a corrosive substance

8/10/2019 A Corrosive Substance

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A corrosive substance is one that will destroy and damage other substances with which it comes into

contact. It may attack a great variety of materials, includingmetals and variousorganic compounds,but

people are mostly concerned with its effects onliving tissue:it causeschemical burns on contact.

The word 'corrosive'is derived from the Latin verb corrodere, which means 'to gnaw', indicatinghow these substances seem to 'gnaw' their way through flesh or other material. Sometimes the

word 'caustic' is used as a synonym but, by convention,[citation needed]

'caustic' generally refers onlytostrong bases,particularlyalkalis,and not toacids,oxidizers,or other non-alkaline corrosives.

The term 'acid' is often used, inaccurately, for all corrosives.

A low concentration of a corrosive substance is usually an irritant. Corrosion of non-living

surfaces such as metals is a distinct process. For example, a water/air electrochemical cell

corrodes iron to rust. In the Globally Harmonized System,both rapid corrosion of metals andchemical corrosion of skin qualify for the "corrosive" symbol.

Corrosives are different from poisons in that corrosives are immediately dangerous to the tissuesthey contact, whereas poisons may have systemic toxic effects that require time to become

evident. Colloquially, corrosives may be called "poisons" but the concepts are technically

distinct. However there is nothing which precludes a corrosive from being a poison; there aresubstances that are both corrosives and poisons.

Common corrosives are either strong acids, strong bases, or concentrated solutions of certainweak acids orweak bases.They can exist as anystate of matter,includingliquids,solids,gases,

mists orvapors.

Their action on living tissue (e.g.skin,flesh andcornea)is mainly based on acid-base reactions

of amide hydrolysis and ester hydrolysis. Proteins (chemically composed of amide bonds) are

destroyed viaamide hydrolysis whilelipids (many of which haveester bonds) are decomposedby ester hydrolysis. These reactions lead to chemical burns and are the mechanism of the

destruction posed by corrosives.

Some corrosives possess otherchemical properties which may extend their corrosive effects on

living tissue. For example,sulfuric acid (Sulphuric acid) at a highconcentration is also astrong

dehydrating agent,[1]

capable of dehydratingcarbohydrates and liberating extraheat.This resultsin secondarythermal burns in addition to the chemical burns and may speed up its decomposing

reactions on the contact surface. Some corrosives, such asnitric acid and concentrated sulfuric

acid, are strong oxidizing agents as well, which significantly contributes to the extra damage

caused. Hydrofluoric acid does not necessarily cause noticeable damage upon contact, butproducestissue damage and toxicity after being painlessly absorbed.Zinc chloride solutions are

capable of destroyingcellulose and corroding through paper andsilk since thezinccations in the

solutions specifically attackhydroxyl groups,acting as aLewis acid.

In addition, some corrosive chemicals, mostlyacids such ashydrochloric acid andnitric acid,are

volatile and can emit corrosive mists upon contact with air. Inhalation can damage therespiratory tract.
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%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metals


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Corrosive substances are most hazardous to eyesight. A drop of a corrosive may causeblindness

within 210 seconds through destruction of thecornea.

Ingestion of corrosives can induce severe consequences, including serious damage of the

gastrointestinal tract,which can lead tovomiting,severestomach aches,and death.

Common corrosive chemicals are classified into:

Acids

o Strong acids the most common aresulfuric acid,nitric acid andhydrochloric

acid (H2SO4, HNO3and HCl, respectively).

o Some concentratedweak acids,for exampleformic acid andacetic acid

o StrongLewis acids such as anhydrousaluminum chloride andboron trifluoride

o Lewis acids with specific reactivity, e.g. solutions ofzinc chloride

o Extremely strong acids (superacids)

Bases

o

Caustics or alkalis, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) andpotassium hydroxide(KOH)

o Alkali metals in the metallic form (e.g. elementalsodium), and hydrides of alkaliand alkaline earth metals,such as sodium hydride, function as strong bases and

hydrate to give caustics

o Extremely strong bases (superbases)such asalkoxides,metal amides (e.g.sodiumamide)andorganometallicbases such asbutyllithium

o Some concentrated weak bases, such as ammonia when anhydrous or in a

concentrated solution

Dehydrating agents such as concentrated sulfuric acid,phosphorus pentoxide, calciumoxide,anhydrouszinc chloride,also elemental alkali metals

Strong oxidizers such as concentratedhydrogen peroxide

Electrophilic halogens: elemental fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, andelectrophilic salts such as sodium hypochlorite or N-chloro compounds such as

chloramine-Thalide ions are not corrosive, except forfluoride

Organic halides and organic acid halides such as acetyl chloride and benzylchloroformate

Acidanhydrides

Alkylating agents such asdimethyl sulfate

Some organic materials such asphenol ("carbolic acid")

This guideline identifies general safety precautions that should be reviewed and followed when

dealing with corrosive chemicals at Brandeis. They represent a significant hazard because skin or

eye contact can readily occur from splashes, and their effect on human tissue generally takesplace very rapidly.
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Examples of corrosives:

Glycolic acid

Imidazole

4-Methoxybenzylamine

Sodium hydroxide Amines

Sulfuric acid

Bromine

Hydrogen peroxide

Corrosive gases and vapors are also extremely hazardous. Examples which can cause severeirritation and bodily injury include:

Ammonia

Hydrogen chloride

Nitrogen dioxide Sulfur dioxide

How Do I Protect Myself?

Review the material safety data sheet (MSDS) prior to using this material.

Eye ProtectionSafety glasses that meet the ANSI Z.87.1 1989 standard should be worn whenever handling

corrosive chemicals. Ordinary prescription glasses WILL NOTprovide adequate protection

unless they also meet this standard. Safety glasses should also be equipped with side shields if

there is a possibility of flying particles (i.e., glass, plastics). When there is the potential forsignificant splash hazards, additional eye/face protection should be worn in the form of

goggles or a face shield.

Skin ProtectionGloves should be worn when handling corrosive chemicals. Nitrile gloves should be adequate for

handling most of these in general laboratory settings. An MSDS should be reviewed if handlingmay involve extended or high exposure to lab personnel to ensure adequate skin protection is

provided.

In addition, a lab coat or apron is advised if exposure could involve more than normal handlingoperations would be expected. No open-toe shoes are allowed.

Special Handling

Never store corrosive liquids above eye level. Always add acids or bases to water (and not the reverse).

Segregate acids and bases in storage.


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When mixing corrosive solids with water, always slowly add the corrosive solid to the

water, stirring continuously. Cooling may also be necessary.

If there is a possibility that you may generate a significant amount of dust, conduct workin a fume hood.

If the potential exists for explosion or a high thermal reaction, additional shielding should

be utilized. This may involve the use of shielding in a glove box or in the case of a fumehood with the sash in the lowest possible position. Portable shields may also be used foradditional protection.

Store corrosives material away from heat/flames, oxidizers and water sources. Keep

containers closed and ensure that manufacturers labels and warnings remain intact.

Special Considerations for Corrosive Gases

For potentially corrosive gases, perform manipulations of materials that pose an

inhalation hazard in a chemical fume hood to control exposure or wear appropriate

respiratory protection.

Ensure that you protect all exposed skin surfaces from contact with corrosive or irritatinggases and vapors.

Ensure that regulators and valves of gases are closed when the cylinder(s) are not in useand properly purged and cleaned with dry air or and inert gas such as nitrogen.

Ensure that when corrosive gases are to be discharged into a liquid, a trap, check valve or

vacuum break device is employed to prevent dangerous reverse flow.

Handling Emergencies Involving Corrosive Chemicals

Anticipate emergency situations, have proper handling equipment in the lab and readily available

for spills. Acid and base spill kits are available in the Main Hazardous Waste Accumulation area.

Contact the Department of Environmental Health and Safety at ext. 6-4262 or the HazardousWaste Hotline (Monday/Thursday) at ext. 62561 for access. It is also highly recommended thatspill control material/kits be maintained in the lab.

