A food supplement, also known as dietary supplement or nutritional supplement, is a preparation intended to provide nutrients that are missing or are not consumed in sufficient quantity in a person's diet.

Marketed as pills, tablets, capsules, liquids in measured doses.

Definition

Essential organic nutrients: Essential organic nutrients: that promote energy for living that promote energy for living

organisms requiring them are: organisms requiring them are: - - Amino acidsAmino acids (the precursors of protein) (the precursors of protein) - - Fatty acidsFatty acids - - CarbohydratesCarbohydrates.. - - Purine and pyrimidine and their derivativesPurine and pyrimidine and their derivatives (precursors (precursors of nucleic acids).of nucleic acids). - - VitaminsVitamins. .

Essential inorganicEssential inorganic nutrientsnutrients that promote the growth and that promote the growth and

maintenance of living organisms such as:maintenance of living organisms such as: boron, calcium, iodine, iron, magnesium, boron, calcium, iodine, iron, magnesium, potassium, selenium and zincpotassium, selenium and zinc

All nutrients required for human life work interdependently All nutrients required for human life work interdependently in order to metabolize and facilitate optimal functioning. in order to metabolize and facilitate optimal functioning. E.g.: intake of calcium requires a complementary amount of E.g.: intake of calcium requires a complementary amount of

magnesium so the calcium will be absorbed properly. magnesium so the calcium will be absorbed properly. An excess of calcium may be responsible for a magnesium An excess of calcium may be responsible for a magnesium

deficiency. deficiency.

Do Do YOUYOU Need a Dietary Need a Dietary Supplement?Supplement?

When You May Need a Dietary When You May Need a Dietary SupplementSupplement

You eat a very low-calorie diet You eat an all-plant diet (vegan) You are in a certain stage of the life cycle (e.g., a

pregnant, breastfeeding) Your doctor may prescribe a supplement for you if:

You have a disease, infection, or injury or recently had surgery

You have a nutritional deficiency You are taking medications that interfere with your

body’s use of specific nutrients

Dietary supplement would include: ■ Vitamins (e.g.: Vitamin B6, Niacin,Vitamin C) ■ Minerals (e.g.: Calcium and Iron)

■ Amino acid (e.g.: Tyrosine, Creatine, L-tryptophan, Phenylalanine)

■ Herbals

Pregnant women.Pregnant women. Infants. Infants. Children. Children. Adolescents. Adolescents. Elderly.Elderly. Individuals with inherited disorders of amino acid metabolism.Individuals with inherited disorders of amino acid metabolism. Individuals with certain diseases. Individuals with certain diseases.

E.g.: L-tryptophan L-tryptophan andand phenylalanine phenylalanine in dietary supplement in dietary supplement caused potential risks for:caused potential risks for:

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advises caution with amino acid supplements.

Eosinophilia-myelgia syndrome (EMS) was associated with the ingestion of L-tryptophan in a dietary supplement. EMS is a systemic connective tissue disease characterized by: - Severe muscle pain - Increase in white blood cells - Certain skin and neuromuscular manifestations.

People with phenylketonuria (PKU), a rare genetic condition, when ingest too much phenylalanine, serious problems could occur, especially brain and mental problems in children.

HerbsHerbs Combining herbals with medicines can result in an adverse

reaction where "double-dosing" can occur or a worsening of symptoms in those with a chronic medical condition.

Some of the fastest growing herbal categories include the following:

Herbals that increase circulation (Ginko biloba) Herbals used for calmative effect (Kava kava, Valerian, Chamomile) Herbals to lessen a cold flu symptoms and boost immunity (Echinacea, Goldenseal) Herbs for mild depression (St. John's Wort ). Herbs for inflammation (Curcuma domestica). Herbs for lowering cholesterol (Allium sativum). Herbs to treat hypertension (Valariana officinalis, Panax ginseng)

Be careful when using Herbal Supplements:Be careful when using Herbal Supplements:

Herbals can interact with drugs used for anesthesia (all herbals Herbals can interact with drugs used for anesthesia (all herbals be discontinued 2-3 weeks prior to a scheduled surgery).be discontinued 2-3 weeks prior to a scheduled surgery).

Stop all herbals if pregnant or breast-feeding.Stop all herbals if pregnant or breast-feeding.

Many herbals can interact with the anticoagulant:Many herbals can interact with the anticoagulant: - Avoid taking supplements of garlic, - Avoid taking supplements of garlic, ginko bilobaginko biloba, ginger, , ginger, while taking the blood thinner Coumadinwhile taking the blood thinner Coumadin®® as these as these herbs can further prolong clotting times. herbs can further prolong clotting times.

Don't give herbal remedies to children without first checking Don't give herbal remedies to children without first checking with the child's pediatrician. with the child's pediatrician.

