a gis tools for evalution of the seismic

8/6/2019 A Gis Tools for Evalution of the Seismic

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6J7K3L7E The prevention of damage to be caused by a possible destructive earthquake requires to calculate the intensi

ties and to estimate their distribution on the area where the seism can lash and on the surrounding areas. In this paper,

we use an oriented object methodology OMT-G to simulate a scenario of an earthquake. To that effect, an object model of an earthquake is proposed. The cross-refrencing data are carried out from various maps (geological, topogra

phic,...) as well as data relating to the seismicity of the area of study. As a result, graphical documents describing the

area seismicity are produced such as the map of the intensities. A prototype is constructed using the MapInfo GIS. It

was applied to the seismic risks of Algiers.

0GM N@K4J1 GIS, natural risk, seismic scenario, intensity.

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The disastrous effects of the seism as well on the human lives as on their works (infrastructures, houses...) reach some

times important proportions. If it is not possible to currently envisage with exactitude a seism, it is possible to evaluatethe whole of the socio-economic consequences on the areas where it can occur. It is what was made in certain coun

tries like the USA (California), Japan and the Ecuador (Quito) where are elaborate seismic scenarios: "it is a question

of defining the characteristics of a possible seism (starting from the historical seismicity and of the regional tectonic

context), to estimate the distribution of the intensities which it produces (according to the conditions of propagation of

the seismic waves, and the physical characteristics of the site: topography, geology of surface and soil mechanics). In

parallel, a whole of data is joined together, characterizing the habitat and the urban infrastructures. The application of

standard matrices then makes it possible to obtain an estimate of the damage and their distribution in space. Lastly,

these results are combined with those of other studies to establish a series of recommendations practise whose objective

is to limit the consequences of the destroying seisms " [1].

The situation of Algiers in more than one way justifies the development of a seismic scenario. Algeria is on the Afri

can plate which is in collision with the Eurasian plate. Two plates being limited by a long seismic zone which extendsfrom the Azores in Turkey while passing by Gibraltar, the Maghreb, Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece etc.... [ 2 ]. The Sahel

of Algiers knew several destroying seisms in its history (seism of 1365, 1673, 1716, 1735.. 1825.. 1867, 1924...). The

fault fold of the Sahel of Algiers is regarded as one of the principal recent compressive structures in the tellienne chain

[2].Durant these fifteen last years this area lived at least five seisms of intensity higher than VI. The last destroying

seism occurred recently with Zemmouri on May 21, 2003, magnitude 6,8 causing 2278 died and several thousands of

casualties. Its intensity was estimated at X

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Before presenting our application, we will start by giving, in what follows, examples of GIS use for the natural risk

management throughout the world.

Examples of application to Ecuador:

"The Quito, Ecuador, Earthquake Risk Management Project" consist with the realization of a GIS for the seismic risk management [ 1 ]. It is a project of co-operation implying Escuela polit1',1#(+*(=.ito, the Municipality of Quito,

GeoHazards International (the USA), Ilustre Municipio de Quito, ORSTOM, Oyo Corporation (Japan) and the French

Institute of Andines studies. A first stage, carried out in 1994 consisted with the realization of a seismic scenario usig

the SAVANNA GIS. This last was used mainly to make become aware with the persons in charge for the services of

the city for reality for the problems for seismic vulnerability of their city. It also made it possible to emphasize the

power of the GIS for the studies of vulnerability.

Example of application in France:

"Evaluation and reduction of the seismic risk - French West Indies": this project was carried out by company BRGM

[3]. It consists in structuring the data of the risk (seismic aggression, represented by the movement of the ground re

lated to a seism), stakes (importance of the building) and vulnerability of the stakes (which will be the behavior of the

building vis-a-vis to the seismic aggression), under a GIS to estimate the damage with the buildings of various seismic

scenarios. The tool for simulation carried out was developed under the MapInfo software and was applied to (04) four

seismic scenarios: seism of 5/01/2001, 8/02/1843, 29/04/1897 and fictitious remote seism.

