a repot on gsm i2c based gsm controlled utomatic irrigation system
TRANSCRIPT
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MAXIMS I2C PROTOCAL BASED
R T C & GSM CONTROLLED DEVICE
FOR T IM E D I RR IG AT ION
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/
I
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Table Of Contents10 Bascom AVR Software 31
10.1 Introduction 3111 Conclusion 3212 Future Scope 3313 Advantages 3414 Disadvantages 35
Appendix A
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S.No.
Fig.No.
Table Of Figures
Figure TitlePg.No.
1 1.1 Project Image 32 2.1 7805 IC 43 2.2 7805 Circuit 1 54 2.3 7805 Circuit 2 65 3.1 Atmega 16 76 3.2 Pin Diagram of Atmega 16 87 3.3 PCB Layout of Microcontroller 118 3.4 Architecture of atmega 16 129 4.1 Real Time Clock Block Diagram 14
10 4.2 Real Time Clock Image 15
11 4.3 : PCB Layout of Microcontroller 1612 5.1 ULN2003A Logic diagram 1813 5.2 ULN2003A Circuit Description 1914 6.1 LCD 2015 6.2 LCD Layers 2116 7.1 Relay 2417 7.2 Relay Working 2618 8.1 Upper View of PCB in DIPTRACE 2819 8.2 Bottom View of PCB in DIPTRACE 2921 9.1 Schematic Diagram in Proteus 3022 10.1 Bascom 31
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List Of Tab le
S. No. Table No. Table TiTle Page No.
1 3.1 Pin Description 9
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INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT
Chapter 1
As we all know that agriculture is the widest field in our country. Here around 75 percent
of population depends on this field. We live in a world where everything can be
controlled and operated automatically, but there are still a few important sectors in our
country where automation has not been adopted or not been put to a full fledged use,
perhaps because of several reasons, one such reason is cost. One such field is that of
agriculture. Agriculture has been one of the primary occupations of man since earlycivilization and even today manual interventions in farming are invertible. Automation
is the control process of industrial machinery and processes, thereby replacing human
operators.
1.1 CURRENT SCNEARIO :
Though the technology has grown many fields in our country still many in our country
used the same age old method of farming and irrigation. Farmers still go early in theextreme weather condition to irrigate their fields. Even the electricity is uncertain in our
country, power cut off is very common in India and therefore it become impossible for
farmers to deliver water in the right amount at right time.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT :
1. It is found that power cut off everyday hampers the growth of agriculture sector.
Farmers have to go the fields according to the power supply.
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2. Farmers need to wake up very early in morning to start the motor to irrigate the field.
Is there any automated system which could start the motor according to the time adjusted
in the system, farmers need not go early in the monitor to their fields.
1.3 PROPOSED MODEL:
The proposed system in which a real time clock is set & a GSM Module is used. The
time at which the person wants to irrigate the fields is set and the time to switch off the
power is also set.
As the time of power on is matched to the current time the motor for irrigating the field
will automatically starts up and water supply to the field takes place.
And when the current time matched to off time of rtc the motor will automatically turn
off.We can control this system by sending SMS too.
1.4 PORJECT WORKING :
1. Firstly we will set the on time and off time in microcontroller.2. Every minutes microcontroller checks the on time ( as we have already set ) and
current time.
3. As the on time matches the current time, the microcontroller will enter into a loop
which gives a positive signal to ULN 2003A (relay driving ic).
4. The ULN 2003A triggers the relay normally open (NO) to normally closed and loop
is closed between the power supply and motor, which starts motor.
5. Now microcontroller is checking for offtime.
6. As the off time matches the current time, the microcontroller willautomatically
triggers back the relay from normally closed (NC) to normally open (NO) and the
conducting path ( closed loop) breaks.
7. Hence, the motor will automaticallystopped.8. If due to some drastic condition of weather field is flooded we can stop the system bysending a SMS.
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3
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7805 REGULATED CIRCUITS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Chapter-2
The 78xx (sometimes LM78xx) is a family of self-contained fixed voltage regulated
integrated circuit. The 78xx family is commonly used in electronic circuits requiring a
regulated power supply due to their ease-of-use and low cost.
