“a phamaceutico-analytical study on concept of …
TRANSCRIPT
“A PHAMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF
SHODHANA W.S.R. TO KUPEELU SHODHANA”
BY
Dr.SANGAMESH.I.P
Dissertation submitted to the
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARNATAKA,
BENGALURU
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
AYURVEDA VACHASPATI
(Doctor of Medicine)
In
RASASHASTRA
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Dr. T. R. DATTATRI,
B.S.A.M, B.A.M.S, M.D.(Ayu),D.N.Y
Professor Dept. Of PG studies in Rasashastra
G.A.M.C, BENGALURU
DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA
GOVT. AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE,
BENGALURU 583101
(Karnataka)
2011-2012
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH
SCIENCES BANGALORE.
DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE
I hereby declare that this dissertation entitled “A
PHAMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA
W.S.R. TO KUPEELU SHODHANA” is a bonafide and genuine research
work carried out by me under the guidance of
Dr. T. R. Dattatri, B.S.A.M, B.A.M.S, M.D.(Ayu),D.N.Y,
Professor, Dept. of P.G. Studies, in Rasashastra, G.A.M.C, Bengaluru.
Date: Signature of the candidate
Place: (Dr.SANGAMESH.I.P)
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH
SCIENCES, KARNATAKA, BANGALORE.
CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “A PHAMACEUTICO-
ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R. TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA” is a bonafide research work done by
Dr. Sangamesh.I.P, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
AYURVEDA VACHASPATI, (DOCTOR OF MEDICINE) IN
RASASHASTRA.
Signature of the Guide,
Dr.T.R.Dattatri, B.S.A.M, B.A.M.S,M.D .(Ayu),D.N.Y
Professor,
P.G. Dept. of Rasashastra Date: G.A.M.C, Bengaluru
Place:
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH
SCIENCES, BANGALORE.
ENDORSEMENT BY THE HOD, PRINCIPAL
/ HEAD OF THE INSTITUTION
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “A PHAMACEUTICO-
ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R. TO KUPEELU
SHODHANA” is a bonafide research work done by Dr.SANGAMESH.I.P under
the guidance of
Dr. T. R. Dattatri, B.S.A.M, B.A.M.S, M.D.(Ayu),D.N.Y, Asst. Professor, Dept. of P.G.
Studies, in Rasashastra, G.A.M.C, Bengaluru.
Dr. Shobha. G. Hiremath M.D. (AYU) . Phd(R.S) Dr. H. T. Shreenivas MD. (Ayu)
H. O. D Principal
P. G Dept. of Rasashastra G.A.M.C Bengaluru.
G.A.M.C Bengaluru.
Date: Date:
Place: Place:
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH
SCIENCES, BANGALORE.
DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE
I hereby declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Science, Karnataka
shall have the rights to preserve use and disseminate this dissertation in print or
electronic format for academic / research purpose.
Signature of the candidate
Dr.Sangamesh.I.P
Date:
Place:
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Every big work seems difficult, but once started keeps going and going. This very
dissertation work too seemed difficult but with the blessings of GOD & my parents, this
Herculean task became an interesting journey and today on the verge of completion of
this dissertation, I pay my gratitude to all those who helped me through the tough paths,
ups & downs of this journey.
With sense of respect and full devotion I bow my head in sacred feet of Lord
“Shiva” who bestowed upon me his blessings & inculcated in me enough strength and
courage for carrying out this work.
It is next to impossible to express the sense of honor and gratitude to my
illustrious, veracious, affectionate, prudent & endeavoring guru and my guide Dr.
Dattatri B.S.A.M, B.A.M.S., M.D.DNY professor .Dept. of P.G. studies in Rasashastra
,GAMC,Bangalore for his scholarly guidance, constant encouragement throughout my
study.
It is very difficult to vocabularise my whole hearted gratitude and deep sense of
indebtedness to my H.O.D.&Prof of Dept of P.G.studies in Rasashastra . Dr .Shobha .G.
Hiremath B.A.M.S.,M.D ,PhD, for scholarly guidance & constant encouragement
throughout my study& for providing all the facilities to make the study success.
I am extremely thankful to my juniors Dr.Ravi Mathapati, Dr.Sripal,
Dr.Sanmati.P.Rao ,Dr.Kavitha, Dr.Divya.K. and Dr.Shailashree.G.Koppal, Dr.Pratibha,
Dr.Jyotsna, Dr.Nagraj., Dr.Manjula, Dr.Malavi, Dr.Varsha. for joining their ever
helping hands with me to complete this present work.
I could not forget to thank my ever enthusiastic seniors Dr.Sudarshan.Achar,
Dr.Ambujakshi V.M, Dr.Sadaguna.D.N, Dr.Jyoti.varatti, Dr.Indrani and
Dr.Naveenkumar.H.M for their help, cooperation and support in dissertation work.
I thank Dr.B.G.Deshpande, Lecturer, ayurveda college Bidar for his continuous
help and encouragement.
I thank my friends Dr.Pratibha, Dr.Ali ,Dr.Sacchidanand, Dr.Amol,
Dr.Bhagyalaxmi, Miss.Spandana.P.M, Dr.Anand.Managutti and Mr
Prakash.S.Kademani for their cooperation, valuable support and help.
I express my profound sense of gratitude to Dr. Chandrashekar B.A.M.S ,M.D.
Former H.O.D,& present Deputy Registrar R.G.U.H.S. Bengaluru for his valuable
suggestions and earnest support.
I Wish to express my thanks Mr.Ashwin and Mr.Muralidhar.Nayak .S.I.D
Department Indian institute of Science, Bengaluru, and for their kind co-operation.
I am immensely grateful to Dr. Revathi B.A.M.S. Bangalore test house (BTH) for
their kind co-operation.
At this juncture it is my duty to pay my gratitude to my parents & sister for
their whole hearted encouragement and continuous help.
Lastly I would like to express my sincere thank to each and every person who have
contributed directly or indirectly throughout my career & in accomplishing this task
without any faults.
Mistakes are stepping stone to Success. Apologizing for faults and memorizing one and
all.
Dr Sangamesh.I.P
AABBBBRREEVVIIAATTIIOONNSS
AAsshhttaannggaa HHrriiddaayyaa AA..HH
Ashtanga Samgraha A.S
Amara kosha A.K
Ayurveda prakasha A.P.
Bhaishajya Ratnavali B.R
Bhavaprakasha Nighantu B.P.N
Charaka Samhita C. S
Dhanvantari Nighantu D.N
Fourier transform infra red F.T.I.R
Kaiyadeva Niganthu K.N
Madanapala Nighantu M.Ni.
Nighantu Adarsha N.A
Priya Nighantu P.N
Raja Nighantu R.N.
Rasatarangini R.T
Rasaratnasamucchaya R.R.S.
Shodhala nighantu Sh.d.ni
Sharangadhara samhitha S.D
Sharanghadhara Samhita S.S
Shabda Kalpadruma S.K.D
Sushruta Samhita S.S
Thin layer chromatography T.L.C
Yoga Ratnakara Y.R
i
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE
The study was designed to evaluate pharmaceutico-analytically, the effect of shodana on
the seeds of kupeelu purified by 2 different methods viz. swedana in godugdha and
bharjana in goghruta.
INTRODUCTION
Kupeelu is one among the poisonous plants used in therapeutics of Rasashastra which is
classified under upavisha varga.It has been widely used in the treatment of various
disorders mainly vatavyadhis.Strychnine and brucine are the 2 main alkaloids among all
the alkaloids present in the seeds of kupeelu,responsible for its toxicity.The drug is
intended to be used only after the process of shodhana in a specified dose or else it may
prove fatal.
METHODOLOGY
In the present study, the seeds of kupeelu were subjected to shodhana by 2 different
methods as mentioned in Rasa Tarangini.The cleand and dried seeds were tied in a pottali
and subjected to swedana in dolayantra for 3 hours using godugdha as media.The Seeds
were then washed with hot water,the seed coat and embryonic axis was removed ,the
cotyledons were powdered in a khalwa yantra.
In another method bharjana was carried out using goghrita till the seeds turned to
yellowish red.The seeds were washed with hot water, the seed coat was removed and
powdering of seeds was done in khalwa yantra.
ii
Thus obtained samples along with raw sample were subjected to analysis of organoleptic
characters,physico-chemical constants,quantative assay for strychnine,thin layer
chromatography of their methanolic extracts and Fourier transform infra red
spectroscopy.
RESULTS
Organoleptic analysis revealed that the seeds were devoid of trichomes ,seeds became
soft in case of godugdha swedana and brittle,crispy in case of goghrita bharjana which
could be easily powdered.Alteration of ash and extractive values was noted in analysis of
physico-chemical constants.In quantative assay of strychnine there was a reduction of
strychnine by 11.11% in godugdha swedita seeds & 50.70 % in gogritha bharjita
seeds.TLC analysis showed a qualitative and quantative change in phytochemistry of
seeds after shodhana.There was also a change in the spectras as revealed by FTIR
analysis.
CONCLUSION
It may be concluded from the present study that shodhana is effective in reducing the
toxic principles strychnine and brucine.Method of goghrira bharjana is better than the
method of swedana .Shodhana brings about qualitative and quantitative changes in the
phytochemistry of drug.It is evident from the study that techniques like quantative
assay,thin layer chromatography and FTIR are very much useful in the assessment of
qualitative and quantitative changes before and after shodhana.
iii
FURTHER SCOPE FOR STUDY
Since the present study is limited to only two methods of shodhana, there is a room for
study to extend it to other various shodhana procedures mentioned in the texts. Other
ultramodern chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques can be used to assess the
influence of shodhana.
KEYWORDS
Shodhana, kupeelu, bharjana, swedana, strychnine, upavisha, TLC, FTIR.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SL NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO.
I INTRODUCTION 1-8
II AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 9
III REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Drug Review
Pharmaceutical Review
Analytical Review
10-79
17-54
55-68
69-79
IV MATERIALS AND METHODS
Pharmacognostic study
Pharmaceutical study
Analytical study
80-103
80-85
86-94
95-103
V RESULTS 104-112
VI DISCUSSION 113-131
VII CONCLUSION 132-133
VIII SUMMARY 134-136
IX LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 137
X SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDY 138
XI BIBILOGRAPHY 139-157
XII PHOTOS 158-162
XIII ANNEXURES
v
LIST OF TABLES
SI NO TABLES PAGE
NO.
1 TABLE NO.1 :SHOWING THE SYNONYMS OF
KUPEELU
22-23
2 TABLE NO. 2 : DENOTING RASA PANCHAKA OF
KUPEELU
25
3 TABLE NO. 3 SHOWING DOSHA KARMA OF
KUPEELU
26
4 TABLE NO. 4 : SHOWING SAMANYA KARMA
OF KUPEELU
26
5 TABLE NO. 5 : SHOWING ROGAGHNATA OF
KUPEELU
27
6 TABLE NO. 6 : SHOWING VISISTA YOGAS OF
KUPEELU AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES AS
MENTIONED IN BHAISHAJYA RATNAVALI
32
7 TABLE NO. 7 : SHOWING VISISTA YOGAS OF
KUPEELU AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES AS
MENTIONED IN YOGARATNAKARA
33
8 TABLE NO. 8 SHOWING VISISTA YOGAS OF
KUPEELU AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES AS
MENTIONED IN RASA TARANGINI.
33
9 TABLE NO. 9 : SHOWING VISISTA YOGAS OF
KUPEELU AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES AS
MENTIONED IN RASENDRA SAARA SANGRAH
34
10 TABLE NO. 10 : SHOWING SCIENTIFIC
CLASSIFICATION OF KUPEELU.
35
11 TABLE NO. 11 : SHOWING CLASSIFICATION
OF GOKSHEERA IN SAMHITAS
48
vi
SI NO TABLES PAGE
NO.
12 TABLE NO. 12 : SHOWING GUNAKARMAS
OF GOKSHEERA
48
13 TABLE NO. 13 : SHOWING COMPARISON OF
VISHA AND KSHEERA GUNAS
49
14 TABLE NO. 14 : SHOWING ANALYSIS OF MILK
COMPOSITION
50
15 TABLE NO. 15 : SHOWING CLASSIFICATION
OF GOGHRITA IN SAMHITAS
53
16 TABLE NO. 16 : SHOWING GUNAKARMAS
OF GOGHRITA IN CHARAKA SAMHITA
53
17 TABLE NO. 17 : SHOWING THE SHODHANA OF
KUPEELU WITH DIFFERENT MEDIA AS
MENTIONED IN VARIOUS TEXTS
63-64
18 TABLE NO. 18 : SHOWING EXAMPLES FOR
SWEDANA PROCESS MENTIONED FOR RASA
DRAVYA SHODHANA IN RASA TEXTS
65
19 TABLE NO. 19 : SHOWING EXAMPLE FOR
BHARJANA PROCESS MENTIONED FOR RASA
DRAVYA SHODHANA IN RASA TEXTS
66
20 TABLE NO. 20 : SHOWING THE
ABBREVATIONS OF DIFFERENT SAMPLES
86
21 TABLE NO. 21: SHOWING OBSERVATIONS OF
THE SEEDS BEFORE AND AFTER SWEDANA.
90
22 TABLE NO. 22: SHOWING OBSERVATIONS IN
THE MILK BEFORE AND AFTER SWEDANA.
91
23 TABLE NO. 23 : SHOWING OBSERVATIONS OF
THE SEEDS BEFORE AND AFTER BHARJANA
93
24 TABLE NO. 24 : SHOWING COMPARATIVE
ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS
104
vii
GRAPH
SL. NO. GRAPH PAGE
NO.
1. % OF STRYCHNINE CONTENT BEFORE AFTER
SHODHANA
106
SI NO TABLES PAGE
NO.
25 TABLE NO. 25 : SHOWING RESULTS OF
COMPARATIVE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
CONSTANTS
104
26 TABLE NO. 26 : SHOWING COMPARATIVE
QUALITATIVE TESTS FOR PRESENCE OF
ALKALOIDS
105
27 TABLE NO. 27 : SHOWING COMPARATIVE
VALUES OF ASSAY FOR STRYCHNINE
105
28 TABLE NO. 28 : SHOWING THE FTIR PEAK
POSITIONS AND THEIR ASSIGNMENTS OF
AHSUDDHA KUPEELU SEEDS
110
29 TABLE NO. 29 : SHOWING THE FTIR PEAK
POSITIONS AND THEIR ASSIGNMENTS OF
GODUGDHA SWEDITA KUPEELU SEEDS
111
30 TABLE NO 30 : SHOWING THE FTIR PEAK
POSITIONS AND THEIR ASSIGNMENTS OF
GOGHRITA BHARJITA KUPEELU SEEDS
112
viii
LIST OF PHOTOS
SI.NO. FIGURES PAGE
NO.
1 KUPEELU TREE 158
2 TREE WITH FRUITS 158
3 KUPEELU PHALA 158
4 KUPEELU BEEJA 158
5 GOKSHEERA 158
6 GO-GHRUTA 158
7 ASHUDDHA KUPEELU BEEJA 159
8 POTTALI 159
9 DOLA YANTRA 159
10 BEEJA AFTER SWEDANA 159
11 AFTER REMOVAL OF SEED COAT 159
12 SEPARATED COTYLEDON 159
13 KUPEELU BEEJA 160
14 PROCESS OF BHARJANA 160
15 BEEJA AFTER BHARJANA 160
16 BEEJA WITH SEED COAT 160
17 REMOVAL OF SEED COAT 160
18 END PRODUCT OF BHARJANA 160
19 TRICHOMES BEFORE SHODHANA 161
20 ALEURONE GRAINS WITH FAT GLOBULES
BEFORE SHODHANA
161
21 TRICHOMES AFTER SWEDANA
161
ix
SI.NO. FIGURES PAGE
NO.
22 ALEURONE GRAINS WITH FAT GLOBULES
AFTER SWEDANA
161
23 SCANTY TRICHOMES AFTER BHARJANA 161
24 ALEURONE GRAINS WITH FAT GLOBULES
AFTER BHARJANA
161
25 TOTAL ASH ANALYSIS 162
26 ACID INSOLUBLE ASH ANALYSIS 162
27 PREPARATION OF TLC 162
28 CHROMATOGRAM OF ALL 3 SAMPLES 162
29 FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRA-RED
SPECTROPHOTOMETER
162
INRODUCTION
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 1
INTRODUCTION
Ayurveda, the science of life has mainly two objectives, maintenance of health in
the healthy individuals and cure of the diseases in the diseased.1
To achieve this, Ayurveda describes Swasthahita (one which improves
the quality of health) , Doshaprashamana(which is used for pacifying the vitiated
disease causing factors i.e., doshas), and Dhatupradushana which vitiates the factors
that support life system i.e., Dhatus.2
Ayurveda emphasizes on the fact that there is no substance in this world
which cannot be used as medicine.3 i.e., homologous or non-homologous, man with
his intellectual power, has the ability to convert these substances for usage of health
and medicine. Then there can arise a doubt, can poison be used as medicine?
Definitely, with usage of Ayurvedic and Rasashastra principles, even poison can be
converted to ambrosia, for example, when food is prepared or consumed in an
improper manner, even the life source called ‘food’ can become venomous, contrary
to this, the life taking poison can serve as medicine when it is modified according to
one’s logical intelligence.4
There are 8 branches in Ayurveda, Agada Tantra being one, where in
this branch deals with Toxicology5. It describes signs and symptoms caused by
poisons, management of the same resulting from the bites of snakes, insects, worms
,spiders, rodents etc.6. The poisonous dravyas have been documented by our Samhitha
seers; where in their maximum usage is for external application.
INRODUCTION
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 2
The practice of medicine went smoothly until the diseases subsided due
to the therapeutic action of the drugs. But as time evolved, some diseases became
unresponsive to the medicines then formulated, and so, sought for quicker, efficient,
effective and palatable form of medicine. And as an answer, the newer research and
development brought in the much awaited Rasashastra, an unique science relating to
philosophy, tantricism , alchemy and Ayurveda. The usage of organic poisons and
parthiva dravya as medicine was being developed. Metals, minerals and poisons were
modified and launched as new drugs. Numerous reasons can be attributed for the need
of this science-
1. The unresponsiveness of the herbal medicines to diseases.
2. Insight of flora being extinct in future.
3. The powerful action of the new therapeutics.
4. Usage of advanced pharmaceutical procedures which were based on siddhantas etc.
The Rasa Ratna Samucchaya, a pioneer Rasa Shastra text, has a reference of
poison intensifying the Amritha and converting into a substance better than ambrosia
itself. ‘The nectar which is mixed with halahala visha has more excellent qualities
than mere amritha, and is more potent’.6
Rasashastra developed after a numerous trials before concluding to its
final siddantas. How were these Siddhantas formulated? Observations were made that
when metals, minerals and the poisonous plants in natural form directly ingested
without following the drug preparatory rules and regulations, they proved to be fatal.
INRODUCTION
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 3
This gave rise to new modified principles to gain supreme drugs. This advanced
Ayurvedic branch formulated these principles schematically, some of them including
Shodhana, Marana, Satvapatana, Amritrikarana etc. Not all drugs needed all
procedures, some proved excellent just after shodhana and some required the more
tedious Amritikarana to prove its medicinal value. The organic poisons, herbal in
specific were converted to medicine with the Shodhana procedure.
Shodhana included conversion of poisonous metals, minerals and plants
to non- poisonous drugs. This is related to ‘Samskara”, a fine technicality which
brings in the required change in the physical and chemical constituents. These
Shodhana Samskaras were documented in texts and the procedures were recorded.
The shodhana samkara was designed to remove the impurities which may be in the
form of physical, chemical or biological and make the substance fit for medicinal
usage.
How can a poison become ambrosia? It can be done so by a procedure which can
cause the following.
i. Eradication- Might have lost its toxic principle completely.
ii. Reduction-a considerable reduction in the concentration of the toxic principle
iii. Conversion- the principle form into another principle (toxic into non-toxic)
iv. Potentiation- Medias which are anti-poisonous and antidote to that drug can
check its toxicity or toxic effect completely and bring in its medicinal value.
INRODUCTION
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 4
The Rasavaidyas explain Shodhana Samskara as the process which is used to
cleanse a substance by using techniques such as trituration, frying, drying, melting,
quenching, boiling, soaking etc. When shodhana process is scanned, we find
i. Different medias of shodana have been mentioned for a single drug.
ii. Single method is said for shodhana of a single drug.
iii. Usage of different shodhana procedures in the shodhana of a single drug
iv. Only one shodhana process is mentioned collectively for a group of drugs.
This permutation and combination gives the physician a lot of options
regarding the method of adoption of purification for poisonous drugs, as to which
method will give him a better, easier, quicker result. Keeping this in mind, the present
study was hypothesized that the shodhana must have a qualitative and quantitative
influence on the phytochemical profile of the toxic herbs, Kupeelu (Strychnos nux-
vomica Linn.) is one among such herb described under the 'Upavisa Vargas' (semi
poisonous group) 8 and its seeds have been used successfully in cure of many diseases
after proper Shodhana 9.Hypothesis is planned to validate scientifically the shodhana
process as mentioned by Rasatarangini for the seeds of Kupeelu (Strychnos
nuxvomica Linn.) wherein 2 processes for Shodhana samskara have been
comparatively evaluated .viz.,
1. Shodhana of Kupeelu seeds by Swedana in Cow’s milk 10
2. Shodhana of Kupeelu seeds by Bharjana with cow’s ghee.11
INRODUCTION
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 5
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:
Aim of the study is to carry out Shodhana of Kupeelu by two selected methods
Objectives
1) Procurement of standard raw material i.e seeds of Kupeelu.
2) To carry out shodhana of Kupeelu by the method of Swedana using godugdha as
the media.10
3) To carry out shodhana of Kupeelu by the method of Bharjana using goghrita 11
.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
It is presented as drug review; reviews of pharmaceutical procedures adopted
and review of analytical methods adopted.
In literature review detailed explanation of vishas and upavisha is given. In
drug review critical and thorough review of Ayurvedic and modern literatures and
published articles regarding Kupeelu and detail description of identification,
pharmacological activity, chemical constituents, regional names etc, of Kupeelu are
compiled in scientific manner, also drugs used for Shodhana have been elaborated.
In pharmaceutical review the concept of shodhana and Shodhana w.s.r to
Kupeelu is reviewed.
In review of analytical methods, physico-chemical constants, assay for
strychnine, thin layer chromatography and Fourier transform infra red
spectrophotometric analysis are reviewed.
INRODUCTION
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
It is presented as Pharmacognosy study, Pharmaceutical study and
Analytical study
Pharmacognosy study
The crude drugs form the basis for the manufacture of medicinal preparations.
The Pharmacognostic study of these drugs is the key for getting therapeutically potent
medicines which are prepared from genuine drug material. Accurate determination of
drug identity, its sources and evaluating standards are an important and essential part
of the research work. The plant materials are studied according to sensory,
macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. These parameters are helpful for the
identification and authentification of the plant.
In this phase of study, the procured samples of Kupeelu (Strychnos nux-vomica Linn.)
has been identified and studied by Macroscopic and Microscopic examination.
Pharmaceutical study
Rasashastra, the unique Ayurvedic pharmaceutics, deals with the preparation
of drugs from metals, minerals, animal products and poisonous herbal drugs. These
are rarely administered in their crude form, often combined with a number of
substances through various pharmaceutical processes, which in turn transform them to
a convenient dosage form that can be administered. The prime objective of
pharmaceutical research is to produce a safe, effective and quality drug.
INRODUCTION
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 7
In this phase of study, shodana of Kupeelu has been done by two methods viz.
Swedana in Dolayantra using godugdha as media and Bharjana using Goghruta.
Analytical study
In this phase of study, the Organoleptic analysis, the Physico-chemical
analysis which includes Loss on drying, Total ash, determination of pH, Acid
insoluble ash, Moisture content, Extractive values and Assay for strychnine.
Qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis is done by thin layer chromatography,
Fourier transform infra red analysis, of Raw Kupeelu and Shodhita Kupeelu have
been carried out.