Example of application in New Zealand:

"A GIS-based hazard information system: Dunedin pilot project "is a pilot project developed by the institute of geo

logical and nuclear sciences of Dunedin in collaboration with the local authorities and the university of Otago [ 4]. A

geographical information system on the natural risks was conceived. It allows the integration of the data relating to the

risks coming from various sources under various formats with localised information (topographic and cadastral). The

system was developed by using software ARC/INFO, and was applied to the data of a part of the town of Dune-DIN

(New Zealand).

Case of Algeria:

There does not exist in our knowledge, of data-processing applications on the management of a seismic crisis in Algeria at least not to the level of the Research center in Astrophysical and Geophysical Astronomy (CRAAG) which is

responsible for the seismic monitoring. It is what justified the realization of the application presented in this paper. It

relates to the research works carried out by the laboratory of the information processing systems (LSI) of the data

processing department (USTHB) in collaboration with the CRAAG concerning the impact of the use of the GIS for the

reduction of the seismic risk in Algeria.

We propose the simulation of a seismic scenario with an aim of calculating the intensity grade like estimating their

distribution on the area where the seism struck and the areas which surround it. "the intensity of a seism measures the

importance of this one in a given place according to the demonstrations felt by the inhabitants and the damage which

it caused" [ 2 ]. Like result of the application, various graphic documents describing the seismicity of the zone of study

are produced such as the chart of the intensities. A prototype is constructed by using MAPINFO[5 ] applied to the

seismic risks of Algiers.

In what follows, we will give a general presentation of our application SIGARS 6><%?&(A,'*+$&#%,+'(;+;$#"Bique

appliqu(#.($,<-.(<,<&,-.!(C(3+;$#"B,1#2(,'*+$ mation system applied to the seismic risk D(E(F,22(;,G(%B$#fter

the various models obtained by using a method of design of geographical data. We will present at the end the proto

type. We

will finish by a conclusion.

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SIGARS consists of four basic processes (Figure 1):

1. The process of acquisition and integration of the data

2. The process of simulation

3. The data analyer process

4. The process of tracing



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This process relates to the acquisition and the integration of the data coming from different sources. These sources are

mainly of two types [6] :

Data coming from various charts: geological (type of groundl, faults...), topographic, type of construction...

Data relating to the seismicity of the study area : they are the seisms which shook the zone like their after

shocks. The latter are listed in a document called "catalogue of seismicity". They are described by various

characteristics of which: the date and the hour of the release of the seism, co-ordinates of macro seismic epicentre and focus, the magnitude, the depth and the intensity. These characteristics are referred by several or

ganizations.

The data acquisition and integration process is described in more detail by [7].

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The data analyzer process realizes treatments from which we can have answers for questions like :

-Areas touched by a seism of characteristics (magnitude =m, #HI

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@-1,-!@'45/)'H)-',-:*)0:9(1)5+'.!)-',-:*)/<)-':<)'*.-/,C.!)-',-:*)/<)-'1()'(.1)1'.,:8,58:)'+B3)-'.105E 8:)/*/* *'.58)1(9<*/0 )-'0:,*/.'1.01, 1(A'.)19:)1/(. Also, an automatic generator of Web pages generates pages of the

catalogue in form HTML what will make it possible to enrich the Web site by the CRAAG.

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The tools allowing the realization of GIS, although they offer graphic interfaces, remain difficult for not initiated.

From where, need for having methods of development of GIS. There are several methods for GIS design (MODUL-R [9 ], GJK(L(MNO/(3+JPLMM(O/(QJRR4S(L(MK(O/(P:T6(L(M3 ], GMOD[14 ], Perceptory [ 15], GeoOOA[16 ], OMT-

G[17 ]. They differ the ones from the others by the way of approaching spatiality and temporality in the geographical

context while using the concept object [ 18 ], [ 19], [20 ]. We chose for our application to use OMT-G, because its

models appear more complete to us. The following section presents more in detail this method.