In the event of a spill or adverse reaction, notify lab personnel immediately that an incident hasoccurred. Do not attempt to handle a large spill/reaction/fire, or one in which you are not trained

or equipped for.

Laboratory emergencies should be reported to public safety at ext. 6-3333. Public safety will also

contact the Department of Environmental Health and Safety at ext. 6-4262. Communicate the

following:

Location of spill/incident

Type of material involved and quantity

Injuries involved

Fire/explosion

Your location/contact information (or who to contact for further information)

Notify the principal investigator or designated safety officer as soon as possible.


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Waste Disposal Requirements

Handling and disposal of corrosive chemicals should be done in accordance with lab protocolestablished by the principal investigator.

Aqueous solutions between pH 6.0 to 10.0 may be disposed of down the sink.Contact theDepartment of Environmental Health and Safety at ext. 6-4262 with any question concerning

sink disposal of material other than aqueous solutions described here. The university operates

under a discharge permit from the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority and has specificdischarge limits.

Disposal requests should be called into the Waste Hotline at ext. 6-2561.

Decontamination Procedures

Cleanup and decontamination may require the use of neutralizing agents. Review the MSDS for

additional guidance and personal protection.

Why should I substitute with a less hazardous material where possible?

Substitution can be the best way to avoid or reduce a hazard. Often though, it is not easy or even

possible to find a non-corrosive or less corrosive substitute to do the job effectively and safely.

Start by obtaining the MSDSs for all possible substitute materials. Find out about all of thehazards (health, fire, chemical reactivity) of these materials before making any changes.

Choose the least hazardous materials that can do the job effectively and safely. Learn how towork safely with them, too.

Please see the OSH AnswersSubstitution of Chemicals: Considerations for Selectionfor moreinformation. Also seeCorrosive Materials and their Hazardsfor more information on corrosives.

Why should I use good ventilation wherever corrosives are present?

Well-designed and well-maintained ventilation systems remove corrosive vapours, fumes, mists

or airborne dusts from the workplace and reduce their hazards.

The amount and type of ventilation needed to minimize the hazards of airborne corrosives

depends on such things as the kind of job, the kind and amount of materials used, and the sizeand layout of the work area. An assessment of the specific ways corrosives are stored, handled,

used, and disposed of is the best way to find out if existing ventilation controls (and other hazard

control methods) are adequate.
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Some workplaces may need a complete system of hoods and ducts to provide acceptable

ventilation. Others may require a single, well-placed exhaust fan. Use corrosion-resistant

construction in ventilation systems for corrosive materials. No special ventilation system may beneeded when working with small amounts of corrosives which do not give off airborne

contaminants.

How should I store containers of corrosives?

Before storing corrosives, inspect all incoming containers of corrosives to ensure that they areundamaged and properly labelled. Do not accept delivery of defective containers.

Corrosives can destroy containers made of improper materials. Be sure to store corrosivematerials in the type of containers recommended by the manufacturer or supplier. Protect

containers against banging or other physical damage when storing, transferring, or using them.

Keep them tightly closed when not in use.

Where should corrosives be stored?

In general, store corrosives separately, away from processing and handling areas, and from other

materials. Separate storage can reduce the amount of damage caused in case of fires, spills or

leaks. If totally separate storage is not possible, store corrosives away from incompatiblematerials.

Some corrosives are incompatible with each other. For example, acids and bases react together,

sometimes violently. Do not store them beside each other.

Walls, floors and shelving in corrosive storage areas should be made from materials that resistattack by corrosives. Floors in areas where liquid corrosives are stored should not allow liquids

to penetrate. Since many corrosive liquids flow easily, store them in corrosion-resistant trays to

contain spills or leaks. For large containers, such as 250-litre (55-gallon) drums, provide dikesaround liquid storage areas and sills or ramps at door openings.

Store containers at a convenient height for handling, below eye level if possible. High shelvingincreases the risk of dropping containers and the severity of damage if a fall occurs.

Store corrosives in areas which are:

Well ventilated.

Supplied with adequate firefighting equipment.

Supplied with suitable spill clean-up equipment and materials.

Labelled with proper warning signs.

At all times:


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Allow only trained, authorized people into storage areas.

Keep the amount of corrosive material in storage as small as possible.

Inspect storage areas regularly for any deficiencies, including corrosion damage, leaking

containers, or poor housekeeping. Correct all deficiencies as soon as possible.

Is the storage temperature important?

Store corrosives in dry, cool areas, out of direct sunlight and away from steam pipes, boilers or

other sources of heat. If a sealed full drum or carboy of a corrosive liquid is stored in direct

sunlight or near other heat sources, vapour levels in the container can build up. This leads to anincrease in pressure in the container. In severe cases, this could cause the container to rupture. A

buildup of pressure might also result in the material shooting out into the face of the person

opening the container.

Follow the chemical manufacturer's or supplier's recommendations for storage temperature.

Where appropriate, store corrosive liquids at temperatures above their freezing (melting) points.Acetic acid, for example, has a freezing point of approximately 17C (63F) and can freeze in anunheated room. As it freezes, it expands and can crack a glass container.

Avoid rapid temperature changes in corrosive liquid storage areas. If a tightly-sealed corrosiveliquid container is cooled suddenly, a partial vacuum could form inside it. In extreme cases, the

container might collapse and leak.

How do I handle corrosive containers safely?

Always handle containers of corrosives carefully. Damaged containers may leak.

Many workplaces receive corrosive liquids in large metal drums or barrels and fill smallercontainers from them. Moving full drums weighing hundreds of pounds by hand can be difficult

and hazardous. Drums can be moved in specially designed drum cradles which can also be used

as individual drum storage racks. You can also purchase special carboy caddies for bulky bottlesof corrosives and safety bottle carriers for smaller-sized bottles of corrosives. Safety equipment

and laboratory supply retailers sell this equipment.

Self-closing, portable containers for carrying, storing, and dispensing small amounts of corrosive

liquids are also available. They are made from high density polyethylene and come in differentshapes with capacities up to 19 litres. These containers have spring-mounted spout caps that

close automatically when you finish filling or pouring from the container, or if they are dropped.They also automatically open when the vapour pressure builds up inside, to allow vapours to

escape and prevent rupture.


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Why might the container rupture?

Acid containers, such as drums and carboys, can cause particular problems if they are not

handled and stored safely. Injuries have resulted from sealed acid drums and carboys that

ruptured or burst.

There are many reasons why these containers rupture:

Heat can cause vapour levels inside a sealed container to build up to the point where the

container bursts. This is more likely to happen if the drum is overfilled to begin with.

Chemicals stored in a metal drum might react with the metal and form hydrogen gas which

could ignite when the drum is opened.

The drum may not have been cleaned thoroughly before it was filled. If the previously-stored

chemical is incompatible with the corrosive, chemical reactions could cause the drum to

explode.

Air or inert gas pressure used to empty the drum may cause weakened or damaged drums to

burst.

To avoid bursting or rupturing, acid drums may need to be vented periodically. This is done by

carefully loosening a closure plug to relieve any buildup in pressure. The MSDS may say

whether drums of a particular liquid need to be vented and, if so, how often. To be sure whetherdrums of acids must be vented and for specific directions about how to vent, contact the

chemical manufacturer or supplier.

Venting should only be done by trained people, using the right tools and wearing the proper

personal protective equipment. If any swollen drums of chemicals are seen, contact the chemical

manufacturer or supplier immediately for assistance. Handling swollen chemical drums is a veryhazardous job that often requires special procedures and equipment to be done safely.

Always:

Make sure that containers of corrosives are kept tightly closed except when the materials are

actually being used.

Keep only the smallest amounts possible of corrosives in work areas.

Check that all corrosive containers are properly labelled.

Handle containers so that the label remains undamaged and easy to read.

How do I handle corrosive materials carefully?

Take care when dispensing or transferring corrosives from one container to another. Dispense

from only one container at a time. Finish all the dispensing of one material before starting todispense another. Be sure containers are closed after dispensing.


