!e/ *(o 7 59 to 3.5 g L5P

>Ta"e 5? +-&"e )t&"" *a$&"&tat&ng ot&= (o!=$t&'&t# an! -e(age @=a"&t# an!

&n&&)&ng t-e (&); o* !&**=)e P "o))e) to +ate(. In!e/ 2 >3.5 g L5*o( g(a))"an!?

&n t-e ne+ P&n!e/ )#)te >Ta"e 5? (e(e)ent) a ta(get &n!e/ t-at &) ot-

ag(ono&$a""# an! en'&(onenta""# )=)ta&na"e *o( a"" )o&") >S$-="te 997? &n

I(e"an!. T-e ta(get &n!e/ *o( t&""age $(o) >7 59 g L5? -a) not $-ange! an! &t &)

=n$e(ta&n &* )&&"a( +o(; on t&""age )o&") &) ne$e))a(# a) t-e (&); o* !&**=)e P "o)) *(o

t-e -a) not een @=ant&*&e! &n I(e"an!.

T-e a!ot&on o* anageent ea)=(e)&n (&'e( a)&n) (e@=&(e) t-e a&"&t# o* (&'e(

a)&n anage()to @=ant&*# t-e &o(tan$e o* !&**e(ent P at-+a#), &!ent&*# an! a P

439

435

43

432

436

433

437

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479

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47

472

476

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477


30/58

CATCHMENTSCALE RESEARCH

Re)ea($- t-at +&"" @=ant&*# t-e P an! )e!&ent "o))e) a))o$&ate! +&t- a(a"e "an!

$oa(e! to ag(&$="t=(a" g(a))"an! &n I(e"an! &) =n!e(+a# &n t-e *o( o* t-e ACP.

T-&) +&"" (o'&!e a )$&ent&*&$ e'a"=at&on o* t-e e**e$t&'ene)) o* t-e N&t(ate) D&(e$t&'e

Nat&ona" A$t&on P(og(ae >NAP? ea)=(e) o'e( t&e *o( t-e ao( *a(&ng an!

en'&(onenta" )ta;e-o"!e() &n I(e"an!. T-e (og(a &) !e)&gne! to a))e))

e**e$t&'ene)) o* ea)=(e) +e"" e*o(e &(o'eent) a(e e/e$te! to t(an)"ate &nto

&(o'e! +ate( @=a"&t# o* t-e *&na" a@=at&$ (e$eto(), +-&$- &n )oe $a)e) a# ta;e

= to 9 #ea() >S$-="te et al.959?. In t-e *&()t )tage, *o=( $at$-ent) > a(a"e an!

g(a))"an!? +e(e )e"e$te! *o( )t=!#&ng *(o 5399 o))&"e $an!&!ate) =)&ng )at&a"

="t&$(&te(&a !e$&)&on ana"#)&) >Fea"# et al.959?. Co&ne!, t-e *o=( $at$-ent)

(e(e)ent t-e (ange o* &nten)&'e g(a))"an! an! a(a"e ag(&$="t=(e &nte(e)t) &n I(e"an!

a$(o)) a )o&" an! -#)&og(a-&$ g(a!&ent t-at !e*&ne) otent&a" (&); o* P an!Ko( N

t(an)*e() >Fea"# et al. 959?. A *&*t- $at$-ent &n a ;a()t "&e)tone (eg&on &n t-e +e)t

o* I(e"an! &) a")o e&ng )t=!&e!. T-e a(a"e $at$-ent), -a'&ng et+een 29 an! 39B

a(a"e "an! =)e &n ea$-, a(e "o$ate! &n Co=nt# Lo=t-KCa'an on &nte(e!&ate"# !(a&ne!