Many drugs interact with St. John's Wort, prompting the FDA Many drugs interact with St. John's Wort, prompting the FDA to issue a health advisory: to issue a health advisory:

St. John's Wort can cause some drugs to be eliminated from the St. John's Wort can cause some drugs to be eliminated from the body too quickly, making them less effective such as oral body too quickly, making them less effective such as oral contraceptives, anti-cancer agents, heart medications and drugs contraceptives, anti-cancer agents, heart medications and drugs that fight HIV. that fight HIV.

Don't take herbal products containing ephedra. Many deaths Don't take herbal products containing ephedra. Many deaths have been associated with its use.have been associated with its use.

Possible Side Effects of Possible Side Effects of Supplement UseSupplement Use

DehydrationDehydration Nervousness and DizzinessNervousness and Dizziness Changes in Blood Pressure and Heart RateChanges in Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Heart AttackHeart Attack Seizures Psychosis Death Interaction with medications

Supplements to AvoidSupplements to Avoid Steroids and Steroid-Enhancers

Linked to liver toxicity and increased risk of heart attack.

Kava Kava Linked to liver damage Banned in European countries and Canada

St Johns Wort Interferes with a huge number of medications

Dietary Dietary Supplements D/SSupplements D/S

Distinguished from Drugs:Distinguished from Drugs: Drug must undergo FDA approval after clinical Drug must undergo FDA approval after clinical

studies to determine effectiveness and safetystudies to determine effectiveness and safety D/S = no pre-market testingD/S = no pre-market testing

DSHEA (Dietary Supplement Health Education Act)

DSHEA defines a dietary supplement as any product that contains a vitamin, mineral, herb, or amino acid and that

is intended as a supplement to the normal diet.

DSHEA authorized to provide DSHEA authorized to provide accurate informationaccurate information to to consumers and the label must include:consumers and the label must include: NameName of each ingredient of each ingredient QuantityQuantity of each ingredient of each ingredient Total weightTotal weight of all ingredient if a blend of all ingredient if a blend Identity of Identity of part of plantpart of plant derived from derived from Term “Term “Dietary SupplementDietary Supplement””

Statements may be included on the label that give the Statements may be included on the label that give the manufacturers description of the role of the D/Smanufacturers description of the role of the D/S Not authorized by FDANot authorized by FDA

Food coloring is any substance that is added to food or drink

to change its color.

Purpose of food coloring

- Offsetting color loss due to light, air, extremes of temp., moisture, and storage conditions. - Enhancing naturally occurring colors. - Decorative purposes.

Natural food dyes

• Caramel coloring (E150), made from caramelized sugar, used in cola products and also in cosmetics.

• Annatto (E160b), a reddish-orange dye made from the seed of the Achiote.

• Turmeric (curcuminoids, E100) • Saffron (carotenoids, E160a) • Paprika (E160c)

• A great deal of research finds definite connections between

behavioral problems and hyperactivity in children.

• Other effects on health from food dyes are allergies, headache,

asthma, fatigue, nausea, concentration problems, agitation and

nervousness.

Side effects of coloring agents

Metabolic regulation by pancreatic hormones : the fed state vs the fasted states the fed

Insulin: - Lowers blood glucose and stimulates the production of

glycogen, fat, and protein.

Glucagon: - Raises blood glucose by stimulating the breakdown of

liver glycogen . - It also promotes lipolysis and the formation of ketone

bodies.

The secretion of insulin is stimulated by a rise in blood glucose following meals.

The secretion of glucagon is stimulated by a fall in blood glucose during periods of fasting.

Hormones of posterior lobe of Hormones of posterior lobe of Pituitary glandPituitary gland

The posterior lobe is the source of 2 hormones:The posterior lobe is the source of 2 hormones:

Vasopressin (ADH)Vasopressin (ADH) Oxytocin (OT)Oxytocin (OT)

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Function:

- ADH is to conserve body water by reducing the loss of water

in urine.

- ADH binds to receptors on cells in the collecting ducts of the

kidney and promotes reabsorption of water back into the

circulation.

Diabetis insipidus DI (Hyposecretion of ADH)

Sign & symptoms: polyuria (10-12 L/ day)

Treatment: Synthetic vasopressin injection (Pitressin)

This condition can arise from either of two situations: Hypothalamic diabetes insipidus: ■ Results from a deficiency in secretion of ADH from the posterior pituitary. ■ Causes of this disease include head trauma and infections or tumors involving the hypothalamus. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: ■ occurs when the kidney is unable to respond to ADH. ■ Most commonly, this results from some type of renal disease.

Function in female:

Oxytocin

-Stimulation of milk ejection

- Stimulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction.