a compendium of barriers to services trade*...trade barriers on other sectors of the economy and,...

A compendium of barriers to services trade*

Dr Philippa Dee Asia-Pacific School of Economics and Government

Crawford Building (13) Australian National University

Canberra ACT 0200 Australia

[email protected]; ph 61 2 6126 8598; fax 61 2 6125 0767

November 2005

Abstract:

The first purpose of this paper is to present available estimates of barriers to services trade. The second purpose is to present sufficient explanation to allow interested readers to apply the methodology to new countries or new time periods, so as to extend the available set of estimates. The paper also reviews several recent critiques of the literature, and suggests directions for further research.

JEL Classification: F13, F15, F23 Keywords : services trade, trade barriers, air passenger transport, banking, distribution, electricity generation, maritime, professions, telecommunications

* Prepared for the World Bank.

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1 Introduction

The first purpose of this paper is to present available estimates of barriers to services trade. The second purpose is to present sufficient explanation to allow interested readers to apply the methodology to new countries or new time periods, so as to extend the available set of estimates.

Chapter 2 firstly discusses the nature of services trade barriers. It then gives sources of the available estimates and describes the general methodology used in their preparation. It also surveys two recent critiques of this methodology. Finally, it suggests directions for further research.

Chapter 3 shows how to collect the raw information about policy regimes, from which the estimates are derived. It gives details of useful information sources, and also presents an example of how such information was collected and compiled for Vietnam.

Chapter 4 describes the econometric work that has been used to trace the relationships between services trade barriers and economic outcomes. This work allows the estimation of a ‘tax’ or ‘productivity’ equivalent of services trade barriers, as a measure of their economic significance. The chapter presents and explains the formulas that have been used to derive the detailed tax and/or productivity equivalents that are presented in tables at the end of the paper.

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2 Sources, methods and future directions

2.1 The nature of services trade barriers

Services are highly differentiated. Not only do they differ from one firm to the next, they also differ from one customer to the next. As Ethier and Horn (1991) noted, what makes services special is that they are customised to meet the needs of individual purchasers.

This means that the measurement of services trade barriers cannot assume services are homogeneous. Nor is it appropriate to use the price comparisons methodology often used to measure non-tariff barriers in goods trade, since this assumes homogeneity across borders. Strictly speaking, it may not even be appropriate to talk about a ‘tariff equivalent’, since this concept (a) assumes that services are primarily traded cross-border, and (b) often also assumes that the domestic and foreign service are perfect substitutes.

Services are often delivered face to face. This means that trade in services often takes place via the movement of primary factors of production — people or capital.

• Firstly, the consumer may move to the producer’s economy. In the language of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) under the WTO, this mode of services trade is called ‘consumption abroad’.

• Alternatively, the producer may move to the consumer’s economy. In the language of the GATS, this mode of service delivery is called the ‘movement of natural persons’ (to distinguish it from the movement of corporate or other legal entities).

• Many other services are delivered to other economies via ‘commercial presence’. The GATS also recognises commercial presence as a mode of services delivery. This has policy significance because it means that the GATS is a vehicle for negotiating foreign direct investment issues in the services area.

• Services are intangible. This means that where services are traded in the traditional ‘cross-border’ fashion, e-commerce is an important vehicle for that cross-border trade.

Three of these modes of services delivery are captured, to a greater or lesser degree of accuracy, in conventional balance of payments statistics. Commercial presence is not. There have been recent initiatives, especially by the OECD, to compile statistics on the activities of foreign affiliates (so-called FATS statistics). These and other statistics (eg

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Karsenty 2002) suggest that reliance on balance of payments statistics alone can lead to an underestimate of services trade by more than 50 per cent.

With services traded via the movement of people or capital, the transaction typically occurs behind the border. Even when cross-border trade takes place via e-commerce, it is not easily observed by customs officials.

So services transactions are not amenable to border protection. Instead, services trade barriers are typically behind-the-border, non-price regulatory measures. Numerous examples are discussed in the next chapter.

The services trade barriers may be of two types:

• they may specifically discriminate against foreign suppliers — either against their entry, or against the nature and scope of their operations once they have entered the market.

• they may protect incumbent service providers by discriminating against all new suppliers, be they domestic or foreign — either by restricting their entry, or by restricting the nature and scope of their operations.

The GATS agreement similarly recognises that services trade barriers need not be discriminatory against foreigners. It recognises a specific list of (mostly quantitative) restrictions on ‘market access’ that are not discriminatory. Many analysts have extended the definition of ‘market access’ to cover all measures that are non-discriminatory (eg Findlay and Warren 2000). The GATS also recognises ‘derogations from national treatment’, which is GATS-speak for discriminatory restrictions.

Thus a key feature of services trade barriers is that they often protect incumbent service suppliers from any competition, be it from domestic or foreign new entrants. This is the single most important feature distinguishing services trade barriers. It has implications both for the economic effects of services trade liberalisation, and for the political economy of services trade reform. These implications are drawn out in Dee and Sidorenko (2005), for example.

Services are also an area where market failures can occur. Natural monopoly is a characteristic of some network industries such as telecommunications and air passenger transport — it may be economically inefficient to have key bottleneck facilities provided by more than one service provider, so regulation is required to prevent the abuse of this monopoly power. Information asymmetry is almost by definition a feature of professional services — the client is not in a position to judge whether the service being delivered is of reasonable quality, so licensing or accreditation requirements can help to bridge the

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information gap. Similarly, there is a legitimate role for prudential regulation of financial services to ensure systemic stability, and for safety regulation in air passenger transport.

In these circumstances, services trade liberalisation may not deliver the anticipated benefits if it is not supported by the appropriate domestic regulatory regimes. For example, liberalising market access in financial services may not generate benefits if prudential regulation is either too heavy- or too light-handed. Similarly, allowing market entry in telecommunications may not reap benefits if new entrants cannot get access to the incumbent’s bottleneck facilities — the local loop — on reasonable terms.

The GATS recognises the right of individual governments to regulate, but requires that domestic regulatory regimes be the ‘least burdensome’ necessary to achieve their objectives. A counterexample would be a requirement for foreign health professionals to retrain in a new economy. Here the legitimate domestic objective of ensuring quality could be achieved by the less burdensome requirement to resit a qualifying examination.

The way in which services trade barrier measurement has taken account of the legitimate role of regulation is discussed in more detail in the next chapter.

While services are typically not protected by tariffs, services trade barriers may or may not be tariff-like, in the following sense. Some regulatory trade restrictions, particularly quantitative restrictions, create artificial scarcity. The prices of services are inflated, not because the real resource cost of producing them has gone up, but because incumbent firms are able to earn economic rents — akin to a tax, but with the revenue flowing to the incumbent rather than to government. Liberalisation of these barriers would yield ‘triangle gains’ in producer and consumer surplus associated with improvements in allocative efficiency, but also have redistributive effects associated with the elimination of rents to incumbents. As Dee and Hanslow (2001) demonstrate, the former effects would not be trivial, but the latter effects could also be significant. Such rent-creating restrictions are tariff-like, with the redistribution of rent having effects similar to the redistribution of tariff revenue.

Alternatively, services trade restrictions could increase the real resource cost of doing business. An example would be the above requirement for foreign service professionals to retrain in a new economy. Liberalisation would be equivalent to a productivity improvement (saving in real resources), and yield ‘roughly rectangle’ gains associated with a downward shift in supply curves. This could increase returns for the incumbent service providers, as well as lowering costs for users elsewhere in the economy.

The distinction is critical, for two reasons. First, in a unilateral or multilateral setting, rectangle gains are likely to exceed triangle gains by a significant margin, especially given the importance of the services sectors in most economies. Secondly, in the context

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of preferential trade agreements, the danger of net welfare losses from net trade diversion arises only if the relevant barriers are rent-creating (see also Adams et al. 2003).

The way in which services trade barrier measurement has so far distinguished the two types of effects is discussed in more detail in chapter 4.

2.2 Sources

To date, most econometric studies that provide estimates of the effects of services trade restrictions have been cross-country (or panel) studies.

Essentially, the studies exploit cross-country (or panel) variation in the extent of barriers to trade in a particular services sector, and cross-country variation in the subsequent economic performance of that sector, or of the economy as a whole, to quantify a ‘cross-country average’ relationship between barriers and performance. This is then used to project the effects to an individual country, given its current level of barriers to services trade in that sector.

Because services trade barriers operate behind the border, the studies typically quantify the effects of services trade barriers on some behind-the-border measure of economic performance. The studies tend to be of two types (see tables 2.1 and 2.2 for examples).

Sectoral studies quantify the direct impact of services trade barriers on sector-specific measures of performance. These effects on performance can be levels effects (if the performance measures are in levels) or could be growth effects (if the performance measures are in growth rates — though in practice, no sectoral studies have identified growth effects). But the key to these studies is that they are sectoral, and do not measure the effects of services trade barriers for the economy as a whole. However, the first round impacts from sectoral econometric studies can provide the key inputs into computable general equilibrium (CGE) modelling, which can trace through the effects of services trade barriers on other sectors of the economy and, where a disaggregated approach is taken, can also add up the effects of services trade barriers across different services sectors.

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Table 2.1: Sectoral studies of the effects of services trade (and other regulatory) barriers

Sector in which barriers occur

Study Sectoral performance measure

Growth or level effects

Cross-country or panel

Air passenger transport Gonenc and Nicoletti (2000) Airfares Load factors Airline efficiency

Level Cross-country

Doove et al. (2001) Airfares Level Cross-

country Banking Kalirajan et al. (2000) Net interest margin Level Cross-

country Claessens, Demirgüç-Kunt and

Huizinga (2001) Net interest margin Non-interest income Overhead expenses

Level Panel

Barth, Caprio and Levine (2002) Bank development*

Net interest margin Overhead cost Non-performing loans Prob. of bank crisis

Level Cross-country

Dee (2004a) Net interest margin Level Cross-

country Business/finance Francois and Hoekman (1999) Exports Level ? Construction Francois and Hoekman (1999) Exports Level ? Distribution Kalirajan (2000) Cost Level Cross-

country Electricity generation Steiner (2000) Price

Utilisation rates Reserve plant margins

Level Panel

Doove et al. (2001) Price Level Panel Maritime Kang (2000) Price Level Cross-

country Fink, Mattoo and Neagu (2001) Price Level Cross-

country Clark, Dollar and Micco (2001) Costs Level Panel

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Table 2.1: (Continued)


Study Sectoral performance measure

Growth or level effects


Professions – engineering Nguyen-Hong (2000) Price

Cost Level Cross-

country Telecommunications Warren (2000) Quantity

Price Level Cross-

country Trewin (2000) Cost Level Panel Boylaud and Nicoletti (2000) Price

Labour productivity Quantity

Level Panel

Doove et al. (2001) Price Level Panel Dee (2004a) Quantity

Price Level Cross-

country Fink, Mattoo and Rathindran

(2002) Quantity Productivity

Level Panel

* Bank credit to the private sector as a share of GDP. Source: See table for references.

Economy-wide studies quantify the overall effects of services trade barriers on some economy-wide measure of performance. Again, these effects can be levels effects (if the performance measures are in levels — though in practice, no economy-wide studies have identified levels effects) or growth effects (if the performance measures are in growth rates). These studies aim to do the same ‘adding up’ job as CGE studies. But whereas CGE studies take a structural approach to spelling out how barriers in one sector flow through to other sectors and the economy as a whole, the econometric studies typically take a reduced form approach (although Francois and Schuknecht (2000) and Eschenbach and Francois (2002) have some structural elements).

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Table 2.2: Economy-wide studies of the effects of services trade (and other regulatory) barriers


Study Economy-wide performance measure

Growth or level effect


Finance Francois and Schuknecht (2000) Per capita GDP Growth Cross-country

Eschenbach and Francois (2002) Per capita GDP Growth Panel Mattoo, Rathindran and

Subramanian (2001) Per capita GNP Growth Panel

Telecommunications Mattoo, Rathindran and

Subramanian (2001) Per capita GNP Growth Panel

Source: See table for references.

The comparison of these economy-wide econometric approaches with CGE modelling hinges on the differences between structural and reduced form approaches. CGE approaches have a higher information content, and are less testable. But econometric studies need to control for all other factors affecting performance, and to deal (where necessary) with simultaneity issues. This is easier in a panel than in a pure cross-country context. In addition, economy-wide econometric studies are subject to the Lucas (1976) critique — their estimates of flow-on costs or benefits are appropriate so long as the economy stays with the same structure, but could be highly misleading in the face of structural change. One of the main effects of reducing or removing barriers to services trade is to induce structural change.

The estimates presented in this paper come from selected sectoral studies, for several reasons. First, there are more sectoral studies to draw from. Second, sectoral studies are better able to control for all the other factors affecting economic performance, in a way that takes account of the special characteristics of each services sector. These sectors vary widely, with differing economic structures and differing regulatory objectives. By using sector-specific models of economic performance, these differences can be taken in to account.

The particular sectoral studies chosen were those that provided estimates for a wide range of countries on an easily reproducible basis. In some cases the estimates presented here differ slightly from the original studies, because the methodology has been simplified to make it more easily reproduced. The paper presents estimates for both air passenger transport and electricity generation from Doove et al. (2001), which is itself an extension of Gonenc and Nicoletti (2000) and Steiner (2000). Estimates for banking are taken from

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Dee (2004a), which combines the approaches of Kalirajan et al. (2000) and Barth, Caprio and Levine (2002). Estimates for maritime are taken from the work by Clark, Dollar and Micco on port efficiency, itself an extension of Fink, Mattoo and Neagu (2001). Estimates for distribution come from Kalirajan (2000). Estimates for four different professions — accountancy, architecture, engineering and legal — come from Nguyen-Hong (2000).

The resulting estimates of services trade barriers cover the sectors, countries and time periods shown in table 2.3. Where a date is given for an estimate, it is roughly the date the estimate was complied. The estimate may be based in turn on policy information from earlier years.

With each estimate, information about discriminatory and non-discriminatory policies has been compiled and combined with econometric estimates of performance, to produce a price or cost impact for foreign and domestic suppliers separately. A price impact has been computed where theory or empirical evidence suggests the barriers have affected markups. A cost estimate has been computed where theory or empirical evidence suggests the barriers have affected real resource costs.

With each estimate, the price or cost impact for domestic suppliers measures the impact of non-discriminatory policies. The price or cost impact for foreign suppliers measures the impact of both discriminatory and non-discriminatory policies. The difference between the impact on domestic and foreign suppliers measures the pure margin of discrimination against foreigners.

2.3 Methods

The methodology used to quantify barriers to services trade is that applied to a number of services sectors in Findlay and Warren (2000). There are two key steps.

The first step is to convert qualitative information about regulatory restrictions into a quantitative index (or indexes), using a priori judgements about the relative restrictiveness of different barriers. This is generally less contentious within a given category of barrier than between. For example, it makes sense to score a regime that restricts foreign ownership to 25 per cent or less as being twice as restrictive as one that restricts foreign ownership to 50 per cent or less. What is less obvious is how to weight the scores on foreign ownership restrictions together with those on licensing requirements, or those on restrictions on lines of business. Nevertheless, some of the inherent arbitrariness of the weighting procedures can be tested empirically at the next stage.