46

43

47

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4

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445

44

442

446

443

447

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31/58

to t&""age a(ea), a"t-o=g- &nte(nat&ona""#, t&""age a(ea) -a'e een &!ent&*&e! a) (&);

a(ea). E)t&at&ng t-e en'&(onenta" (&); a))o$&ate! +&t- I(&)- t&""age a(ea) a)e! on

&nte(nat&ona" *&n!&ng) &) !&**&$="t e$a=)e (a&n*a"", )o&" t#e an! $="t&'at&on (a$t&$e)

!&**e( an! t-e(e*o(e not a"" &nte(nat&ona" (e)ea($- *&n!&ng) a(e (e"e'ant +&t-&n an I(&)-

$onte/t. Mo!e""&ng o* +ate( an! t&""age e(o)&on (ate) a$(o)) E=(oe )=gge)t) t-at )o&"

&) e&ng "o)t at a (ate g(eate( t-an &t $an e (e"en&)-e! # nat=(a" )o&" *o(at&on. T-&)

-a) )&gn&*&$ant &"&$at&on) *o( t-e )=)ta&na&"&t# o* $(o (o!=$t&on. F=(t-e(o(e, t-e

o$$=((en$e o* e(o)&on a!a$ent to +ate(+a#) a# (e)="t &n t-e t(an)*e( o* P an!

)e!&ent. T-e a&n $on$"=)&on) *(o t-&) (e'&e+ a(e0

5. A) P t(an)*e( to )=(*a$e +ate( a# o$$=( &n !&))o"'e! *o(, t-e (e"at&on)-&

et+een STP &n t&""age )o&") an! DRP $on$ent(at&on &n (=no** +ate( nee!) to

e a!e@=ate"# =n!e()too! an! @=ant&*&e! *o( I(&)- t&""age )o&").

. T-e a&"&t# to &!ent&*# CSA) o* P an! t-e -#!(o"og&$a" at-+a#) $onne$t&ng

t-e)e a(ea) to )=(*a$e +ate(o!&e) &) e))ent&a" &* &t&gat&on ea)=(e) a(e to e

$o)t e**e$t&'e.

2. G&'en t-at a "a(ge (oo(t&on o* P e/o(te! *(o ag(&$="t=(a" $at$-ent) on an

595

5954

599

595

59

592

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32/58

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

T-e *&()t a=t-o( a$;no+"e!ge) t-e *=n!&ng (e$e&'e! =n!e( t-e Teaga)$ Wa")-

Fe""o+)-& )$-ee. T-e a=t-o() a$;no+"e!ge M(. De(ot Fo((&)ta", Teaga)$, Oa;

Pa(; an! Ma(; P"=n;ett, Teaga)$, Jo-n)to+n Ca)t"e *o( t-e&( -e"*=" $oent) &n t-e

a(ea) o* t&""age $(o&ng an! $="t&'at&on an! n=t(&ent anageent.

593

5932

5936

5933

5937

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593

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REFERENCES

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P&(e), S., Soe(, C. an! Soo(, G., 992 P(e'ent&on )t(ateg&e) *o( *&e"! t(a**&$

&n!=$e! )=)o&" $oa$t&on0 a (e'&e+. Pa(t 5. Ma$-&neK)o&" &nte(a$t&on). Soil and

Tillage Research:2, 563579.

An!(a);&, .J., M=e""e(, D.H. an! Dan&e", T.C. 543 P-o)-o(=) "o))e) &n (=no** a)

a**e$te! # t&""age. Soil Science Society of Aerica !ournal64, 53253:.

A(no"!, J.G., S(&n'a)en, R., M=tt&a-, R.S. an! W&""&a), J.R. 544 La(ge a(ea

-#!(o"og&$a" o!e""&ng an! a))e))ent Pa(t I0 o!e" !e'e"oent.!ournal of the

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an! (e'ent&on o* )=)o&" $oa$t&on &n t-e E=(oean Co=n&t#. In0 P(o$ee!&ng) o*

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E=(oean Co=n&t&e) 959. >Goo! ag(&$="t=(a" (a$t&$e *o( (ote$t&on o* +ate()?

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Fo((&)ta", D., an! M=(-#, . 994 Can +e (e!=$e $o)t) an! &n$(ea)e (o*&t) +&t- M&n

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Ga(!&ne(, M.J. an! Ra!*o(!, T. 549 So&" a))o$&at&on) o* I(e"an! an! t-e&( "an! =)e

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Q=&nton, J.N., Go'e(), G., Van Oo)t, . an! a(!gett, R.D. 959 T-e &a$t o*

ag(&$="t=(a" )o&" e(o)&on on &ogeo$-e&$a" $#$"&ng.ature ,eoscience 2, 255256.

Regan, J.T., Ro!ge(), M., Hea"#, M.G., &(+an, L. an! Fenton, O. 959 Dete(&n&ng

-o)-o(=) an! )e!&ent (e"ea)e (ate) *(o *&'e I(&)- t&""age )o&").!ournal of


Rena(!, .G., Fo)te(, G.R., Wee)&e), G.A., Po(te(, J.P., 5445. RUSLE0 (e'&)e!

=n&'e()a" )o&" "o)) e@=at&on. Jo=(na" o* So&" an! Wate( Con)e('at&on, 2922 >Jan=a(#

Fe(=a(#?.

Rena(!, .G., Fo)te(, G.R., Yo!e(, D.C., M$Coo", D.., 5446. RUSLE (e'&)&te!0

)tat=), @=e)t&on), an)+e(), an! t-e *=t=(e. Jo=(na" o* So&" an! Wate( Con)e('at&on,

52 9 >Ma#J=ne?.

Ro&n)on, D.A. 5444 Ag(&$="t=(a" (a$t&$e, $"&ate $-ange an! t-e )o&" e(o)&on -aa(!

&n a(t) o* )o=t-ea)t Eng"an!.Applied ,eography54, 52:.

532

536

533

537

53:

53

534

5349

5345

534

5342

5346

5343

5347

534:

534

5344


49/58

S$-="te, R.P.O., R&$-a(!), ., Da"#, ., =(, I., M$Dona"!, E.J. an! Ho"!en, N.M.

997a Ag(&$="t=(e, eteo(o"og# an! +ate( @=a"&t# &n I(e"an!0 a (eg&ona" e'a"=at&on o*

(e))=(e) an! at-+a#) o* n=t(&ent "o)) to +ate(.'iology and #n%ironent:

Proceedings of the Royal $rish Acadey597, 55:522.

S$-="te, R.P.O. 997 Mo!e""&ng -o)-o(=) *o( g(a))"an!0 ag(ono&$a""# an!

en'&(onenta""# )=)ta&na"e a!'&$e. Jo-n)to+n Ca)t"e Re)ea($- Cent(e, We/*o(!

a'a&"a"e at,

-tt0KK+++.teaga)$.&eK(e)ea($-K(eo(t)Ken'&(onentK35Keo(35.!* >53 Ma($-

955?

S$-="te, R.P.O., Me""an!, A., R&$-a(!), ., Fenton, O. an! Jo(!an, P. 959a

Mo!e""&ng )o&" -o)-o(=) !e$"&ne8 e/e$tat&on) o* Wate( F(ae+o(; D&(e$t&'e

o"&$&e) &n I(e"an!.#n%ironental Science and Policy52, 6:66

S$-="te, R.P.O., G&)on, M.T., La"o( S.T.J. an! Ha$;ett R. 959 In!een!ent (e'&e+

575:

575

5754

579

575

57

572

576

573

577

57:

57

574

5729

5725

572

5722
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50/58

S&'()l*+ A%N% H*,l*+ M%-% Si..*s*/ E% Hill.(i0&1#Il2os2' A% Al'/ Ho4s*

W% '/, R+s52os2i L% 99" P&os)&o(4s 1('/s7*(s 7(o8 1*((*s1(i'l 1o '4'1i0

*0os+s1*8s% I/ H% Ti*ss*/ :*,%;Phos$hous in the global en!ion%ent: tans#es,

(y(les and %anage%ent.$#!


51/58

S&t-, R.V., Lenno/, S.D., Jo(!an, C., Fo#, R.H. an! M$Ha"e, E. 5443 In$(ea)e &n

)o"="e -o)-o(=) t(an)o(te! &n !(a&n*"o+ *(o a g(a))"an! $at$-ent &n (e)on)e

to )o&" -o)-o(=) a$$=="at&on. Soil +se and &anageent55, 9694.