Fixed voltage Positive and Negative regulator ICs are used in circuits to give
precise regulated voltage. 78 XX series regulator IC can handle maximum 1 ampere
current. The Regulator ICs require minimum 1.5 higher input voltage than their voltage
rating. For example 7805 IC requires minimum 6.5 volts to give 5 volt output. Here are
some circuit designs of IC 7805 to monitor the outputvoltage.
Fig. : 2.1- 7805 IC
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2.2. 7805 Circuit 1
This circuit can tell whether the IC 7805 is giving output or not. IC 7805 requires
minimum 6.5 volt input to give 5 volt regulated output. When the input voltage is above
6.5 volts, Zener conducts and LED turns on indicating sufficient input voltage. Diffuse
type Red LED requires 1.8 volts and Zener 4.7 volts .So to activate both these, input
voltage should be minimum 6.5 volts. If the input voltage drops below 6.5 volts, Zener
cutoff and LED turns off. This indicates the zero output from the regulatorIC.
.
2.3. 7805 Circuit 2
Fig. : 2.2- 7805 circuit 1
This is a simple LED monitor to tell the output voltage from 7805. If the inputvoltage is above 6.5 volts, LED shows full brightness. When the input voltage reduces
below 6.5 volts, brightness of LED decreases
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Fig. : 2.3- 7805 circuit 2
2.4 Silent features
Some 78xx series ICs
regulated source of pow
do not require additional components to provide a constant,
r, making them easy to use, as well as economical and efficiente
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uses of space. Other voltage regulators may require additional components to set the
output voltage level, or to assist in the regulation process other designs may need
substantial engineering expertise to implement.
78xx series ICs have built-in protection against a circuit drawing too much power.
They have protection ag inst overheating and short-circuits, making them quite robust inmost applications. In some cases, the current-limiting features of the 8xx devices can
provide protection not only for the 78xx itself, but also for other parts of the circuit.
78xx ICs are easy to use and handle but these cannot give an altering voltage
required so LM317 series of ICs are available to obtain a voltage output from 1.25 volts
to 37 volts.
a
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MICROCONTROLLER ATMEGA 16
3.1. Introduction to ATmega 16 Microcontroller:
Fig. : 3.1- Atmega 16
Chapter- 3
ATm
ega
16 is
basic
ally
from
atmel
's
microcont
roller
famil
y
with
8 kb
flash
mem
ory.
This
micr
ocont
roller
work
s at
16MI
PS.
Easy
to
confi
gure
as
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well as program. Advantages of this microcontroller are there
are so many applications of this microcontroller in practical work
3.2 Featur
es Includes High Throughput Atmel ATMega16 Microcontrollerwith 8kb Internal Flash
Progra
m Memory
OperatingSpeed at8MHz Direct In-Circuit Programming NoAdditional Programmer Required Up to 28 I/O points with easy toconnect standard headers RS232Connection withMAX232
Int
ernal EEPROM
8
Channel 10-bit A/D Convertor
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One 16-bit Timer with Two 8-bit Timers
Power, Programming and Test LED Reset Button
The ATmega16 microcontroller used in this lab is a 40-pin wide DIP (Dual In
Line) package chip. This chip was selected because it is robust, and the DIP package
interfaces with prototyping supplies like solderless bread boards and solder-type perf-
boards. This same microcontroller is available in a surface mount package, about the size
of a dime. Surface mount devices are more useful for circuit boards built for mass
production. Figure below shows the pin-out diagram of the ATmega16. This diagram is
very useful, because it tells you where power and ground should be connected, which
pins tie to which functional hardware, etc.
