a focus on efficiency - internet.org whitepaper

7/22/2019 A Focus On Efficiency - Internet.org Whitepaper

1/71

A F EA whitepaper rom Facebook, Ericsson and Qualcomm

September 16, 2013

table o contents

1 E S

22 D C I

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3/71

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Facebook.com was frst coded in PHP, which was perect or the quick iterations

that have since defned our style o product rollouts and release engineering. PHP

is a dynamically-typed programming language, allowing or greater speed than

a statically-typed language like C++. As a programming language, PHP is simple

to learn, write, read and debug. New engineers at Facebook can contribute a lotaster with PHP than with other languages, producing a aster pace o innovation.

However, it soon became clear that i Facebook were to scale exponentially, PHP

would be an obstacle to achieving this eciently. Although PHP enabled speedy

shipping o new products and changes to the service, its continued use would

require exponentially more servers. A new approach was needed.


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executive summary

o avoid having to rewrite the entire site in a new programming language, ourinrastructure team developed new ways to run PHP aster. In 2010 we built a tool

called HipHop , that

transormed PHP source code into highly optimized C++ beore it hit the servers,

allowing ewer machines to be utilized. HipHop or PHP allows 50 percent more

trac to be processed on the same machines than original PHP. Tis signifcant

perormance improvement was realized through various optimization techniques in

the HipHop compiler and the run-time system including almost-serialization-ree

APC, aster serialization and JSON encoding, less reerence counting, more com-pact binary code, improved memory allocation and aster compilation.

Although HipHop provided signifcant gains in the perormance o Facebooks

code, its reliance on static compilation made optimizing code time consuming.

Te team also developed a separate HipHop interpreter (HPHP) that required

signifcant eort to maintain. o overcome those constraints, the team soon

refned the approach underlying HipHop and determined that greater ecien-

cies could be achieved by building a virtual machine that would convert PHP

directly into native machine code. A small team was created to experiment with

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https://www.facebook.com/note.php%3Fnote_id%3D280583813919https://www.facebook.com/note.php%3Fnote_id%3D10150415177928920https://www.facebook.com/note.php%3Fnote_id%3D10150415177928920https://github.com/facebook/hiphop-phphttps://github.com/facebook/hiphop-phphttps://www.facebook.com/note.php%3Fnote_id%3D10150415177928920https://www.facebook.com/note.php%3Fnote_id%3D10150415177928920https://www.facebook.com/note.php%3Fnote_id%3D280583813919


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executive summary

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executive summary

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executive summary

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https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/under-the-hood-scheduling-mapreduce-jobs-more-efficiently-with-corona/10151142560538920https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/under-the-hood-scheduling-mapreduce-jobs-more-efficiently-with-corona/10151142560538920https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/under-the-hood-scheduling-mapreduce-jobs-more-efficiently-with-corona/10151142560538920https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/under-the-hood-scheduling-mapreduce-jobs-more-efficiently-with-corona/10151142560538920https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/under-the-hood-scheduling-mapreduce-jobs-more-efficiently-with-corona/10151142560538920https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/under-the-hood-scheduling-mapreduce-jobs-more-efficiently-with-corona/10151142560538920


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executive summary

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executive summary

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11/71

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executive summary

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12/71

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executive summary

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13/71

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executive summary

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executive summary

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https://www.facebook.com/note.php%3Fnote_id%3D76191543919https://www.facebook.com/note.php%3Fnote_id%3D76191543919https://www.facebook.com/note.php%3Fnote_id%3D76191543919https://www.facebook.com/note.php%3Fnote_id%3D76191543919


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executive summary

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16/71

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executive summary

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executive summary

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18/71

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19/71

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executive summary

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20/71

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executive summary

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21/71

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executive summary

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executive summary

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23/71

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25/71

4 o7


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h h p.

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, whh w w, gg h. g,

w wd h dw h w k p 2-% h g p- p , pd wh h p 10-20%.

oer manaement

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pw p, h g g pw , g

hgh g hgh h , d g hg h d

d f .

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d w, p-pdg UPS h d

g p 12%. Ad g h h gd L, w h

d kp g 0%.