S&t-, R.V., Jo(!an, C. an! Annett, J.A. 993 A P-o)-o(=) =!get *o( No(t-e(n

I(e"an!8 &n=t) to &n"an! an! $oa)ta" +ate().!ournal of 5ydrology296, 5429.

Sn!e(gaa(!, M., Jen)en, J.P. an! Jee)en, E. 995 Retent&on an! &nte(na" "oa!&ng o*

-o)-o(=) &n )-a""o+, e=t(o-&$ "a;e). The Scientific "orld5, 6: 66.

Se&(), R.. an! F(o)t, C.A. 54: So&" +ate( e(o)&on on a(a"e "an! &n t-e Un&te!

&ng!o.Research and 2e%elopent in Agriculture6, 555.

S&n;, J., Ha$;ett, R., Fo((&)ta", D. an! C(eae(, R. 959 So&" O(gan&$ Ca(on0 A

(e'&e+ o* $(&t&$a" "e'e") an! (a$t&$e) to &n$(ea)e "e'e") &n t&""age "an! &n I(e"an!.

Teaga)$, Oa; Pa(; C(o) Re)ea($- Cent(e, Co. Ca("o+, a'a&"a"e at0

-tt0KK+++.teaga)$.&eK="&$at&on)K959K4KSo&"O(gan&$Ca(on.!* >4Ma# 959?

573

577

57:

57

574

5749

5745

574

5742

5746

5743

5747

574:

574

5744

5:99

5:95
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52/58

T-e&), T.L. an! M$Cae, P.J. 54: P-o)-o(=) !#na&$) &n -#e(e=t(o-&$ "a;e

)e!&ent). "ater Research5, 7:: 73.

To#, T.J., Fo)te(, G.R. an! Rena(!, .G. 99 Soil #rosion: Processes- Prediction-

&easureent- and Control. 22. Jo-n W&"e# an! Son). Ne+ Yo(;.

T(=an, C.C., St(&$;"an!, T.C., Potte(, T.L., F(an;"&n, D.H., o)$-, D.D. an!

e!na(, C.W. 99: Va(&a"e (a&n*a"" &nten)&t# an! t&""age e**e$t) on (=no** ,

)e!&ent, an! $a(on "o)) *(o "oa# )an! =n!e( )&="ate! (a&n*a"". !ournal of

#n%ironenatl (uality27, 5643539.

T=nne#, H., Co="te(, ., Da"#, ., =(, I., Co/on, C., Je**(e#, D., M&""), P., &e"#, G.

an! Mo(gan, G. 999 (uantification of phosphorus loss fro soil to water-a'a&"a"e

at

-tt0KK+++.teaga)$.&eK(e)ea($-K(eo(t)Ken'&(onentK6273Keo(6273.a) >6 O$toe(

959?.

5:5

5:54

5:9

5:5

5:

5:2

5:6

5:3

5:7

5::

5:

5:4

5:29

5:25

5:2

5:22

5:26


53/58

U"n, ., A(on))on, H., e$-ann, M., (og)ta!, T., c#ga(!en, L. an! Stene(g, M.

959 So&" t&""age et-o!) to $ont(o" -o)-o(=) "o)) an! otent&a" )&!e e**e$t)0 a

S$an!&na'&an (e'&e+. Soil +se and &anageent7, 4659:

Van !en A;;e(, J.J.H., an! A('&!))on, J. Ho(n, R. 992 Int(o!=$t&on to t-e )e$&a"

&))=e on e/e(&en$e) +&t- t-e &a$t an! (e'ent&on o* )=)o&" $oa$t&on &n t-e

E=(oean Un&on. Soil and Tillage Research :2, 5.

Van Oo)t, ., Go'e(), G., De A"a, S. an! Q=&ne, T.A. 997 T&""age e(o)&on0 a (e'&e+

o* $ont(o""&ng *a$to() an! &"&$at&on) *o( )o&" @=a"&t#.Progress in Physical

,eography29, 662677.

Van Oo)t, ., Ce(!an, O. an! Q=&ne, T.A. 994 A$$e"e(ate! )e!&ent *"=/e) #

+ate( an! t&""age e(o)&on on E=(oean ag(&$="t=(a" "an!.#arth Surface Processes and

Landfors26, 5735726.

