a fynn - research methodology

8/6/2019 A Fynn - Research Methodology

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ABP/B-TECH INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT DECLARATION

I DECLARE THAT THIS WORK IS AN ORIGINAL WORK AND ANY OTHER

SIMILAR WORK HAS BEEN APPROPRIATELY REFERENCED IN THIS

ASSIGNMENT.

MATERIAL REFERRED TO / QUOTED HAS BEEN REFERENCED IN MY

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

SIGNATURE:

MODULE: ResearchMethodology

NUMBER AND TITLE OF ASSIGNMENT SUBMITTED:The social

relevance of farmed corals to South African reef aquarists

Standard Bank Block Saturday

DATE SUBMITTED: 24 May 2011

STUDENT NUMBER: 21032789

STUDENT NAME: Adrian Fynn

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INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT DECLARATION

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has been referenced in this assignment. Material referred to/quoted has also

been referenced in our bibliography.

PROGRAMME : ABP/B-Tech

MODULE : ResearchMethodology

NUMBER & TITLE : The social relevance of

farmed corals to South African reef aquarists

OF ASSIGNMENT SUBMITTED

WEEKDAY / SATURDAY : Standard Bank Block

CENTRE : Standard Bank

DATE SUBMITTED : 24 May 2011

ID NO. / STUDENT NO.

(COMPULSORY)INITIALS & SURNAME SIGNATURE

7109105065082 /

21032789A.M. Fynn

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Our reefs are literally disappearing before our eyes. I cry as I dive on reefs

once awash in splendorous displays of colour with fishes, corals and

invertebrates that have since been overfished, bombed or polluted. I have

placed my hands upon the dead majesty of enormous Elkhorn corals, thinking

of days when I swam between their vibrant structures and my body parted

shoals of fish dwelling amongst their branches as I moved amid the coral

forests.

S : E i B , f t B f l P ti , lf

2007


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Definitionofterms

Term Meaning

oral frag

Frag l g

ari lt re

A all cutting takenofa livecoral. Typically, anewcoral colony

canbegrown from thi .

A mall basenormallymadeofamixtureofcement andcrushed

coral sand. A coral fragment isaffixed to theplugbymeansof

glue. vertime thecoral growsonto the fragplug.

ariculture isaspecializedbranchofaquaculture involving the

cultivationofmarineorganisms forfoodandotherproducts in theopenocean, anenclosedsectionof theocean, orin enclosed

tanks, pondsorracewayswhichare filledwithseawater


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Abbreviations

Abbreviation Meaning

ITES onventionon International Trade in

Endangered Species organisation)

ASA

SA K

arine Aquariumsof South Africa, ononline

aquarist forumdedicated tokeepingmarine

animals.

SA eefkeeping, anonlineaquarist forum

dedicated tokeepingmarineanimals.


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Thesocial relevanceoffarmedcoralsto

SouthAfricanreefaquarists

1 INTRODUCTION

Thekeepingof liveseaorganisms inaclosedecosystem , inparticular that of

corals, canbewhat bestsdescribes thehobbyofbeingamarinereefaquarist.

Thehobby itselfhasbeenaround formanyyearsalthoughmuchof it hasonly

grown inpopularity in the last decadeorso. imited informationwasavailable

in previously on this pastime. The pace of technological advancements and

information sharinghasenabledus toadmireapieceof theoceanwithin the

comfort ofones livingroom.

In terms of the level of difficulty, a reef aquarist can be described as the

pinnacle within the aquarist hobby. newouldnot onlyhave tosuccessfully

keepcoralsalivebut alsoensure that theyareable tosuccessfullygrowwithin

theirclosedsystems. Beingasomewhat nichehobby, it isnot surprising that

iscomesat acost to thehobbyist. Keepingamarine tankcanbeboth taxing

in terms of time and patience as well as on ones wallet. Fig 1 below is

aearlierpicture of the authors then 8 year old reef tank, taken in ecember

2010.