RESULTS:
The results and observations of Pharmacognostical, Pharmaceutical and
Analytical, studies were recorded.
DISCUSSION
This includes possible explanations about observations, findings and results
CONCLUSION
The facts, results and observations of whole study have been summarized and
possible conclusion regarding Pharmacognostical, Pharmaceutical and Analytical
profiles of raw Kupeelu, Shuddha Kupeelu by using different media, based on
obtained results and discussion conclusion is drawn.
INRODUCTION
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 8
SUMMARY
The gist of the whole study is given in a concise form.
REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY:
All the relevant references are mentioned wherever necessary with
bibliography in a serial manner.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 9
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
Aim of the study is to carry out Shodhana of Kupeelu by two selected
methods acc to Rasatarangini.
Objectives:
1) Procurement of standard raw material i.e. seeds of kupeelu.
2) To carry out the shodhana of kupeelu by method of swedana using
godugdha as the media.
3) To carry out the shodhana of kupeelu by method of bharjana using
goghrita.
4) To carry out comparative physico-chemical analysis of the shodhita
samples.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 10
REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
Review of literature is divided into 3 parts
1) Drug review
2) Pharmacuetuical review and
3) Analytical review.
Drug review consists of historical review, vernacular names, synonyms, rasa
panchakas, dosha karma,dose,strychnine and its toxicity, treatment, previous works ,
review of drugs used in shodhana i.e godugdha and goghruta their gunas etc.In
pharmacuetical review, Shodhana procedure in detail including Swedana and Bharjana is
reviewed. In case of analytical review the quantitative and qualitative analysis of kupeelu
seeds is reviewed.
INTRODUCTION TO VISHA-UPAVISHA1:
The word Visha is derived from “vish” dhatu by having ka pratyaya which
means to encompass or to get fully pervaded or to get occupied, thus the one which
pervades the whole body immediately after ingestion is called as Visha. 12
From this
dhatu a naamapada Vishada, is formed which indicates stage of lethargy. It also means
dejection, sadness, grief, sorrow, disappointments, despondency, dispair, etc. Hence a
substance which creates “Vishadatwa” in body is termed as “Visha”.13, 14
The verse
further states that it can lead even to death. Any substance which produces very harmful
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 11
effects on mind and body is called as Visha or poison.The less virulent form of visha is
named as upavisha.
The usage of poisonous plants in Ayurvedic System of Medicine is prevalent
since the time of Charaka and Sushruta Samhita .Both the texts describe the types of
poisons. The toxic effects of the poisonous plants are also described.
As per Charaka, poisonous plants when used in its proper dosage and in proper
manner and in proper stage of the disease can prove as a medicine.15
On the contrary if
any medicinal or food substance when not taken in proper manner vitiates the dhatus (i.e
tissues) and doshas of the body which in turn can prove as a poison. Thus, poison is that
substance which vitiates the doshas and dhatus and is life threatening.
Texts have broadly classified poisons into three types depending on their source
and origin: (1) Sthavara Visha (2) Jangama Visha (3) krutrima visha16
(1) Sthavara Visha: The poison,of plant and mineral origin. Adhistana bheda of
sthavara visha (classification based on site) includes Kanda (a kind of root), Sara, Niryasa
(Oleoresin), Pushpa (flower), Mula (root), Phala (fruit), Patra (leaf), Twak (skin of the
bark), Dugdha (milky exudates from the plants) and Khanija (minerals).17
Adhistana is the
site of poison means to say that part and parcel of the origin where it resides or media
through which the visha gets manifested.
It is also classified as Visha and Upavisha, Visha includes plants like
vatsanabha(aconitum ferox) and Upavisha includes plants like vishamusti (strychnos
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 12
nuxvomica).18
These type of poisons when ingested by any person are said to cause
symptoms like fever, dysphasia, respiratory distress, vomiting , and might be fatal too.19
(2) Jangama Visha: A Type of poison which originates from animals. Poisons like snake
venom, scorpion sting, rodents, dogs, leeches, and insect bite come under this type.20
Symptoms like dizziness, burning, oedema and diarrhoea are generally developed due to
this type of poison. 21
(3) Krutrima Visha : This type of poison is other than the above two types which is
neither of plant nor of animal origin.
There is a mention of 2 other types of vishas in texts, garavisha and dushivisha.
Garavisha: It is a toxic combination of substances, non poisonous or which exerts toxic
effect after interval of sometimes and as such does not kill the patient instantly.22
Dushivisha: A constant exposure to a particular time, place, diet as well as constant and
regular day sleep tends to vitiate the dhatus of the body and this poison is consequently
known as dushivisha.23
In medicine, among the above of the three types of poisons, plant poison is most
frequently used. When poisonous plants are used in therapeutics the action is very fast
and the dosage is too less.
Before using these plants for medicinal use, they are subjected to different purificactory
procedures, which helps to reduce its toxicity and improve its efficacy. This procedure is
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 13
called as „Shodhana Samskar‟. In this type of procedure, the part of the plant to be used
in the medicine has to undergo processes like boiling, frying etc. It is said that if these
procedures are not performed properly then the poisonous plant used in the medicine
may prove fatal.24
Upvisha Varga as mentioned in Rasaratnasamuchchaya include Langali, Vishatinduka,
Bhallataka, Karavira, Bhanga, Dhatura and Arka25
,in contrary Rasatarangini has
mentioned eleven plants in Upavisha Gana . They are: Vishatinduka, Ahiphena, Jayapala,
Dhatura, Bhanga, Gunja, Bhallataka, Arka, Langali Snuhi, and Karavira. 26
Shodhana of Visha27
Before therapeutic utilization, the Visha dravyas should be subjected to the
process of “Shodhana”. This process reduces the toxicity of the poisonous plant product
considerably and keeps it to required optimum level.
When such purification is carried out the poisonous substances are attributed with
certain properties. These are28
1. Rasayana
2. Yogavahi
3. Tridoshaghna
4. Brimhana
5. Veeryavardhaka
6. Pranadayi
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 14
GENERAL DOSE OF VISHA DRAVYAS29
1tila matra to 8yava matra( 8mg-500mg)
(1tila=1/8 yava, 1yava=1/2 ratti ie;62.5mg,=1/8x62.5=8mg, 8yava=8x62.5=500mg)
GENERAL METHODS OF PURIFICATION OF VISHA DRAVYAS30
1. Cut the drug in to small pieces.
2. Soak in cow‟s urine for 3 days.
3. Change the cow‟s urine every day.
4. 4th day wash with warm water.
5. Dry under sun & store.
PRESERVATION OF PURIFIED VISHA DRAVYAS31
Storage- Tie in a cloth smeared with oil of red mustard seeds.
MARANA OF THE VISHA32
Before the visha is used therapeutically it is subjected to yet another process
called as Marana. Marana usually consists of giving intense heat to incinerate the
substance, here, in this case it consists of just intimately mixing Tankana(Borax) and
Visha in equal proportion.This reduces the toxicity of the Visha. Further if black pepper
is added in twice the quantity of the poison by weight, and then the mixture triturated
both Shodhana and Marana can be achieved together.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 15
Further it has been said that , if the severity of the disesas is not brought under control by
rasa and dhatu bhasmas, then usage of visha dravyas gives a fruitful result especially in
the disorders of vata and kapha vikaras.
TOXICOLOGY33
A poison is described as any substance, which has a harmful effect on a living system.
Paracelsus (1493 – 1541) was one of the first to distinguish between the therapeutic and
toxic properties of substances in modern era. He thought that the only difference between
a medicine and a poison was the dose. The same quotation is also laid down in Charak
Samhita 2000 years back.
Very few substances are actually classed as a “poison”. Harmful chemicals are
not necessarily poisons. We are exposed to potentially toxic substances every day without
immediate harm. Our body can safely metabolise toxins, if we are exposed to them in
small amounts. It is only when we overwhelm our body and reach the toxic dose of a
substance, they may be life threatening.
This means all substances have a potential toxicity. All herbs can therefore be
harmful, but most of them have to be ingested in amounts which are not toxic. Herbs,
which have a high toxicity, such as Strychnos nuxvomica and Aconitum ferox, can be
used safely and effectively if taken in a small, therapeutic dose. Thus, the primary
determinate of the safety of a substance is the dose. It is the dose, not the herb, which
turns to be poisonous. For example -Salt is not toxic in small doses. However, a single
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 16
large dose can be lethal. Just two tablespoons can kill a one-year-old child. Caffeine, one
of the many alkaloids found in coffee can kill at a dose of 100 strong cups of coffee.
CLASSIFICATION OF POISON 34
I.CORROSIVES: (1) STRONG ACIDS:
a. inorganic or mineral acids
b. organic acids
(2) STRONG ALKALIS
(3) METALLIC SALTS
II. IRRITANTS:
(1)INORGANIC – metallic, non metallic, mechanical
(2)ORGANIC - plant & animal origin
III. SYSTEMIC: (1) CEREBRAL:
a. CNS depressants: alcohol, opioid, analgesics, hypnotics
b. CNS stimulants : caffeine
c. delirients : datura, cannabis
(2) SPINAL: nux vomica
(3) PERIHERAL: curare
(4) CARDIOVASCULAR: aconite, oleander
(5) ASPHYXIANTS: carbon monoxide
IV. MISCELLANEOUS: food poisoning, botulism etc
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 17
Every substance has potential toxicity, from the most benign to the most obvious.
Even so, the same dose will not affect every person in the same way. It is this fact, which
makes toxicology such a complex science. There are a myriad of factors, which may
make the substance more or less toxic to a particular individual.
Toxicity depends not only on the dose of the substance but also on the toxic properties
of the substances. The relationships between these two factors are important in the
assessment of therapeutic dose.
DRUG REVIEW
In drug review the detail discription kupeelu , drugs used in shodhana that is
ksheera and ghritha is given.
HISTORICAL REVIEW
Drug history gives us thorough knowledge with respect to its identification,
controversy, pharmacological properties and therapeutic uses, so before giving a drug as
a whole it is equally important in knowing the drug as a whole.
VEDA KALA
There is no reference of kupeelu in veda kaala. Dr P.V.Sharma,in his book
“Ayurveda ka Vaignanika Itihasa and Dravyaguna Vignana part-4”has mentioned that
there is no reference of kupeelu neither in veda kaala nor in the samhita .35
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 18
SAMHITA KALA
Kupeelu is not mentioned, instead the term vishamustika is mentioned under
Surasadi gana of Susruta36
and Vagbhata37
.It is considered as mahanimba or alambusha
or karkotika by Dalhana and Hemadri.
NIGHANTU KALA
Amarakosha (10th AD)
Kupeelu is mentioned under Vanaushadhi varga with 4 synonyms i.e. kakendu,
kulak, kakapeelu, kakatinduka38
Dhanwantari Nighantu (10th -11th century)
Kupeelu is mentioned under Amradi varga,considered as a variety of tinduka and
its synonym is mentioned by the name markatatinduka.39
Siddha mantra (12th A.D)
Kupeelu is mentioned under kapha pittagna varga,kutindu mentioned as
kakatindu.40
Shodala Nighantu (11th -13th century)
Kupeelu is mentioned under Karaveeradi varga as visha tinduka,with properties
like mahatiktaka and kapha vatahara,vishahara and visha tinduka beeja is said to be best
in all types of bhagna.41
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 19
Madhava Dravya guna (13th A.D)
Kupeelu is mentioned under Phala varga as visha tinduka.42
Madanapala Nighantu (1347 A.D)
Kupeelu is mentioned under Phala varga with synonyms like kakapeelu, visha
tinduka and properties like sheeta and grahi are attributed to it.43
Kaiyadeva Nighantu (1425-1450 A.D)
Kupeelu is mentioned under Oushadi varga and described along with the
tinduka,but explained with 4 synonyms with separate qualities. Sthoola binduka is
considered as its synonym.44
Bhavaprakasha Nighantu (16th century)
Kupeelu is mentioned under Amradi phala varga with 7 synonyms.45
Saligrama Nighantu (1896 A.D)
Kupeelu is mentioned under Phala varga .The term karaskara is used in place of
kupeelu with 8 synonyms-
karaskara,kimpaka,vishatindu,vishadruma,graduma,ramyaphala,kupaka,kaalakutaka and
explained it in detail with its guna and karma46
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 20
Raja Nighantu (17th -18th century)
Kupeelu is mentioned under Prabhadraadi varga with 8 synonyms and specially
indicated in kushta, kaarshya, vrana, prameha, kandu.47
Priya Nighantu (20th century)
Karaskara is mentioned under Shatapushpadi varga with properties like katu tikta
rasa,ushna veerya, sara guna, balya , and vaajikara. 48
Rasaratna Samucchaya49
and Rasa Tarangini 50
have mentioned vishamusti in
Upavisha varga.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 21
VERNACULAR NAMES51
Hindi : Kuchla, Kajra, Chibbinge, Makartendu, Kuchila etc.
Marathi : Kajarakar, Karaskara etc.
Gujarati : Jherakochala, Kochala, Jheri etc.
Bengal : Kuchila, Kutichla, Thalkesar
Orissa : Kachila
Kannada : Nanjina koradu, Kasarka, Hemmushti
Tamil : Yettikottai, Kanjirai, Silti.
Telugu : Musthtivittulu
Malayalam : Kajjola, Kanniram
English : Nuxvomica, Crowfig, Kachita
Nepal : Nirmali
Bombay : Jharkotchura
Punjab : Kagphala, Kuchila, Harbal Jarab
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 22
TABLE NO.1 SYNONYMS OF KUPEELU
Synonyms M.
Ni.
Shal.
Ni.
Sh.
D.
Ni.
Kai.
Ni.
Dh.
Ni.
Raj.
Ni.
Sa.
Van.
Ni.
Abhi.
Ni.
Bh.
Pr.
Ni.
Bhar.
Van.
San.
Ni.
Rat.
A.P R.T.
Tinduka + + + + + + + + +
Syandana + +
Sphurja + +
Kalsara + +
Ravana + + + +
Kalpilu + + + + + + +
Vishatinduka + + + + + + + +
Karaskara + + + + +
Kimpapa + + +
Vishdruma + + + +
Gardroom + + +
Ramyaphala + + + +
Kupaka + + + +
Kalkutaka + + + +
Nagvalidala + +
Padapa + +
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 23
Synonyms M.
Ni.
Shal.
Ni.
Sh.
D.
Ni.
Kai.
Ni.
Dh.
Ni.
Raj.
Ni.
Sa.
Van.
Ni.
Abhi.
Ni.
Bh.
Pr.
Ni.
Bhar.
Van.
San.
Ni.
Rat.
A.P R.T.
Kalskanda + + + + +
Tanuka + + +
Dirghapatra + +
Sphurjan + + + +
Skandita + +
Syandana + + + + +
Visfurjani +
Tinduki +
Virla + +
Kakenduka + + +
Kupeelu + + + + + + +
Stholtinduka + +
Neelsara + +
Mustaka + + + +
Sfurjaka + + + + + +
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 24
Synonyms and their meanings
Karaskara: poisonous medicinal plant
Kupeelu: a poisonous plant pertaining to a lower variety
Ramyaphala: pleasing and beautiful fruit according to morphology.
Dirghapatra: the leaves are long and wide (morphology)
Visha druma &gara druma: druma is a synonym of plant,whereas visha is poison.
Vishamushti: mushti is 1 pala according to maana paribhasha. This indicates dose decides
the effect of poisonous plant.
Vishatinduka: poisonous variety of tinduka
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 25
TABLE NO. 2 RASA PANCHAKA OF KUPEELU
SL
NO
REFERENCE RASA GUNA VEERYA VIPAKA
1 D.N Madhura Madhura
Guru
2 M.N Laghu (unripe)
Guru (ripe)
3 K.N Tikta
kashaya
Laghu Sheeta Katu
4 R.N Katu
Tikta
Ushna
5 N.R Katu
Sheeta
6 BPN Tikta
Laghu Sheeta
7 SA.N Mahatikta
Vishada ,guru Ushna Madhura
8 N.A Katu Ushna
Katu
9 P.N Katu , tikta
Sara Ushna
10 SH.N Mahatikta
11 M.D.G
Vishada ,guru Sheeta
12 Y.R Katu , tikta
Ushna,Teekshna Ushna
13 R.T Katu
Teekshna Ushna
14 D.G.V Katu , tikta
Ushna
15 D.G.H Katu , tikta
Teekshna,laghu,ruksha Ushna Katu
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 26
TABLE NO. 3 SHOWING DOSHA KARMA OF KUPEELU
SL.
NO
DOSHA KARMA
P.
N
SH.
N
R.N M.D.
G
M.
N
K.
N
B.
P
SA.
N
1 VAATAMAYAHARA
+ + +
2 KAPHAVAATAHARA
+
3 KAPHAPITTASRANASHA
NAM
+ + + + + +
4 VAATALAM
+ +
TABLE NO. 4 SHOWING SAMANYA KARMA OF KUPEELU
SL.NO SAMANYA KARMA P.N M.D.G M.N K.N B.P Sh.N
1 DEEPANA +
2 PACHANA +
3 GRAHI + + + + +
4 MADAKARA +
5 BALYA +
6 VAJIKARA +
7 KANDUGHNA + +
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 27
TABLE NO. 5 SHOWING ROGAGHNATA OF KUPEELU
SL.NO ROGAGHNATA P.N R.N M.D.G M.N SH.N
1 JWARA + +
2 BHAGNA +
3 KUSTA + +
4 ARSHA + +
5 VRANA + + +
6 PRAMEHA + + +
7 KARSHYA +
VISHISHTA GUNA KARMA OF VISHATINDUKA52
Vishishta Guna: It is Agneya in nature with Katu rasa, Parama deepana, Ugra veerya,
Teekshna, Uttama kamoddeepaka , Mootrala, Deepana, Pachaka, Shleshma hara,
Balasanjanaka, Medohara, Ruchikara,
Vishishta Karma: Grahanihara, Unmada vinashaka, Adhmanahara, Ajeerna vinashaka,
Amashayasta shoolahara, best Hrudaya dourbalyahara, Shwasaprashamaka, Alleviates
puppusa shotha, Ardhanga ardita vata nashaka, Nadibala vardhaka, Dusta naga
sevanajanya dosha, Madatyaya, Ardhangavatahara, Angashoshahara, Used in the
treatment of rabid animal bite, Pakshaghata associated with karshya, Rigidity and
Numbness, Nadishoola, Anidrahara, Arshoghna, Alleviates excessive perspiration at
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 28
night due to Rajayakshma and Manasika shrama sambhoota avasada.
Also useful in Ajeerna due to Anidra, Dugdha pachakaamla and tikta udgaara,
Chitta dourbalya due to shrama, Malabhaddata, Adhmana, Amlapitta sambhoota
antrashoola, Painful defecation, Difficulty to defecate and with decreased quantity of
feaces, Patient presenting with an urge of micturition with less quantity associated with
daha, Chronic bleeding disorders, Decrease in length of menstrual cycle less than 28
days, Metromenorrhagia, Shweta pradara with durgandha and srava with yellowish
colour, Prista shoola which begins at night, Kativedana, Shwasa due to Pitta dosha which
increases after consumption of food, Nava pratishyaya, Vartmaspandanakam,
Atisara caused by Ratri jagarana and Atibhojana ,characterised by Bowel sounds,
Bleeding and watery stools, and where in Urge of defecation associated with increased
frequency which is painful and decreased quantity of stools. If a person is alone and
agitated, angry then the quantity administered must be less.
EXTERNAL USES53
Vatashamak, it alleviates pain, oedema and is an analgesic (Vedanasthapana). It is
used for external application in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis. An application of
seeds with turmeric cures oozing and foul smelling ulcers. This paste is also effective in
ulcers with toxic symptoms. The leaves in the form of poultice are very useful in oozing
ulcers.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 29
INTERNAL USES54
Central nervous system:
It alleviates vata and pain. It stimulates and strengthens nerves because of its
sharpness. Useful in vata disorders like Neuralgia, Facial palsy, Hemiplegia, Insomnia.
Excess dose leads to intoxication and convulsions.
Digestive system :
Being bitter and pungent, it is a good appetizer, digestive and (pachana),
astringent (grahi), useful in abdominal pain by its ushna and vata alleviating property. It
is used in loss of appetite, gastric inflammation, amadosha, colitis, piles, and parasitic
infections. It is the best medicine for gastric laxity and spasm.
Circulatory system :
Being Ushna and Tikshna, it is a cardiac stimulant (Hrdayottejaka) and
hypertensive. It alleviates oedema caused by Kapha. Useful in disorders of cardiac laxity.
Respiratory system :
Being pungent and bitter, it is Kaphaghna and alleviates cough. It is also useful in
inflammation of lungs.
Urinary system :
Dribbling of the urine due to Atonicity of bladder is corrected by it. It is an
effective medicine for nocturia in children and adults.
Reproductive system :
It is an aphrodisiac (Vajikarna). It cures premature ejaculation and impotency.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 30
Satmikarana :
It is an excellent rasayana. It cures the laxity of body tissue. It is a good medicine
for the loss of appetite, insomnia and laxity of body in elderly..
Skin :
Nux-vomica is useful in dermatosis, pruritis and excess perspiration.
Temperature :
It is effective in fever with shivering and periodical fever. It reduces shivering and
rigors.
PRACTICAL USE IN FOLKLORE MEDICINE55,56
1. Seed paste is applied on swelling and inflammation due to Filariasis.
2. Seed paste is applied externally on dog bite.
3. One seed is rubbed with water and 1-2 cloves are mixed into it. This is applied
over the gum twice daily for 6 months, with gentle massage to treat pyorrhoea.
4. Ripe fruits boiled in water. Foot or palm is kept over the water so as to reach vapours
on skin eruptions.
5. Seed oil is applied on scabies.
6. Roasted seeds made into powder are given orally to treat joint pain.
7. Powder of roasted seed mixed with ginger, sugar and water is given to drink in case
of Diarrhoea.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 31
DOSAGE57
The therapeutic dose of Nuxvomica is 30-125 mg. The smallest dose which is
known to produce death in humans is 30 grains i.e. equal to one seed of Nuxvomica. The
minimal oral dose of strychnine in adults is 30-120 mg. The lethal dose in children is 15
mg. If strychnine is given parenterally, the lethal dose is again lowered.
Adverse effects of vishatinduka58
Consumption of vishatinduka without purification or excessive consumption
causes Dhanusthambha, Aaskhepaka, Angamarda, Kampa, Dantaharasha, Drishti
mandala Vyakocha(Pupil dilatation), Nadi mandata (Dull Pulse)
Management of visha tinduka poisoning59
Nagavallidala Swarasa with goghrita. By drinking this receipe, the poisonous
effect of vishatinduka can be cured.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 32
VISHISHTA YOGAS:
TABLE NO. 6: SHOWING VISISHTA YOGAS OF KUPEELU AND THEIR
THERAPEUTIC USES AS MENTIONED IN BHAISHAJYA RATNAVALI60
Sl.no Visista yogas Therapeutic uses
1 Vishatindukaadi thaila Vataraktha
2 Vishatindukaadi lepa Upadamsha
3 Kupeelubeejadi kwatha Lasika meha
4 Kupeelu choorna Shayya shoola
5 Khanjanikaari rasa Pakshaghata, khanjanika
6 Arshogna dhooma Arsha roga
7 Arkapushpaadi vatika Agnimandya, udarashoola
8 Saptaparnasatvaadi vati Vishama jwara
9 Virechani gutika Naadi vrana, bhagandara
10 Vicharchikaadi taila Krimi, virechana, jwara
11 Vishweshwara rasa Vataraktha, jwara, agnimandya, kushta
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 33
TABLE NO. 7: SHOWING VISHISHTA YOGAS OF KUPEELU AND THEIR
THERAPEUTIC USES AS MENTIONED IN YOGARATNAKARA 61
Sl.no Visista yogas Therapeutic uses
1 Vardhamaana karaskara
prayoga
Alarka visha
2 Trailokya tapahara rasa Nava jwara
3 Vishagarbha taila Sandhivata, gridhrasi, sarvanga vata,
karna nada.