Ve()t(aeten G. an! Poe)en, J. 995 Fa$to() $ont(o""&ng )e!&ent #&e"! *(o )a""

5:3

5:32

5:36

5:33

5:37

5:3:

5:3

5:34

5:79

5:75

5:7

5:72

5:76

5:73

5:77

5:7:

5:7


54/58

W-&t&ng, P.J., onn&+e"", E.C. an! Mat&)o**, G. 995 Det- an! a(ea" e/tent o* )-eet

an! (&"" e(o)&on a)e! on (a!&on=$"&!e) &n )o&") an! )=)en!e! )e!&ent. ,eology4,

55255526.

W&nega(!ne(, D. 5447An introduction to soils for en%ironental professionals. Le+&)

="&)-e(). Ne+ Yo(;.

W&)$-e&e(, W.H., S&t-, D.D., 54:. P(e!&$t&ng So&" E(o)&on Lo))e)0 A G=&!e to

Con)e('at&on P"ann&ng. USDA Ag(&$="t=(a" Han!oo; No. 32:, 3 .

W&t-e(), P.J.A. 5444 C#$"&ng an! )o=($e) o* -o)-o(o=) &n ag(&$="t=(a" )#)te) an!

to t-e +&!e( en'&(onent0 a U e()e$t&'e. In .P. We&!ea an! M.J.G. Mee=)en

>E!)?Agricultural data for Life Cycle Assessents. 526. T-e Hag=e, Ag(&$="t=(a"

E$ono&$) Re)ea($- In)t&t=te, T-e Net-e("an!).

W&t-e(), P.J.A. an! Ho!g;&n)on, R.A. 994 T-e e**e$t o* *a(&ng (a$t&$e) on

5:7

5::

5:

5:4

5:49

5:45

5:4

5:42

5:46

5:43

5:47

5:4:

5:4

5:44

599

595

59


55/58

Ta"e 5. P-o)-o(=) In!e/ S#)te >*(o S.I. No. 759 o* 959 an! a!ate! *(o S$-="te et a"., 959a?

Soil P I/,*> Soil P ('/?*s I/1*()(*1'1io/

:8?@l;

G('ssl'/, Till'?*5 9.92.9 9.92.9 So&" &) P !e*&$&ent8 =&"!= o* )o&" P (e@=&(e!. 2.53.9 2.57.9 Lo+ )o&" P )tat=)0 =&"!= o* )o&" P &) (e@=&(e! *o(

(o!=$t&'e ag(&$="t=(e2 3.5.9 7.559.9 Ta(get )o&" P )tat=)0 on"# a&ntenan$e (ate) o* P

(e@=&(e!6 .9 59 E/$e)) )o&" P )tat=)0 no ag(ono&$ (e)on)e to P

a"&$at&on).

Ta"e . e# t&""age oe(at&on)K(a$t&$e) t-at a# &a$t on )o&" an! +ate( @=a"&t# an! o))&"e &t&gat&on ot&on)

33

55459

55

5525653575:554529525

52522526

33


56/58

Ta"e 2. E(o)&on an! )e!&ent #&e"! &n a )e"e$t&on o* I(&)- an! &nte(nat&ona" )t=!&e)

C'10&8*/1 A(*'

:K8!;

L'/, 4s* Ass*ss8*/1 8*1&o, S14,+ P*(io,

:8o/1&s;

P(*0i)i1'1io/

:88;

R4/o77

:88;

E(osio/

:1o/ 28#! +(#;

S*,i8*/1 +i*l,

:1o/ 28#! +(#;

R*7*(*/0*

=)-, Co. Ant(&, I(e"an! 269 A(a"e >27.7B? In )t(ea )a"&ng an!

