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A GUIDE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OFTHE POLICY FRAMEWORK AND

REFORM STRATEGY FORFISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE

IN AFRICA

AFRICAN UNION

JULY 2015

A GUIDE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POLICY FRAMEWORK AND REFORM STRATEGY FOR FISHERIES

AND AQUACULTURE IN AFRICA

A Guide for the Implementation of the Policy Framework and Reform Strategy for Fisheries and Aquaculture in Africa

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACRONYMS vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT viii

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. BACKGROUND 4

3. THE POLICY FRAMEWORK AND REFORM STRATEGY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE IN AFRICA 63.1 Purpose of the PFRS 63.2 PFRS Policy Areas 6

4. GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PFRS 9

5. CRITERIA FOR ALIGNMENT OF NATIONAL AND REGIONAL POLICIES AND STRATEGIES TO THE PFRS 115.1 TheprocessofformulatingtheCriteriaandIndicators 11

6. INDICATORS FOR MONITORING IMPLEMENTATION AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PFRS 346.1 Indicatorstomonitortheimplementationofthepolicyframework 346.2 Indicatorstoassessthefisheriesreformandperformanceof thePFRSatnationalandregionallevels 34

7. IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM AND ROLES OF INSTITUTIONS 477.1 TheAfricanFisheriesReformMechanism 477.2 FacilitatingimplementationofthePFRS 477.3 Institutionalroles 48


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ACRONYMS

AUC African Union CommissionAU-IBAR African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal ResourcesAU MS African Union Member StatesAFRM African Fisheries Reform MechanismBMP BestManagementPracticesBFM Best Fisheries ManagementCAADP Comprehensive African Agriculture Development Programme CAMFA Conference of African Ministers of Fisheries and Aquaculture CBO CommunityBasedOrganizationCC Climate ChangeCCA ClimateChangeAdaptationCCRF Code of Conduct for Responsible FisheriesCMT Customary Marine TenureCSO CivilSocietyOrganizationDREA Department for Rural Economy and AgricultureDRM Disaster Risk ManagementDWFN DistantWaterFishingNationsEAA Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture EAF Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries EEZ Exclusive Economic ZoneFAO FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsFPA Fisheries Partnership Agreement FPI Fishery Performance IndicatorHSG Heads of State and GovernmentIEZ Inshore Exclusion ZonesIUU Illegal Unreported and Unregulated FishingMCS Monitoring Control and Surveillance MOU Memorandum of Understanding MPA Marine Protected Areas


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MTC MinimumTermsandConditionsNAFSIP NationalAgricultureandFoodSecurityInvestmentPlansNEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s DevelopmentNGO Non-GovernmentalOrganizationNPCA NEPADPlanningandCoordinatingAgencyNSA Non State ActorsPFRS Policy Framework and Reform Strategy for Fisheries and Aquaculture in AfricaPPPPs Price,Place,PromotionandProductsPRSP PovertyReductionStrategyPapersPSMA Port State Measures AgreementRAIP Regional Agriculture Investment Plans RBFM Rights Based Fisheries Management REC RegionalEconomicCommunitiesRFB Regional Fisheries BodyTURF Territorial User Rights in FishingUNCLOS UnitedNationsConventionontheLawoftheSeaUNFSA UnitedNationsFishStocksAgreementWEF World Economic Forum


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThis document has been developed with commitments of experts across awide spectrumof fisheriesmanagement institutions, academia,developmentpartnersanddonorinstitutions,privatesectorandotherNonStateActors (NSAs), individualexpertiseetc. forwhich theAfricanUnion(AU) is immenselygrateful.SpecialthanksarealsoextendedtomembersofWorkingGroupsoftheAfricanFisheriesReformMechanism(AFRM).TheAUwouldliketoextendappreciationtotheEuropeanUnion(EU)forthefinancialsupporttotheprocess.


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1. INTRODUCTIONThe provisions of the Policy Framework and Reform Strategies for Fisheries andAquacultureinAfrica(PFRS)incorporatebestpracticesforsustainablefisheriesmanagementandresponsibleaquaculturedevelopmentwhichhavebeenidentifiedasprioritiesbystakeholders.TherationalimplementationofthePFRSentails identificationofuser-friendlyappropriate strategies thatwouldfacilitatealignmentofnationalandregionalfisheriesandaquaculturepoliciestotheseprovisionsofthePFRS.

This document has been developed as a complementary document to the parent PFRS to provide guidance for the implementation of the PFRS. Itthereforedescribesthecriteria/parameters foralignmentofnationalandregional policies and strategies to the provisions of the PFRS, the indicators tomonitortheprogressofalignmentofnationalandregionalpoliciestothePFRS,implementationaswellasthemechanismtosupportorfacilitateitsimplementationofthePFRS.TheGuidealsoincludesindicatorstomeasuremediumandlong-termimpactoftheanticipatedreformsinthesectorthataregenderedbythispanAfricanpolicyandotherinstruments.

The Guide has been developed through consultative processes involvingstakeholders that included African Union Member States (AU MS), Regional EconomicCommunities(RECs),specializedregionalInstitutionsinfisheriesand aquaculture, NSAs, members of the AFRM, development partners, individual experts and key institutions. Towards the formulationof theseguidelines,expertconsultativemeetingswereorganizedinKampala,Uganda;Nairobi,KenyathatculminatedinabroaderconsultativeThinkTankmeetinginAbidjan,CoteD’IvoirethatvalidatedthecontentsforoperationalizingthePFRS.


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Objective of the GuideThe document also known as the “A Guide for the implementation of the PRFS”bynomeansreplacesthePFRS;ratheritisacompaniondocumentwithanoverallobjectivetofacilitatethecoherentandconsistentimplementationofthePFRS.

Thespecificobjectivesoftheguidearetothereforefacilitate:i. alignmentofnationalandregionalpoliciestothePFRS;ii. monitoringofthelevelofimplementationofthePFRS;iii.measuring the medium-term and long-term impacts of PFRS and other

global instruments on the successful management of fisheries andaquaculturesector;and

iv. provideguidance forstrategic implementationof thePFRSatnationalandregionallevels.

TheapplicationoftheGuideinpolicyreviewandformulation

The overall purpose of this guide is to strengthen and fast track the PFRS implementation at national and regional levels. The guide containssuggested tools or measures in the form of criteria and indicators to enable all actors charged with management and development of fisheries andaquaculture at national and regional levels effective implementation ofPFRS.AmechanismfortheimplementationofthePFRSbyengagingotherstakeholders, including NSA and development actors, are also provided for intheGuide.

This Guide has been developed exclusively based on the provisions of the PolicyFrameworkandReformStrategyforFisheriesandAquacultureinAfrica.Thus the Guide is a companion document of the parent PFRS and is meant to provideguidanceonhowtoalignnationalandregionalpolicestothePFRS.ThePFRShaspolicyareasidentifiedaspriorityareasforintroducingreforms


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inthemanagementofthefisheriesandaquaculturedevelopment.EachofthepolicyareasinthePFRShasexpectedoutcomes.TheGuideincorporatescriteria and indicators that have been designed to assist stakeholders to aligntheirnationalandregionalpoliciestotheoutcomesofthePFRS.ThisisessentiallytheimplementationofthePFRSthatwouldensurecoherenceinnationalandregionalfisheriesandaquaculturepoliciesonthecontinent

TheapplicationofthisGuideforpolicyreviewandanalysesshouldthereforebedone conjointlywithPFRS. TheGuide shouldbeused simultaneouslywiththePFRSandtherelevantnationalinstrumentsforgapidentificationsandalsoforformulatingnewpoliciesinthesector.

DefinitionsThefollowingdefinitionswillassisttohavethesameunderstandingofthetermsused in thisdocument.Thesemaynotbeconventionaldefinitionsbutthoseagreeduponbythestakeholdersduringtheformulationprocessoftheguidelines:

Outcomes: Keychangesthatareenvisionedasaresultofthereforms.Asmentionedearlier,theydonotreplacethepolicyoutcomesbutareauserfriendlywording or version of these. Thus someof the outcomes in theimplementationGuideareasaresultoftheconsolidationorsynthesisoftheoutcomesintheparentPFRS.

Criteria for Alignment: ConsistencyandcoherencebetweennationalandregionalpoliciesandstrategieswiththePFRS;theyaretheelementsthatareusedtoassesstheconsistencyorcoherence.

Indicators: ThesearepointerstomeasuretheprogressintheimplementationofthePFRSanditsprovisionsandthereoftowardsitsoutcomes.


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2. BACKGROUNDTheAfricancontinenthasvastfishresourcesthatareasignificantsourceofavarietyofbenefitsincludingnutritionalandfoodsecurity,livelihoods,employment, exports and foreign currency as well as conservation andbiodiversityvaluethatareofglobalsignificance.Despite itsvastfisheriesresources (resources in marine, freshwater ecologies and aquaculture systems),thecontinentcontinuestobesaddledwithnumerousproblemsthat impedes long term resources and environmental sustainability and thus minimizingtheprospectsofincreasedsectorcontributiontofoodsecurity,povertyalleviationandnationaleconomicgrowth.

Thegreatestchallengehasbeentofullyrealizethesebenefitsbyincreasingproductivity, profitability and sustainability of the sector. This has beenimpeded largely by incoherent and inadequate sector policies, weak or lack ofcoordinationbetweenkeysectorplayersandinstitutions,dysfunctionalMonitoring Control and Surveillance (MCS) systems where they exist, and poorsmall-scalefisheriesandaquaculturedevelopment.

