A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PCFifth Edition

Chapter 11

Multimedia Devices and Mass Storage

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Multimedia

Audio and Video

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Multimedia on a PC

Goal

To create or reproduce lifelike representations of sight and sound

Challenge

Data storage is digital

Sights and sounds are analog

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CPU Technologies for Multimedia MMX (Multimedia Extensions)

Used by Pentium MMX and Pentium II

SSE (Streaming SIMD Extension) Used by the Pentium III

SSE2 For the Pentium 4 (which can also use MMX and

SSE)

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Multimedia Devices

Sound cards

Digital cameras

MP3 players

Video capture cards

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Sound Cards Functions: record/play/edit sound Ports for speakers and microphone Sound-blaster compatible: considered as the sound

card standard Sampling accuracy is critical to performance Stages of computerized sound

Convert from analog to digital (digitize) Store digital data in compressed data file Reproduce or synthesize sound (digital to analog)

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Digitizing Sound

Analog sound is converted to digital sound by sampling Sample size

• 8 bits: represent 256 levels of signals

• 16 bits: represent 65,536 levels of signals Sampling rate(Hz):

• 22 KHz for ears

• 44 KHz for music CDs

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Compressing Sound

MP3 (MPEG-1 Layer 3) Lossy compression standard for music Reduce size of a sound file by as much as 1:24

without noticeable degradation in quality

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Hands-on Project: Install a Sound Card pp. 478 - 481

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Digital Cameras

Scans the field of image set by the picture taker and translates the light signals into digital values

Form factors

# of pixels: 3.1M, 5M

color: real color (32 bits/pixel)

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Digital Images

Displayed on the screen Screen size: 1024 * 768 pixels

Printed out on paper Printer resolution: 300 dpi (dots/inch) Photo paper size: 5 inch x 7 inch # of pixels on the photo paper: 5 x 7 x 300 x 300 =

3 M

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Flash RAM Cards Flash technology: data is retained without a

battery, e.g., SmartMedia, SanDisk, Sony Memory Sticks

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MP3 Players Devices that play MP3 files

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Video Capture Cards Captures input from camcorder or directly

from TV Features to look for:

IEEE 1394 (FireWire) port to interface with digital camcorder

Data transfer rates Capture resolution and color-depth capabilities Ability to transfer data back to digital camcorder

or VCR Stereo audio jacks Video-editing software

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Video Compression Standards

MPEG-1: TV/VHS quality for business/home applications

MPEG-2: DVD/HDTV quality MPEG-4: high-quality video transmissions

over the Internet

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Optical Storage Technology Patterns of tiny pits on disc surface represent

bits, which are readable by a laser beam

Major optical storage technologies

CD: use CDFS (Compact Disc File System) or UDF (Universal Disk Format)

DVD: use only UDF

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Layout of Sectors on a CD

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CDs Data are stored as pits (recessed areas) and

lands(raised areas)

The bits are read by a laser beam

Multisession feature Data can be written to the disc at different times

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How a CD Drive Can Interface with the Motherboard

EIDE interface (most common)

SCSI interface with SCSI host adapter

Portable drive; plug into external port on PC

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CD-R and CD-RW CD-R (CD-recordable)

Enables “burning” your own CDs Cannot overwrite Inexpensive Can be read by all CD-ROM drives

CD-RW (CD-rewritable) Allows overwriting old data with new data Cannot always be read by older drives

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Hands-on Project: Install a CD Drive pp. 491

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DVD (Digital Video Disc)

Has large storage capacity (8.5 GB one side; 17 GB both sides)

Uses UDF file system

Uses MPEG-2 video compression; requires MPEG-2 controller to decode compressed data

Stores audio in Dolby AC-2 compression

Recently: HD-DVD and read-writable DVDs

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DVD Drive

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DVD Devices

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Hardware Used for Backups and Fault Tolerance On standalone PCs or small servers

Tapes

Removable drives

On a PC connected to file server

Back up data to a file server

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Removable Drives

Can be internal or external Advantages

Increase overall storage capacity Easy to move large files between computers Convenient medium for making backups Easy to secure important files

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Types of Removable Drives Newer

IBM Microdrive

JumpDrive by Lexar Media

Iomega HDD drive by Iomega

Older Iomega 3½-inch Zip drive

SuperDisk by Imation

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IBM Microdrive

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JumpDrive

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Iomega HDD Drive

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Zip Drives

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Hands-on Project: Installing a Zip Drive Similar to installing a hard drive

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Fault Tolerance and RAID

Fault tolerance Computer’s ability to respond to a fault or

catastrophe RAID (redundant array of independent disks)

Stores data over an array of disks Appears as a single drive to the users Can automatically recover from a failure May improve the performance

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RAID-0 Data strips are written evenly to disk arrays

High performance If one disk fails, the data cannot recovered

0 1 2 nn+1 n+2 n+3 2n

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Data are mirrored

If one disk fails, the data can be retrieved from the mirrored disk

RAID-1

0 n+11

n

n+2

2n

0 n+11

n

n+2

2n

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RAID-5 Data strips are written evenly to disk arrays

High performance If one disk fails, the data can be recovered by using

parity disk

0 1 2 nn+1 n+2 n+3 2n

ParityDisk

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Dynamic Volumes The fault tolerance method first introduced by

Windows 2000 Type of dynamic volumes

Simple volume: normal disk drives Spanned volume

Striped volume (RAID 0) Mirrored volume (RAID 1) RAID-5 volume

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Hardware RAID

Motherboard IDE controller supports RAID

Install a RAID-compliant IDE controller card and disable IDE controller on motherboard

Motherboard SCSI controller supports RAID, or install a SCSI host adapter that supports RAID