26/71

o7


Industry Standard

Open Compute Project

1.9PUE

1.07PUE

08:21AM.Today

Power Usage

Effectiveness

(PUE)

Water Usage

Effectiveness

(WUE)

Humidity

(Outdoors)

Temperture

(Outdoors)

1.07

9.17

77%

58o

L/kWh

/100%

F/14.2oC

Next Update:

45 seconds

2.5 hour delay

24 hour period


27/71

o7


vani ty-ree serv er esin

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w .

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28/71

7 o7


netor sitc

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dp OS-g wh h dgd dp

d w w d p h w h h.

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wkg Fd, d VMw pg pp.

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col storae

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Network

Storage

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Rack

DataCenter

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HDFS

Linux

Co-lo

Co-lo Greenfield Cold Storage

Open Rack

Open Stack IPMI2-socker

Intel/AMD

Group Hug +

ARM SOCs

Swift Posix Open Vault

HardwareOperating

System

Cold Storage

SDN


29/71

o7


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h < hp://www.pp.g/wp/wp-/pd/2013/01/Op_C-p_Pj_Cd_Sg_Spf_0.5.pd>.

isareate rac

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p pd pdd dpd h h, g d

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Silicon photonics: Intel is contributing designs for its upcoming silicon

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Group HugFacebook is contributing a specication for a new common slot

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p d- d w hgh p p g
http://%20http//www.opencompute.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Open_Compute_Project_Cold_Storage_Specification_v0.5.pdfhttp://%20http//www.opencompute.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Open_Compute_Project_Cold_Storage_Specification_v0.5.pdfhttp://%20http//www.opencompute.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Open_Compute_Project_Cold_Storage_Specification_v0.5.pdfhttp://%20http//www.opencompute.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Open_Compute_Project_Cold_Storage_Specification_v0.5.pdf


30/71

o7


New SOCs: AMD, Applied Micro, Calxeda, and Intel have all announced

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d p.


31/71

o7

builin more eicient as T hp p h hg dp dg

pp dgd h q d d

dpg . T

d dg h

dp Fk pp h Add

p.

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hgh q p . Wh pp

h g, pd wh h d, d d , h

p h h dd h qk d p, wh-

h h wd. T h pp d h d

h p d h hpp.

Hw, dg h ghwd . Bw j h h k h d p hg .

Te Challengesanroi is incr eibly i ver se

T Add pg d pp d pw -

ph h wd. Hw, h p h OS h

d.

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pg h wd gg p d d .

T d hg h h h

pp h p h gg gh

h J V Mh h gf h d p

h pp.


32/71

o7

builin more eicient as

aceboo users are every ere

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pp J 2013. d g p h Fk

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h wd . Dg p; h d,

Fk pp 0 gg d.

ones come in all s aes an sies

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d wd hp d z. Ph g w w d d d p k.

Ahgh h pd g h , h p g dd

pp dp, qg h h pp p d

hg p hdw. T CPU, h

RAM h d, h p g h SD d, h z

d h dp, h p h d h p

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p h , p d h Fk pp.

netor connectivity is unevenly istribute

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d . A , h q d pd

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33/71

o7


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pdd hg.

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Te Solutions

anlin netor connectivit y

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p dph g h wd w

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. Wh h , p h h p

h h h d h h , dg dwdh, ,

pk , pd pk, d pk dg. T w p d

hg k:

Simulate mobile radio technologies over Wi-Fi. (e.g. 2G, EDGE, 3G, 4G)

Simulate conditions in various countries. (e.g. what the Facebook app feelsk Id)

Simulate problematic service. (e.g. slow DNS, intermittent connection,

kd p, fw)

Simulate various levels of network capacity and congestion including peak

wk h


34/71

o7


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resolution

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d .

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35/71

4 o7


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bacroun on eb

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hgh h pp.

WP w g dpd Gg, d d 2010.

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p g h , pdg d g

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dwd d w g , wh g dwdh .

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18050p ph d w, d g g g

ph. A , w w h h g w hgh 25-30%.

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d g q.

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wh pp q, whh pp g

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S S S (MS-SSIM).

A Fk, w MS-SSIM g q, h

qf pp g q. I p SSIM,

MS-SSIM h g p , whh w


36/71

o7


d h g h d h g

w. Wh MS-SSIM d SSIM h d, h WP

p dpp p MS-SSIM h SSIM. h h

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convertin to eb at scale

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PNG (18 ). A , h p hd d pp w

w d d p h f WP.M w d pp WP d dp . O dkp,

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d h p f WP.