These challenges have for decades stigmatized African fisheries andaquaculture,asa sectorencumberedbypoorgovernance frameworks.Aglaringmanifestationofthesechallengesisthedisparityinrentstocoastalstatesfromexploitationoftheirfisheriesresources.DuetoincessanthumanpopulationgrowthontheAfricancontinent,thecontributionofsmall-scalefisheriesandaquaculture to socialwelfare, livelihoods, foodsecurityandwealthcreationisunderseriousthreat.Appropriatepoliciesandregulatoryframeworks need to be put in place in order to reverse the threats posed totherealizationofthefullpotentialofthissector.Despitethechallengesandsomepositivesignsforimprovement,vastopportunitiesstillexistfortapping the enormous potential in the sector. Aquaculture developmenton the continent ismanifesting reasonable growth over the last decade.


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Therearealsosomepositivedevelopmentstowardsregionalcooperationinsectormanagementanddevelopment.

Fortunately, several high-level initiatives on the continent recognizedthe challenges and opportunities in the sector. Prominent among theseinitiativesarethe2004SirteSummitDeclaration,theAbuja2005fish-for-alldeclaration,the2010BanjulConferenceofAfricanMinistersforFisheriesand Aquaculture (CAMFA I) and recently the 2014 Addis Ababa CAMFAII. Subsequently, theyhaveunderscored theneed for sectoralpolicy andinstitutional governance reforms that can catalyze increased sustainablecontribution to the socio- economic development of the continent.The CAMFA I recommended that the African Union (AU) put in place a mechanism for broad-based participatory policy dialogue and fisheriesmanagementtoensurecoherenceoffisheriespoliciesandinitiatives.ThisrecommendationwaslateradoptedthroughanExecutiveDecisionbytheAfricanHeadsofStateandGovernment(Doc.EX.CL/627(XVIII).Thustheprocessof formulationof thePolicy Framework andReformStrategy forFisheries andAquaculture in Africa started in earnest in 2012. The PFRSwas endorsed by the summit of African Heads of States and Governments (HSG)in2014throughExecutiveCouncilDecisionsNo.EX.CL/Dec.831(XXV)asablueprintforthesustainablepositivereformofAfrica’sFisheriesandAquaculturesectorforincreasedbenefitstoMemberStates.Thefollowingrecommendationsweremadethereof:• MemberStatesshouldprioritizeanddevelopactionplanstorealizethe

implementationofthepolicyframeworkandreformstrategy;• Development partners and other stakeholders should align their

interventionsinfisheriesandaquaculturesectortothepolicyframeworkandreformstrategyinsupportofitsimplementation;and

• The African Union should put in place a mechanism to monitor the implementationofthepolicyframeworkandreportregularlytoMemberStates.


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3. THE POLICY FRAMEWORK AND REFORM STRATEGY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE IN AFRICA3.1 Purpose of the PFRSTheoverallpurposeofthePFRSistocatalysethetransformationofAfrica’sfisheriesandaquacultureforfood,livelihoodsandwealth.Accordingly,itisintendedmajorlyto:• elaborate and make explicit essential guiding principles for good

governanceofAfrica’sfisheriesforincreasedcoherenceandcoordinationofthesector;

• assistAUMemberStates,RECsandRFBs todevelop realisticfisheriesandaquaculturepoliciesbysuggestingstandardsandbestpracticesthatwillrealizebenefitssuchasfoodsecurity,employmentandincome;

• provideappropriateguidanceonhowtoimplementreformsforfisheriesandaquaculturedevelopment;and

• helpfacilitateregionalcollaborationandintegrationinsharedfisheriesandaquacultureresourcesmanagement.

3.2 PFRS Policy AreasIn viewof the sectoral challenges andopportunities outlined earlier, thefollowingpolicyarenasareprioritizedas requiring reforms forenhancingthesector’scontributiontosocio-economicdevelopmentofthecontinent.Thepolicyarenasandtheproposedstrategicactionsaretheaggregateofseveralactivities,includingnationalandregionalassessmentsforgenerationofevidenceandaseriesofconsultativeprocesses(sequentiallydescribedintheparentPFRSdocument),conductedmainlyatcontinentallevel.

ThefollowingarethepolicyareasofPFRS:POLICY AREA 1: CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE USEPolicy objective: To establish national and sub-national governance andinstitutional arrangements that ensure that the societal contribution


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generated by Africa’s sectors have the greatest impacts at the most appropriatelevel.

POLICY AREA 2: SMALL-SCALE FISHERIES DEVELOPMENTPolicy objective: To improve and strengthen the contribution of small-scalefisheriestopovertyalleviation,foodandnutritionsecurityandsocio-economicbenefitsoffishingcommunities.

POLICY AREA 3: SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENTPolicy objective: To jumpstart market-led sustainable aquaculture through a variety of strategies and, where appropriate, support interventionistdevelopment approaches in aquaculture by strong strategic and implementationplans.

POLICY AREA 4: RESPONSIBLE AND EQUITABLE FISH TRADE AND MARKETINGPolicy objective: Toharness significantly thebenefits ofAfrica’s fisheriesandaquacultureendowmentsthroughacceleratedtradeandmarketing.

POLICY AREA 5: REGIONAL AND SUB-REGIONAL COOPERATIONPolicy objective: To strengthen South-South (bilateral and regional) cooperation, and develop coordinated mechanisms among RECs, RFBsandLME-basedcommissionstoensurecoherenceoffisheriespoliciesandaquaculturedevelopmentandtheiradoptionandadaptation.

POLICY AREA 6: AWARENESS ENHANCING AND HUMAN-CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT Policy objective: ToincreaseawarenessofthepotentialandimportanceofthesectorandenhancedcapacityofpeopleandinstitutionsintheAfricanfisherysectortoensurethesustainabledevelopmentofcapturefisheriesandaquaculturebasedoncurrentandemergingtrends,challengesandneeds.


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POLICY AREA 7: HIGH SEAS FISHERIESPolicy objective: To increase and consolidate the African Voice in thegovernanceandmanagementofhighseasfisheries.

POLICY AREAS 8: CROSS-CUTTING ISSUESThis policy area has three dimensions which include resilience to climate change;genderandyouth;andprivatesectorinvestment.

a. Strengthening Resilience and Reducing Vulnerabilities to Climate Change in African Fisheries and AquacultureMain objective: To address the sector’s climate change and disaster risks inanintegratedandholisticmanneratthepoliticallevel

b. Gender and YouthMain objective: To include knowledge-based gender and youth considerationsinpolicies,lawsandplans

c. Private Sector Investments & Financing Mechanisms for Fisheries and Aquaculture in Africa Main objective: ToimprovethefinancialservicesofferedtoSMEsinthefisheriesandaquaculturevaluechains.


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4. GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PFRSImplementationofthereformswillbethejointresponsibilityofgovernmentministries,departmentsoragenciesin-chargeoffisheries,donoragencies,technicalinstitutionsandothersectorstakeholders.Effectiveimplementationwillrequirestrongcooperation,collaboration,coordinationandinvestmentacrossarangeofentitiesbasedonavisionary,sequencingandparticipatoryapproachandguidedbythefollowingprinciples:

Adoption of a process approach in implementation:ThePFRSisnotapanaceaforeveryMS;howeveritpresentsablueprintforfacilitatingsuccessfulsectoralmanagementanddevelopment.Realism,flexibility and pragmatism must be key considerations in implementingreforms. Member States and regional institutions, based on relevantinformation and diagnosis, must develop and implement relevantinterventionsinresponsetoopportunitiesidentifiedandconstraintswhichneedtobeovercome.

Prioritization:Thefocusmustbeontherealisticattainmentofspecificobjectivesinlinewithnationalorregionalpriorities.Implementationofreformsisexpectedtobenon-linear.

Consultation, Cooperation and Participation:Effectiveconsultationsfordecisionsthatmayaffectthemmusttakeplacewith stakeholders in order to obtain their views and informed consent for decisions that may affect them. Participatory decision-making must bevested at the lowest possible decentralized level and the inputs and support ofthosewhocouldbeaffectedbydecisionstakenintoaccount.Institutionallinkages must be established with other line ministries or agencies and


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partnerships and collaboration promoted between the private sector,internationalorganizations,NGOsandCSOs.

Equity and equality:Decision-making processes must be inclusive, fair and transparent, non-discriminatory to women, vulnerable and disadvantaged groups and subject toclearandconsistentrulesandprocedures.

Scalability:Activities,whereverpossible,mustbedesigned tobe suitable foruse atdifferentscales,forexampleatlocalandnationalscalesandregionally.Scalingmustbeattainedby replication (indifferentplaces), andbymodificationandadaptationofinitiativesfordifferentcontexts.

Sustainability:Applicationoftheprecautionaryapproachandriskmanagementwillguardagainstundesirablebio-ecologicalandsocio-economicoutcomes.

Accountability:States and non-state actors must be held responsible for their decisions and actions.

Self-development:Policy frameworksareof littlevalue in theabsenceofoperationalplans,supportingpoliticalwillandfinancialresources.Governmentsmustprovidethe enabling environment for stakeholders (of the sector) to contribute to thesustainableuseandeconomicviabilityofthefisheriesandaquaculturesector.