Fig.3.2 : Pin diagram of atmega 16
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Table No. 3.1:- Pin Discription:
PinNo. Pin name Description Alternate Function
1 (XCK/T0) PB0 I/O PORTB,Pin 0T0: Timer0 External Counter Input.XCK : USART External Clock I/O
2 (T1) PB1 I/O PORTB,Pin 1 T1:Timer1 External Counter Input
3 (INT2/AIN0) PB2 I/O PORTB,Pin 2AIN0: Analog Comparator Positive I/PINT2: External Interrupt 2 Input
4 (OC0/AIN1) PB3I/O PORTB,Pin 3
AIN1: Analog Comparator Negative I/P
OC0 : Timer0 Output Compare MatchOutput
5 (SS) PB4 I/O PORTB,Pin 4
In System Programmer (ISP)Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
6 (MOSI) PB5 I/O PORTB,Pin 5
7 (MISO) PB6 I/O PORTB,Pin 6
8 (SCK) PB7 I/O PORTB,Pin 7
9 RESETReset Pin,Active LowReset
10 Vcc Vcc = +5V
11 GND GROUND
12 XTAL2 Output to Inverting Oscillator Amplifier
13 XTAL1 Input to Inverting Oscillator Amplifier
14 (RXD) PD0 I/O PORTD,
Pin 0 USART Serial Communication Interface15 (TXD) PD1 I/O PORTD,Pin 1
16 (INT0) PD2 I/O PORTD,Pin 2 External Interrupt INT0
9
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38 PA2 (ADC2) I/O PORTA,Pin 2
ADC Channel 2
39 PA1 (ADC1) I/O PORTA,Pin 1
ADC Channel 1
40 PA0 (ADC0) I/O PORTA,
Pin 0ADC Channel 0
Layout of Microcontroller PCB in DIPTRACE:
Fig. 3.3 : PCB Layout of Microcontroller
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3.3. Architecture of ATmega16:
The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working
registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU),
allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in
one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving
throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers Figure bellow
shows overall block diagram and architecture of ATmega16 microcontroller.
Fig. : 3.4- Architecture of atmega 16
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Architecture of ATmega16 consist of several blocks in which some blocks are
important such as, ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit), EEPROM, General purpose register,
Program counter, Flash Memory, Instruction Register and Decoder, Input Module,
Interrupt Unit, Comparator, Status and Control.
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RTC DS 1307
Chapter 4
4.1 Introd
uction:
A real-
time
clock
(RTC )
is a
compute
r clock
(most
often inthe form
of an
integrate
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d circuit) that keeps track of the current time.
Although the term often refers to the devices in
personal computers, servers and embedded systems,
RTCs are present in almost any electronic device
which needs to keep accurate time.
Fig4.1. - Real Time ClockBlock Diagram
4.2 Termi
nology
The
term is
used to
avoid
confusio
n with
ordinary
hardwar
e clocks
whichare only
signals
that
govern
digital
electroni
cs, and
do not
count
time in
human
units.
RTC
should
not beconfuse
d with
real-
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time computing, which shares its three-letter acronym,
but does not directly relate to time of day.
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4.3 Purpose
Although keeping time can be done without an RTC, using one has benefits:
Low power consumption (important when running from alternate power) Frees the main system for time-critical tasks
Sometimes more accurate than other methods
Fig.4.2 Real Time Clock Image
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Layout of RTC PCB in DIPTRACE:
Fig.4.3 : PCB Layout of Microcontroller
4.4 Power Source
RTCs often have an alternate source of power, so they can continue to keep time while
the primary source of power is off or unavailable. This alternate source of power is
normally a lithium battery in older systems, but some newer systems use a
supercapacitor,because they are rechargeable and can be soldered. The alternate power
source can also supply power to battery backed RAM.
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4.5 Timing
Most RTCs use a crystal oscillator, but some use the power line frequency. In many cases
the oscillator's frequency is 32.768 kHz. This is the same frequency used in quartz clocks
and watches, and for the same reasons, namely that the frequency is exactly 2 cycles per
second, which is a convenient rate to use with simple binary counter circuits.
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ULN 2003A
Chapter 5
5.1 Introduction:
The
ULN20
03A are
high-
voltage,
high-
current
Darlingt
on
transisto
r arrays.
Each
consists
of seven
npn
Darlingt
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on pairs that feature high-voltage outputs with
common-cathode clamp diodes for switching
inductive loads. The collector-current rating
of a single Darlington pair is 500 mA. The
Darlington pairs can be paralleled for higher
current capability. Applications include relay
drivers, hammer drivers, lamp drivers,
display
drivers (LED andgas discharge), linedrivers, andlogicbuffers.