TABLE NO. 8 : SHOWING VISHISHTA YOGAS OF KUPEELU AND THEIR
THERAPEUTIC USES AS MENTIONED IN RASA TARANGINI. 62
Sl.no Vishishta yogas Therapeutic uses
1 Vishatindukaadi taila Pakshaghata
2 Supta vatari rasa Supta vata
3 Navajeevana rasa Agnimandya, antra shoola.
4 Agnitundi vati Atisara, nadibala vardhaka.
5 Lakshmivilasa rasa Veeryavardhaka
6 Shoolanirmoolana rasa Gulma, grahani, shoola.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 34
TABLE NO. 9: SHOWING VISHISHTA YOGAS OF KUPEELU AND THEIR
THERAPEUTIC USES AS MENTIONED IN RASENDRA SAARA SANGRAHA63
Sl.no Vishishta yogas Therapeutic uses
1 Sarvanga sundara rasa Shoola, vatavikara
2 Shoolaharana yoga Gulma, atisara ,grahani.
3 Agnimukha rasa Agnimandya
4 Galatkustari rasa Kusta
Rasaprakashsudakar64
- Krimi Virechani Vati used in kostagata krimi.
Bharatabhaisajya Ratnakara65
- Sameera Gajakesari rasa used in vatavyadhi.
Precautions:
Drug is used only after purification and within limitation of doses for avoiding
complications and toxic effects. Prolonged use of drug also needs due care. Proper care
for using purified seeds needs to be followed in oral uses of the drug.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 35
TABLE NO. 10: SHOWING SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION66
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order Gentianales
Family Loganiaceae
Genus Strychnos
Species nux-vomica
Binomial name Strychnos nux-vomica.linn
BOTANICAL SOURCE67
Nux vomica consists of the dried ripe seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica Linn.Containing not
less than 1.2% Strychnine.
DISTRIBUTION68
It occurs in India, Sri Lanka and Burma. It is found in tropical forests specially in
Manbhund, Tamilnadu, Tranvancore - Cochin, Konkan Malabar, Orissa and other regions
of country. It is also occasionally planted in gardens. Plant occurs in warm regions of
India up to an altitude of 1204 meters (4000 ft.) in wild state. Frequently growing in
Orissa, Madras, Cochin, Bengal and Bihar.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 36
COLLECTION / DESCRIPTION69
The plant is small to medium sized tree, up to 10-18 meters in height, branches spreading,
often with axillary thorns, bark smooth, whitish in colour.
Leaves - shining, opposite, broadly ovate to elliptic, rounded or slightly cordate and 5-
nerved at base, up to 15 cm long, petiole up to 1.5 cm long. Tree changes leaves during
hot season, occasionally leafless for a short time.
Flowers – greenish white, interminal, pedunculate, compound cymes. Calyx -lobes cute,
pubescent outside. Corolla - hypocrateriform, lobes minutely tomentose on margins.
Stamens -subsessile inserted inside the mouth of corolla tube. Style - sparsely woolly
hairy.
Berry -as large as an orange or subspherical yellowish brown orange like berries. Berry
on strongly thickened branches, globular, orange red, upto 7 cm across. Seeds 4,
sariceous, flat, nearly circular, grey, shining clothed on both sides with fine silky hairs
radiating from the centre. At one point on the margin the micropyle forms a prominence
from which a raised line passes to the centre of the seed. The drug is odourless, but
possesses an intensely bitter taste. Epicarp -is leathery and the pulp is bitter whitish and
mucilagenous in which seeds are embedded.
The tree is found growing in regions where the absolute maximum shade temperature
varies from 350Cto 45
0C and minimum from 4
0C to 18
0C, and where rainfall ranges from
75 to 375 cm or more. The tree is a shade - bearer, growing under a moderate canopy
even in semi evergreen forests. It produces root-suckers and is free from damage by
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 37
browsing, as animals avoid it. In most forests, the tree is evergreen, but in dry areas it
sheds the leaves for a short time.
MORPHOLOGY OF STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA .LINN(SEEDS) 70
Size: 10 to 30 mm in diameter, 3 to 5 mm thick.
Shape: Disc shaped, flat, some concavo-convex, few seeds irregularly bent, margin
rounded or acute.
Outer surface: Grey to greenish-grey covered with numerous, closely appressed silky
hairs, radiating from the centre, hairs impart a characteristic hilum is present in the centre
of the flat surface of the seed. From the hilum a ridge which is not raphe connects the
position of the micropyle at the circumference. They are very hard when dried.
Endosperm: It is present below the testa and is grey and horny. Below the endosperm in
the centre is a narrow slit like cavity.
Embryo: It is seen at the micropylar end with a cylindrical radicle and two cordate
cotyledons.
Odour: None
Taste: possesses an intensely and persistently bitter taste.
Flowering and Fruiting time:
Plant flowers in May-July and fruits in November - January.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 38
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION71
It contains two important alkaloids namely Strychnine and Brucine. They also
contain vomicine, colubrine, loganine, glucoside and fatty substance up to 3% alkaloids.
Total content of the alkaloids ranges from 2.6% to 5.3% of which approximately half
proportion is of strychnine, but bark yields only brucine. Strychnine (C21H22O2 N2) and
brucine (C23H26O4N2) are the most important and strongly toxic alkaloids present in this
plant, besides other minor alkaloidal constituents. These alkaloids occur not only in the
seed but also in the roots, wood bark, leaves, fruit pulp and the hard fruit shells. No
quaternary bases are found in the seeds. Minor alkaloids present are vomicine
(C22H21N2O4), colubrine (C22H24O3N2), pseudostrychnine (C21H22O3N2), pseudobrucine
(C24H28O5N2). The glucoside loganine is also present. Pseudostrychnine is nontoxic. The
leaves have earlier been reported to contain strychnine and brucine (together 1.6%) and
strychnicine (0.025%). Recent investigations have revealed that in addition to strychnine
the leaves contain vomicine as the major constituent alkaloid along with an unidentified
alkaloid. Another alkaloid, (N-methyl pseudostrychnine), has been reported from the
leaves of very young plants.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 39
THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURES OF MAJOR ALKALOIDS.
Strychnine Brucine
Molecular Weight: 334.412g/mol Molecular Weight: 394.464g/mol
Molecular Formula: C21H22N2O2 Molecular Formula: C23H26N2O4
Vomicine Pseudostrychnine
Molecular Weight: 380.437g/mol Molecular Weight: 350.411g/mol
Molecular Formula: C22H24N2O4 Molecular Formula: C21H22N2O3
α-Colubrine β-Colubrine
Molecular Weight: 364.438g/mol Molecular Weight: 364.438g/mol
Molecular Formula: C22H24N2O3 Molecular Formula: C22H24N2O3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 40
Icajine Novacine
Molecular Weight: 364.438g/mol Molecular Weight: 424.49g/mol
Molecular Formula: C22H24N2O3 Molecular Formula: C24H28N2O5
Strychnine N-oxide Brucine N-oxide
Molecular Weight: 350.411g/mol Molecular Weight: 410.463g/mol
Molecular Formula: C21H22N2O3 Molecular Formula: C23H26N2O5
Isostrychnine Isostrychnine N-oxide II
Molecular Weight: 334.412g/mol Molecular Weight: 350.411g/mol
Molecular Formula: C21H22N2O2 Molecular Formula: C21H22N2O3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 41
STRYCHNINE73
Occurs as colourless, transparent crystals, or as a white crystalline powder. It is
odourless and has an extremely bitter taste, perceptible even in such aqueous dilutions as
1 in 7,00,000. It has a reputation as a cardiovascular and respiratory stimulant and a bitter
tonic, stimulating all parts of the central nervous system.
Strychnine has relatively more powerful stimulant action on the motor cells of
the central nervous system, especially on the spinal cord. On account of its action on the
cerebrum, the mental faculties are stimulated, the tactile and pain sensations are
augmented and the sense of hearing, smell and taste becomes more acute. It appears to be
clinically useful in some forms of chronic heart diseases, especially myocarditis, but the
efficacy of strychnine as a circulatory stimulant in such conditions as surgical shock,
collapse from haemorrhage, poisoning by depressant (ether, chloroform, barbiturates, or
alcohol) and a dynamic stages of infectious fevers, is open to serious question. It lessens
irritability of the heart and is useful in extra systoles, but may be harmful in other forms
of cardiac irregularities. As a respiratory stimulant, it is valued in narcotic or hypnotic
poisoning, as by opium or chloral. It has also been claimed to be useful in the treatment
of toxic amblyopias, especially that due to nicotine poisoning.
Strychnine has been widely used as stomachic. It was frequently incorporated in
laxative mixtures and tablets, but this use is without therapeutic justification and may be
responsible for fatal poisoning. Small doses of strychnine delay the onset of fatigue, but
this delay is followed by a phase of depression in muscular activity.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 42
Strychnine is said to be useful in the treatment of various spasmodic diseases, such as
Cholera, Asthma and Epilepsy. It is also employed as an aphrodisiac.
The ripe and dried Nux-vomica seeds, as well as Strychnine hydrochloride, are
official in I.P. The ripe and dried seeds should contain: Strychnine, < 1.2%; foreign
organic matter, > 1.0; and ash, > 3.0% Strychnine hydrochloride (dose: 2-8 mg) should
contain not less than 97.5% and not more than the equivalent of 100.5% of C21H22O2N2.
HCl, calculated with reference to the substance dried to constant weight at 130o C.The
loss on drying shall be 7-9%, and sulphated ash not more than 0.1%. Official preparations
include strychnine hydrochloride solution, nuxvomica powder, liquid extract, and
tincture, and prepared nux-vomica.
Strychnine is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, carried in the blood
by both the plasma and erythrocytes, and rapidly leaves the circulation for the tissues. It
is readily destroyed in the body, mainly by the enzymes of the liver microsomes. Nearly
20% of the alkaloid escapes into the urine.
TOXICOLOGY OF STRYCHNINE:
Ordinarily, the fatal dose for a human being lies between 30 and 60 mg of
Strychnine, however, under proper treatment recovery may occur from much larger
doses. Toxic doses of strychnine and powdered seeds for the different animals have been
reported as follows respectively: horse, 0.192 - 0.288, 19.2 - 28.8; 0.192 - 0.384, 19.2 -
33.6; Pig. 0.0096 - 0.048, 3.8 - 5.8; and dog, 0.0048 - 0.0192, 0.5 - 1.0 g. Guinea pigs and
some monkeys appear to be remarkably insusceptible to strychnine administered poisons.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 43
SYMPTOMS
The symptoms of poisoning of strychnine usually develop with great violence. The
first noticeable effect is stiffness of the face and neck muscles. Sudden movements, such
as shrugging of shoulder or abrupt jerking of an arm or leg are some of characteristic
manifestations. Heightened reflex-excitability soon becomes evident. All voluntary
muscles, including, those of the face, are in full contraction. Respiration ceases due to the
contraction of the diaphragm and the thoracic and abdominal muscles.74
TREATMENT
The treatment of strychnine poisoning should aim at two operations: (1) To
prevent convulsions, and (2) To support respiration. Many agents have been suggested
for the control of convulsions, these include the use of Chloroform by inhalation, Sodium
bromide by rectum, and Chloral hydrate by mouth, but the best is probably one of the
barbiturates (like Phenobarbital sodium or amytal sodium) administered intravenously.
Endo-tracheal intubation to provide proper control of respiration is an important
safeguard; following this, small amounts of curariform drugs may be employed to lessen
the intensity of the muscular contractions. 74
Gastric lavage may be performed if some of the poison is still suspected to be
present in the stomach. Potassium permanganate in a 1:1,000 concentration is an effective
antidote. Iodine tincture, diluted with water (1: 250) or tannic acid solution (2% or in the
form of strong tea), may be employed. It is important to minimize tactile and auditory
stimulation of the patient during the course of treatment.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 44
Other alkaloids - Brucine closely resembles strychnine in its physiological action, but is
much feebler, 30-80 times of the alkaloid being required to produce the same effect. In 5-
10% solutions, it possesses a distinct local anaesthetic action. One of the main uses of
brucine has been as a denaturant for alcohol, used in cosmetics and perfumery.
In Britain, the use of brucine in this manner is confined to surgical spirit which may
contain not more than 0.015% of it. On account of bitter taste, it is an adequate deterrent
to the use of denatured alcohol for portable purposes without imparting any adverse
effect on odour or other properties of compounded perfumes. In 1959, new uses of
brucine in petroleum technology in USA were reported, and its demand from petroleum
companies suddenly increased.
Vomicine produces clonic convulsions differing from those produced by strychnine,
apparently due to some action on the cerebrum.74
ANTIDOTE:
As soon as toxic symptoms appear, give stomach wash and give cow's ghee along
with cow's milk. Use antidotes like opium, belladona, camphor, ganja and tobacco.
PHARMACOKINETICS:
Nuxvomica is rapidly absorbed from gastro-intestinal tract while strychnine is
absorbed from G.I. tract, nasal passage or parenterally injection site. Strychnine is found
in plasma RBC, bile, liver and tissue of G.I. tract. The half-life of strychnine is 10 hrs.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 45
METABOLISM:
Strychnine is mainly metabolized in liver. It is metabolized by enzyme of hepatic
microsomes. Strychnine is excreted from urine without any change. 10-20% of strychnine
is eliminated through urine in first 24 hrs. The excretion is inversely proportional to the
dose ingested. Strychnine is totally excreted within 48 to 72 hrs.
TOXICITY
In toxic dose, strychnine produces restlessness and suffocation. There after
tremors are developed all over the body. Convulsions are developed and all the muscles
are affected at the same time. Poisthotonus, i.e. the body resting on head and healing
takes place. The patient is very much excited and very small stimulus can aggravate the
symptoms. In the period of convulsions patient is completely conscious and depressed.
Convulsions occur intermittently. The frequency and intensity of the convulsions depends
upon the sensory stimulus. If the patient is not treated properly patient may die due to
respiratory arrest within 2-4 hrs. If the patients survive for more than 12 hours even after
the fatal doses, then prognosis is said to be good.
CONTRAINDICATIONS:
Nuxvomica is contraindicated in pregnancy and breast-feeding. It is also
contraindicated in contact dermatitis.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 46
REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK DONE: 75
(1) Varanasi (1983) – Department of R.S.
Katiyar C.K. – Study on Kupeelu Sattva. Pharmaceutical Chemical and
Pharmacological Study. (M.D. thesis)
Katiyar Chandrakant (1988) – Neuro clinical and neuro pharmacological studies on
Shuddha Kupeelu. (Ph.D. thesis)
Tewari O.P. (1979) – Sarvanga Gata Vata (peripheral neuritis) and its management
by an indigenous drug Karaskara (S. nuxvomica).
Tripathi S.K. (1983) – Evaluation of Shuddha Kupeelu in the management of
Amavata (Rheumatoid Arthritis).
(2) Lucknow (1984)
Yadav R.S. – Kupeelu Bheshajika evam Dravya Gunatmaka Adhyayana.
(3) Bangalore (Koppa) (2000)
Pradeep H.R. – Effect of Shodhana on toxicity (Purification) of Kupeelu.
(4) Shimla (H.P.) (2003)
Saharan Dipti - A comparative clinical study on the role of Simhanada Guggulu
and Shuddha Kupeelu in management of Amavata w.s.r. Rheumatoid arthritis.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 47
(5) Nagpur (2000)
Thakare P.G. – Vanaspatika Visha – Kupeelu Beeja Ka Sanskara Poorva Evam
Sanskara Paschat Prayogashaleeya Adhyana.
(6) Ujjain (2005-2006)
A pharmacotherapeutic study of Kupeelu as a Vatahar w.s.r. katisoola (low back
pain).
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 48
REVIEW OF DRUGS USED IN KUPEELU SHODHANA
GOKSHEERA
Goksheera is one among a jangama dravya which is obtained from the cow. It was
used as a media for kupeelu swedana, the description is as follows.
TABLE NO. 11 CLASSIFICATION OF GOKSHEERA IN SAMHITAS
76,77,78
Sl. No. Text Varga
1 Charaka. Gorasavarga
2 Shushrutha Ksheeravarga
3 Vaghbhata Ksheeravarga
TABLE NO. 12: GUNAKARMAS OF GOKSHEERA
79
Rasa Madhura
Guna Mrudu, sheetha
Virya Sheetha
Vipaka Madhura
Karma Karma -brumhana, balya, jeevaneeya, vrushya, rasayana ojo
gunasama, aajanma satmya dravya.
Doshagnata Vatapittaprashanam
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 49
TABLE NO. 13: COMPARISON OF VISHA AND KSHEERA GUNAS80,81
Sl.no Visha guna Ojo guna & ksheera
guna
1 Laghu Guru
2 Ushna Sheeta
3 Teekshna Mrudu
4 Sukshma Sthula
5 Ashukari Prasada
6 Vyavayi Sthira
7 Vikasi Slakshna
8 Vishada Picchila
9 Ruksha Snigdha
10 Anirdeshya rasa (charaka)
Apaki (sushruta)
Vishamapaki (vagbhata)
Madhura
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 50
Physical properties of Cow’s milk 82
1. pH : 6.5 to 6.7
2. R.I. of Milk : 1.3440-1.3485 at 200C
3. Viscosity : 2.0 Cp at 250C
4. Surface Tension : 50 dyn/cm at 200C
5. Specific gravity : 1.029 to 1.035
6. Freezing point : -0.58 to 0.54°C
TABLE NO.14: ANALYSIS OF MILK COMPOSITION.83
Sl.No Constituents Percentage Sl.No Constituents Percentage
1. Solids 12.63 8. Solids (not fat) 08.94
2. Proteins 03.14 9. Fat 03.69
3. Lactose 04.82 10. Ash 0.71
4. Potassium 23.54 11. Sodium 11.44
5. Calcium 22.57 12. Magnesium 2.84
6. Iron 00.31 13. Phosphorus 27.68
7. Chlorine 15.01
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 51
GHRITA
Ghrita is one among the four snehas mentioned in Ayurveda and considered to be
the best among them.84
It increases smriti, buddhi, agni ,shukra, oja, kapha, medas. Cures
vata, pitta and visha. 85
For all these actions to be possible it should be easily digestible.
Ghrita contains approximately 8% lower saturated fatty acids which makes it easily
digestible.These lower saturated fatty acids are the most edible fat and which are not
found in any other edible oil or fat. The melting point of Ghrita is 35 0C which is less
than the normal temperature of the human body. Its digestibility co-efficient or rate of
absorption is 96% which is highest of all oils and fats.
Concept of free radical and ghrita in degenerative diseases will explain its kaanti,
smruti, dhee bala, medhokara action. Ghrita contains beta carotene and Vit. E which are
known antioxidants. It is estimated that 80% to 90% of degenerative diseases are related
to excessive production of free radicals of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
When free radicals are in excess they try to catch on to whatever is available in
their surrounding area and this is how the lipids in the blood and cell membrane are
oxidized. The oxidized lipids or the lipid peroxides are injurious to the system. The
reactive oxygen species cause damage to the DNA in the cells.
The effectiveness of compounds is due to potent anti-oxidant properties of
removing of scavenging free radicals. Antioxidants are helpful in preventing oxidative
injury to the body.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 52
Ghrita also contains 4-5% linoleic acid an essential fatty acid which promotes proper
growth of human body.
EFFECTS OF HEAT ON GHRITA.
Ghee is said to be the primary most important sneha because of its samskarasya
anuvartana guna 86
Ghee is an ideal fat for deep frying because its smoke point (where its
molecules begin to break down) is 250 0C (482 degrees F), which is well above typical
cooking temperatures of around 200 0C (392 degrees F) and above that of most vegetable
oils. Samskarasya anuvartana means it brings in its qualities and reduces the tikshnata of
the dravya.
Ghrita has very high smoke point and does not burn or smoke easily on heating
because it has more stable saturated bonds. Ghrita lacks the double bonds which can be
easily damaged by heat.So it is not likely to form the dangerous free radicals on heating.
Short chain fatty acids are also readily metabolised by body. This quality allows ghrita to
imbibe the potency of drugs and not even to leave its own property on heating.
It is used as media for absorption of lipid soluble vitamins or other active
principles in the food or medicine. Goghrita is used for kupeelu bharjana.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 53
TABLE NO. 15 CLASSIFICATION OF GOGHRITA IN SAMHITAS
87,88,89
8Sl. No. Text Varga
1 Charaka Gorasavarga
2 Shushrutha Gruthavarga
3 Vaghbhata Ksheeravarga
TABLE NO.16 :GUNAKARMAS OF GOGHRITA IN CHARAKA SAMHITA
90
Rasa Madhura
Guna Mrudu, sheetha
Virya Sheetha
Vipaka Madhura
Karma It increases smriti, buddhi, agni, shukra, oja, kapha, medas. Cures
vata, pitta, visha, unmada, shosha and jwara , snehana, vrushya,
rasayana.
Doshagnata Vatapittaprashanam
`
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 54
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GHEE91
(Per 100g. edible portion)
Moisture (g) - 0.5
Fat (g.) - 99.5
Vitamin A (I.U.) - 2,000
Energy - 900 K. cal
The composition of fat content of Ghee is as follows:
Triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides, ketoacid glycerides, glyceryle esters Free
fatty acids, Phospholipids, Sterol, Ghee contains beta carotene (600 mcg) and Vit E, both
known antioxidants.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 55
PHARMACEUTICAL REVIEW
CONCEPT OF SHODHANA:
Shodhana
Shodhana is pharmaceutical procedure in which all the rasa dravyas are
subjected to a process, before subjecting them to marana or before internal
administration.
The literary meaning of shodhana is purification, But in Rasashastra, shodhana is
not merely purification, but it is a samskara, which essentially brings out modification or
alteration in properties along with purification.
Historical Background:
It is only in Rasashastra and Nigantu period when the shodhana of minerals and
metals as well as herbal drugs specifically, was evolved.
Most of the raw materials in Rasashastra are extracted from earth, so there is every
chance of impurities, toxicity, mixing of other substances and unwanted qualities to a
large extent. So Shodhana is indicated to eliminate all such toxic qualities such that the
substance becomes easily assimilable in the body.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 56
NIRUKTI
According to vachaspati word shodhana is a pullinga shabdha derived from
“shudh” dhatu “nich” pratyaya and “plut” upasarga
Definition
The process which eliminates the untoward quality is called Shodhana.
When a substance is subjected to trituration etc with appropriate drugs for
removal of unwanted materials or impurities is known as shodhana.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 57
Subjecting the Loha, Dhatu, Rasa-uparasas and Visa-upavisas etc to the procedures like
Swedana, Marana etc with appropriate materials to remove the doshas is termed as
shodhana
Shodhana is a process of separation by which physical and chemical
impurities get separated from the substances by treatment with various drugs. It is a
process by which blemishes are separated from the substance by means of pharmaceutical
processing such as Swedana, Mardana etc. with particular drugs.
Some kind of changes may also take place apart from these, which may
be beneficial for therapeutic purposes.
In Rasashastra, most of the raw materials used to prepare medicines are
metals, minerals and poisonous plants etc. which are said to be toxic and are not intended
to be used for therapeutic purposes. They may be fatal when used in the natural form
because they may contain either of the following impurities.
(1) Natural impurities.
(2) Physical impurities.
(3) Chemical impurities.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 58
(1) Natural impurities:
By the virtue of the nature some drugs are toxic e.g. drugs of Visha and
Upavisha groups. So to eliminate or minimize their toxicity the Shodhana process is most
important.
(2) Physical impurities:
Normally minerals are obtained from the earth. So there is possibility of
mixing of unwanted substance with these minerals i.e. stone, clay etc. Sometimes,
businessmen adulterate some low quality substances. These are physical impurities which
are to be eliminated by Shodhana.
(3) Chemical impurities:
Metals like copper, mercury, arsenic are having such type of impurities.
These metals are under the earth for so many years. So there is a chance of chemical
reaction with other metals and thus chemical impurities are formed.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 59
In order to make such drugs safe, effective and fit for human usage they
have to be subjected to many pharmaceutical procedures and shodhana is one among
them.
SIGNIFICANCE OF SHODHANA
Elimination of physical and chemical impurities, which are not desired.