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5. CRITERIA FOR ALIGNMENT OF NATIONAL AND REGIONAL POLICIES AND STRATEGIES TO THE PFRSTherealizationoftheobjectiveofthereformsinthefisheriesandaquaculturesector inAfricawillonlybeachieved through thedomesticationand theimplementationoftheprovisionsofPFRSatnationalandregionallevels.Thistherefore requires thatnationaland regionalfisheriespolicies, legislativeframeworks and strategies be consistent with the PFRS for coherence in sectormanagement.ThissectiondescribescriteriathatshouldbeusedtochecktheconsistencyofnationalandregionalpoliciesandstrategiestothePFRS.ThecriteriaandindictorshavebeengroupedbypolicyareasconsistentwiththePFRS.Somerepetitionsmaybefound,butthesearenecessarytoshowhowthepolicyareasareinterlinked.

5.1 The Process of Formulating The Criteria and Indicators TheAU-IBAR, incollaborationwithNPCAandAUC-DREA,set inmotionaprocess of developing criteria and indicators that would make it easy for the implementationsof thePFRSbyAUmemberstates,Regional institutionsand development partners. Accordingly, expert and the continent-wideconsultations were organized in Kampala, Uganda; Nairobi, Kenya andAbidjan, Cote D’Ivoire with purpose of formulating a consensus-basedcriteria and indicators for alignment of national and regional fisheriesand aquaculture policies to the PFRS. The main achievements of theseconsultativeprocesseswerethedevelopmentofcriteriaandindicatorsaswell as themechanism for implementationof the policy framework andreform strategy for fisheries and aquaculture in Africa which togetherconstitutedthedocumentonGuideforthe ImplementationofthePolicyFrameworkandReformStrategyforFisheriesandAquacultureinAfrica.

TheExpertConsultativeMeetingonDevelopmentofCriteriaandIndicatorsforAlignmentofNationalandRegionalFisheriesandAquaculturePolicies


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to the Policy Framework and Reform Strategy for Fisheries and Aquaculture inAfricaatKampala,Uganda(20-22May2015)examinedandexploredthePFRSandsubsequentlyidentifiedandformulatedrelevantcriteriaforaligningthenationalandregionalpoliciestothePanAfricanPolicydocument.

Consequently a group of experts from the Working Groups of the African Fisheries ReformMechanism further refined and harmonized the policycriteria and indicators for PFRS alignment at a Retreat held in Nairobi from 13-15June2015.TheretreatrefinedtheCriteriaandIndicatorsfromtheKampalameeting.ThesummaryoftheoutcomeofthisretreatconstitutedDraftGuide for implementationof thePFRSpresentedat theThinkTankValidationWorkshopinAbidjan.

Finally,theThinkTankValidationMeetingforthecriteriaandindicatorsforAlignmentofNationalandRegionalFisheriesandAquaculturePolicies tothe Policy Framework and Reform Strategy for Fisheries and Aquaculture in Africa as well as to Global Fisheries and Aquaculture Instruments was organizedbyAU-IBARincollaborationwithNEPADAgencywiththesupportfromEuropeanUnionin,Abidjan,Coted’Ivoirefrom9to12ofJuly,2015.ThemeetingreviewedandsubsequentlyvalidatedthecriteriatofacilitatealignmentofnationalandregionalpoliciestopolicyareasinthePFRSandtheindicatorsastrackingtoolstomonitortheprogressofimplementationofthePFRSbyMSandREC’s.

Theoutcomeof these interactive consultationsareput together to formA GUIDE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POLICY FRAMEWORK AND REFORM STRATEGY FOR FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE IN AFRICA.


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THE CRITERIA AND INDICATORS FOR ALIGNMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PFRS

I. POLICY AREA: CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE USEOUTCOME 1: Policies, frameworks and tools in place to sustainably increase national benefits from fisheries and aquacultureTosustainablyincreasethecontributionoffisheriestopovertyreduction,food security and economic growth in AU MS, the sector should be governed by policies and strategies that are coherent with national, regional andcontinentaldevelopmentstrategiesandthatareinformedbyinternationallyacceptedbestpracticesas contained invarious regional, continental andinternationalinstruments.

Criteria for alignment• Fisheriesandaquaculturearemainstreamedintonationaldevelopment

plansensuringadequatefinanceandaconduciveregulatoryenvironmentforinvestmentThiscriteriaenvisagestheinclusionoffisheriesandaquacultureprioritiesin thenationalandregionalagricultural investmentplans throughtheCAADP process and/or into national and regional natural resourcesmanagementplansandothernationaldevelopmentplans inorder toincreaseallocationofnationalbudgetstothesector.

• Globally accepted best practices integrated into national policyframeworksandtoolsThe ratification and implementation of provisions of internationalinstruments on sustainable management of fisheries is an importantindication that policies are sensitive to accepted Best ManagementPractices(BMP)infisheriesandaquaculture


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• PolicyandmanagementdecisionsaremadebasedontheexistenceofreliabledataandinformationmanagementsystemsEvidence-based policy and management decision making should depend on the availability of reliable and valid data and information on thefishery resources and related activities. This entails the existence andimplementation ofmechanisms such as those for stock assessments,socio-economics,vulnerabilitysurveysetc.

• Adoptionofparticipatoryfisheriesmanagementmechanisms/approachesPolicy, strategy and management decision making process should be inclusive;thereforenationalpoliciesshouldprovidedejurespacefortheactiveparticipationofcommunityandotherstakeholdersinthedecisionmakingprocess.

OUTCOME 2: Effective and sustainable national and regional Monitoring, Control and Surveillance systems in place to ensure that sustainable benefits are realizedNational and regional policies and strategies should provide the basisfor integratedmonitoring, control and surveillance of fishery operationsincluding the catching, transporting, processing and marketing sectors.They should provide for information sharing between national agenciesand between countries in order to both pool information and to verifyinformation.Mechanisms for jointoperationsandactions shouldalsobeprovidedfor.

Criteria for alignment• National fisheries agencies have all aspects of MCS in place and

functioningThere should be adequate strategies and mechanisms to support integratedMCStoensurethatcountriescanmonitorandenforcefisheryregulationsintheirwaters.


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• MechanismsinplaceforefficientandeffectiveregionalcooperationonfisheriesMCSNationalandregionalpoliciesandstrategiesshouldprovidethebasisforregional cooperation and information sharing to support joint actionsagainstillegaloperatorsinthefisheriessector.

OUTCOME 3: Healthy ecosystems to support sustainable fisheries and aquacultureNationalandregionalpoliciesshouldincludeobjectivesonenvironmental,socio-economic and biological sustainability. They should also promoteintegrated research activities in the sector that support trade-offs in theattainmentofmanagementtargetsforbiologicalaswellassocio-economicsustainabilityinfishstocks.

Criteria for alignment• Scientific research (natural, social, economic and technological) that

supportfisheriesmanagementandaquaculturedevelopmentinplaceThere should be a functionalmechanism in place to link research tofisheriesmanagementandaquaculturedevelopment.

• Tools and programmes in place to protect fishery resources and theirhabitatsNational and regional policies and strategies should provide acomprehensiveapproachtofisheriesprotection.

II. POLICY AREA: SMALL SCALE FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT

OUTCOME 1: Role and importance (contribution) of fisheries for improved livelihoods, food and income of small scale fishing communities and related operators are evident, recognized and secured in Member States.National and regional policies should have targets that demonstrate


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the contribution of the sector to economic growth, rural income andemploymentaswellassecurityoftenureforland,fisheriesandforestryinfishingcommunities.

Criteria for alignment• Mechanismsandstrategieshighlighttheeconomicandsocialimportance

ofsmallscalefisheriesdevelopmentThereshouldbereportsatnationalandregionallevelsonstudiesthatillustrate the value of the various subsectors (small-scale, industrial fisheries,processingetc.)aswellasemploymentgeneratedbysectorspreferablydisaggregatedbygenderandage.

• Mechanismandstrategiestounlockandunleashpotentialsofthesub-sectortogeneratesocio-economicbenefitsareinplaceExistenceofprogrammessuchasinfrastructuredevelopment(e.g.fishlandingandreceivingfacilities),marketfacilities,

• Ensureasystemtofacilitateorganizedvaluechaindevelopmentinordertoeffectivelyderivethebenefitsfromthesmall-scalefisheries.Programmes to strengthen thecapacityof stakeholders’organizationsin the sector, support to advocacy strategy for inclusiveness in decision-making. Capacity building of stakeholders along entire value chain,finance and business management, small and medium enterprisedevelopmentetc.

• SmallScaleFisheriesprioritizedinNationalAgriculturalInvestmentPlans(NAIP),PovertyalleviationdocumentsandNationalstrategydocuments,etc.This is in line with the recommendation of the Code of Conduct forResponsibleFisheries(CCRF)thatfisheriesshouldbeintegratedwithinwiderpovertyreductionnationalpolicies.


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OUTCOME 2: Bilateral and regional cooperation for effective management of shared fishery resources and ecosystems is strengthenedMost coastalfish resources straddle inadjacentEEZsandhencebecomesharedfisheriesresourcesforneighbouringcoastalstates.Especiallyininlandwaterbodies,thechallengestofisheriesmanagementaretransboundaryin nature and these may include IUU, habitat degradation, and weakmonitoringforexploitationofsharedstocks.NationalandregionalpolicesshouldthusprovideforregionalcooperationonissuessuchascombatingIUU,harmonizeddatacollectionsystemsandminimumaccessconditions,andpollutionabatement,interalia.

Criteria for alignment• AdoptionandimplementationofRegionalandintra-regionalminimum

termsandconditionsforaccessPolicy provision for RegionalMinimum Terms and Conditions (MTCs) forgrantingfishingaccess inordertocontributetoasoundandcoordinatedfisheries resources management and empower States to engage withDistant Water Fishing Nations (DWFNs) for enhanced development andsecurityofeconomicreturnsfromthesharedresourceswithintheirnationaljurisdiction,whileensuringresourcesustainability.

• Mechanismsinplaceforefficientandeffectiveregionalcooperationonfisheriesmanagement,includingMCS,migratoryandsharedstocksProvisioninthepolicyforeffectiveparticipationofStatesandRegionalinstitutionstofacilitatecollaborationmechanismsonefficientregionalMCStocombatIUUanddevelopmentofAfricanpositionsonissuessuchasoptimizingbenefitsfromexploitationofTunaandTuna-likespecies,promotingimplementationofrightsbasedfisheriesmanagement(RBFM),fosteringregionalcollaborationforsharedfishstocksmanagementandfishtrade-relatedagreementsamongothers.


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OUTCOME 3: Fishers are organized to foster good fisheries governance, sustainable development and responsible use of natural resourcesThelowleveloforganizationandweakcapacity(humanresources,accesstofinance)ofsmall-scalefishers inmostcountries inAfricahashinderedtheirparticipation indecision-making infisheriesgovernance systemsonthecontinent.Nationalandregionalpoliciesandregulationsshouldincludeprovisionsontherolesoffishersandfisher-folkorganizations infisheriesmanagement.

Criteria for alignment• International Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-scale Fisheries

areappropriatelyapplied.Policiesprovide forStates toendorse, ratifyanddomesticate theFAOVoluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries intheContextofFoodSecurityandPovertyEradication.

• Capacity of fisheries stakeholders and institutions for participatorymanagementofthefisheriesaredevelopedandnurtured.Buildingthecapacityofstakeholdersandinstitutionalstrengtheningareimportantandshouldbeentrenched in thepolicies.Thesedevelopedcapacities should be reflected in the decision-making and policyformulationprocessesofthesector.

III. POLICY AREA: SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE MANAGEMENT

OUTCOME 1: Improved market-led aquaculture investmentsNational and regional policy and strategy on aquaculture should adopt thevaluechainapproach,encompassallsystemsofproductionandlinkproductiontoconsumption,environmentandsafety.


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Criteria for alignment• Markets (awareness creation, PPPPs – Price, Place, Promotion and

Product)Inclusion of market campaigns for aquaculture products with a close watch onqualityassuranceandavailabilityanddiversityofmarketinformationandpricesonthepublicarena.Inaddition,includemarketinfrastructure(access routes, cold chain development, market improvement and development),valueadditionbypromotinginnovationtoimproveshelflifeanddiversificationofproducts.

• AquacultureinfrastructureProvision of measures for states to provide basic infrastructure for aquaculturedevelopmentsuchasroads,electricitytofishfarmingareas,water, schools, hospitals and telecommunication and radio networksystems including aquaculture infrastructure for production and feedmanufacturing and other aquaculture equipment as well as accessibility toaquaculturesites.

• Financing/investmentstrategyThere should be provision for the promotion of financial instrumentssuch as guarantee funds, micro-credit institutions and through thenon-financialprivatesectorinvestments.Thereshouldalsobefinancialframeworks and incentives to aquaculture including tax holiday, taxrebates, minimum of one year moratorium on loan repayment and subsidies. Other frameworks should include insurance regimes foraquaculture.

• QualityassuranceandstandardsThere should be provision for aquaculture product labelling and traceability through certification programme for good aquaculturepractices. These shouldbe supportedby appropriate legal framework


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whileinharmonywithotherinstrumentswithintheregion.Thereshouldbequalitycontrolinfrastructureandtrainingforcertificationprocesses.

• SkillsdevelopmentplanProvision in the policy for aquaculture development plan and strategies to appropriately address competencies and skills development. Skillsdevelopment plans should embrace entrepreneurship at all levels with an elaborate certification framework to link skills enhancement fromtechnicalvocationtotertiary.

• ResearchandExtensionServicesResearch should be provided adequate funding to enhance technology development and innovation. Research into breeding, introductionofnewaquaculturespecies, feeddevelopmentandotherareas is stillfundamental for aquaculture development. Private sector extensionserviceprovidersincludingsupporttointernshipsshouldbeencouraged.

• FishfarmersassociationsorcooperativesThere should be an institutional framework to allow Fish farmersassociationsandcooperativestoflourish.

• EnablingenvironmentThereshouldbeprovisionofpolicyandinstitutionalframeworkaswellasonestopshoptofacilitateregistrationsandinvestmentsbytheprivatesector.

• GrowthintradeoflocallyproducedaquacultureproductsThere should be protection of aquaculture products from importedproducts. Programs to increase competitiveness of locally producedaquacultureproducts.


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OUTCOME 2: Improved regional cooperation in shared ecosystemsAUmemberstatesandregional institutionsneedtoaccommodatepolicyprovision in accordance with Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF)andPFRSfortheprotectionoftransboundaryaquaticecosystemsbysupportingresponsibleaquaculturepractices;cooperationinthepromotionof sustainable aquaculture practices in accordance with internationalregulations,globally,regionallyacceptedbestpractices;anddevelopmentof appropriate mechanisms to monitor the impacts of inputs used in aquaculture.

Criteria for alignment• Common strategies on management and research on transboundary

resourcesProvision for existence of harmonized coherent policies, institutionalandlegalframeworksforaquaculturesharedecosystems.Thereshouldbearegionalofficeorinstitutionthatmonitors,documentsandprovidedatabaseontransboundaryresources.

• Consistency with best ecosystemsmanagement approaches (e.g. FAOEAFEAA,CCRF)Integration of the FAO 1995 CCRF with EAA principles into NationalInstruments. There should be provision for transboundary diseasecontrolandmonitoringandinvasivespeciesmonitoring.

• ConformitywithaccreditationmechanismsInclusionofBestManagementPractices(BMPs)requiredforcertificationandstandardizationforsustainableaquaculturepracticesinthepolicies.


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IV. POLICY AREA: RESPONSIBLE AND EQUITABLE FISH TRADE AND MARKETING

OUTCOME 1: Improved intra and inter regional tradeAddress the constraints related to certification, standardization, capacity,policiesforpromotingintra-regionalandinter-regionalfishtrade.

Criteria for alignment• Compliancewithagreedregionaltradeprotocolsandregulations

Entrench mechanisms that address the underlying factors deterring regionaltradeatRECanddomesticlevels.

• CoherenceoffishtradepolicieswithotherpoliciesEnsurethatspecificfishtradepoliciesareinlinewithotherpoliciesandregulationsthatsupporttrade.

• CompliancewithsanitarystandardsandmarketrequirementsEnsurethatproductsconformtointernationalsanitarystandardstraderequirementse.g.WTO.

OUTCOME 2: Increased competitiveness for African fish and fishery productsNationalandregionaltradepoliciesshouldprovideenablingenvironmenttosupportthefisheriessector(captureandfarmed)ensuringefficiencies,valueadditionandapplicationofgloballyandregionallyacceptedbestsocialandenvironmentalpractices.

Criteria for alignment• Economicallyefficientfisheriessector

Ensures that fisheries are sustainably managed and supported byappropriate infrastructure and prudent macroeconomic management


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• StandardsandsupportivetechnologyInfrastructure, suchasNationalfisheriesqualitycontrol laboratory forstandardization of fishery products is in conformity to internationalguidelinesforcertificationoffisheryproductsmeantforexportandlocalconsumption.Thereshouldbeanaccreditedcompetentauthority.

• CompetitivenessthroughincreasingvaluechainefficienciesInclusion of appropriate pricing conditions for value addition acrossvalue chain segments including safety and quality requirements, market-ledmeasures,eco-labelling,andcertification.

• Coherenceoftradepolicies(harmonization)National trade policies should be coherent and harmonized at sub-regionalor regional levels.Converselysub-regionalandregional tradepoliciesshouldalignedtonationalpolicies.

• ConsumerInformationEnsurethatthatthereissymmetricinformationbetweenbuyersandsellerstomapoutmarketdistortionsduetoinformationasymmetry.

V. POLICY AREA: REGIONAL AND SUB-REGIONAL COOPERATION

Outcome 1: International fisheries issues at regional levels are coherent and harmonizedFisheries management is generally conducted within a global context underpinnedbyinternationalinstrumentsandconventions,whichincludeUNCLOS,UNFSA,PSMA,amongothers.Nationalandregionalinstrumentsshould therefore at best be consistentwith international fisheries issuescontainedinrelevantprovisionsoftheseglobaldocuments.ThusregionalpoliciesshouldtakeintoconsiderationprovisionsofthePFRSandtheglobalinstrumentstoensurecoherenceandconsistency.


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Criteria for alignmentReviewofexistinganddraftingofnewregionalinstrumentsandprocessesonfisheriesandaquacultureareinformedbythePFRS:

• Entrench awareness of important international instruments forsustainablefisheriesmanagementandframeworksthatidentifytheneedfortheirdomesticationinrealizingsustainablefisheriesmanagement.Regionalfisheriesorganization’sstrategydocumentsshouldbealignedwithgloballyacceptedbestpractices.

• PFRSpolicyoptionsreflectedininternationalpolicyinstrumentsEnsuringrevisionsofaspectofinternationalinstrumentsrecognizeandincorporateprovisionsofthePFRS.

• PFRSactasareferenceininternationalpolicyinfluenceincludingexistingandupcomingpoliciesEnsuring that provisions of PFRS are recognized and reflected in newinternationalpolicies.

• Transparency,accountabilityandeffectiveparticipationofstakeholdersarehallmarksofRECsandRFBsinAfricaProvisionshouldbemadeforapplicationofElementsofGoodGovernanceintheidentification,engagementandparticipationprocessofrelevantstakeholdersinregionalfisheriesandaquaculture.

OUTCOME 2: RECs and RFBs are positive forces for fisheries management within the framework of regional economic and political integration agendaAtregional levelthereshouldbeafunctionalmechanismforcooperationbetween the RECs and RFBs as fisheries are shared resources in nature;regional integration agenda should provide for harmonization of policies


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and management measures at regional level

Criteria for alignment• MechanismsforlinkagesbetweenREC’sandRFB’sexist

Need for a strong partnership between REC’s and RFB’s to facilitate regionalintegration

• The role of REC’s and RFB’s as vehicles to promote fisheries andaquacultureisdefinedREC’sandRFB’saretherecognizedentitiesmandatedtopromoteanddevelopfisheriesandaquacultureatregionallevel.Therolesandvaluesoffisheriesandaquaculturearedefinedasimportantsourcesofsocialandeconomicdevelopment.

• Strategies and Mechanisms for preventing and resolving regionalconflictsareinplaceAnchormodernprinciplesoffisheriesmanagementincludingrecognitionofrightsofdifferentfishersandrulestoavoidconflictsbetweendifferentfisheries.

VI. POLICY AREA: AWARENESS ENHANCING AND HUMAN CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT

OUTCOME 1: Enhanced sectoral competencies and proficienciesTheintentionstoimprovethequalityoflifeforthefishingandfishfarmingcommunities by developing policies, frameworks and skills programmein fisheries management, sectoral analysis and aimed at enhancingmanagement competencies, renewing and diversifying the natural resource baseeffectivemanagementandsustainableresourceutilization.


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Criteria for alignment• Continuousprofessionaleducation,mentorshipandtraining

Provisionforfacilitatingcontinuousawarenessandenablingenvironmentto seize and utilize opportunities for sectoral development (such asformal training requirements development of adequate and up-to-date syllabusandcurriculumforprogramsinfisheriesandaquaculturestudies,organizationalstrengthening(leadership,trainingandmanagement).

• AccreditationofpractitionersandinstitutionsEntrenching mechanisms that ensure appropriate human capacity developmentandinstitutionalstrengtheningofpersonnelandinstitutionsoffisheriesandaquaculture.

• FacilitatecentresofexcellenceoffisheriesandaquacultureProvision in the national and regional policies that ensures continualestablismement, development and maintance of minimum operatingstandardcentresofexcellenceforfisheriesandaquaculture.

OUTCOME 2: Improved evidence based decision makingData collection priorities and processes for fisheries management andaquaculture development at national and regional levels should bepredicated on a consistent approach through appropriate research and datacollectionstrategytoensurethatevidence-baseddecisionmakingisembeddedwithinthefisheriesmanagementsystem.

Criteria for alignment• Informationbasedpolicydecisionmaking

Provisionforstrengtheningthefisheriesdatamanagementforadequateplanninganddecisionmakingprocesses.


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• InformationsharingbetweenpolicymakersandpolicyconsumersNetworksandplatformsfordevelopmentofskills,knowledgebaseandinformationsharingtargetingpolicymakers.

• ResponsivetorealcommunityneedsProvisionofimprovedenablingconditionsinfishproducingcommunitiesto enhance competence in taking advantage of opportunities andovercomechallenges.

VII. POLICY AREA: HIGH SEAS FISHERIES

OUTCOME 1: Greater African Voice in high seas fisheriesIncreasing and consolidating the African Voice in the governance andmanagement of high seas fisheries. This will substantially enhance thebenefitsaccruingtotheMemberStatesassociatedwithexploitationofhighseasresources.ThisentailsinstitutingmechanismstocoordinatetheAfricanpositionininternationalfora.

Criteria for alignment• Effective participation of African states in international deliberations,

meetings,etcandincreasedaccesstohighseasfisheries.EnsureparticipationofAfricancountriesininternationalconventionstoimprovetheircapacitytounderstandandimplementtheprovisions.

• StrengthenalignmentofdonorandpartnereffortwithPFRS.Existence of a mechanism for donor coordination at continental andregionalmechanism.

• Alignment to and co-ordination of development partners’ effortswithPFRSstrengthenedProvision should be made in the policy for states to be guided by the


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principles and provisions of the PFRS in establishing relationship andengagementwithdonorsandpartners.TheexistenceofguidelinesforimplementationofPFRS.

OUTCOME 2: Increased participation and benefits for MS in high seas fisheriesAstrategyinplacetoharnesssignificantlythebenefitsofAfrica’sfisheriesthroughamechanismthatpromoteseffectiveandwiderparticipationandinvestmentforhighseasfisheries.

Criteria for alignment• Increasedaccesstohighseasfisheries

Provision should be made in the policy to ensure high seas resource exploitation by MS, including appropriate local fleet developmentstrategies.

• AccruedbenefitstoconcernedMSincreasedExistence of programmes and strategies to increase investment for economic value addition (such as harbour) that accrue significantrevenues,sustainableresourceutilizationandequitabledistributionoffisheriesbenefitsamongMemberStates.

OUTCOME 3: Active participation of MS in RFMOs processes and agendaArrangementsinplacetostrengthenthecapacityofmemberstatesforactiveparticipationandcontributioninmeetingsofRFMOswithregardtoissuessuchasquotaallocationprocesses,benchmarkforissuessuchasformationofresolutions,compliance,interalia,includingalsomakingsignificantinputstorevisionsofconventionsandagendaofmeetingofRFMOs.

Criteria for alignment• Cooperationforhighseafisheriesmanagement.


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Thereshouldbeprovisiontofacilitatemanagementdecisionsforactiverolesinfacilitatingintergovernmentalcooperationforissuesrelatingtohighseasfisheriesmanagement.

VIII. POLICY AREA: CROSS CUTTING ISSUES IN AFRICAN FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE

A. Strengthening resilience and reducing vulnerabilities to climate change in African fisheries and aquaculture

OUTCOME 1: Adaptive capacity and resilience at the local level builtAprogrammeforhumanresourcesandinstitutionalcapacitydevelopmentandawarenesscreationforclimateadaptationanddisasterriskmanagementshouldbeavailableinfishingcommunities.Fisheriesmanagementsystemsshould incorporate provisions for community empowerment programmes such as alternative livelihoods and early warning systems in place, as aforecasttodisaster.

Criteria for alignment• Capacitybuildingprogrammeonclimatesmartfisheries

Policy provision to promote capacity building in the sector for enhanced knowledgebase,informationsharingandskillsinprogrammesonclimatechange.

• Communicationsystems-ParticipatoryClimateChange(CC)andDisasterRisk(DR)vulnerabilityassessmentandaquaculturedevelopmentThereisneedforpolicyprovisiontoaddressthecommunicationdynamicsand ideologies involving decision making for well-equipped capacity to facilitate appropriate participatory process structures and strategic toaddressandassessCCandDRvulnerability.


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• FacilitatethecreationofalternativelivelihoodOpportunities should be available for at least temporary shifting toalternativeoccupationintheeventofshocks(andothermanagementmeasurespointing to stock recovery) in thefisheries andaquaculturesector.

• EarlywarningsysteminplaceasafocusfordisasterMechanismshouldexistatnationalandregionallevelsforearlywarningsystemsasastrategyforenhancingpreparednessofstakeholders.

OUTCOME 2: Policy coherence and coordination at the national and regional levels improved

Criteria for alignment• Disasterriskmanagement(DRM)andclimatechangeAdaptation(CCA)

policiesincludefisheriesandaquaculture.Policyshouldaimtodevelopastrategyandactionplanforintegratingdisasterriskmanagement(DRM)andclimatechangeadaptation(CCA)relatingtofisheriesandaquaculturewiththeNationalandRegionalPlanofActiononDRMandCCA.

• FisheriesandaquaculturepoliciesincludeDRMandCCAThe resolutions of international instruments, conventional principles andguidelines practices and approaches to mitigate effects of disaster riskmanagement (DRM) and climate change adaptation (CCA) relating tofisheries and aquaculture should be appropriately accommodated andreflectedinthenationalandregionalpolicies.


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B. Gender and Youth

OUTCOME 1: Increased access to resourcesApplicationofappropriatetoolssuchasCustomaryMarineTenure(CMT)andTerritorialUseRightsinFishing(TURFs)indevelopingthecapacitiesofproducersandoperatorsincludingwomenandyouthforimproved,effectiveandwiderparticipationinsectoractivitiesinfisheriesandaquaculture.