Figure 1 Theauthorsreef tank Source: authorderive d)


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oral collection for the ornamental reef aquarist trade is a very small

component in termsof impact, albeit still an impact onournatural resources.

orals are collected from thewild as whole coloniesor as cuttings from the

mother colony in what is termed a frag. These frags are attached to a frag

plugso that it mayencrust making it easier to transport and finallyaffix into

ones reef tank. oral farmersoperatingout of tropical ,natural reef inhabited

waters are the ones that practicea form of coral mariculture. Here the frags

are grown in shallow lagoons and harvested when they are appropriately

sized for the reef aquarist ornamental industry.Alternatively corals are also

collected from the wild where they are simply removed from the reefs and

supplied to local wholesalerswho thenhandle theexportingprocess.

2 RATIONALE

Thesupplyof inexpensivecottage industrystyledpropagated coralswouldbe

aboon toahobbyist wishing toaddmore life andcolour tohis reef system.

These coral frags are traded regularly on local online reef aquarist forums

betweenhobbyists. The twoonline forums dedicated tomarineaquarists are

SA eefkeeping or SA K www.sareefkeeping.com) and arine Aquariumsof South Africa or ASA www.marineaquariumsa.com). Here corals are

offeredat a fractionof thecosts typicallysold frompet stores.

Figure 2below isapictureofa 1.5 cmcoral frag acroporasecale)belonging to

the author, that was recently sold for 60 to a fellow hobbyist. This coral

fragment wasgrown by theauthor inhis nursery tank, far removed from its

natural habitat in theocean. A market potentially existswhere reef aquarists

can chose to rather purchase lo cally propagated corals instead of corals

harvested from the wild.Such is the rationale that hasgiven rise to this

researchstudy.


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Figure 2 AcroporaSecale frag Source: authorderived)

3 THE PROBLEM STATEMENT

South Africanreefaquaristsare facedwithpurchasingwildcorals, harvested

from theearthsnatural reefs.

orals are mainly harvested in regions such as Bali, Fiji, Indonesia,

Philippines and Australia . orals are removed from the reef as simple as

breaking themoffbymeansofahandchisel . From there theyare transported

toa local wholesaler, ready fortheexport market. uchof theoverheadcosts

comes from the shipping costs and change of hands from the coral farmer

whocouldbebased in Bali, toa local wholesaler/exporterwhowould in turn

supplya South Africanwholesaler/importer, who in turn woulddistributeand

supply to local andregional pet stores.

Typically transportationwouldalsoneed tobe in theshortest timepossibleso

as tonot tostress thecoralsorrisk thembeingdeadonarrival .Thecost toa

local hobbyist for a small colony purchased from a pet store could range

dependingonsizeandrarity, from 450 toasmuchas 2000 fora fist sized

colony.


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4 THE RESEARCH UESTION

Is thereasocial relevance within the reefaquarist community , inpurchasing

farmedcoralsasopposed towildcollectedcorals?

eef aquarists would need to be probed in terms of understanding if the

purchasing of wild vs. locally propagated corals, has any bearing on them

deciding on an industry they would rather support.Analysis of reef aquarists

supporting either of these two environments in terms of social relevance

wouldneed tobedone toascertain this.

5 THE AIMOFTHE RESEARCH

The aim of the research is to critically explore within the South African reef

aquarist community, ifreef aquarists would prefer to purchase local

propagatedcoralsasopposed towildharvestedcorals.

5.1THE OBJECTIVES OFTHE RESEARCH

The following objectives need to be explored within the reef aquarist

community in South Africa:

y To determinewithin the local reef aquarist communityif price would

mattermore than ifcoralsare farmedorwildcollected.

y To identify if reef aquarists will rather purchase locally propagated

coralsabove that ofwildcollected, importedcorals.


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y To identify if reefaquaristsagree thatlandbasedcoral farminghasless

ofan impact on theearthsnatural reefs.

6 ASSUMPTIONS

It isassumed that the SA K and ASA moderatorswill allow for thewebsite

tobeusedas thecommunicationplatform inwhich todiscuss thisstudyand

togain feedback via thepostingofa link to the surveywebsite in termsof this

researchstudy. It isalsoassumed that thepet storeownerswill partake in this

surveyandofferattentive feedback.