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Table 2.3: Coverage of services trade barrier estimates

Country

Air passenger transport Banking

Distrib- ution

Electricity generation

Maritime - ports

Pro- fessions*

Tele- communications

Albania 2003 1997 2003

Algeria 1997 Angola 1997 Argentina yes 1997 1999 1999 2001 AArE

1999 1997

Armenia 1997 Australia yes 1997

2005 1999 2005

1999 2001 AArEL 1999

1997 2005

Austria yes 1997 1999 1999 AArEL 1999

1997

Azerbaijan 1997 Bahrain 1997 Bangladesh 1997 Barbados 1997 Belarus 1997 Belgium yes 1997 1999 1999 2001 AArEL

1999 1997

Belize 1997 Benin 1997 Bhutan 1997 Bolivia 1999 2001 1997 Bosnia 1997 Botswana 1997 Brazil yes 1997

2004 1999 2004

1999 2001 AArE 1999

1997 2004

Brunei 2001 1997 Bulgaria 2003 2001 1997

2003 Burkina Faso 1997 Burundi 1997 Cambodia 1997 Cameroon 1997 Canada yes 1997 1999 1999 2001 AArEL

1999 1997

Cape Verde 1997 Central African Rep

1997

Chad 1997 Chile yes 1997

2004 1999 1999 2001 AArE

1999 1997, 2004

China yes 1999 2001 1997 Hong Kong yes 1997 1999 1999 2001 AArEL

1999 1997

Colombia yes 1997 1999 1999 2001 A 1999 1997 Costa Rica 2001 1997 Cote d'Ivoire 1997 Croatia 2003 Cyprus 1997

Continued

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Country


Distrib- ution


Maritime - ports

Pro- fessions*


Czech Republic

1999 2001 1997

Denmark yes 1997 1999 1999 2001 AArEL 1999

1997

Djibouti 1997 Ecuador 2001 1997 Egypt 2001 1997 El Salvador 2001 1997 Estonia 2004 1997

2003 Ethiopia 1997 Fiji 1997 Finland yes 1997 1999 1999 2001 AArEL

1999 1997

France yes 1997 1999 1999 2001 AArEL 1999

1997

Gabon 1997 Germany yes 1997 1999 1999 2001 AArEL

1999 1997

Ghana 2001 1997 Greece yes 1997 1999 1999 2001 AArEL

1999 1997

Guatemala 1997 Guinea 1997 Guinea Bissau

1997

Guyana 1997 Honduras 1997 Hungary 1999 2001 1997 Iceland 1999 1997 India yes 1997 1999 1999 2001 AArEL

1999 1997

Indonesia yes 1997 1999 1999 2001 AArEL 1999

1997

Iran 1997 Ireland yes 1997 1999 1999 2001 AArE

1999 1997

Israel 1997 Italy yes 1997 1999 1999 2001 AArEL

1999 1997

Jamaica 1997 Japan yes 1997

2005 1999 2005

1999 2001 AArEL 1999

1997 2005

Jordan 1997 Kazakhstan 1997 Kenya 1997 Korea Rep yes 1997 1999 1999 2001 AArEL

1999 1997

Kyrgyzstan 1997 Continued

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Country


Distrib- ution


Maritime - ports

Pro- fessions*


Latvia 2004 1997 2003

Lithuania 2004 1997 2003

Luxembourg yes 1997 1999 1999 AArEL 1999

1997

Macedonia 2003 2003 Madagascar 1997 Malawi 1997 Malaysia yes 1997

2003 1999 1999 2001 AArEL

1999 1997 2002

Maldives 1997 Mali 1997 Malta 1997 Mauritania 1997 Mauritius 2001 1997 Mexico yes 1997 1999 1999 2001 AArEL

1999 1997

Moldova 2003 2003 Morocco yes 2004 2004 2004 E 2004 1997

2004 Mozambique 1997 Namibia 1997 Nepal 1997 Netherlands yes 1997 1999 1999 2001 AArEL

1999 1997

New Zealand yes 1997 1999 1999 2001 AArEL 1999

1997

Nicaragua 1997 Niger 1997 Nigeria 2001 1997 Norway yes 1999 1997 Oman 1997 Pakistan 1997 Panama 1997 PNG 1997 Paraguay 1997 Peru yes 1997 1999 1999 2001 A 1999 1997 Philippines yes 1997 1999 1999 2001 AArEL

1999 1997

Poland 1999 2001 1997 Portugal yes 1997 1999 1999 2001 AArEL

1999 1997

Qatar 1997 Romania 2001 1997

2003 Russian Fed yes 2004 2004 1999 2001 E 2004 1997

2004 Saudi Arabia 1997

Continued

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Country


Distrib- ution


Maritime - ports

Pro- fessions*


Senegal 1997 Serbia & Montenegro

2003 2003

Sierra Leone 1997 Singapore yes 1997 1999 1999 2001 AArEL

1999 1997

Slovak Rep 1999 2001 1997 Solomon Is 1997 South Africa yes 1997 1999 1999 2001 AArE

1999 1997

Spain yes 1997 1999 1999 AArEL 1999

1997

SriLanka 1997 Swaziland 1997 Sweden yes 1997 1999 1999 2001 AArEL

1999 1997

Switzerland yes 1997 1999 1999 AArEL 1999

1997

Syria 1997 Tajikistan 1997 Taiwan 1999 2001 Tanzania 1997 Thailand yes 1997

2004 1999 2004

1999 2002

2001 AArEL 1999

1997 2004

Togo 1997 Trinidad & Tobago

1997

Tunisia 1997 Turkey yes 1997 1999 1999 2001 AArEL

1999 1997

Uganda 1997 Ukraine 2001 1997 United States yes 1997 1999 1999 2001 AArEL

1999 1997

United Arab Emirat

1997

United Kingdom

yes 1997 1999 1999 2001 AArEL 1999

1997

Uruguay yes 1997 1999 1999 1997 Uzbekistan 1997 Venezuela yes 1997 1999 1999 2001 1997 Vietnam yes 2004 2004 1999

2004 2001 AArEL

2004 1997 2004

Zambia yes 2004 2004 2004 E 2004 1997 2004

Zimbabwe 2001 1997 * A = accountancy, Ar = architectural, E = engineering, L = legal. Source: See tables at end of document.

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The second step is to develop an econometric model and use it to estimate the effect of the services trade restrictiveness index(es) on some measure of economic performance (typically price, cost, price-cost margin, quantity or productivity), while controlling for all the other factors that might affect performance in that industry. The appropriate control variables obviously vary from one sector to the next.

It is also possible to use the econometric stage to test the weighs that were assigned a priori to different categories of restrictions in the first stage, essentially by reestimating them. This is done by entering the index scores for the different categories of restrictions separately into the estimating equation. The studies that have achieved the most in this regard so far are Nguyen-Hong (2000) for the professions and Dee (2004a) for telecommunications..

Often this approach is precluded by one of two econometric problems — multicollinearity, or lack of in-sample variation in one or more of the restrictiveness index components. However, the regulatory work by the OECD (Gonenc and Nicoletti 2000, Boylaud and Nicoletti 2000, Steiner 2000) is suggestive of how factor analysis (of which principal components is an application) could be used to overcome these problems. Prior to any econometric estimation, they used factor analysis to identify a set of orthogonal ‘factors’ that explained most of the variation in their original data on regulatory restrictions. But as Doove et al. (2001) point out, high cross-country variation in restrictions may have little or no relationship with the relative economic importance of particular restriction categories:

… the use of factor analysis could lead to paradoxical results — in the sense that the more important restrictions, if they were applied widely and consistently across countries, could also have low cross-country variation and thus low factor analysis weights. (p. 17)

If, instead, principal components were used as the method of econometric estimation, then problems of multicollinearity would be overcome and orthogonal linear combinations of individual restrictions could be identified that explained most of the variation in economic outcomes — a truer measure of economic significance. To date, however, no study has used this methodology.

Once the econometric estimation is completed, the ‘on-average, per unit’ effects of services trade restrictions are given by the estimated coefficients. Total, country-specific measures of economic impact (equivalent to vertical shifts in supply or demand curves) can be calculated by multiplying the coefficient(s) by their associated restrictiveness index measures for that country. The latter measures can also be turned into ‘tax equivalent’ or ‘productivity equivalent’ measures for that country (where the base for the

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calculation can similarly be price, cost or some other measure). These give the direct impact of services trade reform on the particular sector in question.

The first thing to note about the methodology is that it can be generalised fairly easily to include additional countries or additional time periods. Once a coefficient estimate has been obtained from a particular sample, all that is required for additional countries or time periods is to produce an index score to characterise the services trade restrictions at that point in time, and the new ‘tax equivalents’ or ‘productivity equivalents’ can be calculated from the existing coefficient and the new index score without redoing the econometrics. Obviously, the original sample needs to be fairly representative for such ‘out-of-sample forecasting’ to be appropriate. Many of the studies in table 2.1 include, at minimum, the APEC economies, the members of the European Union, and often key economies from the rest of the world (eg Switzerland, Turkey, India, South Africa).

A second advantage of the methodology is that it produces estimates of the effects of trade barriers that are explicitly linked to characterisations of the restrictions themselves, rather than being generated as an ‘unexplained residual’ (as in Francois and Hoekman 1999).

While it would be desirable to use information about every conceivable barrier affecting trade in a particular service in these exercises, this is not always possible. Where the index measures of services trade barriers are to be used in an econometric model, issues of comparability also arise. It would be inappropriate to use a dataset that showed a particular country to be very liberal (or very illiberal), simply because information on some barriers to services trade were unavailable for that country. Hence, the trade restrictiveness indexes used in econometric exercises may not be fully comprehensive, but they generally measure a broad range of barriers for which comparable data are available for all the countries in the sample.

2.4 Critiques

As noted, the methodology for measuring the direct effects of services trade restrictions within a particular sector relies solely or primarily on cross-country variation in policy settings, and the resulting cross-sectional variation in sectoral performance. This means that, when quantifying the price or cost impact for a particular country, the assumption is being made that the country conforms to the sample average responsiveness of performance to policy settings. In reality, there can be country-specific factors (captured in the error term of the regression) that are likely to play an important role. One important direct for future research, therefore, will be to develop panel datasets with a time dimension, so that country-specific characteristics can be more readily identified.

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Ideally, the econometric models of sectoral performance used to quantify direct effects should be both developed and estimated at the structural level — that is, supply and demand side influences should be separately identified and estimated. In particular, the estimation should control for the quantity of the service produced. When a quantity control is used, the effects of trade barriers on price or cost can be interpreted unambiguously as vertical shifts in the demand or supply curve.

In practice, some models are developed structurally but then estimated in reduced form. For example, this is the case with the model of banking sector financial intermediation. Other models are both developed and estimated in reduced form, as is the case with the model of performance in electricity generation (which is primarily a supply-side model based on technical characteristics). This means that it is not always possible to identify supply and demand side influences separately, so it is not always clear that the price or cost wedge that is being estimated in fact corresponds to a vertical shift in the supply or demand curve. On this score, at least, the direct effects may be being underestimated.

As noted, the restrictiveness indices are in many ways crude measures of services policy, which is typically multidimensional. Even where there is enough in-sample variation to enter sub-indexes into the econometrics separately, the sub-indexes will lump together measures which may not be comparable in their economic impact.

Finally, there may be multiple dimensions to economic performance that are not always captured. An example is in electricity generation, where there are both static and dynamic considerations. Prices or costs may be measures of static performance at a point in time. But in the longer term, lower prices may reduce the incentives for investment in infrastructure. So not only are there multiple measures of performance, there can be tradeoffs between them.

There have been two recent critiques of the services trade barrier measurement methodology, by Whalley (2004) and Deardorff and Stern (2005). In my view, Whalley pays insufficient attention to the importance of non-discriminatory trade restrictions, to the importance of high levels of differentiation in services such as the professions, health and education, and too easily slips into making direct but inappropriate comparisons with the literature on tariffs and goods trade.1 But he does state that

Market structure, conduct and performance are all key and all need to be evaluated when discussing quantitative impacts of global liberalisation of services trade on poorer developing countries. (p. 1232)

1 ‘Price based measures of barriers to services trade … ideally … should reflect differences between domestic and foreign prices for key service categories across supplying and using countries’. (Whalley 2004, p. 1238).

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The work to date on measuring barriers to services trade has been firmly in the structure-conduct-performance framework, as originally identified by Findlay and Warren (2000).

Beyond his generalised negative tone, Whalley makes the following specific criticisms of services trade barrier measurement.

First, he notes that with multiple restraints on trade it is not clear which restrictions are binding and which are not. This argues for continuing efforts to separate out the different dimensions of trade barriers and to enter them separately into the econometric models of sectoral performance.

Second, he notes that the marginal effects of different restrictions on trade will typically differ. This also argues for continuing to separate out the different restrictions in econometric work.

Third, he notes that there may be country discrimination in the application of barriers, even though both de jure and de facto discrimination are breaches of national treatment under the GATS. The literature has so far dealt with this by explicitly identifying both discriminatory and non-discriminatory measures, using policy information sources that go well beyond GATS schedules. Work has also begun on documenting the content of services trade commitments in regional trading arrangements, so as to identify deviations from most favoured nation treatment.

Whalley states that quantity-based measures are ‘typically based on model-generated residuals given by observations relative to econometric model predictions’ (p. 1239). In reality, Francois and Hoekman (1999) is the only study in table 2.1 to use this approach.

Finally, Whalley presumes that international price comparisons are the appropriate way to generate price-based measures of barriers to services trade, but notes that ‘price differences across countries for services need not be related to barriers, even if they could be measured’ (p. 1239). As stated at the beginning of this chapter, the highly differentiated nature of services makes direct international price comparisons an inappropriate tool. So the literature has not used this approach, but has instead undertaken behind-the-border studies of market structure, conduct and performance to generate its price or cost impacts, controlling for a range of other factors that affect prices or costs.

Deardorff and Stern (2005) also pay insufficient attention to the critical importance of non-discriminatory trade barriers in services trade. This seems to be the fundamental reason why they assert that the appropriate way to model services trade barriers is as a tariff equivalent — all the examples they give to demonstrate that a tariff equivalent is an appropriate concept are examples of discriminatory trade barriers.

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Deardorff and Stern, like Whalley, note that if the econometric models are not structural enough to have controlled for the effects of services quantities, then estimates of the elasticities of supply and demand would be required to covert the price impacts from econometrics into vertical shifts in supply or demand curves. A solution to this issue, discussed in more detail below, is to begin to control for quantities in the econometric work.

Deardorff and Stern discuss the issue of assigning weights in a restrictiveness index by judgement or by factor analysis. They state that

[Judgement] may well be the best approach if the investigator really is knowledgeable, as in the case when an index is being constructed for a specific narrowly defined industry.

An alternative … is to apply factor analysis to the data …This is a purely statistical technique that is not, in our view, necessarily an improvement on the use of judgement weights. (p. 569)

Deardorff and Stern provide guiding principles for measuring barriers to services trade. They note first that no single methodology is sufficient for documenting and measuring barriers to trade in services. Instead, investigators need to draw upon all available information, including both direct observation of particular barriers and indirect inference of barriers using data on prices and quantities. These approaches are reflected in chapters 3 and 4 that follow.

Deardorff and Stern also note that because of the special role of incumbent firms in many services industries, regulations do not need to be explicitly discriminatory against foreign firms in order to have discriminatory effects.

This observation is true, but it misses the economic significance of non-discriminatory barriers against potential domestic new entrants. In most developing countries, indigenous firms have significant supply capability, and can compete against foreign new entrants by differentiating their services and targeting particular market niches. In banking, for example, foreign banks may specialise in servicing the local affiliates of foreign multinationals in manufacturing, while local banks specialise in rural or retail finance. Indigenous law firms have a natural advantage in practising home country law. Any analysis of services trade barriers that misses the barriers against potential domestic new entrants will miss the gains to those entrants when barriers are lifted, and will give a distorted view of who gains and who loses from services trade reform. Again, some of these themes are explored in Dee and Sidorenko (2005).