Fig 5.1. ULN2003ALogic diagram
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The ULN2001A is a general-purpose array and can be used with TTL and CMOS
technologies. The ULN2002Ais designed specifically for use with 14-V to 25-V PMOS
devices. Each input of this device has a Zener diodeand resistor in series to control the
input current to a safe limit. The ULN2003A has a 2.7- k
series base resistor for eachDarlington pair for operation directly with TTL or 5-V CMOS devices.
5.2 FEATURES:
TTL, DTL, PMOS, or CMOS-Compatible Inputs
Output Current to 500 mA
Output Voltage to 95 V
Transient-Protected Outputs
Dual In-Line Plastic Package or Small-Outline IC Package
Fig.5.2 ULN2003A Circuit Description
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CHAPTER 6
LIQUID CRYSLAL DISPLAY
6.1 INTRODUCTION
A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or
video display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals
do not emit light directly.
Fig. 6.1 LCD.
LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer
display) or fixed images which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits,
and 7-segment displays as in a digital clock. They use the same basic technology, except
that arbitrary images are made up of a large number of small pixels, while other displays
have larger elements.
LCDs are used in a wide range of applications including computer monitors,
televisions, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and signage. They are common
in consumer devices such as video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators,
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and telephones, and have replaced cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in most applications.
They are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and
since they do not use phosphors, they do not suffer image burn-in. LCDs are, however,
susceptible to image persistence.
The LCD is more energy efficient and can be disposed of more safely than a CRT.
Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic
equipment. It is an electronically modulated optical device made up of any number of
segments filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or
reflector to produce images in color or monochrome. Liquid crystals were first developed
in 1888. By 2008, worldwide sales of televisions with LCD screens
sales of CRT units; the CRT became obsolete for most purposes.
exceeded annual
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Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between
two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of transmission of which
are (in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. With actual liquid crystal between
the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second
(crossed) polarizer.
Fig. 6.2 LCD Layers
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A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display , electronic visual display,
orvideo display,that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals
do not emit light directly.LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-
purpose computer display) or fixed images which can be displayed or hidden, such as
preset words, digits, and 7-segment displays as in a digital clock. They use the same basic
technology, except that arbitrary images are made up of a large number of smallpixels,
while other displays have larger elements.LCDs are used in a wide range of applications
including computer monitors, televisions, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays,
and signage. They are common in consumer devices such as video players, gaming
devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones, and have replaced cathode raytube (CRT) displays in most applications.
6.2 Silent Feature: Very compact and light.
Low power consumption. On average, 50-70% less energy is consumed than CRT
monitors
No geometric distortion.
The possible ability to have little or no flicker depending on backlight technology.
Usually no refresh-rate flicker, as the LCD panel itself is usually refreshed at 200 Hz
or more, regardless of the source refresh rate.
Is very thin compared to a CRT monitor, which allows the monitor to be placed farther
back from the user, reducing close-focusing related eye-strain.
Razor sharp image with no bleeding/smearing when used at native resolution.
Emits less electromagnetic radiation than a CRT monitor.
Not affected by screen burn-in, though an identical but less severe phenomenon
known as image persistence is possible.
Can be made in almost any size or shape.
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RELAY
Chapter 7
7.1INTR ODUCTION
Relays
are one
of the
oldest,
simplest
, and
yet,
easiest
and
most
useful
devices.
Before
the
advent
of the
mass
produce
dtransisto
r,
compute
rs were
made
from
either
relays
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or
vacuum tubes, or both.
Fig.
7.1 RELAY
A relay, quite simply, is a small machine
consisting of an electromagnet (coil), a switch,
and a spring. The spring holds the switch in one
position, until a current is passed through the
coil. The coil generates a magnetic field which
moves the switch. It's that simple. You can use a
very small amount of current to activate a relay,
and the
switch
can
often
handle a
lot of
current.
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A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to
operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also
used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal
(with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where
several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long
distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-
transmitting it to another. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early
computers to perform logical operations.
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an
electric motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits
with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relayswith calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used
to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems
these functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".