Criteria for alignment• Accesstosuitableland,waterandcapital

Policiesandinterventionsaimedatattractingwomenandyouthshouldaddress key barriers and constraints to entry and access to land and water and other productive resources for fisheries and aquacultureinvestments.

• SecurityofinvestmentandaccessrightsandownershipPolicy provisions for the system to ensure security of investments and create market certainty for long-term investments including tenure that istradeablewithstrongpropertyright.Customaryandtraditionalrightsissueswereraised.

OUTCOME 2: Improved working conditionsThelabourlawsshouldincludestandardsandregulationsrelatedtofisheriesand aquaculture sector

Criteria for alignment• Realistic standards of practice as detailed by International Labour

OrganizationProvisionforcompliancewithnationalandinternationallabourlawsandfishersandfishfarmersrights.


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• Women,youthandvulnerablegroupsneedsareaddressedProvision of a safer and more conducive working environment for women,youthsandthevulnerable.

• Consistency with national and international labour laws and fishersrights.Policy provision for comprehensive compliance with national andinternationallabourlawsandfishersrights

C. Private Sector Investments and Financing Mechanisms for Fisheries and Aquaculture in Africa

OUTCOME 1: Improved enterprise performance within the fisheries and aquaculture sector. Provisionsinthepoliciesshouldseektoprovidefinancialsupportprogramfor thedevelopmentof thecommercialfisheriesandaquaculture sector.This will foster the growth of sustainable enterprises that ensure improved profitability,diversificationandversatility.

Criteria for alignment• WorldBankeaseofdoingbusinessindex

Compliance withWB for creating an efficient and inclusive ethos forenterprise and business in the interest of improved performance of thefisheries andaquaculture industry suchas aquacultureenterprisepermit, permits for electricity and doing the paperwork for exports and importsaquacultureproducts.

• GlobalcompetitivenessreportofWorldEconomicForumConformitywiththeGlobalCompetitivenessReportofWorldEconomicForum (WEF) which assesses the competitiveness landscape ofeconomies,driversforproductivityandprovideaplatformfordialogue


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between government, business and civil society about the actionsrequiredtoimprovesectoraleconomicprospect.

• WorldBankFisheriesPerformanceindicatorsAlignment with the WB Fishery Performance Indicators (FPIs) which is a broadly applicable and flexible tool for assessing performance inindividual fisheries and for establishing cross-sectional links betweenenablingconditions,andmanagementstrategies.

• AwarenessofdiversityofbusinessstructuresProvisionforawarenesscreationthatenablepractitionersandenterpriseownersof thevariousorganizational structuresavailable to themandstructuredtoequitablyspreadalongthefisheriesandaquaculturevaluechain.

OUTCOME 2: Improved private sector governanceThepolicy,legalandinstitutionalframeworkscomponentneedprovisionsthatworktowardstheestablishmentofareasspecificforenhancedprivatesectorgovernanceandmanagementplansinthefisheriesandaquacultureandbuildinginstitutionalcapacityfortheirimplementation.

Criteria for alignment• Consistencywithindustrybestpractices

Polices need consistent and efficient structure that enables effectiveandwell-documented best practicesmeasureswhile alsomaintainingstrict legalcompliancesuchasaguidethatprovidesbasic informationon reforms for fisheries and aquaculture sectors to ensure soundand effective development, environmental sustainability, economicprofitabilityandsocialresponsibility.


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6. INDICATORS FOR MONITORING IMPLEMENTATION AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PFRS6.1 Indicators to monitor the implementation of the policy frameworkThese are mainly process indicators used to measure progress in the processesofchange.Theyareusedtoinvestigatehowsomethinghasbeendone,ratherthanwhathashappenedasaresult.

6.2 IndicatorstoassessthefisheriesreformandperformanceofthePFRS at national and regional levelsPerformance indicators are measures of project impacts, outcomes, outputs, and inputs that are monitored during project implementation to assessprogresstowardprojectobjectives.Theyarealsousedlatertoevaluateaproject’ssuccess.

I. POLICY AREA: CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE USE

Indicators to monitor the implementation of the policy framework• Fisheriesandaquacultureprioritizedinnationaldevelopmentplans:To

ensurethatissuesoffisheriesandaquacultureareembeddedinCAADPCompacts, National Agriculture and Food Security Investment Plans(NAFSIPs), Regional Agriculture Investment Plans (RAIPs) and other agriculturalandfisheriesstrategies.

• Percentage of national budget allocated to fisheries and aquaculture(recurrent and development): Used to monitor compliance to the 10% allocation to agriculture as committed by the Heads of Stateand Government in Maputo 2003 under the CAADP framework andrecommittedbytheHeadsofStateandGovernmentinMalabo,2014.

• Existenceofinvestmentconduciveregulatoryframeworksforthefisheriesandaquaculture sectors:To ensure that policies and institutional andlegalmechanismsexisttoencourageandfacilitatedomesticandforeign


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investmentforsustainabledevelopmentinthefisherysector.• Best Fisheries Management (BFM) tools introduced (User rights,

RBM, Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries/Aquaculture (EAF/EAA), Co-managementetc.):toensurebestpracticesinfisheriesandaquaculturemanagement are incorporated in policies, such as taking into account knowledgeanduncertaintiesaboutecosystems(whichincludeshumans),andstrivestobalancesocietygoals;andensuringstocksustainability.

• Existence of functional institutionalized mechanisms for mutualaccountabilityandpeerreview: to ensure that all actors take responsibility in the implementation of the policy framework, share information tosupporttheimplementationandaretransparentinthewaytheyconductthemselves.

• Existenceofdecisions,policies, research,programmesandtools inthefisheries and aquaculture sector informed by scientific evidence: to ensure that the decision making process is informed by clear evidence andregulardatacollectionandresearchactivitiesareinplace.

• Readilyandpublicallyavailablesystemforallocationoffishingaccess/rights,vessel license listetc.: toensurewidestakeholderparticipationinfisheriesbyreducingunnecessarybarriersandensurepublicaccessto information regarding license list, license fees, vessel register andregistrationprocedures,accessrights,interalia.

• Existence of consultative and co-managementmechanisms: Fisheries, being a public good are non- excludable and non-rival, and thus need to be co-managed by wilder participation and regular consultations.Thisensuresthattherearecommoneffortstocontrol,protectandbearliabilityfordamage.

• Reflectionofparticipatorymechanismsinthepolicyandlegalframeworks:thisensuresthatthecitizenryandotherstakeholdersareinstitutionalizedtobepartofthepolicyanddecisionmakingprocessesthataffectthefisheriessector.


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• Fisheriesmanagement plans informed by science: this ensures logical decisionmakingprocessthatiswellsupportedbyevidence.

• Periodic stocks and ecosystems status reports produced: this ensures thatstakeholdersareawareofthefishstocksize,statusofexploitationand of the ecosystem and are able to make informed decisions about the managementoffisheriesandecosystems.

• Annual statistical, economic and social reports on fisheries andaquaculture: this ensures that appropriate data and reports are available frequentlyforusebystakeholders.

• Appropriatetoolsinplacee.g.MPAs,EAF,EAA,technicalandeconomicmanagementmeasures(e.g.seasonalclosures,zoning,spatialplanning,taxes, indigenousknowledgeetc.):ensures the availability of technical controlmeasuresthatsupportstructuredprotectionoffisheryresourcesfrombeingoverfishedandhabitatdegradation.

• Appropriate programmes in place e.g. Coastal zone management,pollutioncontrol,CCadaptation,bluegrowthinitiative,by-catchcontrols,MCSetc.:ensures the availability of programmes that support integrated managementofcoastalresources,includingfisheries,associatedhabitatsandpollutioncontrols.

• Availabilityofstockrebuildingandalternativelivelihoodsplans:ensures continuedavailabilityandsustainabilityoffishstocksthoughalternativeprogrammessuchasaquaculture,agriculture,otherenterprisesetc.

• NationalMCSSystems:this ensures that there are - EffectiveandsustainableMCSsystemsareoperating - SpecializedunitdedicatedtoMCScoveringallwaterbodiesfunctioning - Adequate institutional frameworks in place to support integrated

MCS - Nationalvesselregistersandfishinglicenselistspublicallyavailable

• RegionalMCSSystems:thisistoensurethat; - Regional protocols are in place to support regional cooperation in

MCS


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- Regionalmechanismsforcooperationandcooperativeactionsareinplacee.g.regionalobserverprogrammes,regionalpatrols,regionalVMS.

- Regional dedicated units/task forces to coordinate regional cooperationininformationandintelligenceexchangeexist.

- Regionalregistersforvesselregistrationandfishinglicensesexist.

II. POLICY AREA: SMALL SCALE FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT

Indicators to monitor the implementation of the policy framework• Specific policies and legal framework supporting small scale fisheries:

ensures that policies and regulations are part of the mechanisms tounlockpotentialsofthesmall-scalefisheriessector.

• SSF visible and prioritized in PRSP, CAADP, National investmentsframeworks, national CCA documents etc.: used to monitor the prioritizationofsmallscalefisheriesinNAFSIPs;PRSPs,povertyalleviationdocumentsandothernationalstrategydocuments.

• Minimum terms and conditions exist and are implemented: used to monitorbilateralandregionalcooperationforeffectivemanagementofsharedfisheryresources.