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Handle corrosives so that dusts, mists, vapours, or fumes do not get into the air. Be very careful

when transferring from larger containers into smaller ones. Many injuries have been caused by

spillage from open, unstable, or breakable containers during material transfer.

If liquid corrosives are stored in drums, use a corrosion-resistant drum pump for transferring

liquids into other containers. Pumps are also available for dispensing corrosive liquids from mostsizes and types of the supplied containers. Do not transfer liquids by pressurizing their usual

shipping containers with air or inert gas. Ordinary drums and barrels may be damaged by the

pressure. Never pipette corrosive liquids by mouth. Use a pipette bulb or aspirator instead.Transfer corrosive solids using tools like scoops or shovels that are corrosion resistant.

Can I add corrosives to water?

Sometimes, a job requires mixing corrosives with water. Many corrosive materials, both liquid

and solid, generate large amounts of heat when they are mixed with water. This can cause the

solution to froth and boil or even to erupt violently from the container. For example, a glass ofwater thrown into a bucket of concentrated sulfuric acid is converted instantly to steam which

will eject the entire contents of the bucket into the air. For this reason, always add corrosives to

water, slowly, in small amounts, with frequent stirring. Always use cold water.

How do I dispose of waste material safely?

Corrosive wastes are hazardous and must always be handled safely.

All containers for corrosive wastes must be made from corrosion-resistant materials. Identify thecontents of these containers with suitable labels.

"Empty" drums, bottles and other containers often have hazardous corrosive residues inside

them. Never use these "empty" containers for anything else, no matter how clean they seem to

be. Treat them as corrosive wastes. It may be possible to safely decontaminate "empty"containers. The chemical manufacturer or supplier can give advice about this.

Never dispose of corrosives down sinks or drains that connect to sanitary or storm sewers.Dispose of them according to the manufacturer's or supplier's directions, or through hazardous

waste collection and disposal companies. In all cases, dispose of corrosive wastes according to

the environmental laws that apply to your jurisdiction. Contact the appropriate environmentalofficials for details about the disposal laws that apply for specific corrosives.


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Why should I practice good housekeeping, personal cleanliness and maintain

equipment?

Good housekeeping, personal cleanliness and equipment maintenance are important wherever

any chemicals, including corrosives, are used.

Maintain cleanliness and order at all times in the workplace:

Clean up any spills and buildups of corrosives promptly and safely.

Properly dispose of unlabelled or contaminated chemicals.

Remove empty containers at once from work areas.

Ensure that all containers for waste are properly marked and easily located.

Personal cleanliness is a very important way of protecting personnel working with hazardouschemicals.

Wash hands before eating, drinking, smoking or going to the toilet. Remove and clean contaminated clothing before wearing it again, or discard it.

Do not smoke, drink, chew gum or eat in any areas where hazardous chemicals are present.

Store food and tobacco products in uncontaminated areas.

Avoid touching yourself with contaminated hands.

Clean yourself thoroughly at the end of the workday.

Regular maintenance of equipment is important in preventing leaks or emissions of corrosives

into the workplace.

Ensure maintenance personnel know the possible hazards of the materials they might be

exposed to.

Be sure they know any special procedures and precautions that might be needed before they

begin to work on equipment.

Regular workplace inspections can help in spotting areas where health and safety problems may

be developing.

When should I wear proper personal protective equipment?

If other methods, such as engineering controls, are not available or effective enough to control

exposure to corrosives, wear suitable personal protective equipment (PPE). Choosing the rightPPE to wear when doing a particular job is essential. MSDSs should provide general guidance.

Selecting PPE for a specific job is best done with the help of someone who knows how toevaluate the hazards of the job and how to select the proper PPE.


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Avoid Skin Contact

Wear protective gloves, aprons, boots, hoods, or other clothing depending on how much chance

there is of skin contact. This clothing must be made of materials that resist penetration or damage

by the chemical. The MSDS should recommend appropriate materials. If it does not, contact the

chemical's manufacturer or supplier for specific information.

Protect Your Eyes and Face

Always wear eye protection when working with corrosives. Although ordinary safety glassesprovide some protection, chemical safety goggles are best. In some cases, you should also wear a

face shield (with safety glasses or goggles) to protect your face from splashes. The current CSA

Standard Z94.3, "Eye and Face Protectors," provides advice on selection and use of eye and face

protectors.

Avoid Breathing Corrosive Vapours, Fumes, Dusts or Mists

If respirators must be used for breathing protection, there should be a written respiratory

protection program to follow. Guidance for developing a program can be found in the currentCSA Standard Z94.4, "Selection, Care, and Use of Respirators." Follow all legal requirements

for respirator use and approvals. These may vary between jurisdictions in Canada.

Know and be familiar with the right PPE for emergencies, as well as normal operations.

You must wear the PPE needed for doing a particular job. PPE cannot protect you if it is notworn.

What should I do in an emergency?

Be ready to handle emergencies safely. In emergencies like chemical fires, leaks and spills, actfast.

Evacuate the area at once if you are not trained to handle the problem or if it is clearly beyond

your control.

Alert other people in the area to the emergency.

Call the fire department immediately.

Report the problem to the people responsible for handling emergencies where you work.

Obtain first aid if you have been exposed to harmful chemicals.

The MSDS and container label for a particular corrosive should give specific first aid

instructions in case of exposure by skin or eye contact, inhalation, or swallowing.

Most workplace injuries caused by common corrosives, such as acids and bases, result fromaccidental skin or eye contact. The first aid for these injuries usually involves flooding the

contaminated area with large amounts of water. However, the specific first aid recommendations


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can vary from one corrosive material to another, depending on the nature (properties and

hazards) of the material.

Emergency eyewash stations and safety showers should be present wherever accidental exposure

to corrosives might occur. These are available from safety equipment retailers.

Only specially trained people, equipped with the proper tools and protective equipment, should

handle the emergency. Nobody else should go near the area until it is declared safe.

Planning, training and practicing for emergencies are important so that everyone knows what

they must do.

The MSDSs for the materials you are using on each job are a good starting point for drawing up

an emergency plan. MSDSs have specific sections on fire and explosion hazards, including

suitable fire extinguishing equipment and methods, spill clean-up procedures and first aidinstructions. If the directions in each MSDS section are not clear or seem incomplete, contact the

material's manufacturer or supplier for help. You can obtain help in developing emergency plansfrom many other sources too. Local fire departments can assist with fire emergency plans andtraining. Occupational health and safety and environmental enforcement agencies, provincial

safety associations, St. John Ambulance, insurance carriers, professional societies in

occupational health and safety, labour unions, trade associations, some local colleges anduniversities, and CCOHS can supply useful information at little or no cost. Specialized privateconsultants are also available.

What are the basic safety procedures concerning corrosives?

Following these basic safe practices will help protect you from the hazards of corrosivematerials:

Obtain and read the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) for all of the materials you work with.

Be aware of all of the hazards (fire/explosion, health, chemical reactivity) of the materials you

work with.

Know which of the materials you work with are corrosives.

Store corrosives in suitable labelled containers away from incompatible materials, in a cool, dry

area.

Store, handle, and use corrosives in well-ventilated areas.

Inspect containers for damage or leaks before handling. Never use containers that appear to be

swollen. Handle containers safely to avoid damaging them.

Dispense corrosives carefully and keep containers closed when not in use.

Stir corrosives slowly and carefully into cold water when the job requires mixing corrosives and

water.

Handle and dispose of corrosive wastes safely.

Practice good housekeeping, personal cleanliness and equipment maintenance.

Wear the proper personal protective equipment for each of the jobs you do.


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Know how to handle emergencies (fires, spills, personal injury) involving the corrosive materials

you work with.

Follow the health and safety rules that apply to your job.

Flush contaminated eyes or skin with water for at least 20-30 minutes, sometimes longer, in

case of accidental contact. Call immediately for medical assistance.

Know where to closest eyewash station and safety showers are located, and how to use them.

Never return unused material to the original container. It may contain traces of contamination

which may cause a chemical reaction.

Do not reuse empty containers -- the residue may be hazardous.

How long should the skin or eyes be flushed with water in the event of a

chemical exposure?

Most standard sources recommend that water rinsing/flushing following skin or eye contact with

a chemical should continue for 15 or 20 minutes. However, all chemicals do not cause the same

degree of effects (some are non-irritants while others can cause severe corrosive injury). At thepresent time, there is insufficient scientific evidence available to properly address the question of

how long flushing should continue. However, it makes sense to tailor the duration of flushing to

the known effects of the chemical or product, as follows:

5-minutes for non-irritants or mild irritants,

15-20 minutes for moderate to severe irritants and chemicals that cause acute toxicity if

absorbed through the skin,

30 minutes for most corrosives, and

60 minutes for strong alkalis (e.g. sodium, potassium or calcium hydroxide).

It is very important that water flushing start immediately following skin or eye contact with achemical. It is better if complete water flushing occurs on-site. However, moving the victim to an

emergency care facility earlier may be necessary depending on the victim's condition (e.g.

compromised airways, breathing or circulation) and/or the availability of a suitable water supply.

If it is necessary to transport the victim before completing flushing on-site, flushing shouldcontinue during emergency transport, taking proper precautions to protect emergency services

personnel.

Note that the manufacturer/supplier may also specify a cleansing agent (e.g. non-abrasive soap)

if appropriate, or may recommend an alternative agent in exceptional cases if water is clearly

inappropriate.

OSH Answers has more information onemergency eyewash and shower equipment.
http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/emer_showers.htmlhttp://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/emer_showers.htmlhttp://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/emer_showers.htmlhttp://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/emer_showers.html


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Under what circumstances should oxygen be administered as a first aid

measure?

In the past, emergency oxygen was commonly recommended as a first aid procedure for almost

any chemical inhalation exposure. Later, concern was expressed that the administration of

oxygen itself may be harmful if carried out improperly or in the wrong circumstances. Inparticular, there was concern that administering oxygen to victims with chronic obstructive lungdiseases, such as chronic bronchitis or emphysema, could cause the victim to stop breathing.

However, recent reviews have concluded that, during an emergency situation, the lack of oxygen

is the most critical issue and there should be little concern over worsening the condition ofvictims with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

The presence of oxygen cylinders in the workplace can introduce additional hazards. For

example, since oxygen supports combustion, the presence of oxygen cylinders could contributeto a fire hazard in the workplace. Also, since oxygen is stored under high pressure, the cylinder

can behave like a missile if the valve breaks or the tank is punctured. Therefore, the risks and

benefits of storing and maintaining an emergency oxygen supply in the workplace must beweighed.

There are some situations where the benefits of emergency oxygen outweigh the potential risks

associated with maintaining and storing oxygen cylinders in the workplace. Emergency oxygen

may be beneficial following exposure to chemicals that interfere with the body getting the

necessary levels of oxygen to sustain life and health, including chemicals that:

Displace oxygen in the air, reducing the amount of oxygen available for breathing (e.g., helium,

argon, methane, carbon dioxide or nitrogen).

Reduce the ability of blood to transport oxygen (e.g., carbon monoxide poisoning, or

methemoglobinemia (presence of an oxidized form of hemoglobin in the blood that does nottransport oxygen)).

Compromise the use of oxygen by body tissue, as with cyanide or hydrogen sulfide toxicity.

Interfere with the ability of oxygen to cross through the lungs to the blood stream, as occurs

with pulmonary edema, a potentially fatal accumulation of fluid in the lungs.Ammonia,

phosgene andchlorineare examples of chemicals that can cause pulmonary edema.

Provoke a severe asthma attack (e.g., toluene diisocyanate).

Additional training of first aid providers is required since basic first aid training courses do not

include oxygen administration. First aid providers must be familiar with the laws that govern the

use of oxygen administration in their workplace.

When should vomiting be induced following ingestion of a chemical?

Vomiting should NOT be induced following ingestion of a chemical in an occupational setting

unless advised by a Poison Centre or doctor. Some of the arguments against inducing vomitingare:
http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/chem_profiles/ammonia.htmlhttp://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/chem_profiles/ammonia.htmlhttp://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/chem_profiles/ammonia.htmlhttp://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/chem_profiles/chlorine.htmlhttp://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/chem_profiles/chlorine.htmlhttp://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/chem_profiles/chlorine.htmlhttp://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/chem_profiles/chlorine.htmlhttp://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/chem_profiles/ammonia.html


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The amount of chemical accidentally ingested by an adult is generally estimated to be very small

(14-21 mL or about 0.5-0.75 oz).

There is no conclusive evidence that victims of chemical ingestion who do have their stomachs

emptied have more successful outcomes than victims who do not.

There can be significant risks associated with inducing vomiting especially in emergency

situations.

There does not seem to be a reliable and safe first aid procedure for inducing vomiting in adults.

Medical attention is usually available quite quickly in most situations.

In the event of a chemical ingestion, the best course of action is to call your local Poison Control

Centre or a doctor and follow their advice. They will ask you specific questions, such as the

name of the product ingested, the amount ingested and the condition of the victim. Thisinformation will assist them in determining the best course of action.

Should water or milk be given to dilute a chemical that has been ingested?

Much of what we know about the benefits of diluting an ingested chemical with water or milk isbased on in vitro (test tube) and ex vivo (using harvested rat esophagi) studies.

Based on their evaluation of the evidence for dilution with milk or water, the American Heart

Association and American Red Cross recommend that people should not take anything by mouthfor an ingested poison unless specifically told to do so by a doctor or the poison control centre.

How do I know which antidote to have available for the chemicals in my

workplace?

It is a common misperception that antidotes are available for most chemical poisonings. True

antidotes are the exception rather than the rule.

Activated charcoal is sometimes considered to be an antidote. Activated charcoal works by

binding the chemical in the stomach so it cannot be absorbed through the stomach. According to

the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology and the European Association of Poisons Centres"the administration of activated charcoal may be considered if a patient has ingested a potentially

toxic amount of a poison (which is known to be adsorbed to charcoal) up to 1 hour previously...".

In general, the administration of activated charcoal is NOT considered a first aidprocedure.

Activated charcoal may be administered in the emergency department or under medicalsupervision.

Some chemical classes do have true antidotes - cyanides and organophosphate pesticides are

good examples. You can determine which chemicals used in your workplace have antidotes by

consulting with a doctor with certification in medical toxicology or occupational medicine, or themanufacturer/supplier of your product. These specialists can advise you on situations where it


16/49

may be appropriate to store an antidote onsite. Special training of first aid providers will be

required.

How do I know which first aid procedures to follow for chemicals used in my

workplace?

In order to know what first aid procedures to follow, it is essential that you know what chemicalsare present in your workplace. Consult your chemical inventory and the First Aid Measures

Section on the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs). Create a list of chemicals, their properties

and their corresponding first aid requirements. Be sure that the emergency first aid providers in

your workplace have the appropriate training and authority (if necessary) to deal with the typesof chemicals used at your workplace.

Finally, make sure your local hospital is aware of any chemicals on your site that may requirespecial first aid procedures, antidotes or medical follow-up.

Does CCOHS have more information on first aid for incidents involving

chemical exposures?

CCOHS staff prepared the publicationThe Material Safety Data Sheet - A Practical Guide to

First Aidas a source of information for people interested in developing or evaluating first aid

recommendations for Material Safety Data Sheets. It is also useful for developing first aidprograms for responding to chemical exposures in workplaces.

4.0 CORROSIVE CHEMICALS

Chemicals that cause severe local injury to living tissue are called corrosive chemicals.

Accidents involving splashes of corrosivechemicals are very common in the work place.

Damage to the skin, respiratory system, digestive system and the eyes may result from contactwith these substances or their vapors. The seriousness of the damage depends on the type and

concentration of corrosive material, length of the exposure, the body part contacted, and first aid

measures taken.