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2.5 Future directions

Work on measuring barriers to services trade has suffered from sins of omission and sins of commission.

Sins of omission

The critique of Deardorff and Stern (2005) confirms that a sector by sector approach to measuring barriers to services trade is the best way to proceed. Whalley (2004) confirms that the sectoral evaluations should occur in a way that takes account of structure, conduct and performance. Experience suggests that for any given sector, there will be a combination of one-off and ongoing information sources that can be found to provide information about current policy settings on an indicative, if not always comprehensive basis. As will be explained below, a slight change of focus is required when finding measures of performance.

To date, the sectoral coverage of available estimates is inadequate. In particular, the key service sectors of insurance, education, health, construction and tourism are missing. For education, some information about policy regimes in a number of countries has already been collected (Nguyen-Hong and Wells 2003), but the impact of these regimes on performance has yet to be analysed. It would require collecting data on measures of performance in education, much of which is available from the OECD. And since education is one of the few services that is traded via all four modes of delivery, the analysis should yield some interesting insights into how trade barriers can drive inter-modal substitution.

For other sectors, information on policy regimes has yet to be collected. But the World Bank website has sectoral questionnaires for a range of services sectors that already map out the content of the policy information required. Further, the Worldscope database that has proved a fruitful source of performance data for a range of sectors (banking, distribution, engineering) also has performance data on a range of other sectors, and has particularly good performance data on insurance.

Further work is also required to track how services trade barriers are changing over time. Initial experience suggests that the regimes in telecommunications and financial services have been changing rapidly, while those governing distribution and the professions are far more static. The regimes affecting air passenger transport have also probably been changing fairly rapidly, although it has so far been difficult to obtain information about the current content of air service agreements. Nevertheless, the International Civil Aviation Organisation is about to release new information on this, so an update of performance in air passenger transport will soon be possible.

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A research priority should be to update information about policy regimes comprehensively across a range of countries. This is required to track progress on services trade liberalisation. Even more valuable, however, would be to update both the measures of policy and the measures of performance. This would allow the estimation of the costs of trade barriers to be done in a panel context. With panel data, it would be possible to control for unobserved heterogeneity across countries, and thus achieve more robust and reliable estimates.

Sins of commission

To date, the single biggest determinant of the projected gains from services trade liberalisation is whether the trade barriers are modelled as affecting markups or affecting real resource costs. This ‘treatment’ effect often dominates the estimated ‘height’ of the trade barrier, and accounts for some of the variation in modelling outcomes observed by Whalley (2004).

This treatment effect also means that the economic significance of current barriers to services trade cannot be gauged simply by comparing the ‘heights’ of the price and cost impacts listed in the tables at the end of this paper. As noted earlier, the cost impacts have much greater implications for economic welfare than the price impacts. Economic modelling is required to trace through the implications of the barriers for economy-wide resource allocation and for economic welfare.

As chapter 4 shows, whether barriers create rents or add to resource costs is severely under-researched currently. In some cases, the empirical evidence is suggestive, but not conclusive because only one performance measure has been used. In other cases, a price impact is estimated, and then it is simply asserted whether the effect operates through price-cost margins or whether it operates through costs.

To establish this properly requires using more than one measure of economic performance. Specifically, it requires estimating both a profit function and a cost function, and determining the effects of trade barriers on both measures of performance. Only then can it be teased out whether the effects of trade barriers are operating through price-cost margins or through marginal costs. Berger, Cummins and Weiss (1997) show how this approach has been applied to performance in the insurance industry.

A second advantage to estimating profit and cost functions is that both are structural, and correct for output quantities. This would help to overcome the critique outlined earlier about the reduced form nature of most of the work to date.

Doing such analysis requires using datasets that provide data on prices and quantities separately. Only then can profit and cost functions be estimated. To date, most datasets

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used for analysis have been accounting datasets. These provide values, not prices and quantities. However, the Worldscope database provides considerable additional information for the banking and insurance sectors, in addition to its usual accounting data, and would be an adequate source for proper estimation of cost and profit functions for these sectors. For other sectors, alternative databases may need to be found, or additional data sought on prices, that can be used to split the accounting data into its price and quantity components.

Reestimating the direct effects of services trade barriers in a cost and profit function framework would also provide an opportunity to split out the different dimensions of policy into separate sub-indexes.

Dissemination

In summary, sectoral studies are required that combine the collection of data on policy settings with an evaluation of its effect on sectoral performance behind the border, in more than one dimension. The most promising initial directions for new research have already been noted.

The results of current and future studies also need to be disseminated more widely, particularly to facilitate the modelling evaluation of trade barriers, given that price and cost impacts cannot be compared directly.

Given that the general methodology in outlined in this paper can be easily extended to additional countries and time periods, dissemination could usefully involve an open-source dimension. Not only should the tables at the end of this paper be made available on line, but the corresponding excel spreadsheets with embedded formulae should also be made available, so that researchers around the world can easily enter policy data for new countries and time periods, and generate the corresponding price or cost impacts automatically.

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3 Compiling information about regulatory policies

3.1 Recognising a legitimate role for regulation

Because the services sector is an area where market forces alone may not deliver the most efficient or equitable outcomes,2 such measures may be part of a broader domestic regulatory regime designed to address market failures or to meet legitimate social policy objectives. But in many countries, such measures may also suppress competition, whether or not this was intended.

A key methodological issue at the outset is how to distinguish between services restrictions that are protective and those that are designed to meet legitimate economic or social policy objectives. The literature takes one of three possible approaches.

The first approach is to decide a priori which policy measures are designed to meet legitimate economic or social policy objectives, and to exclude them from the analysis at the outset. Thus, for example, the estimates in this paper exclude those policy measures in air passenger transport designed to ensure the safety of passengers, and those technical regulations in electricity generation and transmission designed to ensure the integrity of the transmission network. Similarly, licensing per se is not necessarily treated as a restriction, but only when the licensing is not automatic or the qualification criteria are judged to be unduly restrictive. The early work on the effects of regulatory measures in banking services excluded prudential regulation, since it was designed to ensure systemic stability.

The second approach is to treat regulation on a continuum, and to ask the question whether the current level of regulation is ‘too little’ or ‘too much’. Empirically, this is accomplished by allowing for a non-linear relationship between regulation and performance, and then identifying at what point the degree of regulation has the least adverse incidental effect on economic performance. For example, port services such as pilotage and towage can help to reduce costs, but eventually, having too many mandatory port services can start to add to costs. This paper draws on analysis of port costs that identifies what level of mandatory servicing minimises costs. The approach to identifying the optimal regulatory regime in electricity generation is similar, although there the regulatory choices are binary rather than continuous.

2 For example, natural monopoly is a feature of many network infrastructure industries, and the problem of asymmetric information characterises many professional services.

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The final approach is to avoid prejudging the issue, to include all regulatory measures in the analysis, and to identify whether they have an adverse effect on some measures of economic efficiency. It is useful to policy makers to know this effect, even when the measures have a legitimate social or other objective. But if the cost to economic efficiency is found to be high, the appropriate policy conclusion need not be that the regulatory measure be removed. It could instead be that some other, less burdensome method be found to achieve that objective. For example, cross-subsidisation is often used in the telecommunications industry as a way of ensuring universal service on reasonable terms, but cross-subsidisation can also be a major impediment to achieving competition and lower prices generally. The regulatory solution can be to phase out cross-subsidisation so as to allow the development of competition, but to find other mechanism (such as having all services providers, not just the incumbent, make financial contributions) so as to fund universal service.

It is important to keep this final interpretation in mind when considering the services trade barrier estimates presented here. Even when regulatory measures are designed to address social obligations, it is relevant to know the incidental economic cost of those measures, and to ask whether there are better ways to achieve the underlying objectives.

All these approaches are of necessity incomplete. Ideally, the quantification process should identify the effects of services sector regulations, not just on economic outcomes such as prices or costs, but also on the social, environmental or safety outcomes that the regulations may be also designed to address. With this more complete information, the tradeoff between economic efficiency and other objectives could be evaluated directly. The difficulty is in coming up with a modelling framework that can evaluate both economic and other social, environmental or safety outcomes. The current frameworks, which focus on economic outcomes, can help in the policy evaluation process. But they do not replace the need for judgement.

3.2 Compiling information

Air passenger transport

For more than 50 years, a system of bilateral air services arrangements among economies has regulated various aspects of aviation production and trade, largely outside the multilateral framework of trading rules. The bilateral system developed because international air flights require international cooperation to provide the necessary infrastructure and air traffic rights. However, the bilateral system has also created various limits on competition and trade in aviation services. Some economies have recognised the

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costs of these restrictions in terms of higher costs and prices, and substantially liberalised air service arrangements, or made commitments to do so.

A recent OECD study (Gonenc and Nicoletti 2000) examined the effects that the provisions of bilateral air service agreements had on the prices of air passenger transport. That study was recently extended to a number of non-OECD countries by Doove et al. (2001).

Index measures of the degree of restrictiveness of the provisions in air service agreements were complied from the following four characteristics of air services agreements.

• Designation requirements, which limit the number of airlines providing services on a particular route. The score is successively higher if there are (i) no limits, (ii) if each economy may designate more than one airline to operate the service, (iii) if each economy may designate more than one airline to operate the route, but if only one airline is allowed on specific routes, and (iv) if each economy permits only one airline to provide the service.

• Capacity regulation. Scores are successively higher if there is (i) free determination, where the economies agree not to impose unilateral restrictions except for general safety and technical reasons, (ii) Bermuda 1 restrictions, where airlines act separately to determine capacity, with ex post government monitoring and review, (iii) hybrid determination, involving some mix of the other provisions, and (iv) predetermination, where an agreement on capacity is reached by both economies before airline operations begin.

• Price regulation. Scores are successively higher if there is (i) no approval process (ii) a double disapproval process, whereby airfares are allowed unless they are disapproved by both economies, (iii) a country of origin method, where an economy may disapprove airfares only for flights from its own territory, and (iv) a double approval process, where proposed airfares require the approval of both economies.

• Regulation of non-scheduled services. Scores are successively higher if (i) there are explicit traffic rights for non-scheduled services, including charter services or (ii) there are no formal traffic rights for such services.

These measures are border measures, but can inhibit the performance of domestic national flag carriers as much as they can foreign airlines, by restricting the extent to which both can achieve network economies.

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Table 3.1: Bilateral index for international air passenger transport

Restriction category Specific score Weights* Weighted score

Designation requirements Single designation 1.00 0.24 0.24 Multiple designation with route limitations 0.67 0.16 Multiple designation 0.33 0.08 No requirements 0.00 0.00Capacity regulation Predetermination 1.00 0.24 0.24 Hybrid 0.67 0.16 Bermuda 1 0.33 0.08 Free determination 0.00 0.00Price regulation Double approval 1.00 0.27 0.27 Country of origin approval 0.67 0.18 Double disapproval 0.33 0.09 No requirements 0.00 0.00Non-scheduled services No formal traffic rights for charter services 1.00 0.22 0.22 Explicit traffic rights for charter services 0.00 0.00 Regulatory maximum score** 0.97* Weights are the relative squared factor loadings from factor analysis, as estimated by Gonenc and Nicoletti (2000). ** The maximum score is 0.97 rather than 1.0 because Doove et al. (2000) omit a small component from the analysis of Gonenc and Nicoletti (2000) attributable to market structure rather than regulation. Source:Doove et al. (2001).

The weightings used to convert qualitative information about these characteristics into a quantitative index are shown in table 3.1. This weighting scheme is used to compute a bilateral index score for each air service agreement with each bilateral partner separately, as shown in tables A2 to A46 at the end of this document.3

The raw information on air services agreements used by Goncenc and Nicoletti (2000) and Doove et al. (2000) came from two documents from the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO 1988, 1995) which are by now rather dated.4 Some of the agreements in those sources will have become defunct or been replaced, some will have been amended by subsequent memoranda of understanding, and some may still persist in

3 The results in these tables differ slightly from those in Doove et al. (2001) because a few more countries and bilateral routes are covered, and because a small mistake in the calculation of the indices has been corrected. As a result of the correction, the price impacts reported in the tables are about 1 to 2 percentage points higher than the comparable estimates in Doove et al. (2001). 4 The ICAO has yet to release a more updated publication, although one is imminent.

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their original form. Hence it is unclear what the actual policy time frame is for the information taken from these sources. Table A1 at the end of this document shows how to extract the relevant information from these ICAO sources, while the information itself is shown on tables A2 to A46.

Doove et al. (2001) note that the ICAO information may also be incomplete. Some economies may choose not to register informal or confidential arrangements with the ICAO, particularly the allocation of capacity. The ICAO sources also exclude plurilateral and regional air service agreements in their coverage. Doove et al. (2001) also used the following sources of information:

• The APEC Transport Working Group (1999) for information on APEC bilateral arrangements;

• US Department of State (2001) for information on US ‘open skies’ agreements;

• OAS Trade Information Unit for information on air transport policies in South American economies;

• DTRD (1998) and PC (1998) for information on Australia’s air services agreements; and

• Button, Haynes and Stough (1998) for information on European air transport arrangements.

Example

The methodology outlined in table 3.1 can be illustrated in the case of Vietnam. The Air Services Group of the APEC Transport Working Group provides relatively recent information about Vietnam’s air service agreements. The Air Services Group achieved APEC-wide consensus for eight priorities for reform of international aviation, which were endorsed by APEC leaders in Auckland in 1999. These included giving consideration to relaxing the ownership and control requirements when considering designation made by partners, considering multiple designation, removing or easing tariff regulations and considering double disapproval regimes, and allowing non-scheduled services.

Since then, some APEC countries have filed country reports to the Air Services Group outlining their progress in achieving these priorities. Vietnam’s reports to this forum suggest that its air services agreements were recently characterised by multiple designation, predetermination of capacity, dual approval of air fares, and with no formal provision for charter services (although these could be approved on an ad hoc basis, in instances where they did not compete with scheduled services) (APEC Air Services Group 2002).

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On this basis, Vietnam’s current regime can be given a bilateral index score of (0.08 + 0.24 + 0.27 + 0.22) = 0.81 (see also table A45). The next chapter describes the econometric work that allows this index score to be converted into an impact on economic performance.

For other economies not listed in tables A2 to A46, it may be possible to extract the relevant information from the original ICAO sources.

Banking

The estimates of barriers to trade in banking services are taken from the study by Dee (2004a). This study extended the trade-focused work of Kalirajan et al. (2000), firstly by controlling for the effects of prudential supervision as in Barth, Caprio and Levine (2002) (see the next chapter for details), and also by extending the sample to include South East European countries.

The study used information on trade policies as outlined in table 3.2, adapted from McGuire and Schuele (2000). Information is collected about restrictions affecting domestic and/or foreign operators regarding:

• number of bank licences;

• equity participation;

• joint ventures (foreign banks only);

• raising of funds by banks;

• lending of funds by banks;

• prohibitions on other lines of business (eg insurance, securities);

• number of bank outlets;

• temporary or permanent movement of people (foreign banks only).

This information is then used to construct two restrictiveness indexes. The index of barriers to domestic entrants measures the effects of non-discriminatory restrictions affecting both domestic and foreign operators. The index of barriers to foreign entrants adds to this the effects of discriminatory restrictions against foreign operators. Thus the difference between the domestic and the foreign index gives a preliminary measure of the pure margin of discrimination against foreign operators.