)e!&ent *&nge((&nt&ng

5 35.6 59: da d5

37

Oe(at&onK(a$t&$e Ia$t on )o&" Potent&a" &a$t on +ate( @=a"&t# Po))&"e )o"=t&on)C="t&'at&on an! )ee!&ng Ma$-&ne(# t(a**&$ $o="e! +&t- "o+ )o&"

)t(engt- an! -&g- o&)t=(e $ontent "ea!&ng to

)o&" $oa$t&on

To)o&" !&)t=(an$e &n$(ea)e) )o&" ae(at&on

+-&$- &n t=(n &n$(ea)e) SOM !e$oo)&t&on

t-=) "o+e(&ng )o&" )t(=$t=(a" )ta&"&t#

Loo)e *"=**# 'e(# *&ne )ee! e! *o""o+&ng

e/$e))&'e $="t&'at&on

Do+n)"oe o'eent o* )o&" # e$-an&$a"

t&""age on )"o&ng "an!

Se!&ent an! P "o)) &n (=no** *(o

)"o&ng "an! *o""o+&ng -ea'# (a&n*a""

So&") +&t- "e)) t-an a(o/&ate"# 2.6B

SOM $an e $on)&!e(e! e(o!&"e +-&$-

$an "ea! to )e!&entat&on &n (&'e()

R&"" an! g=""# !e'e"oent "ea!&ng to

'e(# -&g- )e!&ent "o))e) &n $on$ent(ate!

o'e("an! *"o+

In$(ea)e! otent&a" *o( P t(an)*e( to

a@=at&$ )#)te) # +ate( e(o)&on

Re!=$e! a/"e "oa! K "a(ge( t#(e) K $ont(o""e! t(a**&$ on *&e"!)

(one to )o&" e(o)&on K a'o&! +et $on!&t&on) K )-a""o+

$="t&'at&on to &n$(ea)e ea(&ng )t(engt-

Non"o=g- )#)te) )=$- a) &n&= t&""age >t-&) $an g&'e

(&)e to (o"e) +&t- "e)) (e"&a"e e)ta"&)-ent, g(a)) +ee!)

an! $oa$t&on? K (e)&!=e an! o(gan&$ atte( &n$o(o(at&on K

o(gan&$ an=(e) K $o'e( $(o) K &/e! (otat&on)

A'o&! e/$e))&'e $="t&'at&on a(t&$="a("# on "&g-t )o&")

Conto=( t&""age an! $="t&'at&on K $onto=( g(a)) )t(&) K (oe(

"an! anageent (e*"e$t&ng )&te )e$&*&$ $on!&t&on)A"&$at&on o*

e)t&$&!e)K-e(&$&!e)K*e(t&"&)e (

Ma$-&ne(# t(a**&$ on t(a"&ne) =)&ng na((o+

>(o+ $(o? t#(e) $an "ea! to &nten)e

$oa$t&on.

Con$ent(ate! *"o+ at- *o( )e!&ent an!

P "o)) &n (=no** t-(o=g-o=t t-e g(o+&ng

)ea)on.

T(a"&ne anageent >!&)(=t&on o* t-e $oa$te! t(a"&ne

)=(*a$e to a !et- o* 79 +&t- a t&ne?

Ha('e)t&ng o* $(o K a"&$at&on o*

)"=((#

S=)o&" $oa$t&on (e)="t&ng *(o 'e(# -&g-

a/"e "oa!)

Ma# $ont(&=te to e(o)&on an! P "o))

a(t&$="a("# +&t- t-e "atte (

La(ge t#(e) o( t(a$;) on $o&ne -a('e)te( an! "a(ge t#(e) on

)"=((# )(ea!e(Po)t-a('e)t $(o&ng Fa""o+Ka(e )o&" "ea!&ng to net C "o)) !=e to

an a)en$e o* C =ta;e

a(e )o&" +&t- "o+ SOM $an -a'e oo(

)t(=$t=(e an! &) a(t&$="a("# )=)$et&"e to

e(o)&on

Re!=$e! +&nte( *a""o+ # =)&ng +&nte( an! $o'e( $(o)

'o"=ntee( g(o+t- a")o -e") K $(o (e)&!=e &n$o(o(at&on

Longte( $="t&'at&on Coa$t&on an! &a&(e! )t(=$t=(e

Re!=$e! SOMKann=a" C =ta;e

Se!&ent an! a))o$&ate! P "o)) &n (=no**

*o""o+&ng -ea'# (a&n*a""

In$(ea)e! e(o)&on +&t- g(eate( otent&a"

*o( )e!&ent !e"&'e(# to +ate(+a#)

Re)&!=e an! o(gan&$ atte( &n$o(o(at&on K Lan!=)e $-ange

(otat&on +&t- g(a))

Re)&!=e an! o(gan&$ atte( &n$o(o(at&on K Lan!=)e $-ange

(otat&on +&t- g(a))

523

37


57/58

D(&)e# Co. Co(;, I(e"an! 56 G(a))"an!