7 LIMITATIONS OFTHE RESEARCH STUDY

isted below are the possible limitations to this research and have b een

identifiedas follows:

y Access to information in terms of quantities of corals sold from pet

stores

y Access to information in terms of quantities of corals imported from

overseascoral wholesalers

y Surveyrespondentsnot providingaccuratedata

y Expert local knowledgearound landbasedcoral farming

y Expert knowledgearound thecoral importationprocess

y Honestywithin thequestionnairesurveyprocess

8 VALUE OFTHE RESEARCH STUDY

The research is important not only to establish if there is a local market for

farmed corals, but also to indicate if there is impact to the planets natural


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occurring reefs, in terms of land based coral farming. The planet is already

underpressure in termsof theeffectsof global warming which isdestroying

our reefs around the world. There could come a time where aquarists and

propagators coral farmers) are the only ones that have remaining live

corals.These corals are slowly disappearing from their natural occurring

areas. Thissocial relevance iscritical ifweare toensure thesurvival ofoneof

theearthsoldest livingorganisms.

The orld esources Institutehas indicated the followingkey findings in their

recent eefs at isk evisited report http://www.wri.org/publication/reefs -at-

risk-revisited):

y The majority of the worlds coral reefs are threatened by human

activities.

y ocal threats tocoral reefsare themost severe in Southeast Asiaand

least severe in Australia.

y Threat levelshave increaseddramaticallyovera tenyearperiod.

y hanges in climate and in ocean chemistry represent significant and

growing threats.

y hile over onequarter of the worlds coral reefsare withinprotected

areas, manyare ineffectiveoronlyofferpartial protection.y ependenceoncoral reefs ishigh inmanycountries, especiallysmall -

islandnations.

y egradation and loss of reefs will result in significant social and

economic impacts.

9 LITERATURE REVIE

There isagrowingmotivation to takeoursuccesswithcaptivesystemsand

use it topropagatecorals that not longagowere thought impossibleeven to

keepalive Bourneman, 2001:404).Bourneman goeson tomention that coral


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farming in fewshort yearshas leapt fromastrange fantasy toa veryreal

phenomenon. Pioneeringaquacultureoperationsaresucceeding inproducing

culturedcoralsboth in tropical Third orldset -upsand in indoor facilities in

developedcountries

Bourneman 2001:404) indicates that in orth America, numerouscommercial

andamateurorhobbyist propagatorsare takingsmall cuttingsor fragmentsof

soft and stony corals and growing specimens or colonies that are in great

demandbyaquarists. Theyare typicallydisease-freeandareprovided to the

aquarist without thestressofcollection, longdistanceshipping, and traumatic

periods spent in holding facilities. They do not have to endure the many

shocksof long flightsand frequent drasticenvironmental changes. Andmost

importantly, with captive grown livestock there is no significant impact on

natural occurringcoral reefs.

Thedemandofculturedcorals isgrowingquicklyand thepotential forprofit in

this most rewarding vocation is strong for the dedicated and ambit ious

aquarists alfo 2007:49). The gap between the domestic demand for coral

and thenumbers of cultured speciesproduced is enormousas evidenceby

the increasingnumberofwildharvestedcoralsentering thecountry S)each

year. Any amount of coral that a single farmer can produce in good health

andsizeat a fairprice)will beeagerlyconsumedby thecurrent market, and

trends seem to indicate that this will be true for many years to come.

Furthermore the threat of legislativerestrictions ITES)couldbeaboon toa

well-stockedandpreparedcoral farmer.