Usually minor exposure to corrosive materials is reversible and healing is normal. However,

severe exposure may cause permanent damage. Depending on the severity of the exposure,

damage to the skin may range from redness and peeling to severe burns and blistering. Chronicexposure may result in dermatitis. Exposure to the respiratory system may range from mild

irritation, to inflammation, chest pain, difficulty in breathing, pulmonary edema, and death. Mild

exposure to the eyes may cause pain, tearing, and irritation. Severe exposure may causeulcerations, burns and blindness. Ingestion of corrosive chemicals may cause immediate pain and
http://www.ccohs.ca/products/publications/msds_firstaid.htmlhttp://www.ccohs.ca/products/publications/msds_firstaid.htmlhttp://www.ccohs.ca/products/publications/msds_firstaid.htmlhttp://www.ccohs.ca/products/publications/msds_firstaid.htmlhttp://www.ccohs.ca/products/publications/msds_firstaid.htmlhttp://www.ccohs.ca/products/publications/msds_firstaid.html


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burning in the mouth, throat, and stomach followed by vomiting and diarrhea. Perforation of the

esophagus and stomach is possible.

The concentration of a corrosive material also determines the extent of damage to the tissues. For

example, a weak solution of acetic acid (vinegar) can be ingested and contact the skin without

any harmful effects. However, concentrated acetic acid is highly corrosive and can cause seriousburns to the tissues.

First aid measures must be taken immediately if corrosive chemicals contact the tissues.Corrosive chemicals that contact the skin or eyes should be immediately washed off with water

for at least fifteen minutes. Inhalation victims should be moved to fresh air and artificial

respiration started if breathing has stopped. If a corrosive material has been ingested, 2-4 glassesof water should be administered to the victim and the poison control center called immediately.

If mixed or stored incorrectly corrosive chemicals can generate excessive heat, pressure,flammable, and toxic gases that can damage equipment, ignite combustibles, and lead to injury.

During a fire, highly toxic gases may be released. Many corrosive chemicals have other serioushazards and may be classified as flammables, reactives, or toxins.

CLASSES

Strong acids. All concentrated strong acids can attack the skin and permanently damage the

eyes. Acids usually cause irritation and pain immediately. Adding water to acids can cause the

contents to be violently ejected. Burns from acids are typically more painful, though less

destructive than alkaline burns. The vapors from many acids such as hydrochloric acid are

soluble in water and cause irritation of the nose and upper respiratory tract. Vapors from otheracids, however, are not soluble in water and do not cause irritation. For example, vapors from

nitric acid may travel deep into the lungs and cause permanent damage and not be immediatelynoticed.

Strong acids are also hazardous because they can combine with other chemicals in storage andcause fires and explosions. Common strong acids include hydrochloric, nitric, and sulfuric.

Strong alkalis. The metal hydroxides, especially the alkali metal hydroxides, are extremelyhazardous to the skin and the eyes. In contact with water considerable heat can be generated that

can cause splattering of the material. Burns from alkaline substances are less painful than acid

burns but possibly more damaging. The healing of serious alkaline burns is extremely difficult.Concentrated alkaline gases such as ammonia can cause severe damage to the skin, eyes, andrespiratory tract. Dry bases can react with the moisture on the skin, eyes, and mucous

membranes, causing serious burns. Examples of strong alkalis include sodium hydroxide,

potassium hydroxide, and ammonia.

Halogens. The halogens are toxic and corrosive to the skin, mucous membranes, and the eyes.

Fluorine gas is highly reactive with organic matter and will cause deep penetrating burns on


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19/49

Ventilation. Corrosive chemicals producing hazardous vapors and corrosive gases should be

used with adequate exhaust ventilation.

Spills. Neutralizing chemicals, absorbent materials, and cleaning supplies should be readily

available to clean up corrosive chemical spills. All spills should be cleaned up immediately.

Corrosive Chemical Storage

Corrosive chemicals because of their nature, prevalence in the laboratory, and variety of

concentrations, constitute a series of hazards ranging from poisoning, burning and gassing,through explosion. Serious injury can result from exposure to strong acids or caustics in either

the liquid, solid, or gaseous states. Corrosive chemicals in a science laboratory are usually strong

acids and/or bases. Laboratory employees handling strong corrosives should always wear propereye- and skin-protective clothing and equipment (Wear acid-proof aprons, gloves and face

shields when handling highly corrosive materials such as strong mineral acids or alkyl

hydroxides).

Employees should also be informed of the dangers of tissue contact with corrosives. Should there

be contact between corrosives and any body tissue, particularly the eyes, immediately flush thearea of contact with cool water for fifteen (15) minutes. Remove all affected clothing and

immediately seek medical assistance.

Below are some guidelines for proper storage of some common corrosive materials, such as:

Ammonium Hydroxide-- Ammonium hydroxide is a base, or caustic

chemical which should be kept separate from all acids. All acids are

generally incompatible with bases. Ammonium Hydroxide does not

substantially attack steel, painted steel or wood, so no special cabinet is

needed for it.

Acetic Acidand Picric Acid-- are organic acids and should be kept separate

from the inorganic, or mineral acids, such as Phosphoric Acid, Hydrochloric

Acid, Nitric Acid, Sulfuric Acid, and (especially) Perchloric Acid. Acetic Acid

is also combustible and more appropriately stored in a flammable storagecabinet.

Phosphoric Acid*

Hydrochloric Acid*

Nitric Acid

Sulfuric Acid*

Perchloric Acid*


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*The mineral acids, Phosphoric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid, Nitric Acid,Sulfuric Acid, and Perchloric Acid can all be stored in a cabinet designed for

Corrosive Acids.

SciMatCoandJustriteare examples of manufacturers that make non-metallic cabinets for thesetypes of acids. Both brands are available from laboratory supply and safety supply companies.

Some of the important design features of corrosive cabinets include:

no internal metallic parts

acid resistant coating

cabinet floor constructed to be able to contain spillage.

You may also want to specify cabinet vents if you intend to connect the cabinet to an externalexhaust.

Concentrated mineral acids can be very reactive, even with each other. Concentrated acids can

even react vigorously with dilute solutions of the same acid, if mixed together rapidly. For

example: concentrated sulfuric acid mixed quickly with 1 molar sulfuric acid will generate a lotof heat. Different acids should be stored apart. If stored within the same cabinet, plastic trays,

tubs or buckets work well to keep different acids apart within the cabinet.

Acids can only be used where an emergency eyewash is located within the immediate vicinity.

Strict adherence to safety goggle use procedures is necessary when using acids andbases. All

occupants of rooms where corrosives are used must be familiar with theMaterial Safety DataSheets(MSDSs) for those materials.

Finally, you should attempt to minimize the amount of acid stored to the smallest amountpractical:

Picric Acidand Perchloric Acid volumes should always be kept at an absolute minimum.

Picric Acid can form explosive salts with many metals, or by itself when dry.

Perchloric Acid is an extremely powerful oxidizer and must be kept away from all organic

materials, including wood.

Perchloric Acid, if heated, must be used in a specially designed Perchloric Acid washdown fume

hood, that can't be used for anything else.

In summary, you may need one or more acid resistant cabinets, depending on the volume youintend to store. Nonmetallic cabinet(s) are recommended in addition to some other means to

further isolate the different acids within the cabinet(s). Ammonium Hydroxide should be stored

away from the other acids. Acetic Acid and Picric Acid should be stored in a flammable storagecabinet. The amounts of acid stored should be minimized, especially for Picric Acid and

Perchloric Acid. All precautions listed on the MSDS should be understood and followed.
http://www.scimatco.com/http://www.scimatco.com/http://www.justritemfg.com/cabinets.tplhttp://www.justritemfg.com/cabinets.tplhttp://www.justritemfg.com/cabinets.tplhttps://www4.uwm.edu/usa/safety/general_safety/hazcom/msds.cfmhttps://www4.uwm.edu/usa/safety/general_safety/hazcom/msds.cfmhttps://www4.uwm.edu/usa/safety/general_safety/hazcom/msds.cfmhttps://www4.uwm.edu/usa/safety/general_safety/hazcom/msds.cfmhttps://www4.uwm.edu/usa/safety/laboratory_safety/picric.cfmhttps://www4.uwm.edu/usa/safety/laboratory_safety/picric.cfmhttps://www4.uwm.edu/usa/safety/laboratory_safety/picric.cfmhttps://www4.uwm.edu/usa/safety/general_safety/hazcom/msds.cfmhttps://www4.uwm.edu/usa/safety/general_safety/hazcom/msds.cfmhttp://www.justritemfg.com/cabinets.tplhttp://www.scimatco.com/


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For further information on chemical safety, contact your professor, supervisor, principal

investigator or the Department of University Safety and Assurances.