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Ggd. W d WP h d h w, h g h

d h , w g d . O h d,

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p wd, h d h JPEG g p, w w

p h g g h w WP.

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g, Ggd ph h h w hdw g Add

d d. S ddg h WP 2/3 h h w, w

pg wh p ddg , d g h

dp h g. T wd w h w h

h, d d h h h h g.


37/71

o7


Mg hg p h hg. S dkp,

d hg JPEG, h h CDN

k d h JPEG h h h WP. T p

hg h h g g. O h g , w h

WP, w p h p d.

W d JPG WP h , g d h . I d

WP h h g dwdh, w pd -

d dd h JPEG, z, d h d WP.

Cpd JPEG, dg WP q h . Fg h p h g pp, h ddg d zg, WP k 5 g

gg h JPEG.

A h p, g d WP h Add pp-

, d w WP h p w. Wh h g

d WP, w w h d 20% wk , wh-

q.

Ooading to Wi-FiWh pp w dwd d p

(g hgh g, p), h d g p

pd h d g g p pp wh.

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d d ph d whh d W-F -

. T hp d g.

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pd, Fk g gg phg d hg g. T

h d d p ph h wh d


38/71

7 o7


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p p, h Fk Add d H d h

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wh d h d p, w j dwd d hw p


39/71

o7


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battery lie

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pp d p d .


40/71

o7


T hgh wkg ph d h d wk -

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pd gd h z d pk d. A, h

wk p. T, h ph h d

p p d wk p. Cq,

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f h p, wh g h g h d

h UI. O w w kd h p-hg p g

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g h.

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d h d d pw d h . F ,

h d wkg p h d d hg w g

0.02% 0.1% h , w pp ICS+ d. C-

q, w pd w hw h d wk p d

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pg h p h d.

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d qg p (whh pw pp), h p-

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h wk w d h wkd h h p

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p wh pg .


41/71

4 o7


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g hgh w pg g, w zd h w dd

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pw p dd h Fk .

pw d, pw g w d

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dd d. W h d h d d

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USB h d h d g p pw p

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wd p h d gg p). T d w d

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z d gd w pd wh w d

g ddd H. A g , w p k


42/71

4 o7


p pw g h f w wh

hg w .

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d p h d d pp. W h

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hpg g.

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d wh kg w pd h

hgh q h w. W d

k pp , h d.


43/71

4 o7

I dd pzg Add pp, w dg pp ph dgd

w dwdh wh Fk E Ph,

pd h Sp . Fk E Ph

g d h

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w d h d Fk.

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p d -ppd hg k

Fk .

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h p wh dpg Fk

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p pp

dpg .

Why Feature Phones MatterSp w pp wh d ph. Ahgh

ph w p -ph, h h

qk. d h hg d -ph,

d h h h wd w h h -ph k-

aceboo or every one


44/71

4 o

p ( d-) 2015. E h k- p, h

d -ph k .

Fk w pp d h wd gd h p

ph h h, . T ,

w p h w d - Fk

E Ph pf dp h d gdg h -

z pp dgph.

Design Goals and PhilosophyT pd h pp d h hgh- dg g h

Fk E Ph .

Size MattersT w g dgd p wh hd:

1. A w d wk pp (2G wk).

2. Ph wh d pg pw ( q 500k R AM).

T d pg pw ph qd h w z -d

, g h h-g p Fk wh

p d. S k h

.

T w d wk qd dwdh dg d h

dg h - p.

Device FragmentationA k dg g w d h d g. T wg C-

pd pd hd:

aceboo or every one


45/71

44 o7

aceboo or every one

{Screen resolutions} {Color depths} {Portrait | Landscape}

{Input: T9 / Qwerty / Touch /... } x {Vendors} x {Generation}

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w d p:

Gatewaythis component is addressing the device fragmentation problem.

T Gw d p whh

h pp g g .

Application Serverthis component hosts the application-level logic, which

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pf d p, d h

h h hg h .

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w, w hp . d h, w d h

d w d h -d. T wd f p

g-d w ddg h h -d, wh g

w qg pgd. P pd w qk

fd wh h d g pd.


46/71

4 o7

aceboo or every one

ArchitectureT wg dg z hw h Sp g dpd Fk:

A d , h Gw h p h p d

dp d z. T App S h pp-

g. T g h d g h C

d. T App S FB k-d d h I.

Client-server protocolT Fk E Ph - p dgd d h -

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w h d h , wh p. T p-

p z w h d h , d z

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Snaptu @ Facebook

FB APIs

Facebook

Camera

Contacts

...

Facebook

Infrastructure

Internet

RPC Layer

Image Server

SnaptuApp Server

Gateway

Client


47/71

4 o7

aceboo or every one

p. Bg z d d , h d h

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Screen DifsI h j , d hg h. T w

pz d hg/pd h w . W

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d h h d. T h d

kp k h h w h hgh . I h

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g. T d p, d d.

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, g g p g p

.


48/71

47 o7

aceboo or every one

Font RenderingW dd whh h d w. T p d h pph, h d g d-

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ranslations p w pp hd Fk h gg. Fk E Ph h Fk

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p d fd

d h k d h d .

Device DetectionIdg h d h p p h p. I w

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p k h d d h dw-

d pkg h d, h h g.


49/71

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aceboo or every one

W h hd d h p h d g d: M-

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p, h p pd gd . Agg h h

U-Ag hd wh h p WURFL (W-

U R FL), d k z , w

p h gg p.


50/71

4 o7

Q h wd g whg d h wd g

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dp w d , d

p pd gd ph h

Chg.

F, w dpg w hg hp h 1000 Chg h

: C Aggg d Spp Dwk, p d d pd; LE-Bd d wh pp w h

hg; LE-D wh wk g dw;

802.11 d d d ; DSRC, -

d ; d, dd p.

ualcomm

meetin te x callene

Q Ipd


51/71

o7

Sd, 1000 p, d h

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h g p pd , d h

p pd pd q wh h p.

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h p p g h 1000 Chg.

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W-F, Bh, d NFC; d, GPS. O hp pp q

d p h w pp 0 d wdwd

LE . W dp w hg, dd h hp, d

pp w d, qk p. W wk wh w-

d h wd. Q d

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ualcomm


52/71

o7

ualcomm

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1000 Chg.

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hp h 1000 Chg. T d:

Carrier Aggregation and Supplemental Downlink to bond together separate

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LTE-Broadcast for multi-casting of video and data in places where many

pp w h ;

LTE-Direct to allow rst responders and others to communicate device-to-

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802.11ac and ad for faster Wi-Fi and other unlicensed applications;

DSRC, which enables cars to communicate with one another to avoid

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pd d h wd hw ,

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ASA k p d h wd hw

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g h 1000 hg.


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Understanding and Meeting CustomerExpectations Will Reward Operators withSuperior Mobile Broadband Networks

smart mobile evices rive ne user beaviors an exectations

T d h ph d d h

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ericsson:

y su erior ne torerormance matters

Figure 1. Global Smartphones, Mobile PCs and Tablets Subscriptions

Source: Ericsson trafc and market report, 2012


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d h f h 2012. Dp h -gwg h g

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g h d. d h f h 2012. Dp h

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pd , wh 15 p h wd 15-d gwh g d h f , d d.1

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pp. fg 3 hw, 0 p ph h

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Figure 2. Key Drivers for Smartphone Usage

Source: Ericsson consumerLab, 2012

Browse Internet

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Figure 3. Non-Voice usage of Smartphones

Source: Ericsson consumerLab, 2011

g p h , pkg dg h d wh

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Do you experience issues with your smartphone?Ag h p d, h g -

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at is netor ualit y

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Convenienceusers want to carry out tasks with little eort or diculty.

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pd. w h p k h d d wk

wh h p h d hgh-q p, h

pg pp.


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a su erior ne tor r ives cust omer satisaction

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How likely are you to stay with your currentnetwork provider?

Medium Satisfaction

0% 20% 40% 60% 80%

High Satisfaction

Network High = 78% Medium = 50%


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ericsson

Rh h hw h wk p h ww

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Operators Reap Benets

rom Superior Networkselstra, AustraliaHg hgh-q d p wk

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Quality and CoverageVivo, Brazil Bz, V, h d

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w.