Eradication or minimization of toxicity of the material.
Transformation of the hard and non-homogeneous material to soft,
brittle, and homogeneous material.
Induction of desired qualities.
Potentiation of therapeutic efficacy of the drug material.
Conversion of the material in suitable form for further processing.
Leads to unique and suitable physico-chemical changes.
For the therapeutic uses in some cases, Shodhana process is described in
classics of Rasashastra which is not merely a process of separation, purification or
detoxification, rather it increases the therapeutic potency of the drug also.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 60
Principles used in shodhana Procedure: 95
Swedana (Boiling under liquid bath): The material is boiled in prescribed liquid
media through Dola Yantra method e.g. Kupeelu Shodhana.
Bharjana (Frying): The material is fried with specific liquid media on Mandagni
e.g. Kupeelu Shodhana, Gairika Shodhana etc.
Nimajjana (Dipping): The material is kept immersed in the prescribed liquid for
specific period e.g. Kupeelu Shodhana, Vatsanabha Shodhana.
Prakshalana (Washing): The material is washed with prescribed liquid to remove
its physical impurities e.g. Godanti Shodhana.
Prithakikarana (Separation:Physical impurities are removed manually e.g.
Guggulu Shodhana.
Atapa Soshana (Drying): The material is kept on fire or exposed to sun rays till it
dries e.g. Shilajatu Shodhana.
Mardana (Trituration): The material is ground properly with prescribed drug for
specific period. e.g. Parada Shodhana.96
Bhavana (Levigation): The material is triturated with prescribed liquid media for
specific time period e.g. Kasisa Shodhana.
Abhisheka (Sprinkling): The material is heated strongly and liquid media is
sprinkled on it .e.g. Mandura Shodhana.
Nirvapa (Heating and Quenching): The red hot material is dipped into the
prescribed liquid e.g. Rajata Shodhana.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 61
Dhalana (Melting and Quenching): At first the material is melted by intense heat
and then poured into a liquid media e.g. Naga Shodhana.
Galana (Melting and Straining): The solid material is melted first by heating and
then filtered through a cloth e.g. Gandhaka Shodhana.
Achushana (Absorption): Oily content of certain toxic material is minimized
through different absorption means e.g. Bhallataka Shodhana.
Nirjalikarana (Evaporation of water): Whole water content of the material is
evaporated by heating e.g. Sphatika Shodhana.
Patana (Sublimation): Through patana yantra the material is heated to convert into
vapour from which the material is regained again by condensing e.g. Parad Shodhana.
Parishravana (Straining): The solid material is dissolved in suitable liquid media
and separated from insoluble impurities through straining e.g. Navasadara Shodhana.
Vilayana (Elutriation) : The material is firstly dissolved in prescribed liquid media
and left as such for some time, then the upper part of the liquid containing the soluble
drug material is decanted into another pot leaving behind the impurities in the bottom of
first pot e.g. Shilajatu Shodhana.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 62
Shodhana process is grossly subdivided into two major categories as follows:
i.e. Samanya Shodhana and Vishesha Shodhana.97
Samanya Shodhana (General Purification):
In Rasashastra, drugs are grouped into Rasa, Maharasa, Uparasa,
Sadharana Rasa, Dhatu, Upadhatu etc. The Shodhana Samskara prescribed commonly for
a group of drugs is called as Samanya Shodhana. This process eliminates the general
impurities of metals and minerals and convert them into powder form which is essential
for the further processing i.e marana e.g. Samanya Shodhana of Dhatu.
Vishesha Shodhana (Specific Purification):
After Samanya Shodhana, Vishesha Shodhana is suggested for each drug. The
drugs of one group differs from others in origin, structure, form, impurities etc. Therefore
a specific procedure for each drug is suggested separately. Moreover for including
desired therapeutic values in a particular drug, "Vishesha Shodhana" is mentioned.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 63
TABLE-17 : SHODHANA OF KUPEELU WITH DIFFERENT MEDIAS
SL.
N
TEXT METHOD MEDIA DURATION
1 RASASANKETA
KALIKA98
BHARJANA GOGHRITA TILL IT
BECOMES
REDDISH
BROWN
2 RASAKAMADENU99
DO DO DO
3 AYURVEDA
PRAKASHA100
DO DO DO
4 RASAJALANIDHI101
1.SWEDANA
2.SWEDANA AND
BHARJANA
1.KANJI
2.GOMAYAJALA,
PAYASA AND
GOGHRITA
1. 2 PRAHARA
5 RASENDRA
PURANA102
SWEDANA
& BHARJANA
KANJI AND
GOGHRITA
SWEDANA FOR
2 PRAHARAS
6 RASARAJMAHAUDA
DHI103
1. BHARJANA
2. STAPANA AND
SWEDANA
1.GOGHRITA
2.GOMUTRA AND
GODUGDHA
2. 10 DAYS, 1
PRAHARA
7 RASAMRUTA104
STHAPANA
FOLLOWED
BY PACHANA
GOMUTRA
(STHAPANA)
GODUGDHA
(PACHANA)
7 DAYS
3 HOURS
8 RASACHIKITSA105
STHAPANA
FOLLOWED BY
BHARJANA
GORASA OR
KANJI
(SWEDANA)
GOGHRITA
(BHARJANA)
2 PRAHARAS
9 RASADARPANA106
SWEDANA
FOLLOWED
BY BHARJANA
GODUGDHA,
GOMAYARASA,
GOMUTRA,
KANJI
(SWEDANA)
(GOGHRITA
BHARJANA)
10 SIDDHAYOGA
SANGRAHA107
NIMAJJANA
FOLLOWED
BY SWEDANA
GOMUTRA
(NIMAJJANA)
GODUGDHA
(SWEDANA)
7 DAYS
(NIMAJJANA)
1 PRAHARA
(SWEDANA)
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 64
SL.
N
TEXT METHOD MEDIA DURATION
11 BHARATIYA
RASA
PADDHATI108
1. SWEDANA
2. BHARJANA
1. GOMUTRA
2. GOGHRITA
12 RASASHASTRA
AT A
GLANCE109
1. NIMAJJANA
2. SWEDANA
3. BHARJANA
1. KANJI
2. GODUGDHA
3. GOGHRITA
1. 3 DAYS
2. 3HOURS
13 AGADA
TANTRA110
STHAPANA PANCHAGAVYA 1 PRAHARA
14 RASADHATU
PRAKASHA111
SWEDANA KANJI 3 DAYS
15 BRIHAT RASA
RAJA
SUNDARA112
SWEDANA
FOLLOWED BY
BHARJANA
KANJI (SWEDANA)
GOGHRITA
(BHARJANA)
2 PRAHARAS
16 RASENDRA
BHASKARA113
SWEDANA
FOLLOWED BY
BHARJANA
KANJI (SWEDANA)
GOGHRITA
(BHARJANA)
2 PRAHARAS
17 RASENDRA
SAMPRADAYA1
14
NIMAJJANA KANJI OR DADHI
JALA OR NIMBU
RASA OR SALT
WATER
3 DAYS
18 VAIDYA YOGA
RATNAVALI115
SWEDANA AND
BHARJANA
DECOTION OF
TANDULIYAKA
GOGHRITA
(BHARJANA)
1 PRAHARA
19 BHARATIYA
RASA
SHATRA116
1. SWEDANA
2. NIMAJJANA
3. BHARJANA
1. GOKSHIRA
2. GOMUTRA AND
GOMAYA
3. GOGHRITA
1. 3 HOURS
2. 3 DAYS
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 65
SHODHANA PROCEDURES ADOPTED AND YANTRAS USED IN THE
PRESENT STUDY
Swedana and Bharjana methods are adopted in the present study.
SWEDANA: Boiling the material that has to be purified in the prescribed liquid using
Dola Yantra for specified duration is termed as swedana .
TABLE NO. 18 : EXAMPLES FOR SWEDANA PROCEDURE MENTIONED
FOR RASA DRAVYA SHODHANA IN RASA TEXTS:
Sl.No Varga Examples References
1. Rasa Parada Ra.Ra.Sa.8/59, 9/30
2. Maharasa Makshika Ra.Ra.Sa.2/83-84
3. Uparasa Gandhaka Ra.Ra.Sa.3/94
4. Sadharana Rasa Gowripashana Ra.Ra.Sa.3/125
5. Dhatu Tamra Ra.Ra.Sa.5/52
6. Ratna Vajra Ra.Ra.Sa.4/34
7. Sudhavarga Shankha Ra.Ta12/69
8. Visha Vatsanabha Ra.Ta.24/24
9. Upavisha Gunja Ra.Ra.Sa.8/59
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 66
BHARJANA: The process by which the material is fried with the prescribed media till
the required change in the material is observed is termed as bharjana.
TABLE NO. 19: EXAMPLES FOR BHARJANA PROCESS MENTIONED FOR
RASA DRAVYA SHODHANA IN RASA TEXTS:
Sl.No Varga Examples References
1. Maharasa Makshika Ra.Ta.21/8-9
2. Uparasa Gairika Ayu.pra.2/272
3. Visha Kupeelu Ra.Ta.24/174
Shodhana procedures explained in Rasatarangini117, 118,119
Procedure I:
Vishatinduka beejas are kept in kanji for three days. After three days, take the seed from
kanji, Separate the pericarp and dry it in sunshine. Then make into powder in a Khalva
yantra. By this process purity sustains for longer time.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 67
Procedure II:
Vishatinduka beejas are taken in an iron pan added with small amount of Ghee to it,
roasted with mild heat. When it is turned to brown colour, taken out from the pan and
separate the pericarp. By this procedure, it will be purified immediately. But it should be
powdered when it is hot. This process can be adopted at the time of immediate
requirement of purified vishatinduka.
Procedure III:
Seeds of Vishatinduka are in a cloth, made into a pottali, placed in dola yantra which is
filled with cow‟s milk. By doing svedana for three hours vishatindika gets purified. And
this purified vishatinduka is used in any medicinal purpose without any doubt. While
using the purified vishatinduka, the pericarp should be separated from the seeds,
powdered and then used.
In the present study II and III procedures have been followed.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 68
REVIEW OF YANTRA USED IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL PROCEDURE
DOLA YANTRA: Dolayantra is commonly mentioned in most of the Rasashastra
books like Rasarnavam, Rasaratnasamuchchaya, Rasendra Chudamani, Ananda Kanda,
Parada Samhitam, etc. In all the texts this has been described in the context of yantras
such as in Rasarnavam120
it is described in the fourth chapter while explaining Yantras,
Mushas, etc.
In Rasaratnasamuchchaya121
it is described in the ninth chapter while explaining Yantras.
In Parada Samhitam122
it is described in the sixth chapter while explaining Yantras,
mushas, etc.
Description121
: The process of purification through hot liquid media is done in this
apparatus. Since the material for purification is kept amidst thr… liquid in a pot, this is
named as dola yantra. A pot is taken and two holes are made diametrically opposite to
each other at the neck level. A stick is entered in these holes. The liquid prescribed in the
text is poured into the pot filling to its two third levels. The material to be subjected to the
purification is tied in cloth into a poultice which is tied to the stick in the centre at the
neck level of the pot and kept hanging in the liquid. The pot is kept on a stove or hearth.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 69
ANALYTICAL REVIEW
Analytical review
Analysis123
It is defined as the resolution of chemical compound into its proximate or ultimate
parts, the determination of its elements or of the foreign substances it may contain.
This definition outlines in very broad terms the scope of analytical chemistry.
When a completely unknown sample is presented to an analyst, the first requirement is
usually to ascertain what substances are present in it. This fundamental problem may
sometimes be converted in the modified form of deciding what impurities are present in a
given sample or perhaps of confirming that certain specified impurities absent. The
solution of such problem lies within the province of “Qualitative analysis”. This gives
information regarding presence or absence of one or more components of the sample.
Having ascertained the nature of the constituents of a given sample, the analyst is
then frequently called up on to determine how much of each component or of specified
components is present. Such determination lies within the realm of “Quantitative
analysis”. This gives information regarding the quantity of components present in the
samples.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 70
Type of analysis;
Proximate analysis: In which the amount of each element in the sample is determined
with no concern as to the actual compounds present.
Partial analysis: This deals with the determination of selected constituents in the sample
Trace element analysis: A specialized instance of partial analysis in which we are
concerned with the determination of specified components present in very minute
quantity.
Complete analysis: When the propotion of each component of the sample is determined.
THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY124
It is a type of planar chromatography. TLC is routinely used by researcher in the field of
phyto-chemicals, biochemistry etc. to identify the components in a compound mixture
like alkaloids, phospholipids, amino acids etc.
It is a semi quantitative method of analysis.
Thin layer chromatography principle:
Similar to other chromatographic methods TLC is also based on the principle of
separation. The separation depends on the relative affinity of compounds towards
stationary and mobile phase. The compounds under the influence of mobile phase (driven
by capillary action) travel over the surface of stationary phase. During this movement the
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 71
compounds with higher affinity to stationary phase travel slowly while the others travel
faster. Thus separation of components in the mixture is achieved.
Once separation occurs individual components are visualized as spots at respective level
of travel on the plate. Their nature or characters are identified by means of suitable
detection techniques.
TLC chromatography System components:
TLC System consists of
a) TLC plates preferably ready made with stationary phase: These are stable and
chemically inert plates on to whose surface a thin layer of stationary phase is applied. The
stationary phase on the plates is of uniform thickness and consists of fine particle size.
b) TLC chamber: This is used for the development of TLC plate. The chamber maintains
uniform environment inside for proper development of spots. It also prevents the
evaporation of solvents and keep the process dust free.
c) Mobile phase: This comprises of a solvent or solvent mixture recommended for the
purpose. The mobile phase used should be particulate free and of highest purity for
proper development of TLC spots. The solvents recommended are chemically inert with
the sample, stationary phase.
d) A filter paper moistened in the mobile phase, to be placed inside the chamber. This
helps uniform rise in mobile phase over the length of stationary phase.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 72
TLC chromatography
Thin layer chromatography procedure:
The stationary phase is applied onto the plate uniformly and then allowed to dry and
stabilize. But now a days ready made plates are preferred.
A thin mark is made at the bottom of the plate with a pencil to apply the sample spots.
Then samples solutions are applied on the spots marked on the line at equal distances.
The mobile phase is poured into the TLC chamber to a level few centimeters above the
chamber bottom. A filter paper moistened in mobile phase is placed on the inner wall of
the chamber to maintain equal humidity in the entire chamber and there by edge effect
can be avoided.
Then the plate prepared with sample spotting is placed in TLC chamber such that the side
of the plate with sample line is towards the mobile phase. Then the chamber is closed
with a lid.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 73
The plate is immersed such that sample spots are well above the level of mobile phase but
not immersed in the solvent as shown in the picture for development.
Allow sufficient time for development of spots. Then the plates are removed and allowed
to dry. The sample spots are visualized in suitable UV light chamber or any other
methods as recommended for the said sample.
Advantages of TLC
The Thin layer chromatography advantages include:
1. It is simple process with short development time.
2. It helps in visualization of separated compound spots easily.
3. The method helps to identify the individual compounds.
4. It helps in isolation of most of the compounds.
5. The separation process is faster and the selectivity for compounds is higher (even
small differences in chemistry is enough for clear separation).
6. The purity standards of the given sample can be assessed easily.
7. It is a cheaper chromatographic technique.
Applications of Thin layer chromatography
1. To check purity of given samples.
2. Identification of compounds like acids, alcohols, proteins, alkaloids, amines,
antibiotics etc.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 74
3. To evaluate reaction process by assessment of intermediates, reaction course etc.
4. To purify samples i.e for purification process.
5. To keep a check on the performance of other separation processes.
Being a semi quantitative technique, thin layer chromatography is used for rapid
qualitative measurements than for quantitative purposes. But due its rapidity of results,
easy handling and inexpensive procedure, it finds its application as one of the most
widely used chromatography techniques
Liquid chromatography was carried on total alkaloid content of Ashuddha Kupeelu seeds
and the total alkaloid content of Godugdha Swedita seeds ,the results of which are as
follows125 ,126
.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 75
LC-MS chromatogram of the TAC obtained from raw kupeelu seeds.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 76
LC-MS chromatogram of the TAC obtained from Sample B. The chromatogram shows
the peak at tR of 21.20 min (MW 341) and 28 min (MW 382) which was not found in the
Sample E (unprocessed sample).
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 77
FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (FTIR) 126
Introduction:
FTIR is most useful for identifying chemicals that are either organic or
inorganic. It can be utilized to quantitate some components of an unknown mixture. It can
be applied to the analysis of solids, liquids, and gasses. The term Fourier Transform
Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) refers to a fairly recent development in the manner in
which the data is collected and converted from an interference pattern to a spectrum.
Today's FTIR instruments are computerized which makes them faster and more sensitive
than the older dispersive instruments.
Principle:
Molecular bonds vibrate at various frequencies depending on the elements and the
type of bonds. For any given bond, there are several specific frequencies at which it can
vibrate. According to quantum mechanics, these frequencies correspond to the ground
state (lowest frequency) and several excited states (higher frequencies). One way to cause
the frequency of a molecular vibration to increase is to excite the bond by having it
absorb light energy. For any given transition between two states the light energy
(determined by the wavelength) must exactly equal the difference in the energy between
the two states [usually ground state (E0) and the first excited state (E1)].
The energy corresponding to these transitions between molecular vibrational states is
generally 1-10 kilocalories/mole which corresponds to the infrared portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 78
Difference in
Energy States
=
Energy of
Light Absorbed
E1 - E0 = h c / l
Where h = Planks constant
c = Speed of light, and
l = The wavelength of light.
Typical Applications of FTIR
1. Identification of simple mixtures of organic and inorganic compounds both as
solids or liquids.
2. Identification of polymers and polymer blends.
3. Indirect verification of trace organic contaminants on surfaces.
4. Routine qualitative & quantitative FTIR Analysis.
5. Thin film analysis.
6. Analysis of adhesives, coatings and adhesion promoters or coupling agents.
7. Small visible particle chemical analysis.
8. Analysis of stains and surface blemishes remnant from cleaning and degreasing
processes combined with optical microscopy, SEM/EDX, XPS and SIMS techniques.
9. Analysis of resins, composite materials and release films.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 79
10. Solvent extractions of leachables or contaminants, plasticisers, mould release
agents and weak boundary layers coupled with XPS surface chemical analysis
techniques.
11. Identification of rubbers and filled rubbers.
12. Determination of degrees of crystallinity in polymers (eg LDPE and HDPE).
13. Comparative chain lengths in organics.
14. Extent of thermal, UV or other degradation or depolymerisation of polymers and
paint coatings.
15. Analysis of a gaseous samples using a gas cell for headspace analysis or
environmental monitoring.
16. Analysis of unknown solvents, cleaning agents and detergents.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 80
MATERIALS AND METHODS
INTRODUCTION
Although it is described in Ayurveda that there is no substance in the world
which cannot be used as medicine, most of the drugs as such cannot be easily
administered into the biological system. Hence, to prepare a palatable, convenient
dosage form, which can be administered easily into the body, some modifications are
required through specialized techniques called “pharmaceutical processes”, or
samskaras in Ayurveda.
The Rasoushadhis prepared properly are boon to physicians, as well as for the
patients. They are not only known for their swift and effective nature but also for the
magnitude effectiveness achieved in minimum dosage when prepared rightly. So,
when is the harmful effects observed? When the Rasaushadhis are not prepared
according to the framed procedures or when the Rasaushadhis are administered
without using the power of intellect. To establish the efficacy along with safety of
Rasaushadhis, care must be taken throughout the process of preparing the medicine.
Rasashastra says that there is therapeutic usage of poisonous plant drugs in
various formulations after a particular pharmaceutical procedure, called as shodhana.
Various liquid medias and multiple processings which are organic purificants are
used for shodhana of these poisonous plant drugs like gomutra, gomaya, swarasas of
plants, goghrita, godugdha, kanji, etc., with specialized procedure like bharjana,
swedana, nimajjana etc., procedures which help in the removal of toxins present in
the drugs.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 81
In this era of globalization, it is the need to explore the scientific basis for the
medicaments of Ayurveda. In this exploration, it is the prime duty of the scholars
related to Rasashastra to provide the scientific data about the preparation of
medicaments.
PROCUREMENT OF RAW MATERIAL
Kupeelu seeds were purchased from an authentic source , FRLHT research centre.
Bangalore, Voucher number- Sb000676. The sample specimen was kept in the
department museum for future reference.
PHARMACOGNOSTICAL STUDY
Pharmacognocy, prior known as materia medica, may be defined as
The scientific study of those substances which are used or have been used in
Medicine and pharmacy. C.A. Seydler, a medical student at Halle, Germany,
in his doctoral thesis, coined the word “pharmacognocy” in 1815. The
science of pharmacognocy, always closely allied to medicine, developed
during early nineteenth century as a branch of materia medica and applied
biology. It was, of course, necessary to make distinct the materia medica as
taught to medical students and a distinguished physician named Jonathan
Pareira, recognized as the first British pharmacognosist, achieved this from
beginning. Pharmacognocy can be considered as a valuable part of the
cultural heritage of pharmacy.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 82
The word Pharmacognosy is derived from two Greek words pharmakon
Meaning drug, and gnosis meaning knowledge. Thus pharmacognocy has
been defined as “simultaneous application of various scientific disciplines
with the object of acquiring knowledge of drugs from every point of view”.
Furthermore, the subject of pharmacognocy can also be expressed as an
Applied science that deals with biological, biochemical, therapeutic and
Economic features of natural drugs and their constituents. It is the study of
drugs having their origin in plant and animal kingdom.
Modern aspects of pharmacognocy include not only the crude drugs
but also their natural derivatives.
For product standardization, the raw material should be of standard quality.
The quality of finished product entirely depends on the quality of the raw materials.
Therefore first step of standardization is the quality control aspects of raw material. It
can be achieved by macroscopic and microscopic examination of the crude drugs.
In the present study an attempt was done to standardize the raw material used for the
pharmaceutical process. Here, the drug Kupeelu was authenticated morphologically,
microscopically.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 83
PLACE OF WORK:
1. Post graduate department of Rasashastra government Ayurvedic medical college
Bangalore.
2. Bangalore test house. Bangalore.
MACROSCOPICAL CHARACTERS
Strychnos nux-vomica seeds were extremely hard, greenish-gray, disc-shaped, 10-30
mm diameter and 4-6 mm thick. The edge was round or acute. The testa was covered
with silky, closely apprised radiating hairs. In the center of the seed was a distinct
hilum and a small prominence marks the position of the micropyle which is joined to
the hilum by a radial ridge. The small embryo with two cordate cotyledons and a
cylindrical radicle, gray, horny endosperm. In the center of the seed a silt-like cavity
was present. The seeds are odourless when dry, but if soaked in water and left for a
day or two, they develop a very unpleasant odour.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 84
MICROSCOPIC STUDY
Trichomes:
Entire or fragments of Trichomes, lignified. Base was pitted and broad. Apex
was rounded. Ridges were present on the surface.
Endosperm:
Polygonal cellulosic cells, with oil globules and aleurone grains.
Lignified Trichomes:
Thick walled, bent and twisted lignified trichomes, immerged from epidermis,
parallel in one direction.
Epidermal Cell:
Single layer, forms lignified trichomes large thick walled with oblique linear
pits (Base of trichomes).
Collapsed Parenchyma:
2 layers, flattened parenchyma.
Endosperm:
Thick walled cellulosic parenchymatous cells.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 85
Plasmodesma:
Fine protoplasmic strands between the walls of endospermic cells.
Aleurone Grains:
About 30µ in diameter.
Oil Globules:
Fixed oil was seen small oil droplets in the cells.
PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 86
PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
AIM AND OBJECTIVES
Aim of the study is to carry out Shodhana of Kupeelu by two selected methods
Objectives
1) To use standard raw material , kupeelu seeds as studied previously by
pharmacognostic study.
2) To carry out the shodhana of kupeelu by method of swedana using godugdha as the
media.
3) To carry out the shodhana of kupeelu by method of bharjana using goghrita
TABLE NO. 20 ABBREVIATIONS OF DIFFERENT SAMPLES
Sr. No.
