A Great PlaceA Great Place•Highlands:

cooler•Great Rift

Valley•Fertile Soil•Many Lakes •Adequate

Rainfall

The People and The People and EnvironmentEnvironment

• First: HUTUs• Short, Stocky, Dark

Skinned, farmers

• From North: TUTSIs• Tall, slender, light

skinned, cattle herders

The 8 Stages The 8 Stages of Genocideof Genocide

According to Gregory H. Stanton

with Genocide Watch

1. Classification1. Classification•Distinguish b/w “us & them”

–Ethnicity, race, religion, nationality–Occurs in all cultures

•Societies w/ no mixed categories have greater chance of genocide

**Must actively endorse understanding & tolerance, search for a common ground

2. Symbolization2. Symbolization•Applying

names/symbols/colors/dress to members of grps.

–Yellow star for Jews–Blue scarf for Eastern Cambodians

•Stages 1 & 2 are almost natural problem comes when combined w/ hatred

Symbolism cont’dSymbolism cont’d**Make hate symbols/speech illegal

–Bulgaria refused the yellow star 80% of Jews went w/o it lost its significance

**BUT…the ban has to be widely supported–“Hutu” & “Tutsi” were banned in Burundi, but code words just replaced them

3. Dehumanization3. Dehumanization• Members of grp. are not seen as

human (rather animals, insects, disease)– Tutsis were referred to as cockroaches

• Hate propaganda takes over (radios, posters, news)–Not protected as free speech under true

democratic constitutions

**Must be put down promptly! (shut down radio signals)

4. Organization4. Organization•ALWAYS organized

–State often uses militias (Janjaweed in Sudan) •Used as scapegoats (deny responsibility)

–Well-trained militants can also form mobs or terrorist grps.

**Militias must be forbidden, leaders denied rights, arms embargoes enacted

5. Polarization5. Polarization• Grps. ripped apart by extremists

– Hate propaganda broadcasts separation; sometimes makes interaction illegal

– Silences/intimidates moderates•They stand greatest chance of stopping

genocide, so killed 1st

**Need security for moderates & human rights grps.

**International sanctions on extremist coups d’états

6. Preparation6. Preparation• Victims recognized & separated out

– Death lists, wear symbols– Moved into certain areas (ghettoes,

camps, poverty stricken region)

** Must declare a Genocide Emergency prepare international intervention

** Prepare aid for future victims & refugees

7. Extermination7. Extermination•Mass killings

–Often done by both armed forces & militia

–Can lead to revenge killings** Only solution is now fierce

armed intervention– International responsibility to protect and provide aid•More impt. than individual national interests

8. Denial8. Denial•Perpetrators cover up

graves/evidence and coerce witnesses

•Deny any crimes took place, blame victims, hamper investigations–Sure sign of future genocidal acts

** Must capture and take to national or internat’l court (Nuremberg, Rwanda)

2020thth & 21 & 21stst Century Century GenocidesGenocides•Armenian (1915-1918): by

Ottoman Turks 1.5 mil Armenians, over 800,000 others

• Jewish (1939-1945): by Nazi Germany 6 mil Jews, 3 mil Poles, 1.25 mil others

•Cambodian (1975-1979): by Khmer Rouge 1.2 mil Cambodians

2020thth & 21 & 21stst Century Century GenocidesGenocides• Bosnia (1992-1995): by Serbs 200,000

Bosnian Muslims• Rwanda (1994): by Hutu militias

800,000 Tutsis• Darfur (2003*- ): by Arab govn’t backed

militia 400,000 killed, 1.3 mil displaced non-Arabs (Fur, Zaghawa, Masalit)

(There are more, esp. by forced famines!!)