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ericsson

Attaining Superior Perorming NetworksI h ph ph d d, pp pd wk q h -

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smart

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d.


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ericsson

suerior erormance

Bdd h hghw h d. p d h

p hg dg d, p, p p p

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Achieving rue Superior Perormance h p , p d dp d p-

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cuttin-ee roucts

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h p k whh ph p h k-

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ph w wk kp d .


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sit imlementation

Sw p hgh d h d d p-

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g g p k.

tunin to maximie current assets

p p wk p d d- p

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dpd wh h pd p, dg pd p wh dd p pd. g wk, p -

p k g d d k p d (kp),

h kp, d

p.

service assurance

j kg p-

dg q. Wh q g h

d d gggd kp, p -

Figure 5. A Superior Network makes a Difference for Operators

Source: Ericsson, 2012

0.6

0.5

0.8

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0.3

0.2

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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

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0.1

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Prob

ability


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ericsson

8 h d-dw p dd . T

g g d gh kg pf wh g

pzd d p p h d

dd h .

ConclusionM dd gd h , d h

dpd g w wh h pd pk -

ph, wh h d d pp ddd

d wh. g g phd, wh gp wh h w w h h p

, ppg p p g pg h

p.

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h, d w wk pd. hgh h

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d p p.

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d hgh pd d h g d dd

. g w hgh fd

d h khd wh h pdd h

p d h h. wk wh p p

g h p , p d

w d, php p, kp g hpp.

I p d wd, the network is one o the key diferentiators.

Op wh pp h d p


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hgh-d d -k d, d g d

h d wk h , p, d wh

p p, w k d, h

d p.


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ericsson

Reerences1. E 2012, d k p, J 2012, d 10 J 2012,

2. E CL 2012, Sd Sph g p

3. E CL p 2012

. E L p 2011

5. J.D.pw d , h Gw-h p, 2012, 2012

W Nwk Q Sd, d 10 J 2012,

6. Cp Ld 2012, N G Nwk Wk B

p, d 10 J 2012,

. I & d 2012, d: V wk g

d q d

8. E 2012, E p , d 30 J 2012,
http://www.ericsson.com/traffic-market-reporthttp://www.jdpower.com/content/press-release/Z6zhvai/2012-australian-%20wireless-network-quality-study.htmhttp://www.jdpower.com/content/press-release/Z6zhvai/2012-australian-%20wireless-network-quality-study.htmhttp://www.telstra.com.au/mobile-phones/coverage-networks/network-information/nextg/http://www.telstra.com.au/mobile-phones/coverage-networks/network-information/nextg/http://www.ericsson.com/%20ourportfolio/products/customer-experience-assurancehttp://www.ericsson.com/%20ourportfolio/products/customer-experience-assurancehttp://www.telstra.com.au/mobile-phones/coverage-networks/network-information/nextg/http://www.telstra.com.au/mobile-phones/coverage-networks/network-information/nextg/http://www.jdpower.com/content/press-release/Z6zhvai/2012-australian-%20wireless-network-quality-study.htmhttp://www.jdpower.com/content/press-release/Z6zhvai/2012-australian-%20wireless-network-quality-study.htmhttp://www.ericsson.com/traffic-market-report


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Further Reading

consumerlab researc

F App Ed S

hp://www..//d/2011/__h_.pd

Egg App C

hp://www..//d/2012/_gg_pp_.pd

p p hp://www..//d/2012/_dg.