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Table 3.2: Banking restrictiveness indexes

Weight - foreign index

Weight - domestic index Score Restriction

Restrictions on commercial presence

0.1900 0.1900 Licensing 1.00 Issues no new banking licenses 0.75 Issues up to 3 new banking licenses with only prudential restrictions 0.50 Issues up to 6 new banking licenses with only prudential restrictions 0.25 Issues up to 10 new banking licenses with only prudential restrictions 0.00 Issues new banking licenses with only prudential restrictions

0.1900 0.1900 Direct Investment

The score will be inversely proportional to maximum equity participation permitted in an existing domestic bank. For example, ownership to a maximum of 49 per cent of a bank would receive a score of 0.51.

0.0950 0 No new licenses and JV arrangements

1.00 Issues no new banking licenses and no entry is allowed through a joint venture with a domestic bank

0.50 Bank entry is only through a joint venture with a domestic bank

0.00 No requirement for a bank to enter through a joint venture with a domestic bank

0.0190 0 Movement of People - Permanent

1.00 No entry of executives, senior managers or specialists

0.80 Executives, specialists and/or senior managers can stay a period of up to 1 year

0.60 Executives, specialists and/or senior managers can stay a period of up to 2 years



0.00 Executives, specialists and/or senior managers can stay a period of more than 5 years

Other Restrictions

0.1425 0.1425 Raising funds by banks 1.00 Banks are unable to raise funds from domestic sources 0.75 Banks are restricted from raising funds from domestic capital markets

0.50 Banks are restricted in accepting deposits from the public, or face interest rate controls

0.00 Banks can raise funds from any source with only prudential restrictions

Continued

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Table 3.2: (Continued) Weight - foreign index


Lending funds by banks

0.1425 0.1425 1.00 Banks are not permitted to lend to domestic clients

0.75 Banks are restricted to specified lending size or lending to Government projects

0.5 Banks are restricted in providing certain lending services such as leasing, credit cards and consumer finance

0.25 Banks are directed to lend to certain sectors such as housing and small business

0.00 Banks can lend to any source with only prudential restrictions

0.0950 0.0950 Other business of banks - insurance and securities services 1.00 Banks can only provide banking services

0.50 Banks can provide banking services plus one other line of business - insurance or securities services

0.00 Banks have no restrictions on conducting other lines of business

0.0475 0.0475 Expanding operations - street branches, offices and ATMs 1.00 One banking outlet with no new banking outlets permitted 0.75 Number of bank outlets is limited in number and location

0.25 Expansion of banking outlets is subject to non-prudential regulatory approval

0.00 No restrictions on banks expanding operations

0.0095 0 Movement of people - Temporary 1.00 No temporary entry of executives, senior managers and/or specialists

0.75 Temporary entry of executives, senior managers and/or specialists up to 30 days



0.00 Temporary entry of executives, senior managers and/or specialists over 90 days

0* 0 Movement of people - Board of Directors

1.00 Board cannot comprise of foreigners 0.00 No restrictions on the composition of the board of directors

The score is inversely related to the percentage of the Board which can comprise of foreigners. For example, if 20% of a BOD can comprise of foreigners they would receive a score of 0.80.

0.9310 0.8075 Total

* Weight was 0.019 in McGuire and Schuele (2000). Source: Dee (2004a).

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The restrictiveness index calculations differ from those in McGuire and Schuele (2000) by giving zero weight to two types of restrictions considered by them in their study — restrictions on the composition of the board of directors, and information about MFN exemptions. This is because the information on these categories were unavailable for the South East European countries added in Dee (2004a). Accordingly, they were excluded from the index measures for all countries in that study. This also explains why the maximum score for the foreign index in table 3.2 is 0.9310 rather than 1.00.

The original study by McGuire and Schuele (2000) used the following information sources to compile the banking restrictiveness indexes:

• WTO (World Trade Organisation) Trade Policy Reviews, which describe the financial regulatory structures, trade restrictions and trade policies for WTO members. These are now available at the WTO website at http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tpr_e.htm.

• The National Trade Estimates (NTE) Report on Foreign Trade Barriers from the Office of the US Trade Representative (USTR), which covers information on restrictions for most economies. These are now available at http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Reports_Publications/Section_Index.html.

• APEC Individual Action Plans (IAPs), which list restrictions and liberalising commitments in reports covering services, investment, competition and deregulation. These are now available at http://www.apec-iap.org/ for APEC member countries (Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Chinese Taipei, Thailand, United States, Vietnam).

• A Common List of Barriers to Financial Services Trade report prepared by the WTO Financial Leaders Group, which gives a list of restrictions on trade in financial services for Asian and South American economies (FLG 1997).

• Information provided by Indonesia, Korea and Thailand to the IMF as a requirement for receiving standby credit, which outlines the structure of and developments in financial services sectors. Such communications are now at http://www.imf.org/external/np/loi/mempub.asp?view=loi&sort=cty.

• The TradePort web site, which covers information on restrictions for most economies.

The FLG report was a one-off report. The country market research reports on the Tradeport website are no longer freely available. The other information sources remain invaluable sources for collecting the information required to compile banking restrictiveness indexes. In particular, the Trade Policy Reviews of the WTO are now

http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tpr_e.htm

http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Reports_Publications/Section_Index.html

http://www.apec-iap.org/

http://www.imf.org/external/np/loi/mempub.asp?view=loi&sort=cty

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reporting virtually all the required information as a matter of course. This is a commendable development.

For countries that are not yet members of the WTO or APEC, their own domestic banking legislation can also provide the necessary detail about the licensing requirements to become a commercial bank. For many of the South East European and Baltic States, for example, the banking legislation is available in English on the website of each country’s central bank, and was used to compile the information for those countries in the banking tables at the end of this paper.

Most countries have made horizontal commitments on the temporary and permanent movement of people as part of their GATS schedules. These horizontal commitments may be accessed at the WTO website at http://tsdb.wto.org/wto/Public.nsf/FSetPredefinedReport3?OpenFrameSet under ‘All countries’.

Example

The methodology outlined in table 3.2 can be illustrated in the case of Vietnam.

According to Vietnam’s APEC IAP, foreign credit institutions can operate in Vietnam in the forms of (i) a foreign bank branch; (ii) a joint-venture bank; (iii) a joint-venture financial leasing company; (iv) a wholly foreign owned financial leasing company; (v) a joint-venture finance company; (vi) a wholly foreign owned finance company; (vii) other non-bank credit institutions. The licensing of any new bank (domestic or foreign) is apparently subject to an economic needs test, but few if any banks are denied a licence. There is more likely to be a limit on the scope of activity. Although this mild form of economic needs test does not appear explicitly as a category in table 3.2, it has been scored at a relatively low value of 0.25 under the heading of ‘licensing’ for both domestic and foreign banks.

Joint venture banks are neither proscribed nor required. So a score of 0.0 has been assigned to the joint venture category for both domestic and foreign banks.

In terms of capital contribution, the share of foreign counterparts in a joint venture bank is not permitted to exceed 50 per cent of the total registered capital of a joint venture, according to Vietnam’s APEC IAP. This is despite the fact that wholly foreign owned banks are also allowed. This restriction on foreign equity participation translates to a score of 0.5 under the heading of ‘direct investment’ for foreign banks.

According to Vietnam’s APEC IAP, foreign managers, executive directors and experts of foreign service-providing organisations who cannot be Vietnamese by nationality, and

http://tsdb.wto.org/wto/Public.nsf/FSetPredefinedReport3?OpenFrameSet

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are engaging in foreign directly invested enterprises, are allowed to immigrate and reside in Vietnam in a proper time period in conformity with regulations of investment contracts or for 3 years, whichever is shorter. The duration may be prolonged subject to the employment contract between these individuals and the enterprises. This translates to a score of 0.4 for foreign banks under the heading ‘permanent movement of people’.

According to Vietnam’s APEC IAP, foreign credit organisations are not allowed to receive savings in any form. This has been scored as 1.0 under the heading of ‘raising funds’ by foreign banks. There are no known limitations on domestic banks under this category.

According to Vietnam’s APEC IAP, foreign invested enterprises and foreigners are only allowed to hire land, and to own real estate (except land), but not to receive the collateral of land use rights in their banking licenses. According to the NTE report of the USTR, this restriction will be gradually lifted for US banks under Vietnam’s, Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) with the United States — for the first three years after the entry into force of the US Vietnam BTA, financial institutions with 100 per cent US equity ownership may not take an initial mortgage interest in land use rights. In addition, foreign banks cannot issue credit cards. The inability of foreign banks to issue mortgages against land use rights, or to issue credit cards, has been scored as 0.5 under the heading of ‘lending funds’. There are no similar restrictions on domestic banks.

According to Vietnam’s APEC IAP, insurance is regulated separately, with a numerical limit on the number of foreign invested insurance companies allowed to operate. According to the NTE report of the USTR, non-bank US securities service suppliers may only establish a commercial presence in Vietnam in the form of a representative office. This suggests that foreign banks cannot offer insurance or securities services. So a score of 1.0 has been assigned to foreign banks under the heading ‘other business of banks’. Similar restrictions apply to domestic banks.

According to Vietnam’s APEC IAP, in terms of geographical areas, foreign banks are allowed to open branches in provinces and cities belonging to the Center, but not to open subsidiaries under the branches and transaction offices in any form apart from head offices. Apparently, both domestic and foreign banks need separate approval for each new branch outlet. This has been scored as 0.25 for both domestic and foreign banks under the heading ‘expanding the number of banking outlets’.

No information about the composition of the board of directors has been collected, as this category now receives a zero weight.

According to Vietnam’s APEC IAP, service providers who work for service providers without establishment (trade representatives) in Vietnamese territory, do not receive

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salaries from any Vietnamese source, engage in service-providing under service-providing contracts between their enterprises and a Vietnamese one, do not directly collect money for their service-providing, and do not work for any other foreign enterprise which has a trade representative, are allowed to immigrate and reside in Vietnam in a specific time in conformity with the contract’s regulations and not in excess of 90 days. This has been scored as 0.25 under the heading ‘temporary movement of people’.

Table B55 at the end of this paper shows how the weights in table 3.2 have been used to convert these scorings into an overall restrictiveness index value of 0.47 for foreign banks and 0.15 for domestic banks in Vietnam. The next chapter describes the econometric work that allows these index scores to be converted into impacts on economic performance.

Distribution services

The estimates of barriers to trade in distribution services are based on the study by Kalirajan (2000).

Distribution services comprise wholesale and retail trade services, along with the activities of franchisors and commission agents. Foreign trade occurs primarily through commercial presence. As shown in table 3.3, the relevant discriminatory and non-discriminatory restrictions affecting the establishment or ongoing operations of domestic and foreign new entrants include:

• restrictions on establishment:

- the acquisition of commercial land;

- direct investment in distribution firms;

- the establishment of large-scale stores;

- screening tests, needs tests, performance requirements and other factors affecting investment;

- local government requirements (eg zoning, environmental, employment, operating hours);

- the permanent movement of people;

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Table 3.3: Distribution restrictiveness indexes Weight - foreign index

Weight - domestic index Score Restriction`

Barriers to establishment

0.2000 0.2000 Restrictions on commercial land 1.00 Acquisition of commercial land is not permitted

0.50 Acquisition of commercial land is permitted, but is restricted to a certain size

0.00 No restrictiction on the acquisition of land

0.2000 0.2000 Direct investment

The score will be inversely proportional to maximum foreign equity participation permitted in a domestic distribution enterprise. For example, ownership to a maximum of 49 per cent would receive a score of 0.51 (1-0.49).

0.0500 0.0500 Restrictions on large-scale stores

1.00 National legislation prohibits large-scale stores 0.50 Regional and local authorities restrict large-scale stores 0.00 No restrictions on large scale stores

0.0750 0.0750 Factors affecting investment 0.30 Takeovers are hindered by regulation 0.30 Investors must meet performance requirements 0.20 Establishment subject to economic needs test 0.20 Government screening of investment

0.0750 0.0750 Factors affecting local establishment

0.40 Establishment subject to a local environmental impact assessment or zoning requirement

0.40 Local employments requirements 0.20 Restrictions on operating hours

0.0474 0 Movement of People - Permanent 1.00 No entry of executives, senior managers or specialists 0.80 Executives, senior managers or staff can stay a period of up to 1 year 0.60 Executives, senior managers or staff can stay a period of up to 2 years 0.40 Executives, senior managers or staff can stay a period of up to 3 years 0.20 Executives, senior managers or staff can stay a period of up to 4 years

0.00 Executives, senior managers or staff can stay a period of more than 4 years

Continued

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Table 3.3: (Continued) Weight - foreign index


Barriers to ongoing operations

0.0750 0.0750 Wholesale import licensing 1.00 No new import licences are available for wholesalers 0.50 A limited number of new import licences are available for wholesalers 0.00 There are no limits on the issuse of import licences

0.0500 0.0500 Promotion of retail products

1.00 Firms are prohibited from using promotional tools to market retail products

0.50 Firms are limited in their use of promotional tools to market retail products

0.00 No restrictions on promotion of retail products

0.1000 0.1000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions

The score for an economy is taken froma able of 16 product categories, in which distribution occurs through statutory government monopolies

0.0500 0.0500 Protection of intellectual property rights

1.00 An economy is on USTR priority 301 watchlist 0.50 An economy is on USTR 301 watchlist 0.00 Intellectual property rights are not on USTR watch lists

0.0474 0 Licensing requirements on management

1.00 All directors/managers or at least a majority of them must be nationals or residents

0.75 At least one director/manager must be national or resident 0.50 Directors and managers must be locally licensed 0.25 Directors and managers must be domiciled in the foreign economy 0.00 No restrictions

0.0237 0 Movement of people - Temporary 1.00 No temporary entry of executives, senior managers or specialists

0.75 Temporary entry of executives, senior managers or specialists up to 30 days



0.00 Temporary entry of executives, senior managers or specialists over 90 days

0.9935 0.8750 Total

Source: Kalirajan (2000).

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• restrictions on ongoing operations:

- issuing of wholesale licences;

- limits on promotional activities;

- a lack of protection of intellectual property rights;

- the presence of statutory government monopolies;

- licensing requirements on management;

- the temporary movement of people.

Kalirajan (2000) notes that at least some restrictions on distribution services, such as zoning and environmental regulations, may be imposed for social policy reasons. But they nevertheless have the ability to create rents or raise the real resource costs of undertaking wholesale and retail activity.

The restrictiveness index values for foreign operators differ very slightly from those in Kalirajan (2000), by giving zero weight to MFN exemptions. Such exemptions are probably better dealt with by building separate indices for the restrictiveness of trade between the partners for which the exemptions apply, rather than by trying to incorporate them into an overall MFN index. MFN exemptions would have added at most 0.0065 to the foreign index values, so the results differ only very slightly. This also explains why the maximum score for the foreign index in table 3.3 is 0.9935 rather than 1.00.

In compiling information from various countries, Kalirajan was able to take advantage of two one-off OECD publications, OECD (2000a) and (2000b). In addition, he used many of the same sources as were used for banking, including:

• GATS schedules, available on the WTO web site at http://tsdb.wto.org/wto/Public.nsf/FSetPredefinedReport3?OpenFrameSet.

• WTO (World Trade Organisation) Trade Policy Reviews, which describe the financial regulatory structures, trade restrictions and trade policies for WTO members. These are now available at the WTO website at http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tpr_e.htm.

• The National Trade Estimates (NTE) Report on Foreign Trade Barriers from the Office of the US Trade Representative (USTR), which covers information on restrictions for most economies. These are now available at http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Reports_Publications/Section_Index.html.

• APEC Individual Action Plans (IAPs), which list restrictions and liberalising commitments in reports covering services, investment, competition and deregulation. These are now available at http://www.apec-iap.org/ for APEC member countries

http://tsdb.wto.org/wto/Public.nsf/FSetPredefinedReport3?OpenFrameSet

http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tpr_e.htm

http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Reports_Publications/Section_Index.html

http://www.apec-iap.org/

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(Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Chinese Taipei, Thailand, United States, Vietnam).