Abbreviations Description
1 ASK ASHUDDHA KUPEELU
2
GSK GODUGDHA SWEDITA
KUPEELU
3 GBK GOGHRITA BHARJITA KUPEELU
PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 87
PHARMACEUTICAL PROCEEDINGS
PRACTICAL NO. 1
Name of Practical : Cleaning and selection of seeds
Procedure used: washing with water
Date of starting: 1/7/2011
Date of completion: 1/07/2011
Weight of the ingredients:
1. Kupeelu seeds:1 kg
2. Water: Q.S.
Final weight of seeds: 920 grams
Weight loss: 80 grams.
EQUIPMENTS: Stainless steel vessel, analytical balance, source of tap water.
PROCEDURE:
After studying the seeds pharmacognostically 1 kg of raw kupeelu seeds
were taken in a steel vessel containing water. The seeds were rubbed and washed
with hands until all the seeds were devoid of mud sticking to seeds. The black
colored seeds which floated on the surface of the water were taken out and discarded
as these were not conducive for further procedure. The settled seeds at the bottom of
the vessel were taken out and sun-dried to get rid of the moisture content. Thus
obtained seeds were selected for further Shodhana procedures.
PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 88
OBSERVATIONS
Before cleaning
1. The seeds contained mud which was sticking to them
2. Presence of extraneous matter like fibers etc. was found.
3. Water was transparent.
After cleaning
1. The seeds were devoid of mud particles and other foreign matter.
2. Colour of water turned reddish due to presence of mud.
Precautions
1. The vessel should be large enough to hold the seeds and water.
2. Water should be sufficient.
PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 89
PRACTICAL NO.2
Name of Practical : Kupeelu Shodhana
Reference: Rasatarangini (24/176-177)
Procedure used: Swedana
Date of starting:12/07/2011 9:00 am
Date of completion: 12/07/2011 12:00 pm
Weight of the ingredients:
1. kupeelu seeds:250 grams.
2. Godugdha : 2660 ml.
Final weight of seeds: 390 grams.
Weight of the powder:370 grams.
Weight gain: 120 grams.
EQUIPMENTS:
Induction heater, earthen pot , steel ladle(30 cm),iron-rod(20 cm), cotton thread(30 cm),
kora cloth(30x30 cm), pyrometer, measuring jar, Knife, analytical balance.
PROCEDURE:
250 Grams of selected seeds were procured from procedure 1. They were placed
in middle of a khora cloth. A pottali was made and tied to the middle of an iron rod with
a cotton thread. Cow’s milk measuring 2 lts is poured in a clean earthern pot
(approximately 3/4th
of the volume). The iron rod with the pottali at its centre is placed
horizontally over the mouth of the pot such that the pottali which contained seeds of
PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 90
kupeelu is immersed completely in the milk.The earthen pot is kept on an induction
heater. Temperature is controlled and maintained for 3 hours using a pyrometer such that
milk does not spill over. The milk is added on and often such that pottali remains
immersed in milk.
After completing the Swedana process, seeds were collected from Pottali and
washed with warm water.
The kernel of the seed was peeled off by a knife and discarded. The tongue
shaped embryonic axis in the shaved cotyledons was removed. These cotyledons were
sun-dried and powdered in a khalwa yantra. Thus obtained powder is kept in an air tight
container and utilized for analysis.
TABLE NO. 21 : OBSERVATIONS OF THE SEEDS BEFORE AND AFTER
SWEDANA .
PARAMETERS BEFORE SHODHANA AFTER SHODHANA
COLOUR LIGHT BROWN DARK BROWN
HARDNESS HARD SOFT
ODOUR NON SPECIFIC CHARACTERSTIC
TASTE NOT ELICITED BITTER
SIZE STANDARD INCREASED
OUTER COAT NON SEPARABLE EASILY SEPARABLE
WEIGHT(grams) 250 390
PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 91
TABLE NO. 22 : OBSERVATIONS OF THE MILK BEFORE AND AFTER
SWEDANA .
PARAMETERS BEFORE SHODHANA AFTER SHODHANA
Colour White Creamish
Consistency Liquid Thick liquid
OBSERVATIONS AFTER POWDERING:
1. Powdering was easier when compared to raw seeds.
2. The colour of the powder was whitish orange.
3. The odour of the powder was characterstic.
4. The weight of the powder was 370 grams.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Care must be taken that the pottali is immersed in milk throughout the procedure.
2. Pottali should not touch the bottom of the pot.
3. Quantity of milk should be maintained by adding milk such that the pottali is
completely immersed.
4. Milk must be stirred and cream should be removed to avoid spilling and over-
heating of milk
5. Seed coat should be removed without delay otherwise removal of seed coat will
be difficult.
6. Seeds must be washed with hot water in order to prevent fungus formation.
7. Drying of seeds in sunlight is a must after shodhana.
PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 92
PRACTICAL NO. 3:
Name of Practical : Kupeelu Shodhana
Reference : Rasatarangini (24/174-175)
Procedure used : Bharjana
Date of starting: 15/07/2011
Date of completion: 15/07/2011
Weight of the ingredients:
1.kupeelu seeds:250 grams.
2.Goghrita: 80 ml.
Final weight of seeds: 270 grams
Weight of the powder:245 grams.
Weight loss: 5 grams
Time taken for Bharjana 16 minutes.
EQUIPMENTS: Iron Pan (Tawa), Goghrita, Knife, Induction heater, Steel ladelle(30
cm), pyrometer, measuring jar, analytical balance.
PROCEDURE:
250 gms of seeds which were selected by procedure 1 were taken in an iron pan.
The iron pan was kept on an induction heater and low temperature was maintained,
measured by digital pyrometer. Bharjana was done with Goghrita till the kernel became
slightly reddish brown (kinchit kapeesha varna). Kernel was peeled off with a sharp knife
to get rid of the trichomes . The procured matter was pounded well in a khalwa yantra
and stored in an air tight container for further analytical study.
PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 93
TABLE NO. 23 OBSERVATIONS OF THE SEEDS BEFORE AND AFTER
BHARJANA.
PARAMETERS BEFORE SHODHANA AFTER SHODHANA
COLOUR LIGHT BROWN REDDISH BROWN
HARDNESS HARD CRISPY BRITTLE
ODOUR NON SPECIFIC AROMATIC LIKE
COFFEE
TASTE NOT ELICITED BITTER
SIZE STANDARD INCREASED
OUTER COAT NON SEPARABLE EASILY SEPARABLE
WEIGHT(gms) 250 270
Observations during bharjana
1. The smoke came during bharjana which was comparable to burning of ghee
initially,then after 5 to 6 minutes roasted coffee smell started till the end of the
procedure.
2. The seeds jumped out of the pan .
3. The seeds were getting swollen.
4. The colour started to change from light brown to reddish brown.
PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 94
OBSERVATIONS AFTER POWDERING
1. Powdering was easier when compared to raw seeds.
2. The colour of the powder was coffee brown.
3. The odour of the powder was aromatic,comparable to roasted coffee seeds .
4. The weight of the powder was 245 grams.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Wear mask and maintain distance from pan as seeds likely to jump when fried
with ghee.
2. Continuous stirring required to prevent excess burning.
3. Removal of seed coat and powdering should be immediately done when the
Seeds are warm or it will become difficult.
ANALYTICAL STUDY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 95
These were observed and
documented during various steps
of the procedures including before
and after the main procedure -
Kupeelu Shodhana.
EVALUATION OF ANALYTICAL PARAMETERS:
Time tested remedies and Ayurvedic concepts demand a base of evidence in
the modern era of globalization. Hence, to fulfill the needs an approach has been
made to test by the relevant parameters.
PLACE OF WORK:
1. Post Graduate Department of Rasashastra, Government Ayurvedic Medical College
Bangalore.
2. Bangalore Test House, Bangalore.
3. Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
4.Government Central Pharmacy.Bangalore
.
ANALYSIS
(1) ORGANOLEPTIC ANALYSIS
COLOUR
ODOUR
TASTE
TOUCH
ANALYTICAL STUDY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 96
2) PHYSICO CHEMICAL CONSTANTS:
These procedures of analysis were adopted and results were recorded
according to the standardized parameters.
Description of the adopted procedures are as follows-
1. Loss on drying:
Excess of moisture content promotes microbial, fungi and insect activity in
plant material and deterioration hydrolysis. Limits for water content are already
standardized by the API for herbo-mineral materials that absorb or deteriorate quickly
in the presence of water. Using them as the parameter, the following analysis was
conducted-
Loss on drying was determined by weighing about 2 gm of the powdered
material in a dried petridish (tarred evaporating dish) and dried in an oven at 100 -
105 C, till two consecutive weights which do not differ by more than 5 mg. The
weight after drying was noted and loss on drying was calculated. The percentage was
calculated with reference to air dried sample.
2. Determination of Total Ash:
The total ash method is designed to measure the total amount of material
remaining after ignition. This includes “physiological ash”, which is derived from the
plant tissue itself and “non-physiological ash", which includes the residue of the
extraneous matters (e.g. Sand and Soil) adhering to the plant surface.
ANALYTICAL STUDY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 97
The ash value was determined by incinerating about 2 gm of the powdered air dried
seed material in a previously weighed silica crucible at gradually increasing heat up to
500-600 C until it is carbon free. This is cooled and weighed. The percentage of ash
was calculated with reference to the air dried sample.
3.Determination of Acid insoluble ash:
Acid insoluble ash is the residue obtained after boiling the total ash with dilute
hydrochloric acid, and igniting the remaining insoluble matter. This measures the
amount of silica present, especially as sand and siliceous earth.
The ash obtained in (c) was boiled for five minutes with 25 ml of dilute (6N)
hydrochloric acid; the insoluble matter was collected on an ashless filter paper and
washed with hot water until the filtrate is neutral or chloride free. Then the filter paper
was dried in an oven and transferred to the crucible, and ignited to constant weights.
The percentage of acid insoluble ash was calculated with reference to air dried
sample.
4.Determination of Water soluble ash:
Water soluble ash is the difference in weight between the total ash and the
residue after treatment of the total ash with water.
To the total ash 25 ml of water was added and boiled for 5 minutes in a
beaker. The insoluble matter was collected on ashless filter paper. The residue (ash)
was washed and then dried in an oven. The ashless filter paper was ignited in a
ANALYTICAL STUDY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 98
crucible for 15 minutes at a temperature not exceeding 450 C. The percentage was
calculated with reference to the air dried sample.
5. pH:
The pH value of an aqueous liquid may be defined as negative log of hydrogen
ion concentration. The pH of the filtrate of a particular concentration of aqueous
solution of the sample is often used as one of the parameters.
10gm of seed powder was weighed and transferred into a clean conical flask;
100 ml of distilled water was added to it. After shaking continuously with the help of
clean and dry glass rods for about 45 minutes it was filtered through cotton so as to
remove the insoluble portion. The pH of the filtrate was noted in Elico's digital pH
meter using combined glass electrode.
6.Extractive value:
This method determines the amount of active constituents extracted with
solvents from a given amount medicinal plant materials. It is employed for materials
to which ,yet no suitable chemical or biological assay exists.
Determination of Water soluble extractive:
5 gm of accurately weighed seed powder was macerated in a glass plugged
conical flask. 100 ml chloroform water was added and stirred for 6 hrs, shaking
frequently, and then allowed to stand for 18 hrs. Then after 24 hrs, it was filtered
rapidly and 25 ml of the filtrate was transferred in a tarred flat bottomed evaporating
dish with a pipette and evaporated to dryness on a boiling waterbath. Then
evaporating dish was dried at 105 C for 6 hrs, and then cooled and weighed. From the
ANALYTICAL STUDY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 99
weight of the residue the percentage of water soluble extractive was calculated with
reference to air dried sample.
Determination of Alcohol soluble extractive:
5 gm of accurately weighed, sample was stirred with 100 ml of alcohol
(methanol) in a closed conical flask for 24 hrs, shaking frequently during 6 hrs and
allowed to stand for 18 hours. It was filtered rapidly to prevent loss of solvent and 25
ml of the filtrate was evaporated to dryness in a tared flat bottomed evaporating dish
and dried at 105 C to constant weight. From the weight of the residue the percentage
of alcohol soluble extractive value was calculated with reference to air dried sample.
7. QUALITATIVE TESTS :
The methods employed to isolate active substance are termed as extractive
method. Crude extracts obtained from such extraction can be qualitatively tested to
ascertain the presence of different types of components. Qualitative tests are used to
detect the presence of functional groups, which play very important role in the
expression of biological activity. Using the methanol, water and chloroform soluble
extracts of samples carried out qualitative tests. These tests indicate the types of
phyto-constituents present in the sample.
ANALYTICAL STUDY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 100
Tests for alkaloids:
Powdered seed material was moistened with ammonium hydroxide and kept in
a stoppered flask for about 1 hour. This was then extracted with chloroform 2-3 times.
About 5 ml chloroform extract was taken in a dish and chloroform evaporated. The
dried substance was tested for the presence of alkaloid.
Dragendorff's reagent :
The substance was treated with few drops of dilute 2N HCl and 0.5 ml
Dragandorff's reagents (Potassium iodide added to a solution of bismuth nitrate) gave
an orange- red precipitrate.
Mayer's reagent :
The substance was treated with few drops of 2N HCl and 0.5 ml Mayer's
reagents (Potassium mercuric iodide solution) when added with gave a pale yellow
precipitate.
Hager's reagent ;
The substance was treated with few drops of 2N HCl and 0.5 ml Hager's
reagent (saturated solution of Picric acid) gave a reddish brown precipitate.
Wagner's reagent :
The substance was treated with few drops of 2N HCl and 0.5 ml Wagner's
reagent (Potassium iodide) gave brown flocculent precipitate.
ANALYTICAL STUDY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 101
8.QUANTATIVE ASSAY FOR STRYCHNINE
Weigh accurately about 109 in fine powder, add 100 ml of a 33 per cent v/v
mixture of chloroform in solvent ether and set aside for ten minutes. Add 5 ml of
dilute ammonia solution and shake continuously for six hours. Transfer to a
continuous extraction apparatus with more of the same solvent mixture and extract for
two hours. Filter the solvent extract, washing the filter with solvent ether and extract
with successive quantities of 20 ml, 20 ml , 10 ml and 10 ml of 1N sulphuric acid,
until complete extraction of the alkaloids is effected. Combine the acid extracts and
make alkaline with dilute ammonia solution. Extract with successive quantities of 20
ml, 20 ml, 10 ml and 10 ml of chloroform until complete extraction of the alkaloids is
effected. Evaporate the chloroform, add 5 ml of alcohol and evaporate to dryness.
Dissolve the residue in a mixture of 15 ml of a 3 per cent w/v solution of sulphuric
acid and 2 ml of nitric acid, add a few crystals of sodium nitrite and set aside at 18°C
for thirty minutes. Transfer to a separator containing 20 ml of solution of sodium
hydroxide, shake for two minutes and then shake with 20 ml of chloroform, separate
the chloroform solution, wash it with 5 ml of solution of sodium hydroxide and then
with two quantities each of 10 ml of water. Continue the extraction with successive
quantities of 10 ml of chloroform, until complete extraction of the alkaloids is
effected, washing each chloroform solution separately with the 5 ml of solution of
sodium hydroxide and with the two quantities of water, which were used for washing
the first chloroform solution. Titrate the second wash with 0.1 N sulphuric acid using
solution of methyl orange as indicator if more than 0.1 ml is required, wash the
combined chloroform solutions with further quantities, each of 10 ml of water until on
titration not more than 0.1 ml of 0.1 N sulphuric acid is required. Remove the
chloroform, add 5 ml of alcohol, evaporate, and dry for thirty minutes, at 100°C.
ANALYTICAL STUDY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 102
Dissolve the residue in 10 ml of 0.1 N sulphuric acid and titrate the excess of acid
with 0.1 N sodium hydroxide, using solution of methlyl orange as indicator. Each ml
of 0.1 N sulphuric acid is equivalent to 0.03344 g of strychinine, multiply the result
by 1.02 to correct for loss of strychinine.
9. THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
TLC of alcoholic extracts All 3 samples viz.ashuddha kupeelu, godugdha
swedita and goghrita bharjita one were marked on the on silica gel „G‟, which was
used as a stationary phase. Using mobile phase as Toluene: Ethylacetate
Diethylamine (70:20:10) T.L.C was carried out. Dragendorff reagent was sprayed
followed by 5% Methanolic- Sulphuric acid .
ANALYTICAL STUDY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 103
10) FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (FTIR)
This analysis was choosen as it is a powerful tool for identifying types of
chemical bonds in a molecule by producing an infrared absorption spectrum that is
like a molecular "fingerprint".
FTIR is used particularly for identification of organic molecular groups and
compounds due to the range of functional groups, side chains and cross-
links involved, all of which will have characteristic vibrational frequencies in the
infra-red range present in the samples of kupeelu seeds. FTIR analysis was chosen for
the spectral analysis to evaluate the possible changes in any functional groups that
might take place after shodhana.
Procedure:
All 3 samples viz.ashuddha, godugdha swedita and goghrita bharjita were
milled with potassium bromide (KBr) to form a very fine powder. This powder was
then compressed into a thin pellet which was analyzed by FTIR.
RESULTS
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 104
RESULTS
TABLE NO. 24 : COMPARATIVE ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS
TABLE NO. 25 RESULTS OF COMPARATIVE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
CONSTANTS
SL.NO PARAMETERS
ASK GSK GBK
1 Loss on drying at 110 c.
4.4 11.2 2.8
2 Total ash (% w/w)
1.125 1.035 1.445
3 Acid insoluble ash. (%
w/w)
0.185 0.16 0.18
4 Water soluble ash. (%
w/w)
0.52 0.45 0.72
5 Determination of pH.
5.5 6.3 5.8
6 Determination of Water
soluble extractive
9.5 7.2 8.6
7 Determination Of Alcohol
Soluble Extractive
3.2 2.8 3.0
Sl. no. Organoleptic characteristics After Shodhana
GSK GBK
1 Colour Greyish Dark Brown
2 Odour Characteristic Coffee like
3 Taste Bitter Bitter
4 Touch Soft rubbery Crispy
RESULTS
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 105
TABLE NO. 26 COMPARATIVE QUALITATIVE TESTS FOR
PRESENCE OF ALKALOIDS
Sr. No. Parameters
Tests for
alkaloids
Observations
ASK GSK GBK MILK(A.S)
1 Dragendorff's
Reagent
+ve +ve +ve +ve
2 Mayer’s
Reagent
+ve +ve +ve +ve
3 Wagner’s
Reagent
+ve +ve +ve +ve
TABLE NO. 27 QUANTITATIVE ASSAY FOR STRYCHNINE
Sl.no ASK GSK GBK
1 1.26% 1.16% 0.62%
RESULTS
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 106
THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
Extract used: Alcoholic extract
Mobile phase: Toluene:Ethyl acetate:Diethylamine(70:20:10)
On spraying with Dragendroff’s reagent followed by 5% methanolic sulphuric
acid: Two orange spots at Rf 0.44 and 0.65 were seen.
RESULTS
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 107
4000
.036
0032
0028
0024
0020
0018
0016
0014
0012
0010
0080
060
040
0.0
-20.
0
-100102030405060708090
100.
0
cm-1
%T
3356
.12,
3.16
2924
.79,
3.48
2854
.58,
9.21
2361
.20,
87.1
4
2140
.15,
83.3
1
1744
.30,
14.9
2
1655
.78,
9.88
1543
.11,
39.1
9
1510
.76,
34.8
0
1460
.24,
20.2
5
1378
.22,
22.9
4
1259
.61,
26.1
3
1160
.47,
12.8
9
1052
.75,
4.88
893.
85,7
8.82
813.
94,7
6.53
763.
89,7
0.43
704.
21,5
6.45
668.
02,5
2.61
609.
80,4
9.95
529.
77,6
2.79
469.
79,8
2.44
432.
68,9
0.94
405.
81,7
5.70
RESULTS
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 108
4000
.036
0032
0028
0024
0020
0018
0016
0014
0012
0010
0080
060
040
0.0
-20.
0
-100102030405060708090
100.
0
cm-1
%T
3420
.52,
6.96
2925
.29,
3.16
2855
.46,
7.08
2358
.98,
89.4
6
2146
.65,
82.1
4
1743
.45,
17.5
9
1661
.03,
10.3
8
1545
.98,
36.9
7
1460
.98,
19.6
0
1381
.35,
26.1
8
1234
.16,
39.3
2
1166
.75,
20.4
7
1033
.59,
16.3
6880.
89,6
1.27
813.
27,5
6.80
780.
79,6
6.88
705.
52,7
3.86
669.
45,8
6.38
608.
01,8
6.49
524.
82,8
4.07
464.
04,9
3.89
442.
97,9
5.82
421.
17,8
8.18
RESULTS
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 109
4000
.036
0032
0028
0024
0020
0018
0016
0014
0012
0010
0080
060
040
0.0
-20.
0
-100102030405060708090
100.
0
cm-1
%T
3947
.14,
91.4
3
3515
.88,
42.6
5
2924
.76,
3.16
2854
.55,
12.3
7
2676
.91,
94.1
1
2503
.66,
94.3
0
2335
.37,
92.7
4
2058
.93,
84.3
4
1745
.36,
5.19
1460
.84,
37.8
3
1375
.72,
51.5
9
1238
.18,
50.2
0
1163
.81,
20.5
8
1095
.29,
34.5
5
870.
77,7
7.22
810.
84,7
6.23
763.
39,7
5.74
719.
47,7
2.25
606.
35,8
9.70
522.
61,8
9.42
462.
76,9
3.33
417.
54,8
7.48
RESULTS
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 110
INTERPRETATION OF FTIR RESULTS
TABLE NO 28 PEAK POSITIONS AND THEIR ASSIGNMENTS OF
AHSUDDHA KUPEELU SEEDS
Sl.
No.
Peak Position cm-1
Assignment
1 3356 O-H monomeric alcohols, phenols stretch, hydrogen bounded
alcohols, amines N-H(stretch)
2 2924.79 C-H (Alkanes), also O-H carboxylic acid stretch
3 2854.58 C-H (Alkanes), also O-H carboxylic acid stretch
4 2361.20 Not identified
5 2140.15 C0_C (stretch Alkyne)
6 1744.30 Phenyl ring substitution C=O Aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic
acids, esters(stretch)
7 1655.75 Phenyl ring substitution, C=C alkene(stretch), nitro compounds
NO2 asymmetric stretch.
8 1543.11 C=O Aromatic ring stretch, nitro compounds NO2 asymmetric
stretch.
9 1510.76 C=O Aromatic ring stretch, nitro compounds NO2 asymmetric
stretch.
10 1460.24 CH3
11 1378.22 CH3, , nitro compounds NO2 symmetric stretch.
12 1259.61 nitro compounds NO2 symmetric stretch, C-O Alcohol, Ethers,
Carboxylic acid esters(stretch), also C-N Amine Stretch.
13 1160.47 nitro compounds NO2 symmetric stretch, C-O Alcohol, Ethers,
Carboxylic acid esters(stretch), also C-N Amine Stretch.
14 1052.75 nitro compounds NO2 symmetric stretch, C-O Alcohol, Ethers,
Carboxylic acid esters(stretch), also C-N Amine Stretch.
15 893.85 Phenyl ring substitution band.
16 813.94 Phenyl ring substitution band, C=C Alkene(bend)
17 763.89 Phenyl ring substitution band. C=C Alkene(bend)
18 704.21 Phenyl ring substitution band. C=C Alkene(bend)
19 668.02 C-H (Alkyne bend)
20 609.80 C-H (Alkyne bend)
21 529.77 Not identified
22 405.80 Not identified
23 469.79 Not identified
24 432.68 Not identified
RESULTS
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 111
TABLE NO 29: PEAK POSITIONS AND THEIR ASSIGNMENTS OF
GODUGDHA SWEDITA KUPEELU SEEDS
Sl. No. Peak Position cm-1
Assignment
1 3420.52 Monomeric alcohols phenols stretch, O-H hydrogen bonded alcohols,
phenols stretch, N-H amine stretch.
2 2925.29 C-H(Alkanes) and O-H carboxylic acids (stretch).
3 2855.46 C-H(Alkanes) and O-H carboxylic acids (stretch).
4 2358.98 Not identified
5 2146.65 Alkyne C0_C stretch
6 1743.45 Phenyl ring substitution, C=O aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids,
esters (stretch)
7 1661.03 Phenyl ring substitution, C=C alkene(stretch)
8 1545.98 C=O Aromatic ring stretch, NO2 Nitric compounds asymmetrical
stretch.
9 1460.98 CH3
10 1381.35 CH3, NO2 Nitric compounds symmetrical stretch.
11 1234.16 C-O Alcohol, Ethers, Carboxylic acid, Esters (stretch), C-N Amine
stretch
12 1166.75 C-O Alcohol, Ethers, Carboxylic acid, Esters (stretch), C-N Amine
stretch
13 1033.59 C-O Alcohol, Ethers, Carboxylic acid, Esters (stretch), C-N Amine
stretch
14 880.89 C=C Alkene (bend).
15 813.27 C=C Alkene (bend), Phenyl ring substitution band.
16 780.79 C=C Alkene (bend), Phenyl ring substitution band.
17 705.52 C=C Alkene (bend), Phenyl ring substitution band.
18 669.45 C-H Alkyne bend
19 608.01 C-H Alkyne bend
20 524.82 Not identified
21 464.04 Not identified
22 442.97 Not identified
23 421.17 Not identified
RESULTS
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 112
TABLE NO 30: PEAK POSITIONS AND THEIR ASSIGNMENTS OF
GOGHRITA BHARJITA KUPEELU SEEDS
Sl.
No.
Peak Position cm-1
Assignment
1 3947.14 Not identified
2 3515.88 O-H monomeric alcohols, Phenols, stretch (hydrogen bundle
alcohols phenols stretch)
3 2924.76 O-H Carboxylic Acids (stretch), C-H (Alkanes)
4 2854.55 O-H Carboxylic Acids (stretch)
5 2676.91 O-H Carboxylic Acids (stretch)
6 2503.66 O-H Carboxylic Acids (stretch)
7 2335.37 Not identified
8 2058.93 Not identified
9 1745.36 Phenyl ring substitution overtone, C=O Aldehydes Ketones,
Carboxylic acids, ester (stretch)
10 1460.84 CH3
11 1375.72 CH3, NO2 Nitric compounds symmetrical stretch
12 1238.18 C-O Alcohol, Ethers, Carboxylic acid esters (stretch), also Amine
C-N (stretch)
13 1163.81 C-O Alcohol, Ethers, Carboxylic acid esters (stretch), also Amine
C-N (stretch)
14 1095.29 C-O Alcohol, Ethers, Carboxylic acid esters (stretch), also Amine
C-N (stretch)
15 870.77 C=C and Alkene (bend), Phenyl ring substitution band.
16 810.84 C=C and Alkene (bend), Phenyl ring substitution band.
17 763.39 C=C and Alkene (bend), Phenyl ring substitution band.
18 719.47 C=C and Alkene (bend), Phenyl ring substitution band.
19 606.35 Alkyne bend (C-H)
20 522.61 Not identified
21 462.76 Not identified
22 417.54 Not identified
DISCUSSION
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 113
DISCUSSION
The present work entitled “A Pharmaceutco-Analytical Study on Concept of Shodana
with Special Reference to “Kupeelu Shodhana” has been discussed based on Review of
literature, Pharmaceutical study and Analytical study and the comparative results.
DISCUSSION BASED ON REVIEW OF LITERATURE
DRUG REVIEW
The reference of kupeelu is not found in veda kala. Acharya Sushruta and
Vagbhata mentioned Vishamusti,a synonym of Kupeelu in Surasadi Gana which is
commented as Mahanimba or Alambusha or Karkotika by the respective commentators.
When the drugs of Surasadi gana are seen, they are indicated in Krimi ,Shwasa,
Pratishyaya and Vrana.No poisonous drugs have been included in this Gana.By this we
can infer that Vishamusti mentioned here cannot be considered as Kupeelu.Going
through the cross reference from the world history of herbs ,there is a mention regarding
nux vomica as being used in Europe in 16th century for poisoning dogs, cats, crows
etc.127
Different nighantus have mentioned many synonyms of kupeelu .Some of
them indicate morphology of the fruit (Ramyaplala), leaf(Dirghapatraka,Nagavallidala),
some indicate its poisonous effect (Garadruma, Ravana, Vishadruma) etc . During
Nighantu kala vishamusti and kupeelu became synonymous as mentioned in different
DISCUSSION
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 114
Samucchaya(13th century AD) where it is placed under Upavisha varga. Later on the
other texts added the information to it like synonyms, habit, habitat, shodhana
procedures, dose, and formulations etc.
The genus strychnos comprises of about 200 species. 128
The tree is native of
tropical regions and monsoonal forests. Rasa Tarangini also mentioned its habitat as
konkana Bengal and South India.129
(24/160)
When the rasa of kupeelu mentioned in the Nighantus was tabulated, majority of
Acharyas mentioned it as having katu and tikta rasa.When an attempt was made to
understand with respect to modern literature it says that kupeelu seeds are bitter in taste.
This taste is because of the presence of alkaloids majorly strychnine which is bitter in
taste.130
Thus we may say it is a tikta rasa pradhana dravya. According to samhitas, tikta
rasa is said to have vishagna karma. This may seem contrary to the study because one
might think if that the inherent rasa in kupeelu which is tikta acts as a vishagna, then how
is it that it is included in upavisha varga? Charaka in the context of tikta rasa karma
explains that excessive intake of tikta rasa will cause vatavikaras( ch.su-26/5) suh as
Aakshepaka, which is compared to convulsions that occurs as a result of kupeelu seed
toxicity.
In contrast to this, Rasa Tarangini a renowned Rasashastra text mentions the
indications of kupeelu in the contexts of many vatavikaras. This includes the nadibala
vivardhana ,which can be compared as neurotonic.
DISCUSSION
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 115
The above doubt is clarified by the fact that Strychnine, which is the toxic and
principle alkaloid present in the seeds of strychnus nuxvomica is also bitter. After
shodhana, we find a considerable decrease in the quantity of strychnine by which it can
be inferred that tiktata is reduced in the drug. This decrease may be due to the
samskaarana by goksheera and ghrita used in shodhana. And can be considered as
therapeutically safe in prescribed dose. When we see the mythological origin of visha and
Amrita, we come to know that both of them arise from the same yoni during
Samudramanthana, so by this we can infer the opposite action of drug before and after
shodana.
Commenting on the guna we can attribute it as having the dashagunas of Visha, but the
virulence is less as compared to the mahavisha like vatsanabha. By the virtue of its ushna
and tikshna guna it will act on vata kapha vikaras which is in accordance to its dosha
karma mentioned in texts like Ayurveda Prakasha.
Even though Nighantus mention the veerya of kupeelu as sheeta, majority of the
Acharyas say it as ushna .When we look into the karma like deepana ,pachana,grahi,the
veerya may be attributed as ushna.
When the karma and rogaghnata of kupeelu is seen, then we find many of them can be
correlated to research works as under.
Parama kamoddepaka where in it has been evaluated in modern medicine as
„small doses of strychnine can give subjective feeling of stimulation‟131
DISCUSSION
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 116
Grahi action has been evaluated as antidiarrhoeal activity ,by animal
experimentation.132
Prameha and rasayana property has been evaluated as study of antidiabetic and
free radical scavenging activity of the seed Extract of strychnos nuxvomica 133
Vatagna,shoolahara karma by, Analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of
brucine and brucine N-oxide extracted from seeds of Strychnosnux-vomica 134
Toxicity Studies135Anti Tumour Activity136
and Antisnake venom activity137
have also been evaluated.
By the above studies the multifaceted actions of kupeelu is clearly evident.
Drugs may act owing to the properties inherent within them with respect to their
rasa, veerya, vipaka, guna or prabhava also called the Rasapanchakas.(ch.su-26/61) .By
this pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics may be inferred .Considering this cross
reference in context of visha dravyas, Visha is said to be vishagna because of
prabhava.(ch.su-26/69).
The rasa panchaka of a drug may be similar but it differs in action which is called
prabhava. (ch.su-26/68).. This may be the reason why jangama visha acts as prativisha to
sthavara vishas and vice versa. The study “Antisnake venom activity of ethanolic seed
extract of Strychnosnux vomica Linn”.may be influenced by the above reference
DISCUSSION
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 117
PHARMACEUTICAL REVIEW
When the chronological development of shodhana is viewed, we can infer that
the siddhantas laid down in samhitas have influenced its development. Shodhana process
is a kind of Samskara which brings about gunantaradana as mentioned in charaka
(ch.vi.1/21). Some opine both are different from each other and debate that shodhana is
said to have doshaharana property only and samskara is bala tejo abhivardhana.
Rasaratna samucchaya a rasa text of 13th
century mentioned vishatinduka as one
among the upavishas. He has mentioned shodhana process for vatsanabha and used it as
rasayana in vishakalpas. An inference can be drawn from this point that Rasa Vagbhata
was aware of the poisonous drugs ,their shodhana and therapeutic utility.
Rasasanketa kalika a text by Rasaacharya Chamunda and Rasakamadhenu by
Rasaacharya Chudamani of 16th century introduced the Shodhana of kupeelu by the
method of goghrita bharjana. Ayurveda Prakasha followed the same, he added the
general dose and method of storing vishadravyas. He also added the samanya shodhana
and marana process for vishas as described below.
Samanya shodhana is done by nimajjana in gomutra for 3 days, changing
gomutra daily. On 4th
day the seeds are washed in hot water and dried in sunlight .
Marana usually consists of giving intense heat to incinerate the substance, in this case it
consists of mixing tankana(borax) and visha in equal proportion, this reduces the
toxicity of the visha.
DISCUSSION
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 118
Further if black pepper is added in twice the quantity of the poison by weight,
then by the process of trituration, both shodhana and marana can be achieved together.
Later on, other texts added many procedures like swedana combined with
nimajjana,bharjana etc.many medias for shodhana like gorasa ,kanji, gomutra,
panchagavya,goghrita,godugdha,swarasa of tanduliyaka etc.
Ayurveda formulary has adopted a single method of shodhana which is done in 3
steps.138
Step 1: The clean and dried seeds kept in cow‟s urine for 7 nights. The urine is changed
every day.
Step 2: The seeds after 1st step are collected and subjected to swedana in dolayantra for 3
hours.
Step 3: The above seeds are collected and washed with water. The seed coat and the
embryo are removed. Then they are roasted with cow‟s ghee in low flame on iron pan.
When the seeds become dark brown and crispy, they are immediately powdered.
Another method is followed by the local native practitioner by name Sri
Raghavendra of Shimoga, Karnataka, India. In this process step 1 & 3 are same as
described above, but in step 2 instead of swedana, the seeds after 1st step are immersed in
cow‟s milk for 3 days, the milk is changed is everyday.
Some of the research works were carried out in modern medicine using the above similar
references. They are as follows
DISCUSSION
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 119
-Ayurvedic processings of nux vomica: Qualitative and quantitative determination of
total alkaloidal contents and relative toxicity.139
- Effect of purification (shodhana) on the acute Toxicity of seeds of strychnos nux-
vomica 140
In Alternative systems of medicine,shodhana exists in different names, for
example in Unani it is called Mudabbar
141, in Siddha as suthi
142 and in Chinese native
system of medicine 144
(kampoo system of medicine) it is called as detoxification.
In unani system, we find 4 different methods of detoxification143
1. Seeds are immersed in excess of water for 5 days and then taken out ,immersed in milk
for 2 days.everyday the medias will be changed.the seeds are boiled in milk and seed
coat embryonic axis removed and powdered.
2. Seeds are soaked in milk for 7 days with changing of milk everyday,as we do
in nimajjana.
3. Roasting the seeds in cow‟s ghee till the colour changes to reddish as we do in
bharjana.
4. Seeds are buried in yellow clay for 10 days the clay is kept moist throughout.then
taken out tied in cloth and boiled in 2 liters of milk as we do swedana in dolayantra.
DISCUSSION
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 120
In addition to the procedures told in Ayurveda, two additional method are followed by
them.One is the method of burial in yellow clay paste and the other being nimajjana in
water.
In Chinese kampoo system of medicine detoxification of the seeds of Strychnos
nux-vomica L. is done by the method of roasting in sea sand until the seeds become dark
yellow. Then the seeds are boiled in water for ten minutes and dried .Later these dried
seeds are parched with sesame oil turning the seeds to pale yellow colour.144
By all the above said references we can say that the concept is existing not only in
ayurveda but also in unani, siddha , chinese systems and folklore practice.
The liquid medias used in Shodhana processes play an important role. Sometimes
medias acts like solvents, dissolve the material for easy separation from the insoluble
impurities like in Guggulu and Navasadara Shodhana. In some other cases, medias
eradicate toxic chemical substances from the drug. For example Churnodaka (lime
water) is generally used for Manahshila Shodhana. Here Churnodaka reacts to eradicate
highly toxic As2O3 from Manahshila. Some materials are used directly in therapeutics
after Shodhana, here media may provide some organic and inorganic principles, which
have important role to increase the bioavailability of the drugs. Media helps in physical
transformation of some metals and minerals. In Nirvapa process repeated heating and
quenching in liquid media causes brittleness, breaking and size reduction of the metals
and minerals. During Shodhana process, some physical changes might take place, like.,
DISCUSSION
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 121
Elimination of physical impurities: Like in Shodhana of Kampillaka, Guggulu etc
where there is removal of physical impurities.
Reduction in hardness, brittleness and particle size : By Nirvapa process, repeated
heating and quenching in liquid media.
Elimination of chemical impurities: During Shodhana of Makshika (CuFeS2)
impurities like arsenic get eliminated by heating.
Formation of chemical compounds: Lauha when heated up to red hot reacts with
atmospheric oxygen to form ferroso-ferric oxide, which is favourable to the body.
Change into desired compound: During Shodhana of Tankana and Kankshi, water
portion is evaporated and desired chemical compound is formed.
Biological changes: Vatsanabha (Aconitum ferox purified in cow‟s urine) is converted
into cardiac stimulant, where as crude Vatsanabha is claimed to be cardiac depressant145
.
DISCUSSION
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 122
DISCUSSION BASED ON ANALYTICAL REVIEW
Different techniques have been used for analysis and quantification of strychnine and
brucine in raw and processed seeds. Some of the studies have used chemical methods
some others the optical methods, chromatographic techniques such as thin layer
chromatography (tlc) 146,147
,hplc with uv detection148,149
, liquid chromatography coupled
with mass spectrometry (lc-ms) 150
,tandem mass spectrometry (lc-ms/ms)151,152
,gas
chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry 153,154
,nuclear magnetic resonance
spectroscopy (1h-nmr)155
,liquid chromatography electrospray mass spectroscopy156
hplc 157
,gas chromatography158
,ultraviolet spectrophotometry159
,sweeping micellar
,electrokinetic chromatography160
,rapid commun mass spectrum161
,capillary zone
electrophoresis162,163
,non aqueous capillary electrophoresis 164,165
etc.
TLC and FTIR analytical tests have been used in the present study to assess the changes
in the seeds that might have taken place by shodhana.
DISCUSSION BASED ON MATERIALS AND METHODS
MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS
The microscopical characteristics of ashodhita kupeelu were in accordance with
the standards given in API volume I, part IV.
DISCUSSION
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 123
On microscopic analysis of ashuddha kupeelu, the aleurone grains, trichomes and
the yellow parenchyma, fat globules were clearly seen. After swedana in goksheera the
quantity of trichomes were scarce and almost nil after goghrita bharjana. This is because
of the peeling of outer covering that was done after shodhana. The amount of yellow
parenchyma and the aleurone grains were also decreased after shodhana.
DISCUSSION BASED ON PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
In order to get a good quality of end procuct the selection of raw material and the
process of manufacturing should be of optimum quality keeping this in mind, the
procured seeds were first cleaned by washing with water and the seeds which were black
colored , floated on the surface of the water, were taken out. The settled seeds at the
bottom of the vessel were taken out and dried to get rid of the moisture content. Thus
obtained seeds were selected for further Shodhana procedures and shodhana was done by
2 specified methods viz.swedana in godugdha and bharjana in goghrita.
Godugdha which has madhura rasa,sheeta veerya,madhura vipaka is jeevaniya and
best among the ksheera varga according to samhitas. Daily consumption of goksheera
and goghrita acts as rasayana.It has dasha gunas which are exactly opposite to visha
gunas by virtue of which it reduces the toxic effect of visha. After shodhana samskara
gunantaradana takes place which converts visha to amrita i.e by imbibing therapeutic
qualities from godugdha.
DISCUSSION
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 124
During swedana which involves indirect heat treatment through the media i.e milk
may affect the heat sensitive alkaloids present in kupeelu seeds. Milk contains both water
and fatty acids. The water soluble and lipid soluble alkaloids from seeds will get
dissolved in milk there by reducing the concentration of the toxic alkaloids.
Ghrita which has madhura rasa,sheeta veerya,madhura vipaka, vatapittaprashamana
karma is considered to be the best among the chatuh snehas. It increases smriti, buddhi,
agni ,skukra, oja, kapha, medas. Cures visha vikaras.It is said to be the most important
sneha because of it‟s samskarasya anuvartana guna .During bharjana, due to its guna of
samskarasya anuvartana, it gains the property of visha without leaving its own gunas.Its
vishagna karma will combat against the illefects caused due to visha.Thus we can infer
that it brings therapeutic value to kupeelu after shodhana.
Analyzing through the modern aspect, cow‟s ghee is an ideal fat for deep frying
because it‟s smoke point (where it‟s molecules begin to break down) is 250 degrees C ,
which is well above typical cooking temperatures of around 200 degrees C and above that
of most vegetable oils. It does not burn or smoke easily on heating because it has more
stable saturated bonds. It lacks the double bonds which can be easily damaged by heat.
So it is not likely to form the dangerous free radicals on heating. It contains
approximately 8% lower saturated fatty acids which makes it easily digestible. These
lower saturated fatty acids are the most edible fats and are not found in any other edible
oil or fat.
DISCUSSION
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 125
Ghrita contains Short chain fatty acids are also readily metabolised by body. The
melting point of Ghrita is 35 0C which is less than the normal temperature of the human
body. Its digestibility co-efficient or rate of absorption is 96% which is highest of all oils
and fats thus reducing formation of free radicals. It contains beta carotene and Vit. E and
both are known antioxidants.It also contains essential fatty acid like linoleic acid,
Triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides, ketoacid glycerides ,glyceryle esters, free
fatty acids, Phospholipids, Sterol.
Bharjana is done in open air which may facilitate formation of strychnine and
brucine N oxides which are said to be pharmacologically safe.
In classics, we find scattered and multiple references of kupeelu shodhana . The
question arises which type of shodhana has to be followed. In this regard, we have to
consider in which context of the disease which media suits well.
For example, in a patient presenting with kshaya janya vatavyadhi which may be
compared to wasting disease induced neurological deficit, shodhana done with the
procedure of swedana with milk may be given in order to enhance the brimhana, rasayana
and ojovardhana effect. In contrast to it if we doubt about the safety and efficacy of the
drug with special reference to toxicological manifestation, ghrita bharjita kupeelu may
be given. This may also check the ill-effects of the drug by the virtue of its vishagna
karma.
DISCUSSION
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 126
DISCUSSION BASED ON RESULTS OF ANALYTICAL STUDY
Various physico-chemical constants were analysed in order to assess the changes
in the seeds of kupeelu before and after shodhana procedure. Viz. loss on drying, ash
values (water and alcohol soluble), pH, microscopic analysis, qualitative and
semiquantative analysis was done by thin layer chromatography. Fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy was used to analyse the effect of shodhana with respect to the
changes in functional groups.
a) Loss on drying before shodhana and after the shodhana i.e., by method of
godugdha swedana, goghrita bharjana is 4.4, 11.2 and 2.8 respectively.
This is understandable because the water content from cow‟s milk had been absorbed
during swedana process. The loss on drying after goghrita bharjana is less as
compared to swedita kupeelu, because the process of bharjana includes heat treatment
where the water content is evaporated.
b) Total ash value and the acid insoluble ash were also altered by the shodhana
treatment. The exact reason for the altered ash values cannot be identified. This may
be attributed to the altered qualitative and quantitative phytoconstituents of the seeds
after shodhana.
c) Comparing Water soluble and alcohol soluble extractive values after godugdha
swedana and goghrita bharjana .It is more in bharjita and in contrary less in the seeds
DISCUSSION
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 127
after godugdha swedana .This change may be due to the presence of extractable
phytoconstituents . Concentration of phytoconstituents in goghrita bharjita seeds is
more as compared to phytoconstituents in godugdha swedita seeds. Due to the
leaching action, the phytoconstituents present in the seeds might have transferred to
the milk during the swedana process Thus we may find a considerable decreased
extractive values after shodhana.
d) pH of kupeelu seeds after godugdha swedana and goghrita bharjana has been
increased. This may be due to the alkalinity of milk and ghee influencing the seeds
after shodhana.
The qualitative tests for the presence of alkaloids showed its presence in all
the 3 samples as well as in milk after swedana. This test confirms the presence of
alkaloids in milk after shodana indicating the seeping of alkaloids from the seeds to the
milk thereby reducing its toxicity.
The assay of strychnine was done according to the standards laid in API.
Interestingly the strychnine content in ashuddha kupeelu was 1.26% when
compared to the API standards where it is said that the strychnine content should not be
less than 1.2%.The result is in accordance to the standard value.
The strychnine content in ashuddha kupeelu was 1.26 %. After swedana in milk
,when analysed by chemical assay method it was 1.11% and after goghrita bharjana it
was found to be 0.62%. Thus there is reduction of strychnine by 11.11% in godugdha
DISCUSSION
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 128
swedita seeds & 50.70 % in gogritha bharjita seed which is less when compared to the
ashuddha kupeelu seeds.
Thus the principle alkaloid strychnine is reduced in both the samples after
shodhana. When compared to the strychnine content in godugdha swedita and goghrita
bharjita sample, the latter contained less strychnine. This may be explained because the
cell wall of kupeelu seeds is non lignified but contains appreciable amount of complex
carbohydrates. Therefore on coming in contact with milk during swedana, it swells and
facilitates leaching strychnine out of the seed cotyledons. Boiling the seeds in milk
reduces strychnine content by converting it to its derivatives like isostrychnine (cai.et.all).
During bharjana the heat is applied which may alter the phytochemical profile of
heat sensitive alkaloids present in kupeelu seeds. The process of bharjana is carried out in
open air which may facilitate the formation of new derivative compounds of strychnine
and brucine such as strychnine –N- oxide and brucine-N-oxide which are said to be
pharmacologically safe.
Ghrita which has vishahara guna , implied in the process of bharjana has an effect
on the phytochemical profile of the drug which is seen as a decrease in the toxic principle
alkaloid strychnine as shown by assay. Ghrita might have been advised for shodhana in
order to combat the toxic effects of visha. To use kupeelu as a medicament, authors of
Rasashastra texts might have thought double surity in the aspect of safety that is imbibing
DISCUSSION
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 129
the anti-poisonous quality in the drug as well as reduction in toxicological manifestations
of the drug when ingested internally.
These findings are in concurrent with the report that, Chinese system of
detoxification of nuxvomica seeds also has reduced the concentration of major alkaloid
strychinine and brucine and increased the N-oxides of the same (Han Q.B et.al)
The qualitative and semi quantitive analysis of the major alkaloids strychnine and
brucine was done by thin layer chromatography and all the chromatograms were
compared.
The chromatogram of ashuddha kupeelu was in accordance with the standard mentioned
in API.