• Existence of transboundarywater body authorities and RFBs:ensures that transboundary water body authorities and RFBs exist as part ofmechanismsforefficientandeffectiveregionalcooperationonfisheriesmanagement.

• Existence of harmonized policies and legal frameworks: ensures that harmonized policies and legal frameworks exist as part of mechanisms forefficientandeffectiveregionalcooperationonfisheriesmanagementofcoastalresources.

• Existenceofbi-andmultilateralfisheriesagreements:ensures that bi- andmultilateral fisheries agreements exist as part ofmechanisms forefficientandeffectiveregionalcooperationonfisheriesmanagement.


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• ElementsoftheGuideinnationalpolicies:ensures that elements of the provisionsoftheInternationalGuidelinesforsecuringsustainablesmall-scalefisheriesareembeddedinnationalpolicies.

• Fishingcommunitiesandfish-workershavedecentworkingconditions,livewithdignityandrealizetheirrightstolivelihoods(levelofeducation,provision of health services, social protection mechanism; access toalternative livelihoods etc.): thismonitors protection of human rightsofsmall-scalefisherfolks, theirsafetyatseas, theirfishingareas,alsowhether fishing communities are able to leverage the benefits fromfishing to make significant improvements in the attainment of basiclivelihoods.

• Existenceofcapacitybuildingprogrammesatnationalandregionallevels:thismonitorswhethercapacity isbeingbuiltforfisheriesstakeholdersandinstitutionsfortheirempowermenttoensureeffectiveparticipatorymanagementofthefisheries.

• Existence of fishers organizations/associations: this monitors whether fisheries organizations and associations exist for participatorymanagementofthefisheries.

• Availabilityofappropriatevocationalinstitutions:this monitors whether appropriatevocationalinstitutionsareavailabletoenhanceparticipatorymanagementofthefisheries.

Indicators to assess the fisheries reform and performance of the PFRS at national and regional Levels• Percapitaconsumptionoffishandfisheryproducts:this is the average

consumptionoffishandfisheryproductsperpersonwithinapopulation.• Level of annual income of the fishing communities: the total yearly

incomereportedbyfishingcommunities.• Levelofannualemploymentinthesmallscalefisheriessector:intended

tomonitor yearly employment generated by the small-scale fisheriessector.


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• National fisheries expenditure (% of fisheries value added): Used to monitorcompliancetothe10%allocationtoagricultureascommittedbytheHeadsofStateandGovernmentinMaputo2003undertheCAADPframeworkandrecommittedbytheHeadsofStateandGovernmentinMalabo,2014.

• Percentage of small-scale fisheries in comparison to national fisheriesexpenditure/income:Thepercentagecontributionofsmall-scalefisheriestototalnationalfisheriesexpenditure/ incomecan indicate improvedperformanceofthesmall-scalefisheriessubsector

• Percentageofpost-harvestlosses:Thereductioninpost-harvestlossisagood of improved performance or reform of the sector

III. POLICY AREA: SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE MANAGEMENT

Indicators to assess the fisheries reform and performance of the PFRS at national and regional Levels• Change invaluederived fromaquaculture:used to monitor monetary

benefitsaccruingtoengagementinaquaculture.• Proportion of aquaculture contribution to agricultural/ national GDP:

usedtomonitorthecontributionofaquaculturetonationalincome.• Change inconflictsoccurrence:used to monitor stability of the sector

regardingsharedecosystems.• Change in production levels: used to monitor whether production is

decreasing,staticorincreasing.• Changeindiseaseincidence:monitorsreductionorincreaseindisease

occurrence.• Change in environmental integrity: monitors whether aquaculture is

practicedsustainably.


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IV. POLICY AREA: RESPONSIBLE AND EQUITABLE FISH TRADE AND MARKETING

Indicators to assess the fisheries reform and performance of the PFRS at national and regional Levels• Intra-regionaltradeshare:Intra-regional trade as a percentage share of

theregion’stotaltrade(regionaltotalimportsplusregionaltotalexports):• Growth in trade of fish products from sustainable and equitable

sources:Percentage change in value of trade of fish products fromsustainableandequitablesourcesrelativetothepreviousyear.

• Trade growth: percentage change in the value of total trade relativeto the previous year. Increased number of countries implementinginternationalsanitarystandardsandqualityrequirements.

• Growth in transition from informal trade to formal trade: Number of fisheries and aquaculture enterprises transitioning into formal traderelativetothepreviousyear;

• ChangeinFCIranking:TheFisheriesCompetitivenessIndex(FCI)identifiesfactors that affect the competitiveness of the fish industry withindifferentcountries.Theindexallowsauthoritieswithineachcountrytoidentifywhereactionshouldbetakentoimprovecompetitivenessinitsfishindustry.

V. POLICY AREA: REGIONAL AND SUB-REGIONAL COOPERATION

Indicators to monitor the implementation of the policy framework• ProposalstabledbyAfricangroupininternationalprocesses:Integrated

MCS systems in place; this ensures that the African group is ableto contribute, through common proposals, to the coherence and harmonizationofinternationalfisheriesissues.

• African positions recorded in meeting proceedings: this ensures that the African group is able to contribute through common positions to


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thecoherenceandharmonizationof internationalfisheries issuesandrecordedinproceedings.

• Ratifying, adoptingand complyingwith international conventionsandinstruments: this ensures that the African group is able to contribute throughratificationandadoptionofconventions,tothecoherenceandharmonizationofinternationalfisheriesissues.

• RegionalpoliciesadjustedorreviewedinlinewiththePFRS:this ensures thatstakeholdersareabletoparticipateinthereviewofregionalpoliciesinatransparent,accountableandeffectivemanner.

• RECsandRFBsreviewnationalpoliciesinlinewithregionalintegrationagenda: this ensures theactiveparticipationofRECs andRFBs in thereviewof regionalpolicies ina transparent,accountableandeffectivemanner.

• NSAs involved in regional/national thematic taskforces on issues (e.g.aquaculture, IUU, trade etc.): Fisheries management (regional shared stocksandnationallevels);thisensurestheactiveparticipationofNSAsin fisheries and aquaculture issues in a transparent, accountable andeffectivemanner.

• Agreements (e.g.MOUs) for technical cooperation between RECs andRFBs; between RFBs: thismonitors specific steps towards the role offisheriesandaquacultureinregionalandpoliticalintegration.

• Fishincludedasaregionaltradecommodity:this monitors the placement of fish as a critical commodity in international trade by national andregionalinstitutionsinAfrica.

• Regional arrangements for fisheries access (e.g. MTC for FPA): this monitorstheregionalarrangementsthatfacilitatefisheriesaccess.

• Existenceofregionalmechanism(tribunals)forarbitrationwhichincludesfisheriesandaquacultureissues:ensuresminimizationofregionalconflictthatmayaffecteffectivemanagementoffisheriesatregionallevels.

• Regionalstrategiesformigrationfishermen:ensures the development of regionalstrategiesasawayforpreventingandresolvingregionalconflict


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relatedtomigrationoffishermen.• Demarcationareas(InshoreExclusionZones):ensurestheconservation

offishstocksandprotectionofsmall-scalefisher-folksandasastrategyforpreventingregionalconflicts.

VI. POLICY AREA: AWARENESS ENHANCING AND HUMAN CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT

Indicators to assess the fisheries reform and performance of the PFRS at national and regional Levels• Change in the levelof competencyandproficiency:monitors levels of

competenceandproficiencyofthestakeholdersinthesector.• Change in operational costs:monitors efficiency in operations of the

sector.• Per capita labour productivity: measures the amount of goods and

services produced by each member of the labour force or the output per inputoflabour.

• Change in the effectiveness of policy outcomes: monitors improved evidence-baseddecisionmaking.

• Existence of diversity of source of policy inputs: monitors levels of informationproduced,knowledgesharingandutilization.

• Existence of scientific andmanagement informed decisions:monitors theabilitytousedata,informationforeffectivedecision-making.

• Existenceofcentresofexcellenceforfisheriesandaquaculture:monitors thenumberofcentersofexcellenceinexistenceforsectoraldevelopment.

• Changeinrecruitmentandretentionofpeople:monitorsreductioninjobmobilitywithinfisheriesandaquaculturesector.


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VII. POLICY AREA: HIGH SEAS FISHERIES

Indicators to monitor the implementation of the policy framework• Common positions developed on high seas fisheries: this ensures the

effectiveparticipationofAfricanStatesininternationalconventionsandaccesstohighseesthroughthedevelopmentofcommonpositionsonhighseafisheries.

• DonorprogrammesandportfolioalignedwithPFRS: this ensures that programmesofdevelopingpartnersandportfoliosareinlinewiththePFRS.

• IncreasedAUMSfleetinHighseasfisheries:This monitors the progression ofnumberoffleetownedbyAUmember statesparticipating inHighseasfisheries.

• Increased returns from high seas fisheries (fees, port and ancillaryservices):thismonitorsthebenefitsaccruingtoMemberStatesintermsofreturnsfromhighseasfisheries.

• Quotaallocationcriteria:Thisintendstomonitorwhetherinformationonquotaallocationisavailableandhelpswhatandhowdecisionscanbemaderegardingtheinformationonquotaallocationtostakeholders.