• The TradePort web site, which covers information on restrictions for most economies.

As noted, the country market research reports on the Tradeport website are no longer freely available. But the other information sources remain invaluable sources for collecting the information required to compile distribution restrictiveness indexes.

In particular, the sections in the WTO Trade Policy reviews dealing with barriers to agriculture and manufacturing often give details of restrictions on issuing wholesale import licences, or details of State monopolies. For countries (such as Morocco) that have signed NAFTA-style ‘negative list’ trade agreements with the United States, the detailed annexes of exceptions and reservations in those agreements are also invaluable sources of this and other information about barriers to distribution services. The WTO and USTR reports often include additional information specifically about the distribution sector. As noted earlier, the horizontal commitments in GATS schedules often give details about restrictions on the temporary and permanent movement of people. And the USTR’s annual Special 301 reports (through the same web address as for the NTE reports) give up-to-date lists of those countries on its 301 priority and 301 watch lists.

Example

The methodology outlined in table 3.2 can be illustrated in the case of Vietnam.

According to Vietnam’s APEC IAP, foreign distributors in Vietnam are required to conform to specific regulations including those on tax, services charges, land and real estate hiring rights. They are allowed to hire land but not allowed to use these rights for investment contribution purposes as Vietnam enterprises do. They are allowed to use real assets (excluding land) for only the certain period of time provided in their investment permission. Domestic distribution firms may hold land use rights for up to a 50 year term, but may not own land. Foreign distribution firms may hire land, but may not hold land use rights. So foreign firms have been allocated a score of 1.0 under ‘restrictions on commercial land’, while domestic firms have been allocated a score of 0.5.

According to Vietnam’s APEC IAP, the Foreign Investment Law of 12 November 1996 and the Law on amendments and supplements of some provisions of May 2000 allow domestic distributors to establish their business units in the following forms: business cooperation contracts (BCCs); joint venture enterprises, where the foreign party’s capital contribution is not allowed to lie below 30 per cent out of total legal capital, except with government permission; and 100 per cent foreign invested capital enterprises. In practice,

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equity limits are imposed on a case-by-case basis. This has been given a relatively modest restrictiveness score of 0.25 (equivalent to allowing 75 per cent foreign equity participation).

According to Vietnam’s APEC IAP, priority is given to construction of commercial centres, shopping malls, stores and warehouses in accordance with the country’s economic regions. This does not seem to imply a restriction on large-scale stores, so a score of 0.0 has been allocated to this category for both domestic and foreign firms.

According to Vietnam’s APEC IAP, the general regulation of foreign entry is that licensing is done on a case by case basis and depending on the level and particular domestic demands. In addition, in the regulations on granting branch establishing licenses for foreign business persons, Article 5 of Decree No 45/2000/ND-CP stipulates conditions for foreign businessmen to be granted operation licenses, including: having legally registered in compliance with overseas laws; having been operating for at least five consecutive years from their business registration; having been dealing with permitted ranges of goods and services specified in the list enclosed with this Decree. This has been scored as equivalent to government screening plus a needs test for foreign firms, and given a value 0.4 in the category of ‘factors affecting investment’.

According to Vietnam’s APEC IAP, the number of foreign staff is not allowed to exceed 18 per cent of the total technological experts in foreign service-providing organizations in Vietnam. According to USTR’s 2004 NTE report, in September 2003 Vietnam issued Decree 105, which provides that all enterprises operating in Vietnam may only employ foreign nationals at the lesser of 1) a maximum rate of 3 per cent of their total workforce or 2) 50 persons. In response to complaints from the foreign business community, the government stated that it would issue legislation clarifying the decree and providing exemptions for certain sectors and types of employment. The USTR suggests that the same limit on hiring foreign nationals also applies to domestic businesses. This has been scored as a local employment requirement and given a value of 0.4 for both foreign and domestic firms under the category of ‘local government requirements’.

For the reasons outlined for banking above, a score of 0.4 has been allocated to foreign distribution firms under ‘the permanent movement of people’.

In the chapter on non-tariff barriers in Vietnam’s APEC IAP report, there is a list of goods for which importing is prohibited, a list for which exporting is prohibited, a list for which discretionary import licensing is required, and a list for which discretionary export licensing is required. This applies to both domestic and foreign firms. Hence a score of 0.5 has been allocated for both domestic and foreign firms under the heading ‘wholesale import licensing’.

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No source mentions restrictions on the promotion of retail products. So a score of 0.0 has been allocated to this category, for both domestic and foreign firms.

While both Vietnam’s APEC IAP and the USTR’s NTE report contain information about State monopolies, the best source of information is the annexes to the US Bilateral Trade Agreement. The US Vietnam BTA has an annex C specifying Imports and Exports subject to State Trading. Some are relaxed under the BTA. It is assumed that they continue to apply for countries other than the United States. The products listed are reflected in Vietnam’s State Monopolies table D46b at the end of the paper. But when calculating the restrictiveness index in table D46a, this State monopoly score has been halved because the monopolies are only for export and import, not for all trade. Annex D of the BTA also has a phase-out of restrictions on Import Trading Rights and Distribution Rights for a range of Agricultural and Industrial Products. It is assumed that these apply to foreigners only, and they have been used for the foreign index.

According to the USTR website, Vietnam was on the 301 watch list in 2004. A score of 0.5 has been allocated in this category for both domestic and foreign firms.

According to Vietnam’s APEC IAP, under the Law on Investment the General Directors or the First Deputy General Directors of joint venture enterprises must be Vietnamese citizens. Foreign invested enterprises and foreign parties participating in BCCs are allowed to recruit on the basis of business requirements provided that recruitment priority is granted to Vietnamese citizens. They are only to employ foreigners to do high professional knowledge and management work exceeding the Vietnamese capacity. However, they have to train Vietnamese staff. This is equivalent to at least one director having to be a national or resident, and has been allocated a score of 0.75 under the category of ‘licensing requirements on management’.

For the reasons outlined for banking above, a score of 0.25 has been allocated to foreign distribution firms under ‘the temporary movement of people’.

Table D46 at the end of this paper shows how the weights in table 3.3 have been used to convert these scorings into an overall restrictiveness index value of 0.52 for foreign distribution firms and 0.21 for domestic distribution firms in Vietnam. The next chapter describes the econometric work that allows these index scores to be converted to impacts on economic performance.


A recent study by the OECD looked at the impact of domestic regulatory regimes in electricity supply on the price performance of that sector (Steiner 2000), while correcting

41

for a number of country-specific features. Doove et al. (2001) extended that work to a range of non-OECD countries.

The characterisation of regulatory regimes is based on the idea that while electricity transmission (and perhaps retail distribution) may possess natural monopoly characteristics, industry performance could be enhanced by encouraging competition in electricity generation (and perhaps retail distribution). Recent technological advances, such as cogeneration (of electricity and usable heat) have changed the economics of generating electricity, facilitating competitive supply. Thus the dimensions of a regulatory regime which can encourage competition in electricity generation include:

• unbundling those activities that are considered to be competitive (generation and retailing) from those that are thought to be natural monopoly activities (transmission), so as to avoid conflicts of interest in promoting competition;

• allowing third party access, ie guaranteeing open and non-discriminatory access for all generators to the transmission grid (subject to available transmission capacity); and

• introducing a wholesale pool, or spot market, for electricity (either mandatory or optional) to overcome limitations associated with the use of direct (bilateral) contracts between generators and retailers.

All that is required to generate a measure of inappropriate regulation in electricity generation is yes/no information about whether the regulatory regime has these three characteristics.

The benefits of a wholesale price pool are contentious. Against the potential adverse lock-in effects of long term contracts, there is the possibility of dominant generators using their market power to ‘game’ a wholesale pool, ie manipulating the bidding system to deliver electricity at prices that are still above cost. Thus while the United Kingdom established a wholesale electricity market in March 1990, the ‘gaming’ problem lead to the pool being replaced by a system of bilateral contracts in March 2001. But as Doove et al. (2000) note, it is not clear that the alternative price setting mechanism will deliver lower prices than a wholesale pool, as the underlying problem is the same in both regimes — the market power of the generators.

Other, less controversial aspects of a pro-competitive regulatory regime that are not captured in the empirical work of Steiner include:

• allowing new generators to enter the market;

• allowing customers (sometimes large customers such as retailers or large industrial users, sometimes all retail customers) to purchase electricity directly from the generator of their choice; and

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• introducing a regulator independent of industry players and day-to-day political influence.

Doove et al. (2000) used the following information sources to extend the coverage of the Steiner study to non-OECD countries:

• the country analysis briefs of the US Energy Information Agency, available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/;

• the International Energy Agency (eg IEA 2000); and

• reports of national governments.

The first of these sources has been a valuable source of ongoing information. Another strategy has been to use google search using the keywords ‘power’ and the name of the country in question.5

Example

The June 2004 Vietnam country analysis brief by the US Energy Information Agency notes that due to the large amount of investment required to meet forecasted electricity demand, the state power company, Electricity of Vietnam (EVN) is facing pressure to end its monopoly and open the door to investment in power production and distribution facilities. It is working on a plan to develop a national electricity grid by 2020, patching together several regional grids. In early March 2003, the 720 megawatt Phu My 3 power plant in the Phu My power generating complex in Ba Ria-Vung Tau province commenced operations, thereby pushing the country’s power generating capacity up by nearly 10 per cent. The plant, which is owned by a consortium led by UK’s BP, is the first foreign-invested project to operate under a build-operate-transfer model. EVN will purchase the plant’s output under a 20 year power purchase agreement.

On the basis of this information, Vietnam’s regulatory regime in 2004 can be characterised as allowing third party access, but not yet having unbundling or a wholesale price pool.

Maritime — ports

The relevant policy determinants of port efficiency are taken from Clark, Dollar and Micco (2001). They identify three possible determinants, although only two prove to be statistically significant. 5 One site accessed via this method was the website of UK Trade and Investment. This used to have detailed policy information sheets about a number of sectors, including power and communications, in a range of developed and developing countries. This information is now only made available to UK companies.

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The first variable measures the extent of restrictions against foreign participation in cargo handling. Data on this were obtained from Fink, Mattoo and Neagu (2001), who in turn provide little information about how the index was complied, although its values for particular countries are shown in table M1. As will be seen in the next chapter, this determinant does not seem to be statistically significant.

The second variable measures whether the following port services are mandatory: pilotage, towing, tug assistance, navigation aids, berthing, waste disposal, anchorage and other mandatory services. The data are also from Fink, Mattoo and Neagu (2001). They provide little information about data sources, but the index seems to assign a value of 0.125 to each service that is mandatory (with a maximum index score of 1.0). The values are shown in table M1.

The third variable measures the absence of organised crime. Data on this are taken from the Global Competitiveness Report (1996-2000) and are based on surveys of representative firms about whether organised crime does not impose significant costs on business and is not a burden.

Example

The values of these variables for Vietnam are shown in table M1. Vietnam’s regulatory regime for port operation is relatively liberal. It does not impose cargo handling restrictions or require mandatory servicing. However, its index measure of the absence of organised crime, at 5.02, is below the third quartile value of 6.17.

Professional services

The estimates of barriers to trade in professional services are based on the study by Nguyen-Hong (2000).

His study uses information on trade policies as outlined in table 3.4. The relevant discriminatory and non-discriminatory restrictions affecting the establishment or ongoing operations of domestic and foreign new entrants are as follows:

• restrictions on establishment:

- the form of establishment;

- prohibitions on, or requirements for, foreign entrants to form partnerships or joint ventures with local firms;

- limits on investment and ownership by foreign professionals or by non-professional investors;

- nationality or citizenship, residency or local presence requirements;

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Table 3.4: Professions restrictiveness indexes



Barriers to establishment

0.0800 0.0800 Form of establishment 1.00 Prohibition on incorporation 0.50 Some form of incorporation permitted 0.00 No restrictions

0.0800 Foreign partnership/association/joint venture

1.00 Prohibition on partnership/association/joint venture with foreign professionals

0.50 Partnership/joint venture with foreign professionals required 0.00 No restrictions

0.0500 Investment and ownership by foreign professionals

The score will be proportional to maximum equity participation permitted in a professional firm.For example, ownership to a maximum of 49 per cent of law firm would receive a score of 0.51.

0.0500 0.0500 Investment and ownership by non-professional investors

The score will be proportional to maximum non-professional equity participation permitted in a professional firm. For example, ownership to a maximum of 49 per cent of law firm would receive a score of 0.51.

0.1350 Nationality/citizenship requirements

1.00 Nationality required to qualify, become member of professional body, or to practice

0.25 Nationality required to obtain professional title, but practice is relatively free

0.00 No restrictions

0.1350 Residency and local presence 1.00 Permanent or prior residency (more than 12 months) required 0.75 Less than 12 months prior residency 0.50 Prior residency required for local training 0.25 Domicile or representative office only 0.00 No restrictions

0.1000 Quotas/economic tests on the number of foreign professionals and firms

1.00 Quotas/economic needs tests 0.50 Some restrictions apply 0.00 No restrictions

Continued

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0.1000 Licensing and accreditation of foreign professionals

1.00 Local retraining required for full license 0.75 Local examination required in all cases 0.50 Case by case assessment of foreign qualification/licence 0.25 Aptitude tests 0.00 Foreign licence/qualifications sufficient to practice

0.0500 Licensing and accreditation of domestic professionals (scores additive)

0.25 Compulsory membership of professional association 0.25 Professional examination requirements 0.25 Practical experience requirements 0.25 Higher education requirements

0.0200 Movement of People - Permanent 1.00 No entry of executives, senior managers or specialists

0.80 Executives, specialists or senior managers can stay a period of up to 1 year

0.60 Executives, specialists or senior managers can stay a period of up to 2 years



0.00 Executives, specialists or senior managers can stay a period of 5 or more years

Barriers to ongoing operations

0.0500 0.0500 Activities reserved by law to the profession 1.00 4 core activities and over 0.75 3 core activities 0.50 2 core activities 0.25 1 core activity 0.00 None

0.0500 0.0500 Multidisciplinary practices 1.00 Prohibition on partnership with other professionals 0.50 Majority partnership required 0.00 No restrictions

0.0500 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 1.00 Advertising, marketing and solicitation restricted 0.50 Some form of advertising, marketing or solicitation allowed 0.00 No restrictions

Continued

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0.0500 0.0500 Fee setting

1.00 Mandatory minimum or maximum fees 0.50 Restrictions for some groups or activities 0.00 No restrictions

0.0200 Licensing requirements on management

1.00 All directors/managers or at least a majority of them must be nationals or residents

0.75 At least one director/managers must be nationals or residents 0.50 Directors and managers must be locally licensed 0.25 Directors and managers must be domiciled 0.00 No restrictions

0.0200 Other restrictions (scores additive) 0.33 Restrictions on hiring professionals 0.33 Restrictions on the use of firm's international names 0.33 Government procurement - restrictions towards foreigners 0.00 No restrictions

0.0100 Movement of people - Temporary 1.00 No temporary entry of executives, senior managers or specialists




0.00 Temporary entry of executives, senior managers or specialists over 90 days

1.0000 0.3800 Total

Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

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- quotas or economic needs tests on foreign entry;

- licensing and accreditation requirements on foreign and local professionals;

- limits on permanent movement of people;

• restrictions on ongoing operations:

- whether activities are reserved by law to the profession;

- limits on multidisciplinary practices;

- limits on advertising, marketing and solicitation;

- restrictions on fee setting;

- licensing requirements on management and other restrictions (eg on local employment);

- limits on the temporary movement of people.