Corrosive Chemicals

Standard operating procedures (SOP) are intended to provide you with general guidance on how

to safely work with a specific class of chemical or hazard. This SOP is generic in nature. Itaddresses the use and handling of substances by hazard class only. In some instances multiple

SOPs may be applicable for a specific chemical (i.e., both the SOPs for flammable liquids and

carcinogens would apply to benzene). If you have questions concerning the applicability of any

item listed in this procedure contact the EHRS 215-898-4453 or the Principal Investigator ofyour laboratory. Specific written procedures are the responsibility of the Principal Investigator.

If compliance with all the requirements of this standard operating procedure is not possible, the

Principal Investigator must develop a written procedure that will be used in its place. Thisalternate procedure must provide the same level of protection as the SOP it replaces. The Office

of Environmental Health and Radiation Safety is available to provide guidance during the

development of alternate procedures.

Corrosive chemicals are substances that cause visible destruction or permanent changes inhuman skin tissue at the site of contact, or are highly corrosive to steel. Corrosive chemicals can

be liquids, solids, or gases and can affect the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. The major classes

of corrosives include strong acids, bases, and dehydrating agents. Liquid corrosivechemicals

are those with a pH of 4.0 or lower or a pH of 9 or higher. Solid chemicals are consideredcorrosive when in solution; they fall in the above pH range. A highly corrosivechemical has a

pH of 2 or lower or a pH of 12.5 or higher.Injurious

chemicals cause tissue destruction at thesite of contact.

Some examples of corrosive materials:

Strong Acids: hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric

Strong Bases: hydroxides of sodium, potassium, ammonia

Strong Dehydrating Corrosives: sulfuric, phosphophrous pentoxide, calcium oxide

Strong Oxidizing Corrosives: concentrated hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite

Corrosive Gases: chlorine, ammonia

Corrosive Solids: phosphorous, phenol


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JUMP TO SECTION IN THIS S.O.P.

Before you begin

Setting-up

Carrying out your work

Cleaning-up Emergencies

Before you begin

Approvals and Notificationso Most corrosives can be used by properly-trained individuals in the laboratory

environment without the need for specific EHRS approval. Specialcircumstances, such as abnormally large-scale use may require

evaluation. Contact EHRS at x84453 for assistance.o EHRS should be notified before purchasing hydrofluoric acid for use in your

laboratory for the first time. See theHF Safety Factsheet for more details about

working with liquid hydrofluoric acid.

o EHRS should be notified before purchasing certain corrosive compressed gasessuch as anhydrous ammonia.

o Training required Training requirements based on job duties and responsibilities are

determined for each employee by completing thePenn Profiler.

Any corrosives users should have taken an Introduction to Laboratory

Safety course as well as any required annual updates.

Most introductory programs are offered monthly. Dates are published intheAlmanacandon the EHRS website.Annual updates of theseprogramscan be completed online.For more information on these

programs or to request a training program on safety or health topics for

your department, please contactValerie Perez at 215-746-6652or sendemail to:[email protected]

Purchasing materials Purchase of any container of corrosives with a volume of greater

than 5 gallons for laboratory use requires EHRS approval.

Hazard Assessment A hazard assessment for work involving corrosives must

thoroughly address the issues of proper use and handling,fire safety, chemical toxicity, storage, and spill response.

A hazard assessment must be conducted when a

process/reaction/work-up/or purification is changed or

when scaling-up any corrosives use to more than 10 timesthe original volume.
http://c/Users/kimibush.ADMIN/Documents/SOP/Corrosives/Corrosive%20Chemicals%2010-2012.docx%23BeforeYouBeginhttp://c/Users/kimibush.ADMIN/Documents/SOP/Corrosives/Corrosive%20Chemicals%2010-2012.docx%23BeforeYouBeginhttp://c/Users/kimibush.ADMIN/Documents/SOP/Corrosives/Corrosive%20Chemicals%2010-2012.docx%23SettingUphttp://c/Users/kimibush.ADMIN/Documents/SOP/Corrosives/Corrosive%20Chemicals%2010-2012.docx%23SettingUphttp://c/Users/kimibush.ADMIN/Documents/SOP/Corrosives/Corrosive%20Chemicals%2010-2012.docx%23Carryingoutyourworkhttp://c/Users/kimibush.ADMIN/Documents/SOP/Corrosives/Corrosive%20Chemicals%2010-2012.docx%23Carryingoutyourworkhttp://c/Users/kimibush.ADMIN/Documents/SOP/Corrosives/Corrosive%20Chemicals%2010-2012.docx%23Cleaninguphttp://c/Users/kimibush.ADMIN/Documents/SOP/Corrosives/Corrosive%20Chemicals%2010-2012.docx%23Cleaninguphttp://c/Users/kimibush.ADMIN/Documents/SOP/Corrosives/Corrosive%20Chemicals%2010-2012.docx%23Emergencieshttp://c/Users/kimibush.ADMIN/Documents/SOP/Corrosives/Corrosive%20Chemicals%2010-2012.docx%23Emergencieshttp://www.ehrs.upenn.edu/programs/labsafety/chp/sop/hydrofluoric_acid.htmlhttp://www.ehrs.upenn.edu/programs/labsafety/chp/sop/hydrofluoric_acid.htmlhttp://www.ehrs.upenn.edu/programs/labsafety/chp/sop/hydrofluoric_acid.htmlhttps://medley.isc-seo.upenn.edu/profiler/jsp/fast.dohttps://medley.isc-seo.upenn.edu/profiler/jsp/fast.dohttps://medley.isc-seo.upenn.edu/profiler/jsp/fast.dohttp://www.ehrs.upenn.edu/training/dates/http://www.ehrs.upenn.edu/training/dates/http://www.ehrs.upenn.edu/training/dates/http://www.ehrs.upenn.edu/training/onlinetrain.htmlhttp://www.ehrs.upenn.edu/training/onlinetrain.htmlhttp://www.ehrs.upenn.edu/training/onlinetrain.htmlmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.ehrs.upenn.edu/resources/training/[email protected]://www.ehrs.upenn.edu/resources/training/[email protected]://www.ehrs.upenn.edu/resources/training/[email protected]://www.ehrs.upenn.edu/resources/training/[email protected]:[email protected]://www.ehrs.upenn.edu/training/onlinetrain.htmlhttp://www.ehrs.upenn.edu/training/dates/https://medley.isc-seo.upenn.edu/profiler/jsp/fast.dohttp://www.ehrs.upenn.edu/programs/labsafety/chp/sop/hydrofluoric_acid.htmlhttp://c/Users/kimibush.ADMIN/Documents/SOP/Corrosives/Corrosive%20Chemicals%2010-2012.docx%23Emergencieshttp://c/Users/kimibush.ADMIN/Documents/SOP/Corrosives/Corrosive%20Chemicals%2010-2012.docx%23Cleaninguphttp://c/Users/kimibush.ADMIN/Documents/SOP/Corrosives/Corrosive%20Chemicals%2010-2012.docx%23Carryingoutyourworkhttp://c/Users/kimibush.ADMIN/Documents/SOP/Corrosives/Corrosive%20Chemicals%2010-2012.docx%23SettingUphttp://c/Users/kimibush.ADMIN/Documents/SOP/Corrosives/Corrosive%20Chemicals%2010-2012.docx%23BeforeYouBegin


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The first time a highly hazardous corrosive material such as

concentrated sulfuric or nitric acid is used for a process, a

hazard assessment should be conducted.