A businessplancanbe veryhelpful even foraquarists whodonot intend to

sell propagatedcorals forprofit alfo 2007:49). alfogoeson tomention thatthe process for developing a basic business plan will guide a novice coral

farmer to thoughtfully consider all of the expenses for such a project from

construction through tomaintenanceandoperation. Forprofessional aquarists

inclined to farm coral ina part-time or full-time business, abusiness plan is


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critical. Some of the questionsa start-up coral farmerneeds to ask include:

how muchspacedo I have toproduce thecorals;what is theminimumand

maximum estimated quantities of coral I can produce in said space; once I

produce the corals, who am I going to sell them to? Some successful

overseas coral farms that supply not only their local market but also the

international market, include:

y AnekaTirta Suryabased in Indonesia www.atsindonesia.com)

y Australian oral Farms www.australiancoralfarms.com.au/)

y ceans, eefs & Aquariums Inc. based in Florida, SA

www.orafarm.com)

alfo 2007:49)mentionsthat formanyprofessional aquarists, thecultureand

sale of propagated corals should follow the traditional path of cottage

industries. Youbeginat homewithmodelsonasmall scale.Propagatedcorals

may first be soldor tradedat local aquariumsociety meetingsamong fellow

hobbyistsand to local pet storeowners. henanaquarist is latersuccessful

inpropagatingcorals to theextent that the local market becomes saturated,

they look toregional distributor forawholesaleoutlet through which tomove

theproducts.

10RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY

10.1 NATURE OFTHERESEARCH

This research study will be qualitative in nature. According to alhotra

1996:147), qualitative research is an unstructured, exploratory research

methodology based on small samples that provide insights into and

understanding of the problem. This type of research is widely used and is

basedon information findings taken fromobservationan d interactionsuchas

interviewingsubject matterexperts in termsofaquaristsandpet storeowners.


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Being exploratory, much of the feedback will be based on interaction and

feedback on hobbyists coral farming practices and the coral importing

process. Information will be gathered from various sources including fellow

reefaquarists, online forums, peopleworkingwithin the local marine aquarist

trade, aswell asanonlinesurveyundertakenbyreef aquarist hobbyists.

10.2 RESEARCHDESIGN

Zikmund 2003:65)states that theresearchdesign isamasterplanspecifying

the methods and procedures for collecting and analysing the needed

information. This study will encompass exploratory research of land based

coral propagation in South Africa. How the c ustomer the reef aquarist)interacts with local pet stores in terms of acquiring corals for their home

systems.

According to Zikmund 2003:54-56), healsostates that thereare three types

ofbusinessresearchprocesses, namely:

I. Exploratory research an initial research conducted to clarify and

define thenatureofaproblem.

II. escriptiveresearch researchdesigned todescribecharacteristicsof

apopulationandphenomenon.

III. ausal research research conducted to identify cause and effect

relationshipsamong variableswhen theresearchproblemhasalready

beennarrowlydefined.

10.2.1 Sampling

The typeofsampling that will beused iscallednon -probabilitysampling. The

sampleareaswill entail thereef aquarist community. n thesuppliersideside

it will entail pet storeowners. As Zikmund 2003:70) explains, sampling is a

procedure that usesasmall numberof itemsorportionofpopulation tomake

a conclusion regarding thewhole population. So by studying the sample we


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may fairly generalise our results back to the reef aquarist population from

which theywerechosen.

In this case, the questionnaires and interviews targeted to the reef aquarist

community are made up of local members of the online reef aquarist

communities, namely that of SA K www.sareefkeeping.com)whichhas 3400

members and ASA www.marineaquariumsa.com/) which has 4700

members. Although there are members who are part of both forums, it is

narroweddown to thepeople withwhom theauthorhascontact with via the

online forums. ollectivelyclose to 4000 hobbyistswill be targeted, in termsof

beingasked topartake in thequestionnairesurvey therebysoliciting feedback

fromarandompopulationgroup . This target grouprepresentsasmall sample

populationofreefkeepers in South Africa.

Thepet stores that makeup theretail populationgroup that suppliescorals to

the reef keepers are the found in the major cities of South Africa such as

Johannesburg, Pretoria, ape Town, urban and Port Elizabeth. A list of

twentypet storeswill beasked topartake in thesurveyspreadacross these

regions. The list comprises of the ASA forum sponsors

http://www.marineaquariumsa.com/forumdisplay.php?f=67 ) as well as the

SA K onlineshop http://www.sareefkeeping.com/shopselection.html).

The two basic sampling techniques by Zikmund 2003:71) are explained as

follows:

I. Probability sample A sample in which every member of the

populationhasaknown, non-zeroprobabilityofselection.