• Proposals sponsoredbyAUMSandadopted inRFMO’smeetings: this monitorstheproposalstabledbyparticipatingMSforadoptioninRFMO’sprocessesandagendaandrecordedinmeetingproceedings.

• Increased membership of African countries in RFMOs: this ensures measures the level of membership MS to RFMOs and their activeparticipationinRFMOsprocessesandagenda.


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VII. POLICY AREA: CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES IN AFRICAN FISHERIES AND AQUACULTRE

A. STRENGTHENING RESILIENCE AND REDUCING VULNERABILITIES TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN AFRICAN FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE

Indicators to monitor the implementation of the policy framework• Initiativesandprogrammes to strengthen community resilienceare in

place (Early warning systems, Access to public and private insurance,harvest strategy, insurance scheme, capacity development andcommunityempowerment,fundingopportunitiesetc.): this ensures the building of adaptive capacity and resilience at the local level throughrelevantinitiativesandprogrammes.

• Strengthening value approach (local conditions respected) anddiversifying fisheries and other products: this ensures the building of adaptivecapacityandresilienceatthelocallevelthroughvaluechainsandmechanismsuitabletotheir(community)conditions(valueapproach).

• AplatformforknowledgemanagementandinformationsharinglinkedtoAUdisasterriskmanagementstrategy(DRR):this ensures the building of adaptive capacity and resilience at the local level through linkingplatformsforknowledgemanagement.

• Availability of financial resources for CCA and DRM: ensures that resources are available for development and implementationofDRMandCCpoliciesfortheimprovementofcoherenceandcoordinationatnationalandregionallevels.

• No.ofNAPAsandnationalplansthatincludefisheriesandaquaculture:this ensures policy alignment with PFRS to support coherence and coordinationatnationalandregionallevels.

• No.ofRECswithCCAandDRMstrategyandplansthatincludefisheriesandaquaculture:thisensuresparticipationofRECsinpolicycoherenceandcoordinationprocesseswithparticularreferencetoCCAandDRM.


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• No.ofNAIPwithClimatesmartfisheriesandaquaculture:this ensures participationofcountriesinimplementationofagriculturalpolicieswithemphasisonclimatesmartfisheriesandaquaculture.

• No.ofFMplansthatincorporateCCAandDRM:this ensures that FM plansareconsistentwiththePFRSbyincludingissuesonCCAandDRM.

B. GENDER AND YOUTH Indicators to assess the fisheries reform and performance of the PFRS at national and regional Levels• Proportion of women and youth accessing and utilizing resources:

monitorseffectiveandequitableparticipationofwomenandyouth infisheriesandaquaculture.

• Changeinvalue(USD)ofassetsownedbywomenandyouth:monitors benefitsaccruingtowomenandyouthregardingownershipofassets.

• Proportionofwomenandyouthownedenterprises:monitorsbenefitsaccruingtowomenandyouthregardingownershipofenterprises.

• Changeinproductivity:monitorschangesinlabourproductivityrelatedtoactivitiesofwomen,youth,andvulnerablegroups.

• Change in genderbased violenceoccurrences:monitors gender-based violence thatmay destabilize the operations, labour productivity andefficiencyofthesector.

• Changeinworker’shealthstatus:monitors the health status of women, children and other vulnerable groups to assess improved working conditions.

• Changeinschoolenrolmentamongfishproducingcommunities:monitors schoolattendanceofthefishingcommunities.

• Changeinchildlabour:monitorslevelofcompliancewithinternationallabour law on child labour


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C. POLICY AREA: PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENTS AND FINANCING MECHANISMS FOR FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE IN AFRICA

Indicators to assess the fisheries reform and performance of the PFRS at national and regional levels• Change in absolute indices score and relative ranking: monitors

improvement in enterprise performance using indices such as World BankEaseofDoingBusiness.

• Change in business models: monitors innovation through diversity ofbusinessmodels.

• Changeinnumberofentrants:monitors enterprise performance of the sectorbycheckingthenumberofentrantsthesectorattracts.

• Changeinreturnoninvestments:monitors returns on investment by the privatesector.

• Change in associated economic activities: monitors improvements in economicactivitiesassociatedtoimprovedprivatesectorgovernance.

• Change in number from small to medium scale operation: monitors growth, improvement and expansion of fisheries and aquacultureinvestments.


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7. IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM AND ROLES OF INSTITUTIONS7.1 The African Fisheries Reform Mechanism ThemechanismforimplementationofthePFRSwillbefacilitatedwithintheframeworkoftheAfricanFisheriesandReformMechanism.TheAFRMisanAfricanUnionplatformthatwasendorsedconcurrentlyendorsedwiththePFRSbythe2014SummitofHeadsofStatesandGovernmentinEquatorialGuinea.

The PFRS implementation guide provides guidance with respect to theimplementationoftheprovisionsofthePFRSbymemberstatesandregionalinstitutionsaswellasmonitorsthesuccessinthefisheriesandaquaculturesectorengenderedbythereformsimpactedbythePFRSandotherinitiatives.The guide therefore contains criteria for alignment as well as indicators as trackingtoolstomeasureextentofalignmentaswellasimpactofreforms.

7.2 Facilitati ng implementati on of the PFRSWorking Groups consti tuted as PFRS Implementati on Expert PoolsTo enhance the capacity of member states and regional institutions toimplementthePFRS,thereisaneedforanalysisoftheexistingpoliciesandstrategiesforidentificationofgapsvisavisthePFRS.WithintheframeworkoftheAFRM,thereareprovisionsforcontinentalandregionalworkinggroups.


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TheAfricanUnionhasestablishedsevencontinent-widegroupsforvariousissuesinthefisheriesandaquaculturesector.TheregionalworkinggroupsareyettobeconstitutedbutmaybeconstitutedbyRECstosupporttheirmemberstateswithintheRECsrespectivedomains.AcoregroupofexpertswouldbeconstitutedfromtheAUWGs(andlatertheRECsWGs)asexpertpoolstosupportmemberstateswiththeprocessofPFRSimplementation.

Reporting progress of implementationTheAFRMhas aCAMFASecretariatwhich is locatedwithinAU-IBAR. Theprimary responsibility of this organ is to monitor the implementation ofCAMFADecisions,liaisewithnational,regionalinstitutionsanddevelopmentpartners. The CAMFA Secretariat would monitor the progress ofimplementationoftheprovisionsofthePFRSattwolevels;theconstitutedpool of experts would report directly to the CAMFA Secretariat on outcome of the national and regional policies whilst the Departments responsibleforfisheriesandaquaculturewouldreporttotheCAMFASecretariatontheprogress of implementation of the PFRS. The samemechanismwould beadoptedfortheRECswheretheseinstitutionswouldalsoreportprogressonimplementationtotheCAMFASecretariat.

ThroughtheAdvisoryCounciloftheAFRM,thealignmentdonorinterventionswith the PFRS would be discussed and monitored through that council which hasrepresentativesofdonors.TheAdvisorycouncilwouldestablishaforumfordonorcoordinationinthefisheriesandaquaculturesector.

7.3 Institutional roles Member StatesTheprimaryresponsibilityforimplementingthePFRSlieswiththeMemberStates. The ministry, department or agency in-charge of the sector ineach country will regulate, promote, support, guide, and coordinate the implementation of reforms through broad consultative processes with


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otherstakeholders.BasedontheprovisionsofthePFRS,theMSformulatebetter practices and ensure fishers, farmers and operators receive thetechnicalguidanceandadvisoryservicesonbetterpractices.MemberStatesandregional institutionsmustencouragedonors toconsider theprioritiesoutlinedinthePFRSwhenexaminingcountry,sectorandregionalpriorities.

Regional InstitutionsTheRECs, in cooperationwithRFBs, shouldfinancepriorityactions in thePFRS and in concert with RFBs and such other arrangements coordinate and deliverprogrammesonregion-wideneedsofcommon interests.TheRECsshouldstrengthencooperationandhumancapacitybuildinginparticipatingMember States by, for example constituted regional Working Groups asExpert Pools, to provide technical back-stopping to MS. These regionalworkinggroupsshouldbelinkedtothecontinentalWGwithintheAFRM.

Development partnersDonorshaveacriticalroletoplaybothinfacilitatingreformsandincreatingthe institutional conditions to ensure the benefits of appropriate policiesandreformshighlighted inthePFRSaresustained.TheyshouldaligntheirinterventionswiththePFRSasrecommendedbyCAMFAII.

NGOs, CSOs and CBOsThe NSAs should develop and implement public awareness campaigns and demonstrationactionsonspecificissuesaswellasfacilitatemulti-stakeholderactivitiesandeventssuchasroundtablediscussions,engagingthepublicandprivatesector.

African UnionTheroleoftheAUintheimplementationofthePFRSwouldprimarilybetomonitortheprogressofeachMemberState inthe implementationof thePFRSandreportingtoCAMFA.

African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources (AU-IBAR)Kenindia Business ParkMuseum Hill, Westlands RoadPO Box 3078600100 NairobiKenyaTel: +254 (20) 3674 000Fax: +254 (20) 3674 341 / 3674 342Email: [email protected]: www.au-ibar.org

New Partnership for Africa's Development(NEPAD)International Business GatewayP.O. Box 1234 Halfway HouseMidrandJohannesburg, South Africa Tel: +27 (0) 11 256 3600Fax: +27 (0) 11 206 3762Website: www.nepad.org

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