Upon request EHRS can assist you in performing a

thorough hazard assessment.

Setting-up

Storage: Corrosive Chemical Storage Cabinetso Chemicals should be segregated according to theChemical Storage and

Transportationsection of the Chemical Hygiene Plan

o Cabinets: Specially designed corrosion resistant cabinets should be used for the

storage of large quantities of corrosive materials. For new lab construction,renovations, and whenever possible in existing labs, the specifications for acid

cabinets found in theLaboratory Design & Equipmentsection of the EHRSwebsite should be followed. Cabinets for storing alkaline corrosive materials

should be of the same construction whenever possible.

o If no corrosion-resistant cabinet is available, store corrosives on plastic trays.

o Do not store corrosive liquids above eye level.

o Engineering Controls (ventilation, shielding, vacuum protection) Safety Shielding: Shielding is required any time there is a risk of

explosion, splash hazard or a highly exothermic reaction. All

manipulations of corrosives which pose this risk should occur in a fume

hood with the sash in the lowest feasible position. Portable shields, whichprovide protection to all laboratory occupants, are also acceptable.

Special Ventilation: Corrosive materials must be handled in a chemicalfumehood if production of corrosive vapor is anticipated. Manipulation ofcorrosives outside of a fume hood may require special ventilation controls

in order to minimize exposure to the material. Fume hoods provide the

best protection against exposure to corrosives in the laboratory and are thepreferred ventilation control device. Always attempt to handle quantities

of corrosives greater than 500 mL in a fume hood. If your research does

not permit the handing of large quantities of corrosives in your fume hood,

contact the EHRS to review the adequacy of all special ventilation.

Vacuum Protection: Evacuated glassware can implode and eject flying

glass, and chemicals. Vacuum work involving corrosives must be

conducted in a fume hood, glove box or isolated in an acceptable

manner. Mechanical vacuum pumps must be protected using cold trapsand, where appropriate, filtered to prevent particulate release. The exhaust

for the pumps must be vented into an exhaust hood. Vacuum pumps

should be rated for use with corrosives.

Personal Protective Equipment Splash proof goggles in addition to standard laboratory personal

protective equipment (PPE) consisting of a 100% cotton lab coat,
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closed toe shoes and nitrile gloves must be worn when there is a

significant risk of splash. Pouring very large volumes or handling

particularly corrosive materials may require additional PPEconsisting of thicker gloves and an apron. Contact EHRS with

assistance in selecting chemical resistant personal protective

equipment that is appropriate for the materials you are handlingand the type of work you are doing.

Eye protection in the form of safety glasses must be worn at all

times when handling corrosives. Ordinary (street) prescription

glasses do not provide adequate protection. (Contrary to popularopinion these glasses cannot pass the rigorous test for industrial

safety glasses.) Adequate safety glasses must meet the

requirements of the Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye

and Face Protection (ANSI Z.87. 1 1989) and must be equippedwith side shields. Safety glasses with side shields do not provide

adequate protection from splashes; therefore, when the potential

for a splash hazard exists other eye protection and/or faceprotection must be worn. In addition to safety glasses, a face

shield should be worn when splash or spray is foreseeable. Gloves must be worn when handling corrosives. Disposable nitrile

gloves (4 mil minimum thickness) provide adequate protectionagainst accidental hand contact with small quantities of most

laboratory chemicals. Lab workers should contact EHRS for

advice on chemical resistant glove selection when direct orprolonged contact with hazardous chemicals is anticipated.

Some examples of when specialty gloves may be necessary

are: Handling of hydrofluoric acid, when immersion in corrosive

liquids is anticipated, when large volumes of corrosive liquids arebeing transferred or dispensed.

At a minimum, 100% cotton lab coats, closed toed shoes and long-

sleeved clothing must be worn when handlingcorrosives. Additional protective clothing, such as a chemical-

resistant apron, should be worn if the possibility of skin contact is

likely.

Protect all skin surfaces from contact with corrosive or irritating

gases and vapors.

Emergency Irrigation (Eyewash and safety shower) A safety or drench shower should be available within 10

seconds of travel from where the corrosives are used. Safety showers are tested annually by facilitys personnel. Where the eyes or body of any person may be exposed to

corrosives, suitable facilities for quick drenching orflushing of the eyes and body shall be provided within the

work area for immediate emergency use. Bottle type

eyewash stations are not acceptable.


25/49

Eyewashes must be activated weekly by laboratory workers

to ensure proper function of equipment and to flush the

plumbing.

Carrying out your work

Consult the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for any new corrosive chemicals you introduce

to your lab. Fully assess the potential hazards and consider what safety equipment will be

needed before you begin your work. EHRS can provide you with an MSDS for any chemicalyou plan to use.

Handling

o Handling process for liquids should be designed to minimize the potential forsplash, splatter, or other likely scenarios for accidental contact.

o

Do not pour water into acid. Slowly add acid to water with stirring and cooling ifheat generation can be anticipated.

o Reactions involving acids and bases are often very exothermic

Use only heat resistant labware

Allow for extra volume in your mixing or reaction vessel to account forexpansion and/or foaming

It may be necessary to pre-cool solutions and cool while mixing or

reacting

Corrosive Gases

Corrosive compressed gases can burn and destroy body tissue

(especially the eyes or respiratory contact) on contact. The

magnitude of the effect is related to the solubility of the material inthe body fluids. Highly soluble gases such as ammonia orhydrogen chloride can cause severe nose and throat irritation,

while substances of lower solubility such as nitrogen dioxide,

phosgene, or sulfur dioxide can penetrate deep into thelungs. Corrosive gases also can corrode metals. Warming

properties such as odor or eye, nose or respiratory tract irritation

may be inadequate with some substances. Do not rely upon thesesymptoms as warning of overexposure.

All procedures detailed in theCompressed Gases Standard

Operating Procedureshould be followed for work with corrosive

gases.

Perform manipulations of materials that pose an inhalation hazard

in a chemical fume hood to control exposure.

To prevent environmental pollution and damage to equipment it

may be necessary to trap and or scrub exhaust from processeswhich utilize corrosive gases even when working in the fume

hood. Contact EHRS for assistance with design and set-up of gas

neutralization processes.
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When corrosive gases are to be discharged into a liquid, a trap,

check valve, or vacuum break device must be employed to prevent

dangerous reverse flow.

Regulators and valves must be closed when the cylinder is not in

use and flushed with dry air or nitrogen after use.

Labeling All corrosives must be clearly labeled with the correct

chemical name. Handwritten labels are acceptable;

chemical formulas and structural formulas are not

acceptable.

The label on any containers of corrosives should say

Flammable and include any other hazard information,

such as Flammable or Toxic, as applicable.

Heating/Open flame

Do not store corrosives in chemical fume hoods or

allow containers of corrosives in proximity to

heating mantles, hot plates, or torches. Transferring/Dispensing

Weighing, transferring, and dispensing of

corrosive solids must be performed carefully

to avoid aspiration and ingestion of airbornepowders and solids.

The materials of construction for lab

apparatus and vessels that will come incontact with corrosive chemicals must be

evaluated for compatibility with the

chemical in use.

Transport corrosives in secondarycontainment, preferably a polyethylene or

other non-reactive bottle carrier and/or a

sturdy cart designed for chemical transport.