II. on-probabilitysampling A sampling technique inwhichunitsof the

sample are selected on the basis of personal judgement orconvenience.


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10.2.2 DataCollectionMethods

For this researchstudy,table 1 below illustrates themethod that will beused

tocollect thedata.

Table 1: Data collectionmethod

Type Detailsand Sampling

Qualitative The ata collection method will be surveys in the form of

questionnairesand informal interviews. It will beapplicable to:

y eefaquaristswithin thecoral keepingcommunity

y Pet store owners that supply aquarist products and

livestock toreefaquarist

y Forum SA K & ASA) members that collectively

numbersapproximately 4000 reefkeepers

y Approximately 20 pet storesaround thecountry

Source: Authorderived

10.2.3 uestionnaire

Refer to appendices A & B to also illustrate the format and layout of the

questionnaires. Thequestionnairescovers the following variables, viz., that of

the reef keeper and that of the pet store owner. The question ing itself will

focuson thesocial relevanceon thereefaquarist shopping for farmedcorals

vs. wildcollectedones. Same for thepet storeowner, decidingonwhether to

stock farmed vs. wildcollect corals. Thequestionnairesaskaround thesocial

relevancearound farmedcorals versus that of importedones, that effectivley

haveabearingon thenatural reefresources .

The questionnaire will be in the form of a ickert scale

www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/scallik.php) where respondents will be

asked to choose their most applicable answer to the question. The


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questioningwill not followanyneed forbiographical data as there isno real

relevance between segmenting the reef aquaristand that of the Pet store

owners.

10.3 ADMINISTRATION

The questionnaires will be compiled online still to be formulated) on the

Survey onkeys website www.surveymonkey.com). As such the website

itself will handle the input from thedata capturing done by the respondents.

The link to theonline formwill bepostedonboth the ASA and Sark forums

and a link will be emailed to the all the Pet Stores. The processing of the

information from the respondents will be fed back in various graph formatsandassuchwill be inareadystate foranalysis.

10.4 DEMARCATIONOF STUDY

As noted, this study is exploratory and is aimed at investigating the

relationshipbetween the reefaquarist, thecoral farmer, thepet storesand the

impact it hason theearthsnatural reefs. It shouldbenoted that thestudy:

i) ompriseson the theoryand theapplication in termsof theneedaround

coral farming, asrevealed in the literaturereview.

ii) Reviewswhycoralsareexpensive to thereefaquarist.

iii) Reviews a basis for further exploring ifcoral farming can become a

profitable venture in South Africa.

This study does not investigate what impact coral farming may haveon pet

stores and the importation of wild collected corals from overseas suppliers.Thisstudymaysuggest changes in theoverall supplychain inhowcoralsare

supplied locally toreefaquarists.


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11RESEARCHOUTLINE

The research study is estimated to take approximately four months to

complete. The following describes an overview of chapters that will be

includedaspart of the final researchreport.

hapter1 Introduction to theresearch Research Proposal).

This chapter outlines the problem statement, objectives, methodology and

limitationsof thestudy.

hapter2 oral propagationsocial relevance investigation

This chapter will focus on investigating within the South

Africanreefaquaristcommunity;the potential influencethat land based coral

farming in South Africacanhave tohelppreserve theearthsnatural reefs .

hapter3 atacollectionmethods

Examinesanddiscusses theselectionof the targetedpopulationof thisstudy.

It will provide an overview of findings and further interviewed feedback from

people in the local coral retail trade.

hapter4 Research findingsanddataanalysis

omparing information between the findings and data gathered within the

coral aquarist community which includes the Pet stores and the potential

influence of landbased coral farming. The findings then will be comparedto

literaturestudy in terms ofestablishing, if reefaquaristswouldrathersupport

locallypropagatedcoralsratherthan importedwildharvestedones.

hapter5 onclusionandrecommendationsThis chapter will focus concluding the research study and making

recommendations. It will conclude ifcoralscanbe farmed in South Africa that

will have the full support of the local reefaquarist community.

.