7.2 Use of Relay :
The main operation of a relay comes in places where only a low-power signal can be used
to control a circuit. It is also used in places where only one signal can be used to control alot of circuits. The application of relays started during the invention of telephones. They
played an important role in switching calls in telephone exchanges. They were also used
in long distance telegraphy. They were used to switch the signal coming from one source
to another destination
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7.3 Relay Working :
Fig. 7.2 Relay Working
In this figure, you can see that a relay consists of two separate and completely
independent circuits . The first is at the bottom and drives the electromagnet. In this
circuit, a switch is controlling power to the electromagnet. When the switch is on, the
electromagnet is on, and it attracts the armature (blue). The armature is acting as a
switch in the second circuit. When the electromagnet is energized, the armature
completes the second circuit and the light is on. When the electromagnet is notenergized, the spring pulls the armature away and the circuit is not complete. In that
case, the light is dark.
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When you purchase relays, you generally have control over several variables:
The voltage and current that is needed to activate the armature
The maximum voltage and current that can run through the armature
The number of armatures (generally one or two) The number of contacts for the armature (generally one or two -- the relay
shown here has two, one of which is unused)
Whether the contact (if only one contact is provided) is normally open ( NO )
or normally closed ( NC )
7.4 Silent Features:
Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC.
Relays can switch higher voltages than standard transistors.
Relays are often a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A).
Relays can switch many contacts at once.
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DIPTRACE SOFTWARE
Chapter 8
8.1Introduction :
Dip
Trace is
EDA
software for
creating
schematic
diagrams
and printed
circuit
boards. The
first version
of DipTrace
was
released in
August,
2004. The
latest
version as
of
September
2011 isDipTrace
version 2.2.
The
interface
and
tutorials are
multi-
lingual
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(currently English, Czech, Russian and Turkish). [2] In
January of 2011, Parallax switched
from Eagle to DipTrace for developing its printed circuitboards.
Fig.8.1 : Upper View of PCB inDIPTRACE
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Fig.8.2 : Bottom View of PCB in DIPTRACE
DipTrace is a complete PCB Design system. It includes four programs:
1. PCB Layout - PCB design with easy to use manual routing tools and autorouter.
2. Schematic - creates schematic and exports netlist to PCB.
3. Pattern Editor - allows to make package footprints (patterns).
4. Component Editor - allows to draw parts and attach patterns
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Chapter: 9
PROTEUS SOFTWARE
9.1 INTRODUCTION
Proteus is software for microprocessor simulation, schematic capture, and printed circuit
board (PCB) design. It is developed by Labcenter Electronics. The XGameStation Micro
Edition was designed using Labcenter's Proteus schematic entry and PCB layout tools. It
is a software technology that allows creating clinical executable decision support
guidelines with little effort.
Proteus is one of the most famous simulators. It can be uses to simulate almost
every circuit on electrical fields. It is easy to use because of the GUI interface that is very
similar to the real Prototype board. Moreover, it can be used to design Print Circuit Board
(PCB).
Fig.9.1 : Schematic Diagram in Proteus
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BASCOM AVR SOFTWARE
Chapter 10
10.1 INTR ODUCTION :
Bascom is a PC ap
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plication thatwill allow youto:
Write progr
ams in Basi
c Translate these programs on the PC to
machinecode (a format the AVR controller can
execute)
Simulate
the compiled code
Useexternalprogramstoflash('program')the
compiledcodeintoanAtmelAVR
microcontr
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oller.
The nice thing about Bascom is that you can get
started with a free Bascom version whose only limit
is the 4k generated code size (this was 2k until
2005). The obvious choice of AVR microcontroller
would then be one of the (2k flash) ATTiny models or
the much-used (but now obsolete) AT90S2313 which
will let you get acquainted with Bascom and AVR
microcontrollers.
Fig. 10.1
B
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Chapter 11
CONCLUSION
In India agriculture plays a vital role in helping millions to earn their livelihood. So it is
necessary to improve and maintain crops to fulfill their needs. The main challenge in
front of farmers is the variation in climatic conditions. Also the farmer needs to visit the
farm daily this may not be possible for those who own many acres of land. Lack of
proper irrigation and unscientific use of fertilizers led to destruction of crops.