!o&nate!

In )t(ea )a"&ng 5 522 592: 52.79 dC"a(&anna, Co. T&e(a(#, I(e"an! 4. 5 5945 626 .69 dOona Wate(, Co. T#(one, I(e"an! .3 5 5277 5: 65.9 d

Ge"ae;, Cent(a" J=t"an!, Dena(; 55.7 A(a"e In )t(ea )a"&ng 5 42 274 :.5 d2e"ont, He(e*o(!)-&(e, Eng"an! 5.3 A(a"e >75B? In )t(ea )a"&ng,

t=(&!&t# )en)o(), )e!&ent

*&nge((&nt&ng, 52:C)

ea)=(eent)

5 779 7 677.7 5.4 d6Lo+e( S&)e#, Le&$e)te()-&(e .7 G(a))"an!Ka(a"e 5 779 699.3 9.2 d6

Pang, e(;)-&(e, Eng"an! 577 A(a"e !o&nate! 6 76: :97 39: >"o=g-e!?569 >g(a))?

.6 d3

Lao=(n, e(;)-&(e, Eng"an! 26 G(a))"an!Ka(a"e 6 74 :42 62: >"o=g-e!?

43 >g(a))"an!?

2.:d3

I(e"an! A(a"e RUSLE an! SEDD o!e") 54: .9 d d7Pata-a C(ee; Wate()-e!,

Wa)-&ngton, USA

2: A(a"e RUSLE an! SEDD o!e") 39 5999 5:77 :55 d:

La+#e() C(ee;, Wate()-e!, I!a-o,

USA

29 A(a"e RUSLE an! SEDD o!e") 322 :2: 539 779 d

D(&)e# Co. Co(;, I(e"an! 56 G(a))"an! RUSLE an! SEDD o!e") 494.9 d7d5 E'an) et a". 9978 d Jo(!an et a". 993a8 d2 (on'ang et a". 544:8 d6 Wa""&ng et a". 998 d3 Wa""&ng et a". 997 8 d7 He et a". 9598 d: F= et a". 9978 d Fe(nan!e eta". 992

da T-&) 'a"=e &) g&'en &n ton #(5e$a=)e t-e e/a$t $at$-ent a(ea +a) not g&'en &n t-&) ae(d Mo!e" (e!&$t&on *o( t-e tota" t&""age a(ea o* I(e"an!

Ta"e 6. P !e"&'e(# to )t(ea) &n a )e"e$t&on o* I(&)- an! &nte(nat&ona" $at$-ent)

C'10&8*/1 A(*'

:K8!;

L'/, 4s* S14,+ )*(io,

:8o/1&s;

A//4'l

P(*0i)i1'1io/ :88;

SWAT

:2? P +(#;

HSPF

:2? P +(#;

GOPC

:2? P +(#;

M*'s4(*,

:2? P +(#;

R*7*(*/0*

D(&)e#, Co. Co(; 53 G(a))"an! 5 522 52:5 5329 524 5:54 d5

C"a(&anna, Co. T&e(a(# 2 G(a))"an! 5945 25 527 62 4 d5Oona +ate(, Co. T#(one 47 G(a))"an! 5 5277 223 3:5: 5354 :647 d5Ge"ae;, Cent(a" J=t"an!, Dena(; 55.7 A(a"e 5 42 2:5. dSagfn, S+e!en 76 A(a"e 27 75 25596 27 d2La;e Fo(;, Ea)t Cent(a" I""&no&), USA 273 A(a"e : 479 5:739 d6e"ont, He(e*o(!)-&(e, Eng"an! 5.3 A(a"e >75B? 6 779 693 d3

3:

52752:

52524569

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a review of p and sediment

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