The information is collected separately for up to four different professions — accountancy, architecture, engineering and legal. Because the same index structure is used for all professions, the results are comparable across professions.

The original study by Nguyen-Hong (2000) made most use of one-off studies of the content of regulations affecting the professions. These included:

• an OECD study (OECD 1996) which contained detailed coverage of regulations applying to engineering, architectural, legal and accountancy services in OECD countries;

• a WTO questionnaire on restrictions in the accountancy sector (WTO 1996);

• an APEC directory of professional services, which provided information on regulations affecting accountancy, architecture and engineering services in AOEC economies; and

• the legal services country profiles of the International Legal Services Advisory Council (ILSAC), which are available from the website at http://www.ag.gov.au/agd/WWW/ilsHome.nsf/Page/Publications_Publication_Documents_Publications_For_Sale for Australia and Asia, but are not free of charge.

The one-off nature of most of these publications has made professional services the most challenging area in which to obtain updated information. Nevertheless, the regulations governing professional services, along with those governing distribution, have been among the slowest to evolve. Much faster to change have been the regulations affecting banking and telecommunications.

http://www.ag.gov.au/agd/WWW/ilsHome.nsf/Page/Publications_Publication_Documents_Publications_For_Sale

http://www.ag.gov.au/agd/WWW/ilsHome.nsf/Page/Publications_Publication_Documents_Publications_For_Sale

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In addition to the above sources, the WTO Trade Policy Reviews, the NTE reports of the USTR and the APEC IAPs have also provided sources of updated information. Of all these sources, the APEC IAPs are probably the most complete (although they do not always give information about the licensing requirements for domestic professionals, for example).

Example

According to Vietnam’s APEC IAP, foreign law firms are only permitted to operate in Vietnam in the form of branches or partnership with Vietnamese enterprises. Each foreign law firm is allowed to establish two branches in Vietnam. This is interpreted to mean that Vietnam will accept the form of the foreign organisation as it is. So a score of 0.0 has been allocated to ‘form of establishment’ for foreign firms. But as in many countries, local firms must be partnerships — they are not allowed to incorporate or have limited liability. Thus a score of 1.0 has been allocated to ‘form of establishment’ for domestic firms.

The above information suggests that if a foreign law firm is not in a joint venture, then it can only be a branch. This has been allocated a score of 0.5 under the category ‘foreign partnership or joint venture’.

There are no equity limits or similar restrictions noted in Vietnam’s APEC IAP concerning investment and ownership by foreign professionals. Thus a score of 0.0 has been allocated to this category. According to the IAP, lawyers of foreign law firms practicing in Vietnam are required to hold a license of legal consulting practice issued by a foreign authorized body. However, this does not impose any restrictions on the management or equity holders of the foreign law firm. Thus a score of 0.0 has been allocated to the category ‘investment and ownership by non-professional investors’.

The IAP does not explicitly note any restrictions on multidisciplinary practices. But it makes it clear that the legal and accounting professions are regulated separately. This has been interpreted as meaning that legal firms cannot practice accounting. So a score of 1.0 has been allocated to ‘multidisciplinary practices’ for both domestic and foreign firms.

According to Vietnam’s APEC IAP, licenses for branch establishment and operation of law firms are required. With regards to lawyers, ‘addition decision to the list of foreign lawyers of the branch is required’. This has been interpreted requiring that directors and managers be locally licensed, and a score of 0.5 has been allocated under the category of ‘licensing requirements on management’.

According to Vietnam’s APEC IAP, the branches of foreign law firms in Vietnam until recently were not allowed to hire Vietnamese lawyers to work in their branches.

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However, Decree 87 overruled this restriction, so a score of 0.0 has been allocated to ‘other restrictions’.

According to Vietnam’s APEC IAP, there is no residency requirement, but there is a requirement for the Chief lawyer to have five years past experience. This has been scored as equivalent to a domicile requirement, and given a relatively low score of 0.25 against the category of ‘residency or local presence’.

According to Vietnam’s APEC IAP, there are no quotas or economic needs tests, but foreign lawyers are required to service foreign clients only. This has been scored as equivalent to ‘some restrictions’, and allocated a score of 0.5 accordlingly.

According to Vietnam’s APEC IAP, Vietnam has expanded the scope of activities of foreign lawyers in Vietnam in the way that foreign lawyers are permitted to practice consulting on Vietnamese law and international law in all legal areas, excepting consulting on Vietnamese law and not permitted to participate in legal proceedings before Vietnamese courts. These restrictions on activity have been scored as equivalent to a case-by-case assessment of foreign license and qualifications, and allocated a score of 0.5 under the category ‘licensing and accreditation of foreign professionals’.

Court appearance is an activity reserved to the profession, so has been scored at 0.25 under this category.

Vietnamese lawyers must be a member of a legal association, must pass a professional exam, hold a law degree, and have practical experience. These requirements have been scored as 1.0 under the category of ‘licensing and accreditation of local professionals’.

For the reasons outlined for banking above, a score of 0.4 has been allocated to foreign firms under ‘the permanent movement of people’ and a score of 0.25 to foreign firms under ‘the temporary movement of people’.

Telecommunications

The estimates of direct costs of barriers to trade in telecommunications services are derived from the study by Dee (2004a). This study extended the work of Warren (2000) to a larger sample of countries that included South East Europe. The index measures of trade barriers are based on Warren (2000).

The barriers to trade in telecommunications services are grouped in two ways:

• those that affect the market access (MA) of any new entrant into the market, be they domestic or foreign, have been distinguished from those that discriminate against foreigners (where NT stands for ‘national treatment’); and

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• those that primarily affect services delivered via commercial presence (FDI) have been distinguished from those that affect other modes of delivery, primarily cross-border trade (Trade).

This two-way classification of services trade barriers mirrors distinctions made in the General Agreement on Trade in Services under the WTO.

Within each category, an index is constructed from an indicative, rather than comprehensive, list of barriers.

• MA/Trade. This is constructed from information on whether regulations allow domestic or international (i) leased lines or private networks (ii) third party resale (iii) connections of leased lines and private networks to the public switched telecommunications network (PSTN). Hence there are 6 observations for each country, and the index value can range from 0 to 6.

• MA/FDI. This is constructed for the fixed and mobile telecommunications markets separately. In each case, the variable is a weighted average of three scores (i) the number of competitors in the market (max. 3), multiplied by 3 (ii) average policy scores for competition in the provision of the relevant service, multiplied by 2 (iii) percentage of incumbent that is privatised, multiplied by 1. The index values can range from 0 to 1.

The policy scores for competition in fixed line telecommunications are averaged across the following markets: local service, domestic long distance, international, data, and leased lines. For each segment, a score of 1 is given if full competition is allowed, 0.5 for partial competition, and 0 for monopoly.

The policy scores for competition in mobile markets are 1 if full competition is allowed in either analogue or digital, 0.5 for partial competition and 0 for monopoly.

• NT/Trade. This variable is indicative of discrimination against foreigners in the provision of cross-border services. It takes the value 1 if callback services are allowed, and zero otherwise.

• NT/FDI. The percentage of foreign investment allowed in competitive carriers.

Some these policy indicators measure market structure, rather than market conduct (or the rules governing it). In an area such as telecommunications, where technology has changed very rapidly, this can be seen as a strength rather than a weakness. Policy rules have tended to be technology-specific. An example above is whether call-back services are allowed. When international telephony was very expensive, this was a useful means of providing cross-border competition in international telephony. As technology has

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improved and the cost of providing international connections has plummeted, the relevance of call-back services has declined. And as will be seen in the next chapter, this policy indicator no longer has a significant impact on telecommunications performance. But despite changes in technology, the extent of competition faced by incumbent carriers is still a significant determinant of performance.

The original study by Warren (2000) collected the data on all these elements of policy directly from an international survey undertaken by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU 1999).

It is possible to collect the required information from other sources.

The country regulatory profiles available on the ITU website still provide information about the level of competition in various segments of the market. These are at http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/databanks.html. However, some of the scoring is a little hard to understand. For example, the Japanese market is scored as being full competitive in all segments, even though the Japanese regulator has described the Japanese market as still being oligopolistic.

Information about whether call-back services are allowed is available from the ITU website at http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/ni/iptel/countries/bdt99-1.html.

The ITU has conducted a series of internet case studies, which contain valuable background information about the telecommunications markets of the countries concerned, particularly about market structure and ownership. These are available at http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/casestudies/index.html#topic.

The WTO Trade Policy Reviews also provide information about regulatory policy, but not about market structure or ownership.

Example

According to the ITU’s Vietnam Internet Case Study (ITU 2002), Vietnam has followed China in allowing different government ministries to offer telecommunications services, as a form of competition with the incumbent. The Defence Ministry has entered through Vietel. It previously mainly served government clients, eg in the provision of private networks. It now has a general licence, but initially lacked the resources to enter all markets. It initially ran ‘voice over the internet protocol’ (VoIP) telephony, using VNPT leased lines between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. The price was half the regular PSTN price. Vietel’s ability to compete is constrained by VNPT’s leased line prices. The Government liberalised VoIP telephony in 2001, with two additional licences (to VNPT and Saigon Post and Telecoms (SPT)) and lowered leased line prices, and has recently

http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/databanks.html

http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/ni/iptel/countries/bdt99-1.html

http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/casestudies/index.html#topic

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allowed international VoIP. VNPT, SPT and Electricity Telecommunications and Information Company (ETIC) now also offer VoIP telephony.

Because VoIP telephony is linked to the PSTN, and because international VoIP is available, Vietnam has been scored as allowing the domestic and international connection of leased lines and private networks to the PSTN, as well as allowing leased lines and private networks. So Vietnam has been allocated a score of 4.0 for MA/Trade.

According to the ITU’s Vietnam Internet Case Study (ITU 2002), VNPT is still fully State owned. It has created numerous subsidiaries to carry out virtually every aspect of telecommunications. In addition, it has established several Business Cooperation Contracts with foreign telcos to jointly provide services. Now Vietel and ETIC also offer a full range of services. But Vietnam remains one of the few ITU members that have neither privatised the incumbent operator nor yet full separated the functions of operator and regulator.

On the basis of this assessment, Vietnam has been scored as having the maximum of three competitors in the fixed market, although with the lack of a fully independent regulator, competition has only been scored as partial in all fixed line segments. Its degree of privatisation is zero. So Vietnam’s score for MA/FDI (fixed) is (3*3 + 0.5*2 + 0)/12 = 0.833.

In the mobile market, there has been a duopoly for GSM services, offered by Vinaphone and Mobifone. There is an older analogue system, Saigon Mobile Telephone Company (SMPT), running AMPS. But VNPT owns both GSM operators and counts their subscribers as part of its own network. Both operators have identical rates, and the competition between them has been described by the ITU as more a battle for resources within NVPT than a battle for customers. Vinaphone has served mainly government customers, while Mobifone has more private customers. Vietel has now entered the GSM market and is offering price competition, but is limited because of price regulation. SPT, with a Korean BCC partner, also offers a CDMA service.

Vinaphone is 100 per cent owned by VNPT, so is not privatised. Mobifone operates under a BCC revenue and technology sharing arrangement between VNPT and Millicom (which is based in Luxembourg, and also owns Swedish Comvik). But a BCC contract is not the same as foreign ownership. Under the BTA with the United States, BCCs with US firms will be converted to joint ventures.

On the basis of this information, Vietnam has been allocated the same scoring for MA/FDI (mobile) as for MA/FDI (fixed). It has also been allocated a score of 0.0 for NT/FDI.

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By Ministerial directive, call-back services are not allowed. So Vietnam has been allocated a score of 0.0 for NT/Trade.

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4 Computing price and cost impacts

4.1 Air passenger transport

Gonenc and Nicoletti (2000) examined the effects of the provisions of air service agreements on the prices of air passenger transport services in two stages:

Route-specific airfare = f(stage length)

Deviation of airfare from that predicted by stage length = f(bilateral restriction index, environmental variables)

where the environmental variables included route-specific market structure, market structure of the international aviation industry in the route-end economies, extent of government ownership, average propensity of the populations at route ends for air travel, a measure of airport dominance by incumbent carriers, a measure of airport congestion at route ends, and the purchasing power of currencies. The two stage model overcame a multicollinearity problem that arose when stage length was initially included as an environmental variable. The inclusion of market structure variables captures the role of actual competition (see also Slade 2004), while the trade restriction index captures the role of potential competition.

The price models were estimated for business fares, economy fares and discount fares separately. The bilateral restriction index had a positive and statistically significant effect on all types of airfares. The effect was strongest for business fares, and weaker, though still significant, for economy and discount fares. Route specific market structures did not appear to affect airfares, but market structures at route ends had a significant effect on discount fares. This suggests that potential, rather than actual, competition is a key determinant of airfares on travel routes. The results of other environmental variables were less consistent across different fare regressions. The discount fare model was the most robust model, and is used in what follows.

Doove et al. (2001) show how the econometric results of Gonenc and Nicoletti (2000) can be used in conjunction with the index measures of air services restrictions in the tables at the end of this paper to generate estimates of the price impacts of air services restrictions for a number of countries. The method is described below, and the results are also shown in the tables at the end of the paper.

The price impacts measure by how much air fares have been inflated by having less than the most liberal settings for the four dimensions of air services agreements outlined in the

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previous chapter. Air services agreements typically include a range of other provisions that could also be restrictive, including provisions limiting foreign direct investment, cabotage restrictions, and provisions denying so-called fifth and seventh freedom rights to fly to and from third countries. The effects of these other restrictions are not captured. Nor do the estimates here include the potential effects on air fares of legitimate safety regulation.

The air services restrictions captured in the bilateral restriction index could raise air fares for two reasons — because they raise markups, or because they raise airline costs. The econometric estimates capture both effects, without distinguishing between them. For modelling purposes, it will be important to distinguish which of these mechanisms operate. Unfortunately, a definitive study has yet to be done. But detailed airline modelling work by Gregan and Johnson (1999) suggests that both effects are likely to operate.

Doove et al. (2000) show that from the functional forms used by Gonenc and Nicoletti (2000), a route specific price impact can be computed as follows:

Route level price impact = pa – pu = pa*βBRI (1) pu pa – pa*βBRI

where pa is the actual air fare, pu is the fare that would prevail if the measured restrictions were not in place, pa* is the air fare value predicted by stage length alone, BRI is the bilateral restriction index, and β is the estimated coefficient of BRI in the second regression equation above. Gonenc and Nicoletti (2000) estimated the equation for predicted discount air fares as

pa* = 109 + 0.12 km

where km was the route length between city pairs (expressed in kilometers). They also estimated β to be 0.17, which was statistically significant at the 10 per cent level.

These formulae have been used to compute the route specific price (or cost) impacts shown at the end of the paper. In addition to values of the bilateral restriction index (explained in the previous chapter), the formulae require values for stage length and actual air fares.

Doove et al. (2001) followed Gonenc and Nicoletti (2000) in collecting actual fare data from on-line ticket systems for APEX (21 days advance booking) discount fares. The fares were those offered in the country of origin by the national or the largest carrier on each route, based on flight traffic information contained in ICAO (1998). The fares were the price of a single one-way ticket expressed in US dollars. The data collected by

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Gonenc and Nicoletti (2000) for OECD countries were at September 1999. The additional data collected by Doove et al. (2001) for non-OECD countries were for Februrary 2001. All this data is shown in the tables at the end of the paper, where available. For a few countries, price impacts were calculated only recently, and estimates of fares around 2000 were not available. For those countries, pa* has been used instead of pa in equation (1)

Doove et al. (2001) also followed Gonenc and Nicoletti (2000) in collecting stage length data from ICAO (1998). These data are also shown in the tables at the end of the paper.

