a proper site survey
TRANSCRIPT
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SITE SURVEY CONSIDERATIONS
INSTRUMENTS FOR SITE SURVEYS
PRE-SITE SURVEY PROCEDURES
SURVEY PROCEDURES
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Requires an extensive knowledge. Should know how
the system functions.
Attention to the aspects of radio wave propagation, airinterface, equipment configurations and
functionalities, antenna systems and structuralregulations, only to mention a few.
Such as, knowledge of the use of the planning tool(TEMS CellPlanner), familiarity with the place, multi-lingual - which is an advantage, and somecoordination skills.
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Make sure that the sites to be installed will be placedin the correct locations in order to function
satisfactorily.
The survey stage does not allow for mistakes.
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INSTRUMENTS FOR SITE SURVEYS
Camera (Film and batteries) / Video camera GPS (with correct map datum setting) Maps Compass Inclinometer 10 or 50 meter tape measure Site survey document Computer Binoculars
Office materials Safety equipment - Mast climbing equipment Gloves TEMS CellPlanner prediction plots (if available)
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PRE-SITE SURVEY PROCEDURES
SITE HUNTING
Search Ring
It is vital for the quality of the system to maintain thegrid. Thus, site hunters should find a site location as
close to the nominal location as possible.
If the network will expand in the future, there is norisk of relocating the sites, since distances between the
sites are well catered for from the very start
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Building Selection
In places where building heights are approximately
the same, the best choice for the site is as close to thenominal site location as possible
For other areas, where building heights differ, thechoice is made considering antenna heights, antennadirections, upcoming obstructions, leasing contracts,
equipment delivery access, and installation, etc.
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Site Candidates
Distance from the nominal site. (as close as possible)
Strategic location to fulfill coverage objectives.
Better leasing contract offered.
Clear of present and upcoming obstructions.
Ease of equipment and antenna installations.
Easy access for installation equipment (crane, trucks,etc.) and delivery.
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Fresnel Zone
When on the roof, check for clearance in places where theantennas should be installed. Upcoming obstructions mustbe considered. Antennas should be installed at the edges ofthe roof to keep the first Fresnel zone free, if possible.
As a general rule, antennas must be free from obstaclesup to 100 meters horizontally, and 5 meters below theantennas (for 900 Mhz). According to the guidelines, it isalso important to keep the cell sector free from obstacles. Asafety margin of 15should be added on both sides of thesector borderlines, relative to the -3 dB points, and itshould be kept free from obstacles to reduce risk ofshadowing effects and beam distortion, due to reflections.
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SURVEY PROCEDURES
GENERAL The following discussions will be based on the RF Site
Survey Form for a complete survey procedure. The termsurvey form will often be used in place of RF Site SurveyForm, for simplification purposes
BASIC PREPARATIONS
Site List
Usually, the list of sites to be surveyed is provided inadvance, at least one day prior to the actual site survey. It is
recommended always to check the immediate vicinity ofthe sites to be surveyed on the TEMS CellPanner plots andmaps to get knowledge of the intended coverage of the sites
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Survey Materials
Prepare all materials and instruments that will beneeded. It may occur that climbing a tower orpenthouse is required and the instruments should beeasy to reach.
SITE Prior to making the site survey, it is recommended to
fill out known data on the survey form, such as SiteName, Site Number, and Site Address.
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SURVEYOR
Similarly, fill in the Name of the Surveyor and the Dateon the survey form.
POSITION
Once on site, switch on the GPS for a couple ofminutes and then take reading of the site coordinateson the GPS and check if it is on-grid or off-grid
To confirm the exactness of the site coordinates, take,
at least, two coordinate samples of each site.
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COVERAGE/CAPACITY
Assess the surroundings of the site and determine the
degree of importance concerning coverage and capacity ofeach sector. The degree of importance is rated from 1 to 5,where 1 is least important and 5 most important
RADIO FREQUENCY INVESTIGATION (RFI)
The surveyor should also consider existing radiotransmitters that may cause interference to the system. Ifinterference is expected, RFI measurements should beperformed to confirm if it is safe to put up a site in the
proposed location. An example of a possible interferermay be a nearby AMPS site, located along the direction ofthe antenna.
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ANTENNA PROPOSALS
Antenna HeightThe antenna height must be distinguished from theheight described earlier, in that, the antenna heightmay vary, depending on where on the building or
tower it will be installed, whereas height simplyrefers to the building and/or tower height
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Antenna Direction
Are there immediate or upcoming obstacles along thenominal antenna directions, such as buildings or hills?
Need the antennas be redirected to cover roads ormore populated areas, instead of open areas or water?
Is an omni or a two-sectored site sufficient to providecoverage and traffic?
Is it more reasonable to use broader beamwidthantennas than narrow beamwidth antennas?
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Antenna Type (beamwidth, gain, diversityNormally, antenna types are already laid down in the plan.
However, it may be necessary to change antenna type tofulfill the site objectives.
The surveyor must determine the said characteristics to
meet the requirements of the site and its intendedcoverage. For example, urban areas may use the typical 65antennas, whereas long roads may employ 30high-gainantennas to provide long range coverage. In areas wherethe grid is not uniform, a wider beamwidth antenna shouldbe considered (that is, 105-120antenna).
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Antenna Direction
Are there immediate or upcoming obstacles along thenominal antenna directions, such as buildings or hills?
Need the antennas be redirected to cover roads ormore populated areas, instead of open areas or water?
Is an omni or a two-sectored site sufficient to providecoverage and traffic?
Is it more reasonable to use broader beamwidthantennas than narrow beamwidth antennas?
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Antenna Tilt
If a network is in its initial stage, antenna tilt is,usually, not recommended. The intention of thenetwork is to provide coverage, initially
FEEDER
Information on the feeder length is needed to be ableto make accurate predictions. It is to be noted that theEIRP of a site, located on top of a building or on theground will differ significantly.
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PHOTOS
As mentioned earlier, make sure to take photos of the following:
Building and building entrance (from the street)
360-degree panoramic view
RBS location
Antenna locations
Antenna directions (usually included in the panoramic view) Tower (if existing)
Site ID, date and time, written on a sheet of paper
Complete the form accordingly, as each item is concluded during
the process.
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OBSTACLES
Look out for nearby obstacles in the surroundings,which may, possibly, affect the propagation of thesignal from the antenna.
Take approximate measurements of distance and
height applying methods, previously described. Thebearing or direction can be taken using the compass.
Complete the survey form with impending obstacles