The chromatogram of both the samples after shodhana showed presence of two distinct
orange colour bands of strychnine and brucine with Rf value of 0.44 and 0.65
respectively. Intensity and band width of both the alkaloids were decreased after
shodhana. The band width , intensity of gogrutha bharjitha kupilu was decreased when
compared to godugdha sweditha kupilu. Thus the decrease in the quantity of the principle
alkaloids is more in goghrita bharjitha kupilu when compared to godugdha sweditha
kupilu. The change can be attributed to the effect of shodhana which proves the
hypothesis.
DISCUSSION
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 130
Cross referring LCMS study of shuddha kupilu and godugda sweditha kupilu which was
of the same view that there was significant decrease in the principle alkaloid content
after shodhana.
LCMS spectra of godugda sweditha kupilu showed distinct peaks at masses (ES
+450 for ;341 and 382) which were not evident in the LCMS spectra of ashuddha kupilu
seeds. The analysis confirmed the presence of some new adducts. This shows that
transformations might have occurred after the process of swedana. 139
Optical methods for the evaluation of chemical constituents in drug strychnos
nuxvomica are prevalent since early 20th century. Bhanu and Vasudevan (1989) used UV
spectrophotometer to demonstrate strychnine and brucine contents in the processed nux
vomica166.
Cross referring a study in unani system of medicine ,Strychnine contents in raw
Strychnos nux-vomica seeds and processed seeds in different medias as determined
using UV-Visible spectrophotometer167
have shown following results.
1. Crude seeds 1.21 %
2. Detoxification using identical method like swedana in milk 0.47 %
3. Detoxification using bharjana method using cow‟s ghee 1.06%
The results show a decrease in the concentration of strychnine content after detoxification
which is in concurrence with the present study.
DISCUSSION
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 131
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is also an optical method which was used in the
present study.
FTIR spectral fingerprints of all the 3 samples revealed peaks which arise due the
presence of multiple functional groups . Presence of such multiple functional groups
indicates towards the multifaceted action of the single drug.
When comparison is done to evaluate the effect of shodhana, for example we
found changes in the stretch of –OH functional group. Ashuddha kupeelu ,godugdha
swedita, goghruta bharjita kupeelu showed –oh stretches , with frequencies
3356,3420.52, 3515.88 and with transmittance values 3.16,6.96 and 42.65 respectively.
Based on these results an inference is made that,there is a considerable increase in
the transmittance after shodhana indicating the decrease in absorption .Absorption is
directly proportional to the concentration according to beer-lambert‟s law. From this it is
derived that concentration of phytoconstituents is reduced after shodhana and on
comparing 2 samples after shodhana , concentration in bharjita seeds is less. Similarly
the other functional groups also show variations which may be attributed to effect of
shodhana.
CONCLUSION
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 132
CONCLUSION
1) References of Kupeelu is neither available in Veda Kala nor in Samhita Kala. The drug
Vishamusti in samithas can not considered as kupeelu.
2) The drug Kupeelu is a non controversial drug as far its identification is concerned.
3) Kupeelu is Tikta Rasa Pradhana Dravya
4) Strychnine and Brucine are two important toxic alkaloids present in the seeds of
Strychnos nux-vomica.
5) The raw kupeelu seeds contained appreciable amount of strychnine, when compared to
the standards laid down by the Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India.
6) The Trichomes were easily separable after Shodhana by Gogrutha Bharjana method
when compared to Shodhana by Godugdha Swedana method.
7) Seeds were easily pounded after Shodhana by Gogritha Bharjana method when
compared to the Godugda swedana method proving that they had become brittle.
8) The decrease of strychnine contents by 11.11% was observed when Swedana by
Godugda was done where as the Gogritha Bharjana showed 50.70% decrease in
strychnine contents, indicating that the Gogritha Bharjana method is better in
reducing the percentage of toxic alkaloids.
CONCLUSION
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 133
9) Shodhana has altered the functional groups present in kupeelu as shown
by FTIR analysis and this spectra can be used as a fingerprint standard..
10) Shodhana has also reduced the concentration of toxic principles Strychnine and
Brucine as shown by the qualitative and semi-quantative analysis done by using thin
layer chromatography.
11) Amongst the two methods of Shodhana, Gogritha Bharjana is considered to be better,
because it consumes lesser time, and there is marked reduction of Strychnine and
Brucine.
12) The reduction of toxic principles- Strychnine and Brucine, brought in by the
shodhana methods, caused the required change in the phytochemical profile of the
seeds of Kupeelu. This proves and concludes the Hypothesis successfully.
SUMMARY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 134
SUMMARY
The visha-upavisha varga dravyas are the group of poisonous drugs which have
potential lethal effect when consumed internally in their native form.Acharya Charaka
mentions that ,even poisonous plants when used in a proper manner according to the
intellect will turn as ambrosia. Acharyas of Rasashastra have mentioned various
methods of shodhana in order to detoxify and bring about therapeutic effect in such
plants.Kupeelu is one among the upavisha dravya possessing multifaceted action is taken
for the study entitled “A Pharmaceutico Analytical Study On Concept Of Shodhana
With Special Reference To Kupeelu Shodhana” was presented as introduction, aims
and objectives, review of literature, materials and methods,results, discussion and
conclusion.
The review of literature was handled in different sections namely drug review,
review of pharmaceutical procedures and analytical review.
Seeds of kupeelu were purchased from an Authentic source, FRLHT research centre.
Bangalore. Pharmacognostic study was done in the post graduate department of
Rasashastra, Government ayurveda medical college, Bangalore and Bangalore test
house(BTH) ,Bangalore .
The seeds of kupeelu were then subjected to shodhana by 2 different methods as
mentioned in rasa tarangini.The cleand and dried seeds were tied in a pottali and
subjected to swedana in dolayantra for 3 hours using godugdha as media.The seeds were
SUMMARY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 135
then washed with hot water,the seed coat and embryonic axis was removed ,the
cotyledons were powdered in a khalwa yantra.
In another method bharjana was carried out using goghrita till the seeds turned to
yellowish red.The seeds were washed with hot water,the seed coat was removed and
powdering of seeds was done in khalwa yantra.
Thus obtained samples along with raw sample were subjected to analysis of
organoleptic characters,physico-chemical constants,quantative assay for strychnine,thin
layer chromatography of their methanolic extracts and fourier transform infra red
spectroscopy in different centres namely, post graduate Department of Rasashastra,
Government Ayurveda medical college, Bangalore,Government central
pharmacy.Bangalore Bangalore test house(BTH) ,Bangalore. Indian institute of science
(iisc, tata institute) Bangalore.
Appropriate discussion was done on every aspect of the study. Organoleptic
analysis revealed that the seeds were devoid of trichomes after shodhana ,seeds became
soft in case of godugdha swedana and brittle,crispy in case of goghrita bharjana which
could be easily powdered.alteration of ash and extractive values was noted in analysis of
physico-chemical constants.in quantative assay of strychnine there was a reduction of
strychnine by 11.11% in godugdha swedita seeds & 50.70 % in gogritha bharjita
seeds.tlc analysis showed a qualitative and quantative change in phytochemistry of seeds
after shodhana.there was also a change in the spectras as revealed by ftir analysis.
SUMMARY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 136
It was then concluded from the present study that shodhana was effective in
reducing the toxic principles strychnine and brucine.Method of goghrira bharjana was
better than the method of swedana as far as reduction in quantity of toxic alkaloids and
the ease for powdering was concerned .Shodhana brings about qualitative and
quantitative changes in the phytochemistry of drug.It was evident from the study that
techniques like quantative assay,thin layer chromatography and FTIR were very much
useful in the assessment of qualitative and quantitative changes before and after
shodhana.Thus proving the hypothesis.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 137
LIMITATIONS
1. The research work is particularly based only on pharmaceutical and
analytical parameters since it is a time bound research.
2. The study was restricted to only 2 Shodhana procedures.
3. Even though Modern parameters have helped to know the changes in the
drug after shodhana to some extent, there is a limitation by them in the
total assessment of alteration in the drug profile after classical
processing.
4. There was lack of advanced and sophisticated instruments for analytical
study so the study was carried out using possible technology.
SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDIES
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 138
SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDIES
Research is a process which is continuous one, thus following
suggestions may be carried out in the following regards.
1. A wide number of procedures which are described for Kupeelu
shodhana are also to be studied and standardized.
2. Combined usage of sophisticated and ultramodern analytical
instruments to identify, isolate, characterise and evaluate the active
principles responsible for the usefulness in treating various
diseases may be done.
3. Toxicity studies must be carried out in order to evaluate the safety
and efficacy in animals.
4. Pharmacological studies should be carried out for proper
evaluation of the Kinetics and Dynamics.
5. Clinical evaluation of shodhita kupeelu choorna may give an exact
picture of rationality behind the effect of shodhana which is used
in a wide number of disorders.
6. Formulations of kupeelu may also be studied clinically with
respect to their specific indications.
BIBILOGRAPHY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 139
BIBILOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
1) Agnivesa, Charaka, Dridhabala, CharakaSamhita, Sutra Sthana, 1/126, edited by
Sharma R. K, Das Bhagwan. CharakaSamhita, Text with English translation and critical
exposition based on CakrapaniDutta's Ayurveda Dipika, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series
Office; Varanasi, 2008. p.59.
2) Agnivesa, Charaka, Dridhabala, CharakaSamhita, Sutra Sthana,1/67, edited by Sharma
R. K, Das Bhagwan. CharakaSamhita, Text with English translation and critical
exposition based on CakrapaniDutta's Ayurveda Dipika, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series
Office; Varanasi, 2008.p.47
3) Agnivesa, Charaka, Dridhabala, CharakaSamhita, Sutra Sthana,26/12, edited by
Sharma R. K, Das Bhagwan. CharakaSamhita, Text with English translation and critical
exposition based on CakrapaniDutta's Ayurveda Dipika, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series
Office; Varanasi, 2008. P.138
4) Agnivesa, Charaka, Dridhabala, CharakaSamhita, chikitsa Sthana, 24/60, edited by
Sharma R. K, Das Bhagwan. CharakaSamhita, Text with English translation and critical
exposition based on CakrapaniDutta's Ayurveda Dipika, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series
Office; Varanasi, 2008.p.397
5) Agnivesa, Charaka, Dridhabala, CharakaSamhita, Sutra Sthana, 30/28, edited by
Sharma R. K, Das Bhagwan. CharakaSamhita, Text with English translation and critical
exposition based on CakrapaniDutta's Ayurveda Dipika, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series
Office; Varanasi, 2008.p.203
6) Sushruta,Sushruta samhita,P.V.Sharma,Chaukamba oriental 2003 Varanasi, sutra
sthana chapter-1, shloka-6 pp824,p.no.10
BIBILOGRAPHY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 140
7) Shri. Vagbhattachary Rasa Rata Sammucchaya “Vigyan Bodhini”, Hindi
Commentary, by Prof. Dattatreya Anant Kulkarni Mehracanda Laccamandasa
Publication. Chapter- 10 shloka-74 pg.199
8) Sharma SN, Shastri KN. Rasa Tarangini. 11 th ed. New Delhi: MotilalBanarasidas
Publication; 2000. Chapter 24 shloka-163 P. 676.
9) Gogte VM. Ayurvedic pharmacology and therapeutic uses of medicinal plants. 1 st ed.
Mumbai: BharatiyaVidyaBhavan; 2000. P. 345-7
10) Sharma SN, Shastri KN. Rasa Tarangini. 11 th ed. New Delhi: MotilalBanarasidas
Publication; 2000. Chapter 24 shloka-176-177 P. 679.
11) Sharma SN, Shastri KN. Rasa Tarangini. 11 th ed. New Delhi: MotilalBanarasidas
Publication; 2000. Chapter 24 shloka-174-175 P. 678.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE.
12) U.R.S. Namburi, A text book of Agada tantra, choukambha sanskrita bhavana,
chapter-2 pg:6
13) Agnivesa, Charaka, Dridhabala, CharakaSamhita, chikitsa Sthana, 23/5, edited by
Sharma R. K, Das Bhagwan. CharakaSamhita, Text with English translation and critical
exposition based on CakrapaniDutta's Ayurveda Dipika, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series
Office; Varanasi, 2008.p.323
14) Sushruta,Sushruta samhita, P.V.Sharma,Chaukamba oriental 2003 Varanasi, sutra
sthana chapter-3, shloka-21 p.no.57.
BIBILOGRAPHY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 141
15) Agnivesa, Charaka, Dridhabala, CharakaSamhita, sutra Sthana, 1/126, edited by
Sharma R. K, Das Bhagwan. CharakaSamhita, Text with English translation and critical
exposition based on CakrapaniDutta's Ayurveda Dipika, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series
Office; Varanasi, 2008. P.60
16) Vagbhatacharya,Astanga hridaya,Pt Bhishagacharya harishastri paradkar vaidya,
Nirmay sagar press,2002,Varanasi,uttar tantra chapter-35 shloka-5 pp 956.
17) Sushruta,Sushruta samhita,Ambikadatta shastrii,Chaukamba oriental 2003 Varanasi,
kalpa sthana chapter-3, shloka-3 ,p.no.26
18) Sharma SN, Shastri KN. Rasa Tarangini. 11 th ed. New Delhi: MotilalBanarasidas
Publication; 2000. Chapter 24 shloka-6 p-648
19) Agnivesa, Charaka, Dridhabala, CharakaSamhita, chikitsa Sthana, 23/16, edited by
Sharma R. K, Das Bhagwan. CharakaSamhita, Text with English translation and critical
exposition based on CakrapaniDutta's Ayurveda Dipika, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series
Office; Varanasi, 2008.p.327
20) Sushruta,Sushruta samhita, Ambikadatta shastrii ,Chaukamba oriental 2003 Varanasi,
kalpa sthana chapter-3, shloka-4-5.p.no.27
21) Agnivesa, Charaka, Dridhabala, CharakaSamhita, chikitsa Sthana, 23/15, edited by
Sharma R. K, Das Bhagwan. CharakaSamhita, Text with English translation and critical
exposition based on CakrapaniDutta's Ayurveda Dipika, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series
Office; Varanasi, 2008.p.327
22) Agnivesa, Charaka, Dridhabala, CharakaSamhita, chikitsa Sthana, 23/14, edited by
Sharma R. K, Das Bhagwan. CharakaSamhita, Text with English translation and critical
BIBILOGRAPHY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 142
exposition based on CakrapaniDutta's Ayurveda Dipika, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series
Office; Varanasi, 2008.p.326
23) Sushruta,Sushruta samhita, Ambikadatta shastri ,Chaukamba oriental 2003 Varanasi,
kalpa sthana chapter-2 shloka-33.p.no.34
24) ) Agnivesa, Charaka, Dridhabala, CharakaSamhita, chikitsa Sthana, 24/60, edited by
Sharma R. K, Das Bhagwan. CharakaSamhita, Text with English translation and critical
exposition based on CakrapaniDutta's Ayurveda Dipika, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series
Office; Varanasi, 2008.p.397
25) Shri. Vagbhattachary Rasa Rata Sammucchaya “Vigyan Bodhini”, Hindi
Commentary, by Prof. Dattatreya Anant Kulkarni Mehracanda Laccamandasa
Publication. Chapter 10 shloka-74 pg.199
26) Sharma SN, Shastri KN. Rasa Tarangini. 11 th ed. New Delhi: MotilalBanarasidas
Publication; 2000. Chapter 24 shloka-163-164, p-675-676.
27) Acharya Srimadhava Ayurveda praksha edited by GulrajMishra,Choukambha
bharathi academy,Varanasi, edition 2nd
, 1962,6th chapter,shloka 47-48, page no.461
28) Acharya Srimadhava Ayurveda praksha edited by GulrajMishra,Choukambha
bharathi academy,Varanasi, edition 2nd
, 1962,6th chapter,shloka45-46,page no.461
29) Acharya Srimadhava Ayurveda praksha edited by GulrajMishra,Choukambha
bharathi academy,Varanasi, edition 2nd
, 1962,6th chapter,shloka-71,page no.465
30) ) Acharya Srimadhava Ayurveda praksha edited by GulrajMishra,Choukambha
bharathi academy,Varanasi, edition 2nd
, 1962,6th chapter,shloka-49-52,page no.461,462
31) ) Acharya Srimadhava Ayurveda praksha edited by GulrajMishra,Choukambha
bharathi academy,Varanasi, edition 2nd
, 1962,6th chapter,shloka-51,page no.462
BIBILOGRAPHY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 143
32) Acharya Srimadhava Ayurveda praksha edited by GulrajMishra,Choukambha
bharathi academy,Varanasi, edition 2nd
, 1962,5th chapter,shloka 60-62, page no.463
33) Mukund Sabnis, Chemistry & Pharmacology of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants, First
edition:,pg. 409-411,(2006)
34) K.R.Narayan Reddy,The essentials of forensic medicine and toxicology 28th
edition
(2009) ,pp604,page number 442.
DRUG REVIEW
35) P.V.sharma, Dravya Guna Vignana part 4,Chaukamba Bharati
Academy,Varanasi,1999 pp.392-p.no.239
36) Sushruta,Sushruta samhita,Acharya yadavji trikamji,Chaukamba oriental 2003
Varanasi,pp824,p.no:160
37) Vagbhatacharya,Astanga hridaya,Pt Bhishagacharya harishastri paradkar vaidya,
Nirmay sagar press,2002,Varanasi,pp 956,p.no.164
38) Harigvinda shastri,Amarakkosha-Choukamba samskrita sansthana Varanasi,3rd
edition,1997 ,pp 668, p.no.181
39) Proff.P.V.Sharma,Dhanwantari Nighantu,Chaukamba orientalia,Varanasi,pp
360,p.no.155
40) Vaidyacharya Keshava,Siddha mantra prakasha, Proff.P.V. Sharma, Chaukamba,
Amarabharati prakashana, 1997, Varanasi, pp,188, pg-107.
41) Vaidyacharya shodhala,Shodala nighantu,Proff.P.V.Sharma,Orientala
literature,1978,Baroda pp 267,p.no.53
BIBILOGRAPHY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 144
42) Dr.P.V.Sharma,Madhava Dravya Guna,Chaukamba vaidya bharana
,1973,Varanasi,pp 124,p.no.46
43) Nrupa,Madanapala,Madanapala nighantu,Chaukamaba publications
,1998,Varanasi,pp 171,p.no.127
44) Kaiyadeva Nighantu,Proff.P.V.Sharma,Chaukamba orientalia,Varanasi
pp696,p.no.74
45) Bhavamishra,Bhavaprakasha nighantu,Dr.G.S.Pandey,Chaukamba Bharati
Academy2004 ,Varanasi,pp 984,p.no.569
46) Saaligrama vaidya, Saaligrama nighantu ,Khemraja,shri krishna das,2002,Mumbai
,pp995,p.no.452
47) Pandit Narahari,Raja nighantu,Dr,Indradev Tripati,Chau Chaukamba Bharati
Academy2003 ,Varanasi,pp 704,p.no.293
48) P.V.Sharma ,1999,Priya nigantu Chau Chaukamba Bharati Academy1999
,Varanasi,pp 114,p.no.112
49) Shri. Vagbhattachary Rasa Rata Sammucchaya “Vigyan Bodhini”, Hindi
Commentary, by Prof. Dattatreya Anant Kulkarni Mehracanda Laccamandasa
Publication. Chapter-10 shloka-74 pg.199
50) Sharma SN, Shastri KN. Rasa Tarangini. 11 th ed. New Delhi: MotilalBanarasidas
Publication; 2000. Chapter 24 shloka-163-164, p-675-676.
51) Kirtikar KR, Basu BD, Indian medicinal plants, 2nd ed., Periodical experts book
agency, New Delhi, Vol. 2, M/s Bishen singh Mahendrapal singh, Dehradun,
1975;2:1645-1647.
BIBILOGRAPHY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 145
52) Rasatarangani, Commentary by Acharya Haridutta Shastri, Stanza, Sunder Lal Jain
Motilal Banarasidas, Varanasi, 1954;chapter : 24, shloka-178-202.
53) Gogte VM. Ayurvedic pharmacology and therapeutic uses of medicinal plants. 1 st ed.
Mumbai: BharatiyaVidyaBhavan; 2000. Pg-346
54) Gogte VM. Ayurvedic pharmacology and therapeutic uses of medicinal plants. 1 st ed.
Mumbai: BharatiyaVidyaBhavan; 2000. Pg-348
55) Medicinal plants in Floklores of Northen India CCRUM publication: 1st edition june
2001 pg: 463.
56) Medicinal plants in Bihar and Orrisa, CCRUM publication: 1st edition june 2001 pg:
954.
57) www.wikipidia/nuxvomica.
58) Dr. Dole Vilas & Dr. Paranjpe Prakash, Text book of Rasashastra pg. 408-409.
59) Dr. Siddhinandana Mishra, Ayurvediya Rasashastra, First Edition, Chaukhambha
Orientalia Varanasi, (1999).
60) Govinda dasa sena, bhaisajaya ratnavali ,edited by siddhinandan Mishra, Chaukamba
Bharati Academy2008,1st edition,p.no.569
61) Yogaratnakara, edited and translated by madham shetty suresh babu, Chaukambha
sanskrita seriers.
62) Rasatarangani, Commentary by Acharya Haridutta Shastri, Stanza, Sunder Lal Jain
Motilal Banarasidas, Varanasi, 1954;chapter : 24,
BIBILOGRAPHY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 146
63) AshokSathpute Rasendra Sara Samgraha of Sri Gopala Krishna,Choukambha
Krishnadasa academy,edition 1st ,2003.
64) Siddinandan Mishra Rasa Prakasha sudhakara of Yashodhara,Choukambha
orientalaya Varanasi,year of publication 2009.
65) Bharata bhaisajya ratnakara, Choukambha orientalaya Varanasi,year of publication
2009.
66) ) www.wikipidia.org/wiki/strychnine_po
67) Nadakarni AK, The Indian Materia Medica, Popular prakashan, Mumbai, Vol.2,
1976; 1175-1180.
68) Nadakarni AK, The Indian Materia Medica, Popular prakashan, Mumbai, Vol.2,
1976; 1175-1180.
69) Nadakarni AK, The Indian Materia Medica, Popular prakashan, Mumbai, Vol.2,
1976; 1175-1180.
70) www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617902
71) Genevie`ve Philippe, Luc Angenot, Monique Tits, Michel Fre´de´rich. About the
toxicity of some Strychnos species and their alkaloids. Toxicon 2004; 44 : 405–416.
72) Yan-Yan Xu1,2, Duan-Yun Si2, Chang-Xiao Liu1* Research on bioresponse of
active compounds of Strychnos nux-vomica L.
73) www.wikipidia.org/wiki/strychnine_po
BIBILOGRAPHY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 147
74) Goodman & Gilman,Pharmacological basis of Therapeutics,5th
Edition,pg.345-348
75) Baghel M.S., Researches in Ayurveda, Mridu Ayurvedic Publications and Sales,
Jamnagar, 2005.
76) Agnivesa, Charaka, Dridhabala, CharakaSamhita, sutra Sthana – 26/5-7, edited by
Sharma R. K, Das Bha`gwan. CharakaSamhita, Text with English translation and critical
exposition based on CakrapaniDutta's Ayurveda Dipika, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series
Office; Varanasi, 2008.p.no.493
77) Sushruta,Sushruta samhita,P.V.Sharma,Chaukamba oriental 2003 Varanasi, sthana
chapter-45/47.p.no.425
78) Vagbhata, Astanga hrudaya with Hindi commentary by P.V.Sharma, 7th edition
1999, sutra sthana 5/21.p.no.68.
79) Bhavamishra, Bhava Prakasha Nighantu,Hindi commentary by Shrikrishna Chandra
Chunekar, Chaukambha Vidya bhavan Varanasi, 1st edn, 1960, Version 1-2, Page no
605
80) Agnivesa, Charaka, Dridhabala, CharakaSamhita, chikitsa Sthana – 23/24, edited by
Sharma R. K, Das Bhagwan. CharakaSamhita, Text with English translation and critical
exposition based on CakrapaniDutta's Ayurveda Dipika, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series
Office; Varanasi, 2008.p.no.331
81) Agnivesa, Charaka, Dridhabala, CharakaSamhita, sutra Sthana – 1/127, edited by
Sharma R. K, Das Bhagwan. CharakaSamhita, Text with English translation and critical
exposition based on CakrapaniDutta's Ayurveda Dipika, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series
Office; Varanasi, 2008.page no.60
82) USDA national nutrient database for standard reference. Ars.usda.gov. Retrieved on
2011-11-24. )
BIBILOGRAPHY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 148
83) "Milk analysis". North wales buffalo. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29.