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OMT-G [ 17 ] is a method of modeling of the geographical data based on the OMT technic and adopting the UML

notation. OMT-G provides geographical primitives to represent the properties of the objects in a GIS. These primitives

are based on three essential concepts: Classes, Associations and constraints of integrity (semantic, topological, defined

by the user).

Method OMT-G proposes three levels of modeling in the form of diagram. It acts of:

diagram of class in which all the classes are specified with their representations and associations between

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,JG L3JG @B #G5J< ;@L3;5J375@Q 1 The seismic monitoring of the CRAAG is composed of a network of regional

stations connected to a central station located with Bouzar#B/(:2;,$<D(4#1B($;,+'#2(<%#%,+'(1+''1%<(#(1$%#,'('.m

ber of stations site. The role of these stations !"#$% &'% ()*'"++!$,'!( ,<(%+($1+$A(%B(&+G&'%<(+*(%B(;$+.'A(

permanently and to send the recordings to the engineering department of the central station to treat them. When a

seism is recorded, the recordings of the regional station of Bouzar #B(#$(.<A(%+(1#21.2#%(#(*,$<%(2+1#2,U#%,+'( -)'.

/"0)'%%/'()' of the focus 2#3') and the /!4$"(&' of the seism. Daily, the recordings of the various stations are

used to refine the calculation magnitude and the localization of the seism

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throughout the world.

A macroseismic investigation '$7(8'%/!,)#"/"7('!(,<(2#.'1BA(V.<%(#*%$(#(<,<&(+*(#(1$%#,'(&#;' itude to note

the damage and to establish a chart of the macroseismic "$'$""' according to scale EMS. In parallel, a microsismic

investigation is launched into the ground thanks to portable seismographs. The characteristics of the aftershocks )5.

-+"7('!( #$( *,2A(#'A(%B(1B#$%(+*(%B(#*%$<B+1W<(+*(%B(<,<&(,<(%raced. This chart is important because it makes it

possible to the seismologists to discover new faults and to better know the existing faults 2!"++'!D

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A prototype of SIGARS was developed under software MAPINFO [ 5 ] (figure 8). The programs of acquisition, simu

lation (figure 9) and edition were carried out by module MAPBASIC 5.5 of MAPINFO. The data used correspond to

the seismic risks of Algiers.



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The second is a whole of charts obtained following the crossing of the data of the seismicity and basic charts (to

pographical, type of ground, type of construction). The realized tracer enables us to publish the chart the magnitudes

(figure 11), the aftershocks (figure 12) on one or more areas and the chart of the intensities following the results of the

macro seismic investigation or a simulation (figure 13).

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The objective of this project is the realization of a GIS applied to the seismic risk in Algeria. The first construct proto

type made it possible to have an idea on the impact of the GIS in the natural risk management. Indeed, capacity to

publish the chart of the intensities following the simulation of a seism could allow a certain evaluation of possible

damage if the seism really occurs. This could contribute to the development of plans of intervention. The future work,

in more of the improvement of SIGARS, will concern other aspects of the management of a seismic crisis such as theautomation of the mcroseismic investigations.

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O-))2Hmm@@@'0.,E,.'0/*9m 9. C. Caron, Y. BA#$A/(QD(3#;'+'(XPJT5R-R, un formalisme individuel adapt("+.$(2<(6)Y6X(YG.(A(;+&#%,-./(MZZ[

10. B. David, L. Raynal, G. Schorter. "GeO2 : Why objects in a geographical DBMS ?" proceedings of the 3rd International Sym

posium on Advances in Spatial Databases, SSD Z[/(6"$,';$ -Verlag, 1993.

11. N. Tryfona, D.Pfoser, T.Hadzilacos "Modeling behavior of geographic objects : An experience with the object modelling tech

nique" Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering, CaiSE Z\/(Barcelona,

Spain. Springer-Verlag, 1997.