Our project MAXIMS I2C PROTOCAL BASED RTC CONTROLLED
DEVICE FOR TIMED IRRIGATION USING MICROCONTROLLER
ATMEGA 16A can solve these problems. We place sensors on fields there by
making monitoring easy. This system automatically turns the motors ON and OFF based
on the level of the water present in the fields. Thereby decreases the effort of the farmer.
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Chapter - 12
FUTURE SCOPE
In our India 70% people doing farming. This project helps the farmer to overcome the
drawbacks of traditional irrigation system. From this project we provide the new
technology for farmer to improve the quality of their irrigation system. This project helps
those farmers which do not have sufficient water for their farming. Also this project is
very cheap it can be bought by poor farmers too.
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Chapter 13
ADVANTAGES
Saves water
This project helps us to save water
Improves growth
Definate amount of water and fixed period irrigation improves growth of the
farm.
Saves time
It saves precious time of farmer .
Adaptable
This device is easily adaptable for any type of motor.
Save Electricity
This project is Electrically Efficient and saves Electricity.
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Reliability
DISADVANTAGESChapter 14
S
ometimes
failures
will occur
often
these
failures
are
because
of human
error in
setting
and
maintaini
ng the
systems.
A reusesystem is
good
insurance
to collect
any
excess run
off when
failures
occur.
Weather
T
he
electronic
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system
may
affect
badly in
extreme
weather
condition,
like
rainfall
and
thunderstor
m etc.
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APPENDIX A
LM340/LM78XX Series
3-Terminal Positive RegulatorsGeneral DescriptionThe LM140/LM340A/LM340/LM78XXC monolithic3-terminal positive voltage regulators employ internalcurrent-limiting, thermal shutdown and safe-area compensa-tion, making them essentially indestructible. If adequate heatsinking is provided, they can deliver over 1.0A output cur-rent. They are intended as fixed voltage regulators in a widerange of applications including local (on-card) regulation forelimination of noise and distribution problems associated
with single-point regulation. In addition to use as fixed volt-age regulators, these devices can be used with externalcomponents to obtain adjustable output voltages and cur-
rents.Considerable effort was expended to make the entire seriesof regulators easy to use and minimize the number of exter-nal components. It is not necessary to bypass the output,
The 5V, 12V, and 15V regulator options are available inthe steel TO-3 power package. TheLM340A/LM340/LM78XXC series is available in the TO-220plastic power package, and the LM340-5.0 is available inthe SOT-223 package, as well as the LM340-5.0 andLM340-12 in the surface-mount TO-263 package.
Featuresn Complete specifications at 1Aload
n Output voltage tolerances of
2% at T j = 25C and
4%over the temperature range (LM340A)
n Line regulation of 0.01% of VOUT /V of VIN at 1A load(LM340A)
n Load regulation of 0.3% of V OUT/A (LM340A)n Internal thermal overload protectionn Internal short-circuit current limit
although this does improve transient response. Input by-n Output transistor safe area pro tectio n
passing is needed only if the regulator is located far from the
filter capacitor of the power supply.n P + Product Enhancement tested
Typical Applications
Fixed Output Regulator Adjustable Output Regulator
00778101
*Required if the regulator is located far from the power supply filter.
**Although no output capacitor is needed for stability, it does help transientV
OUT
= 5V + (5V/R1 + IQ
) R2 5V/R1 > 3 IQ
,
00778102
response. (If needed, use 0.1 F, ceramic disc). load regulation (Lr) [(R1 + R2)/R1] (L
rof LM340-5).
Current Regulator
Comparison between SOT-223 and D-Pak (TO-252)Packages
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00778103
Scale 1:100778138
IQ
= 1.3 mA over line and load changes.
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Ordering InformationPackage Temperature
RangePart Number Packaging Marking Transport Media NSC
Drawing
3-Lead TO-3 -55C to +125C LM140K-5.0 LM140K 5.0P+ 50 Per Tray K02A
LM140K-12 LM140K 12P+ 50 Per Tray
LM140K-15 LM140K 15P+ 50 Per Tray
0C
to +125C LM340K-5.0 LM340K 5.0 7805P+ 50 Per Tray
LM340K-12 LM340K 12 7812P+ 50 Per TrayLM340K-15 LM340K 15 7815P+ 50 Per Tray
3-lead TO-220 0C
to +125C LM340AT-5.0 LM340AT 5.0 P+ 45 Units/Rail T03B
LM340T-5.0 LM340T5 7805 P+ 45 Units/Rail
LM340T-12 LM340T12 7812 P+ 45 Units/Rail
LM340T-15 LM340T15 7815 P+ 45 Units/Rail
LM7808CT LM7808CT 45 Units/Rail
3-Lead TO-263 0C to +125C LM340S-5.0LM340S-5.0 P+
45 Units/Rail TS3B
LM340SX-5.0 500 Units Tape and Reel
LM340S-12LM340S-12 P+
45 Units/Rail
LM340SX-12 500 Units Tape and Reel
LM340AS-5.0LM340AS-5.0 P+
45 Units/Rail
LM340ASX-5.0 500 Units Tape and Reel4-LeadSOT-223
0C to +125C LM340MP-5.0N00A
1k Units Tape and Reel MP04A
LM340MPX-5.0 2k Units Tape and ReelUnpackagedDie
55C to 125C LM140KG-5 MD8 Waffle Pack or Gel Pack DL069089
LM140KG-12 MD8 Waffle Pack or Gel Pack DL059093LM140KG-15 MD8 Waffle Pack or Gel Pack DL059093
0C
to +125C LM340-5.0 MDA Waffle Pack or Gel Pack DI074056
LM7808C MDC Waffle Pack or Gel Pack DI074056
Connection DiagramsTO-3 Metal Can Package (K) TO-220 Power Package (T)
00778111 00778112
Bottom ViewTop View
See Package Number K02ASee Package Number T03B
TO-263 Surface-Mount Package (S) 3-Lead SOT-223
0077812000778143
Top ViewTop View
See Package Number TS3BSee Package Number MP04A
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Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1) TO-220 Package (T), TO-263If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,
Package (S) 230C
please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/ ESD Susceptibility (Note 3) 2 kVDistributors for availability and specifications.
(Note 5) Operating Conditions (Note 1)DC Input Voltage 35V
Internal Power Dissipation (Note 2) Internally LimitedTemperature Range (T A) (Note 2)
Maximum Junction Temperature 150CLM140 55C to
+125C Storage Temperature Range 65C to +150C LM340A, LM340 0C to+125C
Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec.)LM7808C 0C to
+125C
TO-3 Package (K) 300C
Symbol
Output Voltage 5V 12V 15V
UnitsInput Voltage (unless otherwise noted) 10V 19V 23V
Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Min Typ Max
VO
Output Voltage TJ
= 25C 4.9 5 5.1 11.75 12 12.25 14.7 15 15.3 V
P D 15W, 5 mA IO 1A
V
V
V
4.8 5.2
(7.5 VIN 20)
11.5 12.5
(14.8 VIN 27)
14.4 15.6
(17.9 VIN 30)
V
V
VO Line Regulation IO = 500 mA V
IN
10(7.5 VIN 20)
18(14.8 VIN 27)
22(17.9 VIN 30)
mVV
TJ = 25C
VIN
3 10
(7.5 VIN 20)
4 18
(14.5 VIN 27)
4 22
(17.5 VIN 30)
mVV
TJ = 25C
Over Temperature V
IN
4
12
(8 VIN 12)
9
30
(16 VIN 22)
10
30
(20 VIN 26)
mVmVV
VO
Load Regulation TJ
= 25C 5 mA IO 1.5A
250 mA IO 750mA
10 25
15
12 32
19
12 35
21
mV
mV
Over Temperature,
5 mA IO 1A
25 60 75 mV
IQ QuiescentCurrent
TJ = 25C
Over Temperature
6
6.5
6
6.5
6
6.5
mA
mA I
QQuiescentCurrentChange
5 mA IO 1A 0.5 0.5 0.5 mA
TJ = 25C, I O = 1A
V
V
V
0.8
(7.5 VIN 20)
0.8
(14.8 VIN 27)
0.8
(17.9 VIN 30)
mAV
IO = 500 mA
V
V
V
0.8
(8 VIN 25)
0.8
(15 VIN 30)
0.8
(17.9 VIN 30)
mA
V
VN
Output NoiseVoltage
TA
= 25C, 10 Hz f 100 kHz 40 75 90 V
Ripple Rejection TJ = 25C, f = 120 Hz, I O = 1A
or f = 120 Hz, IO
= 500 mA,
Over Temperature,
VM IN
VIN
VMAX
68 80
68
(8 VIN 18)
61 72
61
(15 VIN 25)
60 70
60
(18.5 VIN
28.5)
dB
dB
V
RO
Dropout VoltageOutputResistance
Short-CircuitCurrent
TJ = 25C, I O = 1A
f = 1 kHz
TJ = 25C
2.08
2.1
2.018
1.5
2.019
1.2
Vm
A
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LM340A Electrical Characteristics (Continued)IO U T
= 1A, 0C TJ + 125C (LM340A) unless otherwise specified (Note 4)
Symbol
Output Voltage 5V 12V 15V
UnitsInput Voltage (unless otherwise noted) 10V 19V 23V
Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Min Typ Max
Peak OutputCurrentAverage TC of
VO
TJ = 25C
Min, TJ = 0C, I O = 5 mA
2.4
0.6
2.4
1.5
2.4
1.8
A
mV/C
VIN
Input VoltageRequired toMaintain
Line Regulation
TJ = 25C7.5 14.5 17.5 V
LM140 Electrical Characteristics (Note 4)55C TJ +150C unless otherwise specified
Symbol
Output Voltage 5V 12V 15V
nitsInput Voltage (unless otherwise noted) 10V 19V 23V
Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Min Typ Max
VO
Output Voltage TJ
= 25C, 5 mA IO
1A 4.8 5 5.2 11.5 12 12.5 14.4 15 15.6 V
P D 15W, 5 mA IO 1A
VM IN
VIN
VMAX
4.75 5.25
(8 VIN 20)
11.4 12.6
(15.5 VIN 27)
4.25 15.75
(18.5 VIN
30)
V
V
VO
Line Regulation IO = 500 mA T J = 25C V
IN
3 50
(7 VIN 25)
4 120
(14.5 VIN 30)
4 150
(17.5 VIN
30)
mVV
55C TJ +150C V
IN
50
(8 VIN 20)
120
(15 VIN 27)
150
(18.5 VIN
30)
mV
V
IO 1A TJ = 25C V
IN
50
(7.5 VIN 20)
120
(14.6 VIN 27)
150
(17.7 VIN
30)
mV
V
55C TJ +150C
VIN
25
(8 VIN 12)
60
(16 VIN 22)
75
(20 VIN 26)
mV
V V
OLoad Regulation TJ = 25C 5 mA IO 1.5A
250 mA IP 750mA
10 5025
12 12060
12 15075
mVmV
55C TJ +150C,
5 mA I 1A
50 120 150 mV
IQ
Quiescent Current IO 1A TJ = 25C
55C TJ +150C
6
7
6
7
6
7
mA
mA I
QQuiescent CurrentChange
5 mA IO 1A 0.5 0.5 0.5 mA
TJ
= 25C, IO 1A
VM IN VIN VMAX
0.8
(8 VIN 20)
0.8
(15 VIN 27)
0.8
(18.5 VIN 30)
mA
V
IO
= 500 mA, 55C TJ +150C
VM IN
VIN
VMAX
0.8
(8 VIN 25)
0.8
(15 VIN 30)
0.8
(18.5 VIN
30)
mA
V
VN
Output NoiseVoltage
TA = 25C, 10 Hz f 100 kHz 40 75 90 V
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0C TJ +125C 8.5 8.5 8.5 mA
IQ
Quiescent Current 5 mA IO 1A 0.5 0.5 0.5 mA
Change TJ = 25C, I O 1A 1.0 1.0 1.0 Ma
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