Retrieved 3 august 2009. (citing mccane, widdowson, scherz, kloos, international
laboratory services.)
84) Agnivesa, Charaka, Dridhabala, CharakaSamhita, sutra Sthana – 13/13, edited by
Sharma R. K, Das Bhagwan. CharakaSamhita, Text with English translation and critical
exposition based on CakrapaniDutta's Ayurveda Dipika, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series
Office; Varanasi, 2008.p.no.247
85) Agnivesa, Charaka, Dridhabala, CharakaSamhita, sutra Sthana – 13/14, edited by
Sharma R. K, Das Bhagwan. CharakaSamhita, Text with English translation and critical
exposition based on CakrapaniDutta's Ayurveda Dipika, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series
Office; Varanasi, 2008.p.no.248
86) Agnivesa, Charaka, Dridhabala, CharakaSamhita, sutra Sthana – 13/40, edited by
Sharma R. K, Das Bhagwan. CharakaSamhita, Text with English translation and critical
exposition based on CakrapaniDutta's Ayurveda Dipika, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series
Office; Varanasi, 2008.p.no.253
87) Agnivesa, Charaka, Dridhabala, CharakaSamhita, sutra Sthana – 26/5-7, edited by
Sharma R. K, Das Bhagwan. CharakaSamhita, Text with English translation and critical
exposition based on CakrapaniDutta's Ayurveda Dipika, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series
Office; Varanasi, 2008.p.no.493
88) Sushruta,Sushruta samhita,P.V.Sharma,Chaukamba oriental 2003 Varanasi, sthana
chapter-45/96.p.no.435
89)Vagbhata, Astanga Sangraha with Hindi commentary by vaidya Lakshmi Shastri,
Edited by Brahmananda Shastri, 7th edition 1999
90)Agnivesa, Charaka, Dridhabala, CharakaSamhita, sutra Sthana – 13/14, edited by
Sharma R. K, Das Bhagwan. CharakaSamhita, Text with English translation and critical
BIBILOGRAPHY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 149
exposition based on CakrapaniDutta's Ayurveda Dipika, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series
Office; Varanasi, 2008.p.no.248
91) www.mendeley.com/research
92) J.L.N. shastry,Dravyaguna vignana,VolI,Choukambha publications,Varanasi,Ed 1st
,2002,pno320.
93) Sri sadananda sharma, rasatarangini,edited by kashinatha shastry,motilala banarasi
das,v aranasi,ed 11th ,1979,reprint 2000,2nd chapter,shloka no 52,pno22.
94) Bhajandas swami dadupanth Rasadarpana,1st part,nath pustak bhandar,
rohtak,paristhista, page no 369.
95)Prashant Sarkar, Evaluation of Shodhana Process and Antidotal Study on
Vatsanabha,2008
96) Dr. Dole Vilas & Dr. Paranjpe Prakash, Text book of Rasashastra pg. 408-409.
97) Mukund Sabnis, Chemistry & Pharmacology of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants, First
edition:,pg. 409-411,(2006)
98) Rasa Sanketa Kalika by kayastha chamunda English translation by Pammi
Satyanarayana shastry, published by Krishnadas chowkhambha Ayurveda academy 3rd
Ullasa.
99) Rasakamadhenu compiled by chudamani, revised by Vaidya Yadavji Trikamji
Acharya published by Chowkhambha publisher edition 2 prathama upakarana pada, 4th
adhikarana page 51.
100) Ayurveda Prakasha edited by Gulrajsharma Mishra, published by Chowkhambha
Vidyabhavan Varanasi, 6th chap, pp.501
BIBILOGRAPHY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 150
101) BhudebMukerjee, Rasa Jala Nidhi or Ocean of Indian Chemistry, Medicine and
Alchemy, compiled in Sanskrit text with English translation, 4th edition, Varanasi,
Chaukhambha Publishers, 2004, Volume II, 2nd chapter, page no. 130.
102) Rasendra Purana ,Ramprasad Vaidya Padyoga, 30th chapter , pp.170.
103) Rasa Raja Mahodadhi ,Vinodkumar Vaidya shastri, published by Ganga book depot
Ghila Mandi Mathura, 1st edition 1961 ,p.p. 54.
104) Yadavji trikamji Acharya, Rasamrita, edited by Motilal Banarasidas , Banaras-2008
105) Rasachikitsa by Kaviraj Prabhakar Chatterjee, 1956, by Chowkhambha
Vidyabhavan Varanasi, pp. 103
106) RasaDarpana by Bhajandas Swamy Dadu Panthya published by Nath Pustak
Bhandar, rohtak 1st part 10th adhyayapp.353-355.)
107) Siddha Yoga Sangraha by Yadavji trikamji Acharya 1st edition published by Shree
Baidyanath Ayurved bhavan private limited, parishishta.
108) Bharateeya Rasa Paddhati by Atridev Gupta 2nd edition Chowkhambha Sanskrit
series. Pg-87
109) Dr.Sudhaldev Mohapatra, Rasa shatra at a glance, Chowkhambha krishnadas
academy,Varanasi.p.no.85
110) Agadatantram, by jagannath Prasad shukla, published by sudha Nidhi Karyalayam 3
sammelan marg prayog. Pg-56
111) Rasa Dhatu Prakasha by Pandit D.Mule 1st edition 1957, published by author .
chapter 58, page 777.
112) Dattaram Chowbe, Brihat Rasa Raja Sundara, published by Chowkhamba orientala,
3rd edition 2000, page 223-224.
BIBILOGRAPHY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 151
113) Pant Shree Lakshmi Narayan Sharma, rasendra Bhaskara translated by Siddinandan
Mishra and Dr. k.k. zala 1st edition 2009.
114) Hazarilal sukula, Rasendra sampradaya ,kadamkuram pataliputra publications. 1st
edition
115) Vaidya yoga ratnavali, published by IMPCOPS, 1968 glossary 1.
116) Achrya Vishwanath Dwivedi, Bharateeya Rasashastra , sharma Ayurveda Mandir
2nd edition pp120-122
117) Sharma SN, Shastri KN. Rasa Tarangini. 11 th ed. New Delhi: MotilalBanarasidas
Publication; 2000. 24th chapter, 170-173 shloka.p.no.675-6
118) Sharma SN, Shastri KN. Rasa Tarangini. 11 th ed. New Delhi: MotilalBanarasidas
Publication; 2000. P. 24th
chapter, 174,175 shlokas.p.no.675-6
119) Sharma SN, Shastri KN. Rasa Tarangini. 11 th ed. New Delhi: MotilalBanarasidas
Publication; 2000. P. 24th chapter, 76,77 shlokas.p.no.670
120) Bhairavananda, Rasarnavam, commentator, Dr. Tripati Indradev, Fourth edition
2001; Chowkamba Samskrita Series Office; pp 442.
121) Vagbhattacharya, Rasaratnasamuchchaya, translated by Dr. Satpute D. Ashok, First
edition 2003; Chowkamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, Delhi;9TH
chapter, 3 and 4th shlokas. Pg-
204
122) Gupta Niranjanaprasada, Parada Samhitam, First edition 1997; Sri Venkateshwara
Press, Mumbai; pp549.
123) G.H.Jeffery,J.Basset,Vogel’s Text book of quantitative chemical analysis, 5th
edition ,1978-1989,1st chapter,pno 3,5,7.
BIBILOGRAPHY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 152
124) Hagi G, Hatami A, Safaei A. Hydrophilic-interaction chromatography with UV
detection for analysis of strychnine and brucine in the crude seeds of strychnosnux
vomica and their processed products. Chromatographia 2010;71:327-30.
125) Abhishek kumar, and B. N. Sinha, India Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Ayurvedic Processings Of Nux Vomica: Qualitative And Quantitative
Determination Of Total Alkaloidal Contents And Relative Toxicity. Vol. 7, No. 2, 83–98
126) www.google/introduction-FTIR/126784.469
DISCUSSION
127) WilliamsEvans C. Pharmacognosy. 16 th ed. United Kingdom: Elsevier Limited;
2009. p. 39
128) BISSET, N. G. & PHILLIPSON, J. D. (1976) 3 The Asian species of Strychnos.
Part IV. The alkaloids, Lloydia, 39: 263–323.
129) Sharma SN, Shastri KN. Rasa Tarangini. 11 th ed. New Delhi: MotilalBanarasidas
Publication; 2000. 24th chapter shloka-160, pg-674
130).Genevie`ve Philippe, Luc Angenot, Monique Tits, Michel Fre´de´rich. About the
toxicity of some Strychnos species and their alkaloids. Toxicon 2004; 44 : 405–416
131) Samulesson , G. (1992). Drugs of Natural origin, Swedish Pharmaceutical Press,
Stockholm, P.282..
132) Shoba FG, Thomas M. Study of antidiarrhoeal activity of four medicinal plants in
castor-oil induced diarrhea.JEthnopharmacol 2001;76:73-6. Available from:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.nov/pubmed/11378284
BIBILOGRAPHY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 153
133) V.CHITRA et.al .antidiabetic and free radical scavenging activity of the seed
Extract of strychnos nuxvomica .Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of
Pharmacy SRM University, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram District Tamilnadu,,
134) Yin W, Wang TS, Yin FZ, Cai BC.. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;88:205-14.
135) Tripathi YB, Chaurasia S. Effect of Strychnosnux vomica alcohol extract on lipid
peroxidation in rat liver. Pharm Biol 1996;34:295-9.
136) Deng XK, Yin W, Li WD, Yin FZ, Lu XY, Zhang XC, et al.The anti-tumor effects
of alkaloids from the seeds of Strychnosnux-vomica on HepG2 cells and its possible
mechanism.J Ethnopharmacol2006;106:179-86. Available from:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16442763
137) Chatterjee I, Chakravarty AK, Gomes A. Antisnake venom activity of ethanolic
seed extract of Strychnosnux vomica Linn.Indian J ExpBiol 2004;42:468-75
138) AYURVEDIC PHARMACOPOEIA COMMITTEE. (2000) The ayurvedic
formulary of India, Part 1, pp. 367 (New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Planning).
139) Abhishek kumar and b. N. Sinha , ayurvedic processings of nux vomica: qualitative
and quantitative determination of total alkaloidal contents and relative toxicity.
Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 2, 83–98(2009)
140) Gopalkrishna et al. Pharmacologyonline 3: 1015-1024 (2009)
141) H. K. (1924). Rafequl Atebba; In Mistahul Khazayin pp 32-38.
142) M.S.Shree Devi et.al .Effect of purification (Suthi) on the acute toxicity of seeds of
BIBILOGRAPHY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 154
Nux-vomica . IJPI’S Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology. Vol 1:3 (2011)
143) Anonymous (1981). National Formularly of Unani Medicine, Ministry of Health &
family Welfare, Govt of India, vol-I pp 319.( Reprinted in2006)
144) Chung, B., Shin, M.K., 1989. Dictionary of Folk Medicine. Young Lim Press,
Seoul, p. 972.
145) Prashant Sarkar, Evaluation of Shodhana Process and Antidotal Study on
Vatsanabha,2008
146) Luo JP, Zhang ZS, Lian YL, Du ZM, Tian C.Determination of strychnine in Jinlong
Qubi Wan by TLC scanning. Chin J Pharm Anal 1999; 19: 179-181.
147) Cai, B.C., Hattori, M., Namba, T., 1990. Processing of nux vomica. II. Changes in
the alkaloid composition of the seeds of Strychno nux-vomica on traditional drug-
processing. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 38, 1295–1298.
148), Xu XY, Cai BC, Pan Y, Wang TS. Pharmacokinetics of the alkaloids from the
processed seeds of Strychnos nuxvomica in rats. Acta Pharm Sin 2003; 38:458-461.
149) Sun J, Zhao X Y, Ren Z J. RP-HPLC determination of strychnine and brucine in
Fengshi Antai tablets. Chin J Pharm Anal 2007; 27:757-759.
150) Choi YH, Sohn Y M, Kim CY, Oh K.Y, Kim J. Analysis of strychnine from
detoxified Strychnos nux- vomica seeds using liquid chromatography- electrospray mass
spectrometry. J Ethnopharmacol 2004; 93:109-112.
BIBILOGRAPHY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 155
151) Stahl RS, Arjo WM, Wagner KK, Furcolow C, Nolte DL, Johnston JJ. Development
of a high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the
determination of strychnine concentrations in insects used to assess potential risks to
insectivores. J Chromatogr B 2004; 811:257-262.
152) Van Eenoo P, Deventer K, Roels K, Delbeke F T. Quantitative LC-MS
determination of strychnine in urine after ingestion of a Strychnos nux- vomica
preparationandits consequences in doping control. Forensic Sci Int 2006; 164 :159-163.
153) Marques EP, Gil F, Proenca P, Monsanto P, Oliveira MF, Castanheira A, Vieira
DN. Analytical method for the determination of strychnine in tissues by gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry: two case reports. Forensic Sci Int 2000; 110:145
154) Barroso M, Gallardo E, Margalho C,Ávila S, Marques EP, Vieira DN, López-
Rivadulla M. Application of solid phase microextraction to the determination of
Strychnine in blood. J Chromatogr B 2005; 816: 29-34
155) Frédérich M, Choi YH, Verpoorte R. Quantitative analysis of strychnine and
brucine in Strychnos nux- vomica using 1H-NMR. Planta Med 2003; 69 :1169-1171. and
capillary electrophoresis (CE) [58
156) Choi YH, Sohn YM, Kim CY, Oh KY, Kim J. Analysis of strychnine from
detoxified Strychnosnux-vomica [corrected] seeds using liquid chromatography-
electrospray mass spectrometry. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;93:109-12. Available from:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/15182914
157) JIANG, Y. H., YANG, W. L. & GONG, Q. F. (2002) HPLC determination of
strychnine and brucine in semen strychni and its processed products, Zhongguo Zhong
Yao Za Zhi, 27: 899–901.
BIBILOGRAPHY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 156
158) GAO, H., SUN, W. & SHA, Z. (1990) Quantitative determination of strychnine and
brucine in semen strychni and its preparations by gas chromatography, Zhongguo Zhong
Yao Za Zhi, 15: 670–671.
159) Kaye S, Hoff Ebbe C. Identification and determination of strychnine by Ultraviolet
Spectrophotometry.JCrimLawCriminolPolice Sci1952;43:246-9. Available from:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1139284
160) Wang C, Han D, Wang Z, Zang X, Wu Q. Analysis of Strychnos alkaloids in
traditional Chinese medicines with improved sensitivity by sweeping micellar
electrokinetic chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 572(2):190-6.
161) Yan J, Liu Z, Yan C, Xing J, Liu S. Analysis of strychnos alkaloids using
electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance multi-stage tandem
mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2006; (8):1335-44.
162) .Chen W, Liu L, Li X, Li J, Ji S, Zhang G, Chai Y. Separation and determination of
strychnine and brucine in Strychnos nux-vomica L. and its preparation by capillary zone
electrophoresis. Biomed Chromatogr 2000; 14(8): 541-3.
163) Fu S, Zhang F, Zhang X, Xu Q, Xiao H, Liang X. Physicochemical characterization
of the Strychnos alkaloids by capillary zone electrophoresis. Anal Sci 2005; (11): 1303-8.
164) Li Y, He X, Qi S, Gao W, Chen X, Hu Z. Separation and determination of
strychnine and brucine in Strychnos nux-vomica L. and its preparation by nonaqueous
capillary electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006 3;41(2):400-7.
BIBILOGRAPHY
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page 157
165) Gu XX, Li HX, Zhu R H, Zou H. Determination of strychnine and brucine in
Strychnos nux- vomica L. by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis. Chromatographia
2006; 63:289-292.
166) BHANU, M. N. & VASUDEVAN, T. N. (1989) Studies on sodhna of nux-vomica,
Indian Drugs, 26: 150–152.
167)Akbar S, Khan SA, Masood A, Iqbal M. Use of strychnosnux vomica (Azraqi) seeds
in unani system of medicine: Role of detoxification. African Journal of Traditional
Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2010; volume7 page 286-90.
158
LIST OF PHOTOS
KUPEELU TREE TREE WITH FRUITS
KUPEELU PHALA KUPEELU BEEJA
GOKSHEERA GOGHRUTA
159
PHOTOS OF SWEDANA
ASHUDDHA KUPEELU BEEJA POTTALI
DOLA YANTRA BEEJA AFTER SWEDANA
AFTER REMOVAL OF SEED COAT SEPARATED COTYLEDON
160
PHOTOS OF BHARJANA
ASHUDDHA KUPEELU BEEJA PROCESS OF BHARJANA
BEEJA AFTER BHARJANA BEEJA WITH SEED COAT
REMOVAL OF SEED COAT END PRODUCT
161
PHOTOS OF MICROSCOPIC STUDY
BEFORE SHODHANA
TRICHOMES ALEURONE GRAINS WITH
FAT GLOBULES
AFTER SHODHANA(SWEDANA)
SCANTY TRICHOMES ALEURONE GRAINS WITH
FAT GLOBULES
AFTER SHODHANA(BHARJANA)
SCANTY TRICHOMES ALEURONE GRAINS WITH
FAT GLOBULES
162
PHOTOS OF ANALYTICAL STUDY
TOTAL ASH ANALYSIS ACID INSOLUBLE ASH
ANALYSIS
PREPARATION OF TLC CHROMATOGRAM OF ALL 3
SAMPLES
FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRA-RED
SPECTROPHOTOMETER
A
4000
.036
0032
0028
0024
0020
0018
0016
0014
0012
0010
0080
060
040
0.0
-20.
0
-100102030405060708090
100.
0
cm-1
%T
3356
.12,
3.16
2924
.79,
3.48
2854
.58,
9.21
2361
.20,
87.1
4
2140
.15,
83.3
1
1744
.30,
14.9
2
1655
.78,
9.88
1543
.11,
39.1
9
1510
.76,
34.8
0
1460
.24,
20.2
5
1378
.22,
22.9
4
1259
.61,
26.1
3
1160
.47,
12.8
9
1052
.75,
4.88
893.
85,7
8.82
813.
94,7
6.53
763.
89,7
0.43
704.
21,5
6.45
668.
02,5
2.61
609.
80,4
9.95
529.
77,6
2.79
469.
79,8
2.44
432.
68,9
0.94
405.
81,7
5.70
B
4000
.036
0032
0028
0024
0020
0018
0016
0014
0012
0010
0080
060
040
0.0
-20.
0
-100102030405060708090
100.
0
cm-1
%T
3420
.52,
6.96
2925
.29,
3.16
2855
.46,
7.08
2358
.98,
89.4
6
2146
.65,
82.1
4
1743
.45,
17.5
9
1661
.03,
10.3
8
1545
.98,
36.9
7
1460
.98,
19.6
0
1381
.35,
26.1
8
1234
.16,
39.3
2
1166
.75,
20.4
7
1033
.59,
16.3
6880.
89,6
1.27
813.
27,5
6.80
780.
79,6
6.88
705.
52,7
3.86
669.
45,8
6.38
608.
01,8
6.49
524.
82,8
4.07
464.
04,9
3.89
442.
97,9
5.82
421.
17,8
8.18
C
4000
.036
0032
0028
0024
0020
0018
0016
0014
0012
0010
0080
060
040
0.0
-20.
0
-100102030405060708090
100.
0
cm-1
%T
3947
.14,
91.4
3
3515
.88,
42.6
5
2924
.76,
3.16
2854
.55,
12.3
7
2676
.91,
94.1
1
2503
.66,
94.3
0
2335
.37,
92.7
4
2058
.93,
84.3
4
1745
.36,
5.19
1460
.84,
37.8
3
1375
.72,
51.5
9
1238
.18,
50.2
0
1163
.81,
20.5
8
1095
.29,
34.5
5
870.
77,7
7.22
810.
84,7
6.23
763.
39,7
5.74
719.
47,7
2.25
606.
35,8
9.70
522.
61,8
9.42
462.
76,9
3.33
417.
54,8
7.48
SANSKRIT SLOKAS
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page i
: !
xÉÉ !!
( . . /
!
!!
( . . /
!
!!
( . . /
!
:!!
( . . /
: :!
! .....
( . . /
SANSKRIT SLOKAS
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page ii
!
:!!
( . . /
: !
¤ÉÏUqÉÑ£Çü !!
( . . /
:!
: xÉÇxMüÉ lÉÉ !!
( . . /
bÉ× !
hÉï xÉÉ !!
( . . /
!
: !!
( . . / .)
SANSKRIT SLOKAS
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page iii
!
!!
( . . /
:!
!!
( . . / )
!
:!!
!
!!
( . . / -
:!
!!
!
!!
( . . / -
SANSKRIT SLOKAS
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page iv
!
!!
( . . /
SعuÉæiÉSè rÉ̲wÉÏSÎliÉ eÉlÉÉxiÉxqÉÉ̲wÉÇ qÉiÉqÉç |
lÉUÇ uÉÉ ÌuÉÌwÉhÉÏirÉãiÉlqÉ×irÉÑmÉUæxiÉiÉÉã ÌuÉwÉqÉç ||
(U.iÉ24/1)
rÉã SÒaÉÑïhÉÉ ÌuÉwÉãÅ®ã iÉã xrÉÑWûÏïlÉÉÌuÉvÉÉãÍkÉiÉã |
iÉxqÉÉiÉç ÌuÉwÉÇ mÉërÉÉãaÉãwÉÑ vÉÉãÍkÉiÉÇ rÉÉãeÉrÉãiÉç ÍpÉwÉMç ||
(AÉ.mÉë6/47-48)
eÉaÉSè ÌuÉwÉhhÉÇ iÉÇ SØwOèuÉ iÉãlÉÉxÉÉæ ÌuÉwÉxÉÇ¥ÉMü:|
(cÉ.ÍcÉ.23/5)
SANSKRIT SLOKAS
A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF SHODHANA W.S.R TO
KUPEELU SHODHANA Page v
ÌuÉwÉÇ mÉëÉhÉWûUÇ mÉëÉã£üÇ urÉuÉÉrÉÏ ÌuÉMüÉÌwÉ cÉ |
uÉÉiÉ vsÉãwqÉ WØûSÉalÉãrÉÇ rÉÉãaÉuÉÉWûÏ qÉSÉuÉWûqÉç ||
iÉSãuÉ rÉÑÌ£ürÉÑ£üÇ iÉÑ mÉëÉhÉÉSÉrÉÏ UxÉÉrÉlÉqÉç |
mÉjrÉÉÍvÉlÉÉÇ Ì§ÉSÉãwÉblÉÇ oÉ×ÇWûhÉÇ uÉÏrÉïuÉkÉïlÉqÉç ||
(AÉ.mÉë 6/45-46)
U£üxÉwÉïmÉiÉæsÉãlÉ ÍsÉmiÉÉã uÉÉxÉÍxÉ kÉUrÉãiÉç |
ÌuÉwÉÇ vÉÑ®Ç mÉërɦÉãlÉ lÉÉlrÉ§É aÉÑhÉWûÉÌlÉiÉÈ ||
(AÉ.mÉë6/51)
rÉuÉÉ¹Ç pÉuÉåiÉç rÉÉuÉSprÉxiÉÇ ÌiÉsÉ qÉɧÉrÉÉ
xÉuÉïUÉåaÉWûUÇ lÉ×hÉÉÇ eÉÉrÉiÉå vÉÉåÍkÉiÉÇ ÌuÉwÉqÉç ||
(AÉ. mÉë 6/71)
UxÉMüqÉïÍhÉ zÉxiÉÉåÅrÉÇ iɯlkÉlÉ ÌuÉkÉuÉÌmÉ|
ArÉÑYirÉÉ xÉåÌuÉiɶÉÉrÉÇ qÉÉUrÉirÉåuÉ ÌlÉͶÉiÉqÉç|
(U.U.xÉ 10\83)