pd

S M Bdd

hp://www..//hp/d/p/-w/2012/

1/S__ Bdd.pd

ericsson traic an maret reort

E Ad Mk Rp

hp://www../-k-p

ericsson aers

Pf Ppd Sph

hp://www..//g_S/d/2012/_ppd_pp_j.pd

Wh Sph Nd S Nwk

hp://www..//d/2011/11101_ph_h.pd
http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2011/silicon_valley_brochure_letter.pdf%20http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2012/ericsson_emerging_app_culture.pdf%20optimal%20consumer%20experience%20http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2012/oce_design.pdfhttp://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2012/ericsson_emerging_app_culture.pdf%20optimal%20consumer%20experience%20http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2012/oce_design.pdfhttp://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2012/ericsson_emerging_app_culture.pdf%20optimal%20consumer%20experience%20http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2012/oce_design.pdfhttp://www.ericsson.com/res/thecompany/docs/publications/business-review/2012/issue1/Smarter_mobile_%20Broadband.pdfhttp://www.ericsson.com/res/thecompany/docs/publications/business-review/2012/issue1/Smarter_mobile_%20Broadband.pdfhttp://www.ericsson.com/traffic-market-report%20http://www.ericsson.com/res/region_raSo/docs/2012/ericsson_prepaid_paper_june.pdf%20http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2011/111014_smartphone_brochure.pdfhttp://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2011/111014_smartphone_brochure.pdfhttp://www.ericsson.com/res/region_raSo/docs/2012/ericsson_prepaid_paper_june.pdf%20http://www.ericsson.com/traffic-market-report%20http://www.ericsson.com/res/thecompany/docs/publications/business-review/2012/issue1/Smarter_mobile_%20Broadband.pdfhttp://www.ericsson.com/res/thecompany/docs/publications/business-review/2012/issue1/Smarter_mobile_%20Broadband.pdfhttp://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2012/ericsson_emerging_app_culture.pdf%20optimal%20consumer%20experience%20http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2012/oce_design.pdfhttp://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2012/ericsson_emerging_app_culture.pdf%20optimal%20consumer%20experience%20http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2012/oce_design.pdfhttp://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2012/ericsson_emerging_app_culture.pdf%20optimal%20consumer%20experience%20http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2012/oce_design.pdfhttp://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2011/silicon_valley_brochure_letter.pdf%20


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conclusion Mkg d I h pp dpd h d hg

d p h

dg d. O h dd, w h

pp. B gg dw h d-

g d, d dg pp h

d, w w h

dg d pg p

w wd d hg, p d

pp pp dpg .

Ahg h d h p p,

h pph. I w dpd d hg

d wkg gh d w p, d, p-

g d . I , h w q w d

, d hg kwdg, dpg d pg

p, d dg d hg w , d hg. T

h pp I.g.

Wh h pp w hp pd h wk

p, p d wkg d w g .

B ddg h h h d d wd h

d, d h d g h w, w hp p w hkg dpph. W d h h w, w w wk gh wh

h d k h gh q d w d g h

hg. Ad I pp d

whd wh .


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sources

Ad:

hp://www.k.//k-gg/d-h-hd-h-

dp-dd-f--wh-d-d--

/1015088859153920

C:

hp://www.k.//k-gg/d-h-hd-hd-

g-pd-j---wh-/1015112560538920

Gph:

hp://www.k.//k-gg/g-ph-gph----dg/1015161006153920

HpHp:

hp://www.k.//k-gg/hphp--php--p-

z---/1015012138198920

HHVM:

hp://www.k./.php?_d=10150151928920

HHVM:

hp://www.k.//k-gg/pdg-p-php-d-

dp-wh-hphp-/101511060698920

OCP/D

W :

hp://www.pp.g/2012/08/09/w----

k-p-d-/

OCP S IV:

hp://www.pp.g/2013/01/16/p---kg-p-h--

h/Cg:

hp://www.pp.g/2012/11/1/g--p-d----h-d-

hd-/

o7
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Hdw:

hp://www.pp.g/2012/10/2/dpg-p-hdw----d-

/

P: hp://www.pp.g/2011/11/1/g---h-

p-d-/
http://www.opencompute.org/2012/10/24/deploying-ocp-hardware-in-a-co-located-facility/http://www.opencompute.org/2012/10/24/deploying-ocp-hardware-in-a-co-located-facility/http://www.opencompute.org/2011/11/17/learning-lessons-at-the-prineville-data-center/%20http://www.opencompute.org/2011/11/17/learning-lessons-at-the-prineville-data-center/%20http://www.opencompute.org/2011/11/17/learning-lessons-at-the-prineville-data-center/%20http://www.opencompute.org/2011/11/17/learning-lessons-at-the-prineville-data-center/%20http://www.opencompute.org/2012/10/24/deploying-ocp-hardware-in-a-co-located-facility/http://www.opencompute.org/2012/10/24/deploying-ocp-hardware-in-a-co-located-facility/

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