When combining acid and water, always add

ACID to WATER

Cleaning-up

Small spills

o Anticipate spills by having the appropriate clean up equipment on hand. Theappropriate clean up supplies can be determined by consulting the material safety

data sheet. This should occur prior to the use of any corrosives.

o Corrosive spill controls neutralize the hazardous nature of the spilled material.Acids and bases require different types of spill control materials.

o Specific acid and base neutralizing spill kits are available fromFisher Scientific.
http://www.fishersci.com/ecomm/servlet/fsproductdetail?storeId=10652&productId=769998&catalogId=29104&matchedCatNo=172002A%7C%7C172002B%7C%7C172002C%7C%7C172003%7C%7C172006&fromSearch=1&searchKey=spill%7C%7Cspills%7C%7CX&highlightProductsItemsFlag=Y&endecaSearchQuery=%23store%3DScientific%23nav%3D0%23rpp%3D25%23offSet%3D0%23keyWord%3Dspill%2BX&xrefPartType=From&savings=0.0&xrefEvent=1349446167210_1&searchType=PRODhttp://www.fishersci.com/ecomm/servlet/fsproductdetail?storeId=10652&productId=769998&catalogId=29104&matchedCatNo=172002A%7C%7C172002B%7C%7C172002C%7C%7C172003%7C%7C172006&fromSearch=1&searchKey=spill%7C%7Cspills%7C%7CX&highlightProductsItemsFlag=Y&endecaSearchQuery=%23store%3DScientific%23nav%3D0%23rpp%3D25%23offSet%3D0%23keyWord%3Dspill%2BX&xrefPartType=From&savings=0.0&xrefEvent=1349446167210_1&searchType=PRODhttp://www.fishersci.com/ecomm/servlet/fsproductdetail?storeId=10652&productId=769998&catalogId=29104&matchedCatNo=172002A%7C%7C172002B%7C%7C172002C%7C%7C172003%7C%7C172006&fromSearch=1&searchKey=spill%7C%7Cspills%7C%7CX&highlightProductsItemsFlag=Y&endecaSearchQuery=%23store%3DScientific%23nav%3D0%23rpp%3D25%23offSet%3D0%23keyWord%3Dspill%2BX&xrefPartType=From&savings=0.0&xrefEvent=1349446167210_1&searchType=PRODhttp://www.fishersci.com/ecomm/servlet/fsproductdetail?storeId=10652&productId=769998&catalogId=29104&matchedCatNo=172002A%7C%7C172002B%7C%7C172002C%7C%7C172003%7C%7C172006&fromSearch=1&searchKey=spill%7C%7Cspills%7C%7CX&highlightProductsItemsFlag=Y&endecaSearchQuery=%23store%3DScientific%23nav%3D0%23rpp%3D25%23offSet%3D0%23keyWord%3Dspill%2BX&xrefPartType=From&savings=0.0&xrefEvent=1349446167210_1&searchType=PROD


27/49

o Sodium carbonate (soda ash) can also be used to neutralize spills of acidic liquids

prior to clean-up. Do not attempt to neutralize a hydrofluoric acid spill. EHRS

should be notified to handle all spills involving hydrofluoric acid.

o In the event of a spill all personnel in the area should be alerted. Turn off all

sources of ignition.

o

Waste disposal Corrosives are hazardous wastes. Questions regarding waste disposal

should be directed to the EHRS.

Vented caps for 1-gallon sized plastic containers are available from EHRS

for collection of wastes that are likely to produce gas. These wastesinclude mixtures of corrosive liquids and peroxides (such as Piranha and

Chromerge).

Emergencies

Decontamination

o Personnel:Immediately flush contaminated area with copious amounts of waterafter contact with corrosive materials. Remove any jewelry to facilitate removal

of chemicals. If a delayed response is noted report immediately for medical

attention. Be prepared to detail what chemicals were involved.

o If the incident involves hydrofluoric acid (HF),seek immediate medical

attention.

o If there is any doubt about the severity of the injury, seek immediate medical

attention.

o Area:Decontamination procedures vary depending on the material being

handled. Contact EHRS in the event of a large spill.o Large spills

Do not attempt to handle a large spill of corrosives. Vacate the laboratory

immediately and call for assistance.

Office of Environmental Health & Radiation Safety, 215-898-4453

University Police 511 or 215-573-3333. This is a 24 hour service.

Remain on the scene, but at a safe distance, to receive and direct safety personnel when

they arrive.

Fire

o Pull the fire alarm

o Turn out the lights and close your laboratory door when everyone is out

o Evacuate the building

o Call 511 from a university phone or 215-573-3333 from a safe location to give

Penn Police more information about the fire situation

o Make yourself available to give emergency responders information as needed


28/49

Table of Corrosive Chemicals

Chemicals and Industrial Materials to which Motors, Gears, and Drives may be Subjected

Alkaline Solutions:are variable in their action on aluminum. The pH of alkaline solutions is not

a reliable indicator of the performance of aluminum in these solutions. Although bases such assodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide attack aluminum, many others, such as ammoniumhydroxide and hexamine, are handled in aluminum equipment.

Aluminum Sulfate:(alum, peral alum, pickle alum) is handled in aluminum cooling trays toavoid product contamination. The rate of attack is low at room temperature and varies directly

with concentration and temperature. Aluminum piping for aluminum sulfate solutions is in use in

the paper industry.

Ammonia:gas (dry) has no action on aluminum, even at elevated temperatures. When ammonia

is moist or in solution, the rate of attack also is low for all concentrations at temperatures up to at

least 1200

F. Aluminum handling and process equipment are widely used.

Ammonium Carbonate:has negligible corrosive action on aluminum. Aluminum tankage,piping and subliming equipment are in use. The product is not discolored by contact with

aluminum.

Ammonium Chloride:solutions cause moderate pitting on unprotected aluminum.

Ammonium Nitrate:and its solutions are handled extensively in aluminum. Aluminum does not

render the nitrate unstable.

Ammonium Nitrate,Ammoniated:does not attack aluminum. Aluminum pressure vessels,storage tanks, piping and tank cars are excellent for handling these nitrogen fertilizer solutions.

Aniline:vapors and liquid at room temperature do not attack aluminum. Aluminum resists

corrosion even at elevated temperatures, provided a trace of moisture is present. Aluminum

equipment is used in process handling aniline at elevated temperatures.

Asphalt: has no action on aluminum.

Benzene:has no action on aluminum. Aluminum containers, tankage, heat exchangers,

distillation columns and piping are in service.

Boraz:in dilute solutions at temperatures up to 1750F, is without action on aluminum.

Aluminum equipment is in service in contact with borax solutions in the emulsification of waxes

and gums.

Boric Acid: has little action on aluminum. Aluminum drying kilns, trays, bucket conveyors and

hoods for bottom closings for centrifuges are in service in boric acid plants.


29/49

Butane:has no action on aluminum.

Butter:(containing up to 8% salt) is handled satisfactorily in aluminum. Aluminum butterchurns and foil wrappers are in service.

Buttermilk:is bottled in containers with unlined aluminum foil hoods.

Butyl Alcohol:pure or in solution, has no action on aluminum at room temperature. Even at theboiling point, aluminum may be used, provided a trace of moisture is present in the alcohol.

Aluminum decanters and heat exchangers are used for butanol-water mixtures. Aluminum

storage tanks are used for the pure alcohol.

Calcium Carbonate:solutions cause only negligible action on aluminum.

Calcium Chloride:solutions at room temperatures have a slight action on aluminum. Aluminum

equipment is used with chromate-inhibited calcium chloride brines. Molten calcium chloride is

corrosive to aluminum.

Calcium Gluconate:is processed in aluminum tanks to avoid discoloration.

CalciumPropionate: is stored in aluminum tanks.

Calcium Silicate:is dried in aluminum rotary dryers.

Calcium Sulfate:, in saturated solution, has negligible action on aluminum at room temperature.

Calcium Sulfide:has negligible action on aluminum. Horticultural spray formulations

containing up to about 20% calcium sulfide have been handled in aluminum equipment.

Cane Sugar Liquors:are handled in aluminum piping, crystallizers and heating equipment.

Carbon Dioxide:has no action on aluminum at room or elevated temperatures, even when

moisture is present.

Carbon Disulfide: has no action on aluminum even at the boiling point. Aluminum absorbers,

distillation columns, condensers and piping are used in carbon disulfide recovery systems.

Carbonic Acid:has negligible action on aluminum. Aluminum equipment is in use handling

carbonated beverages. Aluminum steam