a national centre of excellence in electromaterials science
DESCRIPTION
A National Centre of Excellence in Electromaterials Science. Professor Doug MacFarlane FAA FTSE ARC Federation Fellow School of Chemistry Monash University. Energy Storage. Energy Generation. Artificial Photosynthesis. Electromaterials Science. Corrosion and Interfacial Science. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
A National Centre of Excellence in Electromaterials Science
Professor Doug MacFarlane FAA FTSEARC Federation FellowSchool of Chemistry Monash University
ElectromaterialsScience
Artificial Photosynthesis
Energy Generation
Energy Storage
BionicsCorrosion and Interfacial Science
Wollongong
Deakin/Monash Universities
Prof Gordon Wallace FAA FTSEFederation Fellow
Director, ACES, UoW
Prof Leone SpiccaACES Monash
Prof Doug MacFalane FAA FTSEFederation Fellow
Energy Program Leader, ACES, Monash
Prof David OfficerMaterials Program Leader
ACES UoW
ACES People
Prof Maria ForsythAustralian Laureate Fellow
Associate DirectorACES Deakin
ACES PeopleMore than 100
• Chief investigators
• Research fellows
• PhD Students
Nobel Laureate Alan McDairmid (ACES Advisory Board Chairman until his death in 2009)with ACES students and postdocs (and Prof MacFarlane)
ACES Outcomes
• Publications in: Science, Nature Chemistry, Nature Nanotechnology, Advanced Materials
• Typically more than 150 papers published per year
• Typically approx 4 patent applications per year
• Aquahydrix spin out company
• Hosts 3 Centre workshops per year plus one national conference
• Hosts > 30 visiting students and researchers from all over the world, per year.
ACES Funding
• Funding from the Australian Research Council - core funding approx
$2.5 M per year- Fellow salaries (Australian Postdoctoral Fellows, Future Fellows,
Federation Fellows, Laureate Fellows) approx $2.0M per year
• Funding from partner Universitiesapprox
$1.0M per year
• State government fundingapprox
$800k per year
NanostructuredElectromaterials
Energy Medical Bionics
ACES Programs
A National Centre
With Global Collaborations
ACES
Drawing students, working with collaborators and building commercial linkages in 18 countries
Energy Program
Program LeaderProfessor Doug MacFarlane FAA FTSE – Monash UniversityGoal: Advanced Sustainable Energy Generation and Storage
Program Themes- Advanced Batteries (Li, Mg, Na)- Dye sensitised solar cells- Solar water splitting (Hydrogen Generation)
Aquahydrix spin-out- CO2 reduction to fuels- Electrochemical Hydrogen Peroxide Production- Thermocells
Renewable Energy Issues
• Less than 10% of Australia’s energy comes form renewable sources
• Often generated in remote areas
• Energy storage a limiting factor
Clean Energy 2010 Report - http://www.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/
Energy Storage Technologies
Comparison of energy densities for various battery chemistries – [http://www.nexergy.com/battery-density.htm]
Power/Energy characteristics of batteries
Ionic Liquid electrolytes for metal air batteries
Salts that are liquid at room temperature!
– Stabilise metal anode– Low volatility – reduce
evaporation– Good solubility of discharge
products– Improved safety
LI- ION BASED ON ORGANIC SOLVENT ELECTROLYTE
Organic solvent electrolytes:
Ethylene carbonate
Diethyl carbonate
Problems: high vapor pressure, flammable, leakage
Armand, M. et. al. Nat Mater 2009, 8, 621
www.unicam.it/discichi/dottchi/nobili
Ionic liquids as stable electrolytes for Iithium batteries
Ionic liquids and reactions at the electrochemical interface. D.R. MacFarlane, J.M. Pringle, P.C. Howlett, M. Forsyth, Phys.Chem. Chem. Phys. 2010, 12, 1659
100 µm100 µm100 µm 100 m100 m100 m
> 99% Li cycling efficiency
demonstrated
P. C. Howlett, D. R. MacFarlane and A. F. Hollenkamp, Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 2004, 7, A97-A101.
Li reactivity – a problem for the electrolyte => ILs provide a solution
Magnesium-Air Batteries
Battery System Energy Density MJ/kgPb-acid 0.08Li ion 0.4-0.80Li metal 1.3Mg-air 8 Petrol 47
Howlett PC et al The effect of potential bias on the formation of Ionic liquid generated surface films on Mg alloys. Electrochim. Acta 2010.
Cheaper than other high performance batteries (Mg $2,700/ton, Li $65,000/ton)Magnesium is non-toxic, biocompatible and environmentally friendly
We have shown IL can passivate Mg
Manganese oxide catalysts
Catalytic performance of the manganese oxide in 1 M NaOH and various catalystsBAS – 0.4M dibutyl ammonium sulfate pH10, BAS-IL - 2M dibutyl ammonium sulfate pH10
F. Zhou, A. Izgorodin, R.K. Hocking, L. Spiccia, D.R. MacFarlane, Electrodeposited MnOx Films from Ionic Liquid for Electro-Catalytic Water Oxidation, Adv. Energy Mater. (2012) In printM. W. Kanan, D. G. Nocera, Science 321, 1072 (2008).G. Lodi, E. Sivieri, A. de Battisti, S. Trasatti, J. App. Electrochem. 8, 135 (1978).S. Gottesfeld, S. Srinivasan, J. Electroanal. Chem. 86, 89 (1978).
MnCat – manganese dioxide deposited from aqueous elecrolyteDau et al Energy and Environ Sci in press 2012
Energy loss, %
IdealCatalyst
GoodCatalyst
BadCatalyst
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.50.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0MnOxBAS
MnOxBAS-IL
MnCatCo-Pi
IrOx MnOxC
urre
nt d
ensi
ty(m
A·c
m-2)
Overpotential (V)
RuOx
252015105 0
Hydrogen peroxide production
Concentration of H2O2 detected over time in the BAS electrolyte with and without MnO2 disproportionation catalyst.
0 10 20 30 400.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8A
mou
nt o
f H2O
2,
mol
e
Time, hours
BAS BAS with MnO2 powder
Izgorodin et al Patent Application March 2012
Thermoelectrochemical Cells
Utilise a redox couple dissolved in an electrolyte.
The potential of the redox couple changes with temperature. Magnitude of change again given by the Seebeck coefficient Se
Se = Δ V/ ΔT = ∆S/ nF Majority of prior research has focussed on aqueous electrolytes: 0.4M Fe(CN)6
3-/4- gives Se 1.4 mV K-1.
Current improved using MWNT electrodes.*
Hu, Cola, Haram, Barisci, Lee, Stoughton, Wallace, Too, Thomas, Gestos, dela Cruz, Ferraris, Zakhidov, Baughman. Nanoletters 2010, 10, 838
ILs in Thermoelectrochemical Cells
– Use of IL electrolytes as replacement for water:– increases operational temperature up to ca. 200 oC:
heating/cooling water pipes in power stations. geothermal activity
– Increased device lifetime through use of non-volatile electrolytes.– Targeting large scale, low cost devices.
*Hu et al. Nanoletters 2010, 10, 838.
Further Information
www.electromaterials.edu.auwww.chem.monash.edu.au/ionicliquids