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12REFERENCES

Borneman E.H. 2001). Aquarium Corals, Selection, Husbandry, and Natural

History. harlotte, SA. icrocosm td.

Burke ., ReytarK., Spalding ., Perry A. 2011). Reefs at risk revisited, orld

Resources

Institute,http://pdf.wri.org/reefs_at_risk_revisited_executive_summary.pdf

[Accessed: 2011-04-20]

alfo A.R. 2007). Book of Coral Propagation .Volume 1, 2nded. onroeville,

SA. ReadingTrees Publication

ikert Scaling, http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/scallik.php),

[Accessed 2011-04-22]

alhotra, .K. 1996).Marketing research: an applied orientation .Secondedition.Prentice-Hall.

arine Aquariumsof South Africa, www.marineaquariumsa.com), [Accessed:

2011-04-22]

SA Reefkeeping, www.sareefkeeping.com), [Accessed: 2011-04-22]

Zikmund . . 2003). Business research methods. 7thed. hio: Thomson

earning.


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APPENDIX A

Reef eeperfeedbackquestionnaire

Feedbackmust be indicatedbyplacingasinglecross in theapplicableblock

below the question that is deemed most appropriate in answering the

question.

1 - Howwouldyourate theaffordabilityofcorals in termsofkeeping thereef

aquarist communityalive?

ot

important

Slightly

important

oderately

important

Very

important

Extremely

important

2 - Howimportant is it toyou in termsofpurchasingcorals, doespricematter

more to you than knowing if the coral is propagated or harvested from the

wild?

ot

important

Slightly

important

oderately

important

Very

important

Extremely

important

3 - ould it mattermuch toyou in termsofimportanceandsocial relevance

that theearthsreefsareslowlydying, in decidingwhetheryouchoose toshop

forwildharvest coralsasopposed to locally farmedcorals?

ot

important

Slightly

important

oderately

important

Very

important

Extremely

important


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4 In the long term 10 -20 years), doyouagree that coral propagation efforts

will assist inestablishinglessofan impact to theearthsnatural reefs.

ot at all Havent aclue Somewhat ostly, yes Absolutelyagree

5 - In termsofyour local pet store, doyousee themasonlystocking locally

farmedcorals, asastrongdrawcard ingetting fellowreefaquariststoshopat

theirstore?

ot at all

ant decide forsure Somewhat

ostly,

agree

Agree 100%


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APPENDIX BPet Storeowner,feedbackquestionnaire

Feedbackmust be indicatedbyplacingasinglecross in theapplicableblock

below the question that is deemed most appropriate in answering the

question.

1 - Howwouldyourate theaffordabilityofcorals toyourcustomerbase, in

termsofkeeping thereefaquarist communityalive?

ot

important

Slightly

important

oderately

important

Very

important

Extremely

important

2 - Howimportant is it toyou in termsofsellingcorals, does itmattermore to

you thanknowing if thecoral ispropagatedorharvested from thewild?

ot

important

Slightly

important

oderately

important

Very

important

Extremely

important

3 - ould it mattermuch toyou in termsofimportanceandsocial relevance

that the earths reefs are slowly dying, in deciding whether you choose to

import wildharvest coralsasopposed tostocking locally farmedcorals?

ot

important

Slightly

important

oderately

important

Very

important

Extremely

important


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4 Howoftendoyou import wildcollect coralswhereyouneed to replenish

yourstorescoral stocks?

eekly Bi-

eekly onthly Bi- onthly Quarterly

5 - In terms of purchasing your coral stock from a local land based coral

propagator, doyou think thispracticehasastrong social relevance in terms

ofprotectingournatural reefenvironment? Assuch, doyou think thispractice

will bewidelyadoptedbyyourselfandotherPet Stores?

ot at all

ant decide forsure Somewhat ostly,

agree

Agree 100%

6 - In termsof yourwalk in customerbase into, doyouseehaving a locally

farmedcoral selection, asastrongdrawcard ingettingreef aquaristtoshop

at yourstore?

ot at all

ant decide forsure Somewhat

ostly,

agree

Agree 100%

a fynn - research methodology

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