12. O. Gayte, T. Libourel, J..P. Cheylan, S.Lardon "Conception des syst?&(A,'*+$&#%,+'(<.$l 'G,$+''&'%X(4AD(HERMES

Paris 1997.

13. C. Parent, S. Spaccapietra, E.Zimanyi 6"#%,+-Temporal Conceptual Models: Data Structures + Space + Time!(\%B(:]P(6>m

posium on Advances in GIS, Kansas City, Kansas, November 5-6, 1999.14. J. Oliveira, F.Pires, C.B. Medeiros, ^(:'('G,$+'&'%(*+$(&+A2,';(#'A(A<,;'(+*(;ographic applications _(3+)'*+$&#%,1#(

1(1) :29-58, 1997.

15. BA#$A/(`G#'(^(P+A2,<#%,+'(A(a#<<(A(A+''<(<"#%,#2<(#G1(5PR(%'A.(%(Q$1"%ory 2000 _D(b+.$'<(]:66)S)(A.(

r<#.(0$#'c#,<(de chercheurs en SIG, La Rochelle, France, 8-10 september 2000.

http://sirs.scg.ulaval.ca/yvanbedard/slideshow/publication/229/OGIS.htm

16. G. Ke<%$</(9D(Q;2/(8D(6,g/(^(3)6(#""2,1#%,+ n development with GeoOOA _/()'%$'#%,+'#2- Journal of Geographica Information

Sciences, 11,1997.

17. K.A.V. Borges ^(:'(g%'<,+'(+*(%B(JP7(&+A2(*+$(;+;$#"B,1(#""2,1#%,+'<(_(P#<%$<(%Besis, Joao Pinheiro foundatuion.

Minas Gerais Government school. 1997, Portugal.

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We thank A. Ait Amokhtar and A. Boubezari (data processing specialists) like H. Beldjoudi (seismologist) for their

contribution in the realization of the application.

http://www.isted.com/

http://www.simalis.net/web/mapinfo_v7.8.htm

http://www.emsc-csem.org/




http://sirs.scg.ulaval.ca/yvanbedard/slideshow









65@>K3S?M @B 7?G SKGJGQ75Q> 3A7?@K 1

-3453 FP$ received its diploma of engineer in data processing in 1991 at the department of data

processing, University of Sciences and of Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB, ALgeria) Itobtained its thesis of magister within the same department in 2002. The topic of the thesis was a

technique of modeling of the GIS based on the object model. Currently, she prepares a doctorate .

Its research relates to the evolution aspect of GIS.

Abdat, N., 2002, GOMT, une technique de mod2,<#%,+'( A<( 6)3( a#<( <.$( 2(&+A?2( +aV%D( 7B?<( A(P#;,ster,

(USTHB, Alger) Algeria.

Abdat, N., Alimazighi, Z., 2004, Environnement de dG2+""&'%(A(6)3: Un processus de g'$#%,+'(A+aV%<(

g+;$#"B,-.<D(Cisc Nh/(%B()'%$'#%,+'#2((((]+'*$'1(+'(]+&"2g(6><%&</(b,V2/(:2;$,#(KNNhD

N. Abdat, Z. Alimazighi , T. Allili ^Un syst?&( A,'*+$&#%,+'(;+;$#"B,-.( #""2,-.( #.( $,<-.(<,<&,-. _( %+(a(

appear on the colloque sur l'Optimisation et les Syst?&<(Ai)nformation (COSI) proceeding, BV#j#(:2;$,#(V.'(KNNlD

Abdat, N., Alimazighi, Z., 2004, 3+;$#"B,1(+aV1%(;'$#%,';("$+1<<!((7+(a(#""#$(,'()'*+$&#%,+'(#'A(]+&&.' i

catiobn Technologies International Symposium ICTIS KNNl("$+1 A,';D(P+$+11+(V.'(KNNl

a gis tools for evalution of the seismic

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