4.2 Banking

In Dee (2004a), as in Kalirajan et al. (2000), the effects of trade barriers on banking performance were examined in a two-stage process:

• first, the price performance of banks was ‘corrected’ for the influence of two key elements of prudential supervision — capital and liquidity requirements;

• then the influence of trade restrictions and other factors was examined on this ‘corrected’ price measure.

While the activities of banks have diversified enormously over recent years, a key banking function is still financial intermediation between depositors and borrowers. The raw price measure chosen was the net interest margin on this intermediation activity. The model, based on Saunders and Schumacher (1997a, 1997b), examined the main influences on financial intermediation activity.

The first stage was a firm-level estimation across a range of countries:

Net interest margin = f [capital, liquidity, non-interest operating expenses (net of other operating income), country dummy variables]

where all variables were measured as ratios and in natural log form. The net interest margin (including account service fees) was expressed as a ratio of interest earning assets. Capital (common stock, preferred stock and retained earnings), liquidity (cash and due from banks) and net non-interest operating expenses were expressed as ratios to total assets.

The capital and liquidity measures were the actual holdings of individual banks, on the assumption that these largely reflect prudential requirements. It was felt that using actual capital and liquidity ratios was the best that could be done, in the absence of data to

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compute each bank’s actual reserve and liquidity requirements based on risk-weighted (rather than simple total) assets.

The inclusion of net non-interest expenses corrected for differences in the size and/or cost structures of different banks. The above specification did not make provision for an interaction between size and services trade reform. Such an interaction would be difficult to incorporate, given the two stage nature of the estimation, in which the services trade policy variables did not appear until the second stage. The two stage approach was adopted to correct for grouping effects in the firm-level data.

The second stage was a pure cross-country estimation:

‘Corrected’ interest margin = f [interest rate volatility, market structure, foreign trade restrictiveness index, measures of bank supervision]

where the ‘corrected’ interest margin was an average measure across all the banks in that country. It was calculated from the results of the first stage estimation as the sum of the constant term and the coefficient on the relevant country dummy in that equation. The specification differed from that in Kalirajan et al. (2000) by including measures of bank supervision as well as a measure of trade policy.

The elements of bank supervision were taken from a World Bank database of bank regulation and supervision (see Barth, Caprio and Levine 2002 for a summary). They were (the names are taken directly from Barth, Caprio and Levine 2002):

• 5a. An index measure of whether the supervisory authorities have authority to take specific actions to prevent and correct problems (eg consult with or take legal action against auditors, suspend directors’ decisions on various matters). A higher index value indicates greater power.

• 5e. An index measure of whether there are explicit, verifiable, quantifiable guidelines for asset diversification, and whether banks are allowed to make loans abroad. Higher values indicate more diversification.

• 6c. An index measure of the degree to which the supervisory authority is protected by the legal system from the banking industry. A higher value indicates protection.

• 7b. The percentage of the top ten banks that are rated by international credit rating agencies.

• 7d. An index measure of whether the income statement includes accrued or unpaid interest or principal on non-performing loans and whether banks are required to

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produce consolidated financial statements. A higher value indicates more informative bank accounts.

• 8a. Whether the deposit insurance authority has the authority to make the decision to intervene in a bank, and take legal action against bank directors or officials. A higher value indicates more power.

This measure differs slightly from that defined in Barth, Caprio and Levine (2002). Theirs also included an indication of whether legal action had ever been taken against bank directors or officers. Since the answers to this component were unavailable for many countries in the sample, this component was excluded from the measure used in Dee (2004a).

• 9a. The degree of concentration of deposits in the five largest banks.

• 9c. The percentage of the banking system’s assets that are more than 50 per cent government owned.

The measures were not comprehensive, but were those for which there were data for most countries in the sample used by Dee (2004a). The selection excluded one measure (7a — whether there is a compulsory external audit) for which there was data, but for which there was insufficient variation within the sample.6

Interest rate volatility was included because it increases interest rate risk for banks and reduces bank profit. It was measured as the variance of annualised quarterly deposit interest rates over the last 3 years. Market structure was included because greater bank concentration was expected to increase bank profits. It was measured as a four firm concentration ratio in lending assets.

The results in Dee (2003) suggested that higher capital or liquidity requirements would both raise the ‘price’ of intermediation services — the net interest margins of banks — although the result for liquidity requirements was highly insignificant. However, these estimates were only a partial measure of the effects of prudential regulations, which are not aimed at reducing the price of banking services, but at ensuring systemic stability. The results in Dee (2004a) showed the incidental cost of such regulations, in terms of reducing bank profits, but they did not show the corresponding benefits.

6 There were other elements of banking supervision covered by Barth, Caprio and Levine (2002) that were not included, primarily because they were covered elsewhere. Other categories they considered were restrictions on lines of financial and non-financial business, and entry and ownership restrictions. These are covered in the index measure of trade restrictions. Another central plank of prudential regulation covered by them was the stringency of capital requirements. This, along with liquidity requirements, was covered separately in the econometrics.

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Some insight into the benefits of prudential regulation is provided by Barth, Caprio and Levine (2002). They examined the effects of their regulatory variables on several measures of bank performance, including bank development (bank credit to the private sector as a share of GDP) and the probability of experiencing a banking crisis. They concluded that the stringency of capital regulations was not very closely linked with bank performance or stability, neither generally nor in particular institutional or regulatory environments. Instead, they found that regulations that encourage and facilitate private monitoring of banks tended to boost bank performance, while those that encourage diversification reduced the probability of suffering a systemic crisis. Their measure of capital stringency included such things as whether risks were properly accounted for, and whether capital requirements were officially verified, rather than the size of the capital requirements per se (as used in Dee 2004a). Their finding on capital stringency raises questions about the conventional wisdom that such measures are beneficial.

Of the potential policy variables, two were estimated in Dee (2004a) to be significant — the policy variable measuring the extent of trade barriers to foreign entrants, and the measure of the extent of government ownership. Trade barriers increased prices, and government ownership reduced them. The results were similar to those of Barth, Caprio and Levine (2002), who found that contestability, but not actual foreign entry, affected banking performance. The results do not imply that increasing government ownership would be a good policy option, however — government ownership can suppress bank margins below sustainable levels.

None of the bank supervisory variables were significant. As noted, these policies are designed to ensure system stability and integrity, not to reduce prices. The results were reassuring in that these supervisory practices did not appear to raise costs significantly as a secondary consequence. As in Barth, Caprio and Levine (2002), measures that encouraged private monitoring (7b and 7d) were instead estimated to reduce net interest margins, although the effect in Dee (2004a) was not significant. Barth, Caprio and Levine (2002) provide further evidence of how these policies contribute to banking system development and stability.

Kalirajan et al. (2000) show that, given the functional forms assumed by them (and also used in Dee 2004a), the price impact of barriers to trade in banking services can be computed as

100*(NIM – NIM0)/NIM0 = 100*(eβTRI – 1) (2)

where NIM was the net interest margin, NIM0 was the margin in the absence of the measured restrictions, TRI was the trade restrictiveness index and β was its coefficient in the second stage regression.

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This formula has been used to compute the price impacts of services trade restrictions in banking shown at the end of the paper. In addition to values of the trade restrictiveness index, the formula only requires a value for the estimated coefficient. Dee (2004a) estimated this to be 0.504, which was significant at the 5 per cent level.

These price impacts clearly operates through markups, given NIM as the dependent variable.

4.3 Distribution services

Kalirajan (2000) estimated a model of the performance of a relatively homogeneous set of firms involved in food distribution, to estimate the effects of trade restrictions on firm profitability, correcting for all the other factors that are likely to affect profitability in the sector. Drawing on models of retailing by Betancourt and Gautschi (1993a, b) and Mueller (1986), the potentially relevant control variables were:

• accessibility of location;

• assortment of goods available;

• ability to deliver in the desired form at the desired time;

• level of information provided;

• ambience;

• level of concentration in distribution services; and

• extent of non-retail activities.

A two-stage estimation procedure was used to differentiate the firm-specific from the economy-wide influences on performance.

Kalirajan (2000) found that, correcting for other influences, restrictions on establishment had a significant and negative effect on price-cost margins of firms engaged in food distribution. Restrictions on ongoing operations also had a negative effect, but this was not significant.

The negative coefficients were taken as tentative evidence that the nature of trade restrictions in distribution was primarily to raise the real costs of doing business. One possible explanation was that restrictions such as local government requirements on employment conditions, operating hours or environmental impact assessments could genuinely raise real resource costs for business. Another reason was that restrictions on land acquisition or the development of large scale stores could create rents for incumbents, but that such rents could then become capitalised into the cost of land. It was

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also likely that the restrictions had some independent effects on prices. So the measured effect on price-cost margins was the net of separate effects on prices and costs, which was likely to understate the total impact of the restrictions on competitiveness and efficiency.

Kalirajan (2000) showed how the econometric results could be used to estimate the direct ‘cost impact’ of restrictions on trade in distribution services for each country in the sample. Given the functional forms involved, the cost impact could be computed as

100*(v – v0) = R(β*TRI) (3) v0 1 – R(β*TRI)

where v is variable cost, v0 is the value of variable cost in the absence of the measured restrictions, R is the ratio of revenue to variable cost, TRI is the value of the trade restrictiveness index, and β is the absolute value of the estimated coefficient on TRI in the second stage regression. In addition to values of the trade restrictiveness index, the formula requires a value for the estimated coefficient and a value for the ratio of revenue to variable cost.

Because of multicollinearity problems, the relative effects of restrictions on domestic and foreign firms could not be identified in the same regression. Kalirajan (2000) nevertheless used different regressions to estimate coefficients for the domestic and foreign indexes separately. The coefficient on the foreign index of restriction on establishment was -0.205 (significant at the 5 per cent level), and the coefficient on the domestic index of restrictions on establishment was -0.605 (significant at the 10 per cent level). This suggests that restrictions affecting domestic entrants are relatively more cost raising than those that affect foreign entrants. The coefficients are likely to be somewhat overstated, since with only one index entered into each regression, the separate effect of the other could not be controlled for. But against this, the net effects on price-cost margins are likely to understate total effects on prices and costs.

Kalirajan (2000) estimated the cost impacts of restrictions on establishment for each country in his econometric sample, using country-specific averages of R (averaged across all the firms in that country). To facilitate comparability when doing out-of-sample forecasting to other countries and time periods, the cost impacts at the end of this paper have been estimated using his sample average of R over all firms in all countries. This value is 1.0573. The cost impacts have been computed for all countries for which trade restrictiveness indexes are available, rather than just those used in the econometric sample.

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4.4 Electricity generation

Steiner (2000) estimated the effects of the three dimensions of regulatory regimes on industrial electricity prices, while correcting for a range of other influences. One additional regulatory influence was the extent of government ownership. Two additional variables were designed to capture the effects of policy announcements — time to liberalisation, and time to privatisation. Finally, Steiner included three important non-regulatory variables — the share of electricity generated from hydro sources, the share generated from nuclear sources, and real GDP (capturing both the genuine scale effect from differences in size or population, and the affluence effect arising from differences in per capita incomes).

Separating generation from transmission, allowing third party access to the transmission grid and allowing a wholesale electricity market were all found to lead to lower industrial electricity prices.

The coefficients on the remaining three regulatory variables were less intuitive. Doove et al. (2001) speculated that this was because it was the interaction of privatisation and unbundling, rather than privatisation per se, that could be expected to affect electricity prices. Doove et al. also noted a lack of in-sample variation in the announcement variables. As in their study, these dimensions of the regulatory regime are excluded from the estimated price impacts below.

Doove et al. (2001) show that, given the functional forms in Steiner, the price impact of inappropriate regulation in electricity generation can be computed as

P – P0 = ∑βidRi (4) P0 P - ∑βidRi

where P is the electricity price, P0 is the value that price would take with an appropriate or ‘benchmark’ regulatory regime, dRi = Ri – Ri0 is the difference between the regulatory variable i in the actual and benchmark regimes, and βi is the coefficient on the regulatory variable in Steiner’s regression.

The benchmark regime was chosen to be the one that minimised prices. Given the estimated signs of the coefficients in the regulatory variables, this was a regime that had unbundling, third party access and a wholesale price pool. For a country that did not have unbundling, the value of its regulatory variable in this dimension would be 0, its benchmark value would be 1, and dRi would be -1.

In addition to values of the dRi variables, the formula requires a value for the estimated coefficients and a value for the electricity price. In implementing the formula, Doove et

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al. (2001) chose to use the value of the price as predicted by the Steiner regression (ignoring the effects of the counter-intuitive variables), rather than the actual price. This aided comparability in price impacts, by abstracting from the random component of price variation. Thus, the value for P used in equation (4) was estimated from the Steiner regression as

P = 0.0666506 + 0.00000144*GDP - 0.0340654*hyrdo share + 0.0022297*nuclear share - 0.0010961*R1 - 0.0026927*R2 - 0.0052294*R3

where R1 is the regulatory variable for unbundling, R2 is the variable for third party access, and R3 is the variable for a wholesale price pool.

Implementing this measure of P requires data on GDP (measured in billions if US dollars, 1995, purchasing power parity values), the hydro share and the nuclear share (both as ratios between 0 and 1). Doove et al. (2001) obtained the purchasing power parity measures of GDP from the OECD website for OECD countries. The values for all non-OECD countries, except Taiwan, were estimated from World Bank data showing the relationship between PPP and nominal exchange rates for each economy (World Bank 2000) and US dollar GDP data sourced from IMF (2000). In the absence of PPP estimates for Taiwan, the nominal exchange rate was used in its place (IMF 2000). Doove et al. (2001) obtained the data on the hydro and nuclear shares predominantly from IEA (1998), although updated estimates can generally also be obtained from the same sources as provide the regulatory information (see the previous chapter), or from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators. The values for these variables used in the price impact calculations are also shown in table E1 at the end of the paper.7

The Steiner study does not identify whether the higher prices would be the result of higher markups or higher production costs. Based on experiences in a range of countries, Doove et al. (2001) speculate that a regulatory regime that is not pro-competitive is likely to encourage x-inefficiency, allowing incumbents to employ more capital and labour than is strictly necessary to produce a given level of output.

4.5 Maritime — ports

Clark, Dollar and Micco (2001) estimated the effects that port efficiency had on maritime charges (per unit of weight), correcting for a range of other factors that affect those charges — distance, the value of goods shipped per unit of weight, the presence of price

7 The values differ slightly from those in Doove et al. (2001) because a small error in implementing equation (4) has been corrected.

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fixing or cooperative liner shipping agreements, the extent of containerisation, and total volume of imports carried by liner companies (to capture economies of scale).

They found that port efficiency had a significant downward effect on maritime charges. This result persisted using three alternative measures of port efficiency. Distance, value per unit of weight, and total import volume also had significant effects of the expected sign. Containerisation mattered only in 1998. And unlike in earlier work by Fink, Mattoo and Neagu (2001), the presence of liner shipping conference agreements was not found to have a robustly significant effect on maritime charges. In part, this was because Clark, Dollar and Micco measured shipping charges per weight, rather than per unit, and also corrected for variations in weight to value.

Clark, Dollar and Micco (2001) also explored the policy and other determinants of port efficiency. The following factors were found to be significant — an index measure of the extent of general infrastructure (covering telephones, airports, roads and rail) as a proxy for the extent of port infrastructure, whether various port services were mandatory, and whether organised crime was not a problem. Restrictions on foreign participation in cargo handling were not found to be a significant factor in port efficiency.

Note that the effect of mandatory port services was non-linear — up to a certain point, mandatory port services improved port efficiency, but after a certain turning point, they detracted. The turning point was estimated to occur when three services were mandatory (an index value of 0.375).

Their results suggest that port efficiency could be improved, and maritime shipping charges reduced, by reducing organised crime and eliminating excessive mandatory servicing. The results in table M1 at the end of the paper show the price impact on maritime shipping charges of not having the index measuring the absence of organised crime at the value of the third quartile (6.17) and of having an index value for mandatory servicing above 0.375.

Given the functional forms used by Clark, Dollar and Micco (2001) and their coefficient estimates, the price impact of excessive organised crime or excessive mandatory servicing can be computed as

ΔPE = PE0 – PE = 0.51*(6.17 - R1) + 3.41*(0.375 – R2) – 4.91*(0.3752 – R22)

ΔlnMC = lnMC0 – lnMC = MC0 - MC= -0.05*ΔPE MC

MC – MC0 = 1 - 1 (5) MC0 ΔlnMC + 1

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where PE and MC are current port efficiency and maritime shipping charges, PE0 and MC0 are their values in the benchmark regime, R1 is the index of absence of organised crime, and R2 is the index of mandatory servicing.

The modelling framework of Clark, Dollar and Micco (2001) assumes that the reduction in maritime charges that would come from moving to a benchmark regime would come from a reduction in marginal costs rather than a reduction in markups.

4.6 Professions

Nguyen-Hong (2000) estimated a model of the performance of engineering firms, in order to estimate the effects of trade restrictions on firm profitability, correcting for all the other factors that are likely to affect profitability in the sector. Extending models of profitability by Mueller (1986), the potentially relevant control variables were:

• market share of the particular firm;

• extent of overall market concentration;

• R&D spending, as an indicator of product differentiation;

• recent sales growth;

• diversification;

• absolute size;

• cost of capital.

Nguyen-Hong (2000) found that, correcting for other influences, non-discriminatory domestic barriers to establishment had a significant and negative effect on the price-cost margins of engineering firms. Discriminatory barriers to foreign establishment and ongoing operation had a significant and positive effect on price-cost margins.

This finding suggests that the non-discriminatory restrictions, such as local licensing and accreditation requirements, are likely to raise costs, but that the discriminatory nationality, residency and other restrictions placed on foreign professionals are likely to protect incumbent engineering professionals from competition and to create rents. In practice, both sorts of restrictions are likely to have independent effects on both prices and costs. The net impacts found by Nguyen-Hong would therefore understate the total impacts of the restrictions on competitiveness and efficiency.

Nguyen-Hong (2000) showed how the econometric results could be used to estimate the direct ‘cost impact’ of non-discriminatory restrictions and the ‘price impact’ of

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discriminatory restrictions for each country in the sample. Given the functional forms, these could be computed as

p – p0 = Rβe(1–m)FBE + Rβo(1-m)FBO (6a) p0

v - v0 = βd(1–m)DBE (6b) v0 1/R - βd(1–m)DBE

where p and v are price and unit cost, p0 and v0 are their values in the absence of measured restrictions, m is the sample mean of each firm’s market share in its economy, R is the ratio of revenue to cost, FBE is the index of foreign barriers to entry and βe is its coefficient, FBO is the index of foreign barriers to operation and βo is its coefficient, DBE is the index of domestic barriers to entry and βd is the absolute value of its coefficient.

The relative effects of the discriminatory and non-discriminatory restrictions were able to be identified by entering the foreign and domestic index measures together into the same regression. Therefore, multicollinearity was controlled for and the resulting coefficient estimates were not overstated. The estimated value of βe was 0.37 (significant at the 1 per cent level), the estimated value of βo was 0.26 (significant at the 10 per cent level), and the estimated value of value of βd (in absolute value) was 0.55 (significant at the 5 per cent level).

Nguyen-Hong (2000) estimated the price and cost impacts for engineering for each country in his econometric sample, using country-specific averages of (1-m) and R (averaged across all the firms in that country). To facilitate comparability when doing out-of-sample forecasting to other countries and time periods, the price and cost impacts at the end of this paper have been estimated using his sample averages of (1-m) and R over all firms in all countries. These values were 0.9652 for (1-m) and 1.0859 for R. The price and cost impacts have been computed for all countries for which trade restrictiveness indexes are available, rather than just those used in the econometric sample.

Nguyen-Hong’s econometric results for engineering have also been extended to the other professions — accountancy, architecture and the legal profession, using the same coefficient estimates and values for (1-m) and R. This takes advantage of the comparability of the restrictiveness indexes across the professions. Ideally, the impact of trade restrictions on performance in these sectors should be estimated separately. However, given the prevalence of unincorporated structures in accountancy and law, performance data for these sectors is hard to obtain.

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4.7 Telecommunications

In Dee (2004a), as in Warren (2000), the effects of telecommunications policy choices on telecommunications performance was examined using two models of phone penetration rates, one for fixed lines and one for mobiles:

Mainlines per 100 inhabitants = f [GDP per capita, household density, % of mainlines connected to digital exchange, waiting lists as % of mainlines, index measures of trade policy]

Cellular phones per 100 inhabitants = f [GDP per capita, population density, index measures of trade policy]

In both models, the prime determinants of telephone penetration rates were per capita income levels (the richer a country, the higher the penetration rate) and household or population density (the greater the density, the more intense the network economies and the greater the penetration). For fixed lines, demand was also expected to be negatively related to the length of the waiting lists, and positively to the quality of the network, as proxied by its digital share.8

In each model, GDP per capita was entered in cubic form, to allow for an S shaped relationship between phone penetration and per capita income. All other variables were entered linearly.

The results confirmed that per capita incomes had a significant influence on fixed and mobile penetration rates. Population density had a significant influence on mobile penetration rates. Long waiting lists deterred fixed line penetration. A high digital share appeared perversely to reduce fixed line penetration, but this was probably because it measured the newness of the network, and the newest networks tended to be those that were being (re)built from scratch.

In explaining fixed line penetration rates across the full sample of countries, policies that promoted commercial presence by domestic and foreign players had a positive influence (MA/FDI, NT/FDI), though only those that promoted foreign entry were significant

8 An area for further research is to take into account the potential interactions between cellular and fixed line telephony. It is clear that in some countries, cellular market penetration is increasing because of inefficiencies in fixed line telephony. However, there are also positive network effects between the two markets.

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(NT/FDI).9 Policies affecting cross-border trade (MA/Trade) did not matter much for overall fixed line penetration, which is not surprising given that technologies are increasingly moving against this mode of delivery.

In explaining mobile penetration rates across the full sample of countries, policies that affected commercial presence (MA/FDI, NT/FDI) mattered more than those affecting cross-border trade (MA/Trade, NT/Trade). This was not surprising, since in most countries comprehensive cross-border provision of cellular services would not be an option. But unlike for fixed line penetration, where foreign ownership was most significant, in the case of mobile penetration it was non-discriminatory policies that encouraged competition by any new entrant that were most significant.

The econometric specifications can be used to calculate ‘quantity impacts’ of current telecommunications trade policies. This is done by comparing the predicted values for fixed or mobile penetration rates under current policy settings with the predicted values were policies to be set at their most liberal. Given the functional forms and coefficient estimates in Dee (2004a), the quantity impacts for foreign firms can be computed as

100*Qf0 - Qf = 100*[2.892*(1-R1)+3.529*(1-R3)]/Qf

Qf

100*Qm0 - Qm = 100*[1.898*(1-R2)+1.075*(1-R3)]/Qm Qm

where Qf = 8.844 + 0.004*gdppc -0.000000014*gdppc2 +0.00000000000017*gdppc3 + 0.004*hd - 0.07*wait - 0.117*dshare + 10.483*time + 2.892*R1+3.529*R3

and Qm = -1.564 + 0.001*gdppc + 0.0000000028*gdppc2 -0.0000000000000765*gdppc3 + 0.001*pd + 11.274*time + 1.898*R2 + 1.075*R3

Here Qf and Qm is current fixed and mobile penetration, Qf0 and Qm0 is their values in the benchmark regime, R1 is the index of MA/FDI (fixed), R2 is the index of MA/FDI (mobile), R3 is the index of NT/FDI, gdppc is GDP per capita in US dollars, hd is household density (households per square kilometre), pd is population density (people per square kilometre), wait is waiting list as a percentage of mainlines in operation, dshare is the percentage of digital mainlines, and time is a time dummy that takes a value of 1 for post-2000 data and zero otherwise.

9 Fink, Matto and Rathindran (2002) also found a positive effect of competition on fixed line penetration, although they did not distinguish whether it was domestic or foreign. They also found evidence that the effect of competition operated through its interaction with privatisation.

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The equivalent quantity impacts for domestic firms can be computed by omitting the term involving R3 from the numerator.

Implementing these measures of the quantity impacts requires data on these additional variables. Warren (2000) obtained the GDP per capita data from the IMF’s International Financial Statistics, population density from the World Bank’s World Tables, and the remaining data from the ITU’s Yearbook of Statistics: Telecommunications Services Chronological Time Services 1988-97. Data on fixed and mobile penetration, population density and GDP per capita are still freely available from the ITU website at http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics. The waitlist variable can be computed from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators. More up-to-date estimates of the digital share are sometimes available from the same information sources as provide the regulatory information (see the previous chapter). The values for these variables used in the quantity impact calculations are also shown in tables T1 to T156 at the end of the paper.

The quantity impacts of restriction on commercial presence in telecommunications can be converted to ‘tax equivalents’. As in Warren (2000), this is done using an indicative own price elasticity of demand of 1.2, taken from a survey of the empirical literature in Albon, Hardin and Dee (1997). The results estimate by how much the domestic prices of telecommunications services have been inflated because of the trade restrictions (the base for this calculation being the price without restrictions).

The general form of the calculation is

p – p0 = 1 - 1 (7) p0 QI/(-1.2) + 1

where QI = Q0 – Q, as calculated above. Q

Because of the way the price impacts are calculated, very large quantity impacts can translate into negative price impacts. Consequently, the maximum price and quantity impacts are both capped at 1000 per cent in the tables at the end of this paper.

http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics

70

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76

Table A1: Air passenger transport - Notes on ICAO codes Authorisation of carriers - designation (line 7) Assign number for appropriate restriction categories 0 = no refererence to designation 1 = single designation 2 = multiple designation 3 = multilple designation with route limitations Regulation of capacity (line 19-1988; line 17-1995) 0 = no capacity clause 1 = predetermination 2 = Bermuda 1 3 = free determination 4 = other (unclassified or hybrid of different capacity regimes) Regulation of prices (line 17-1988; line 15-1995) Use only clauses B, C & D, ignore the rest Double approvals If the first first entry of clause B is 1, this indicates a formal double approval provision. The ICAO code in the table is assigned a value of B and then ignore the rest If tacit approvals exist (ie second entry is 1), note this in the worksheet and assign a value of 0, unless other fare restrictions also exist Country of origin pricing If the first entry of clause D is 1, this indicates a country of origin pricing restriction. Assign a value of D to the ICAO table, and ignore the rest. Double disapprovals If the first entry of clause C is 1, this indicates a double disapprovals restriction. Assign a value of C to the ICAO table, and ignore the rest. Free (no fare regulations) if tacit approvals (see approvals) or no double approvals + no country of origin pricing + no double disapprovals = assign a value of 0 Charter (non-scheduled) services (line 22-1988; line 20-1995) On line 20, ignore the A, B and D entry Use first entry of C, if it = 1, then it is a grant of charter traffic rights, assign a value of 1. If = 0, no traffic rights, assign value of 0. Source: Doove et al. (2001)

77

Table A2: Air passenger transport - Argentina Characteristics of air service agreements*

Bilateral partner/ destination

Authorisa- tion of carriers

Regula- tion of

capacity

Regula- tion of prices

Authorisa- tion of charter flights

Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)

Price (or cost) impact

(%) Argentina na na na na nl na na nl Australia nl 1170 11839 nl Brazil 2 1 d 0 0.72 321 1659 13.31 Canada 2 1 d 0 0.72 1422 8893 11.27 Chile 2 1 d 0 0.72 241 1129 14.18 China nl 2591 19243 nl Colombia nl 886 4613 nl Hong Kong nl 2591 18475 nl India nl 1292 14945 nl Indonesia nl 2430 15269 nl Japan nl 1974 18358 nl Korea nl 2463 19401 nl Malaysia nl 2507 15994 nl Mexico 1 1 b 0 0.97 1172 7347 16.13 New Zealand 2 2 b 0 0.65 1384 10391 12.07 Norway 1 1 b 0 0.97 999 12201 34.91 Peru nl 563 3089 nl Philippines nl 2838 17819 nl Singapore nl 2860 15920 nl South Africa nl 3042 8115 nl Switzerland 2 1 b 0 0.81 1405 11246 16.64 Thailand nl 2114 16912 nl Turkey nl 1891 12466 nl USA nl 1439 9818 nl Venezuela nl 803 5042 nl Austria nl 907 11774 nl Belgium nl 935 11262 nl Denmark 1 1 b 0 0.97 935 12020 37.49 Finland nl 960 12903 nl France nl 851 11005 nl Germany nl 851 11434 nl Greece nl 1026 11665 nl Ireland nl 907 10950 nl Italy 2 1 b 0 0.81 1696 11124 13.25 Luxembourg nl 935 11273 nl Netherlands 1 1 0 0 0.70 851 11399 26.10 Portugal nl 1303 9557 nl Spain 2 1 b 0 0.81 846 10005 27.03 Sweden 1 1 b 0 0.97 1810 12518 17.14 UK nl 851 11082 nl Average 0.82 19.96

* See notes in table A.1 for explanation. nl = not listed, na = not applicable. Source: Doove et al. (2001).

78

Table A3 : Air passenger transport - Australia Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina 2 1 c 0 0.63 1365 11839 13.68 Australia na na na na nl na na nl Brazil nl 2099 13368 nl Canada 2 1 c 0 0.63 1221 15562 21.04 Chile c 0.31 1140 11363 7.30 China b 0.49 1517 8928 6.88 Colombia nl 1280 14327 nl Hong Kong c 0.31 962 7262 5.67 India 2 1 b 0 0.81 1385 10155 15.17 Indonesia c 0.31 603 5507 7.21 Japan 1 4 b 0 0.89 973 7798 19.29 Korea c 0.31 1352 8304 4.50 Malaysia 1 1 b 0 0.97 846 6616 21.27 Mexico nl 1146 12968 nl New Zealand 0 0 0 1 0.00 333 2151 0.00 Norway nl 899 15950 nl Peru nl 2170 12812 nl Philippines c 0.31 1013 6257 4.68 Singapore 1 1 b 0 0.97 997 6316 16.67 South Africa 1 1 c 0 0.79 1049 11078 22.57 Switzerland c 0.31 1045 16575 11.82 Thailand 2 2 b 0 0.65 1021 7540 12.25 Turkey nl 1396 14603 nl USA 1 4 b 0 0.89 1644 12049 16.61 Venezuela nl 1398 15347 nl Austria 1 2 b 0 0.80 1813 15980 18.06 Belgium nl 1529 16749 nl Denmark nl 1638 16047 nl Finland nl 1638 15200 nl France 1 4 b 0 0.89 1529 16968 26.79 Germany 2 4 b 0 0.73 1529 16498 20.33 Greece 1 1 c 0 0.79 1387 15334 23.26 Ireland 2 2 b 0 0.65 1614 17210 17.38 Italy 1 1 b 0 0.97 1529 16563 29.09 Luxembourg 2 2 c 0 0.47 1529 16674 12.39 Netherlands 2 4 b 0 0.73 1529 16649 20.54 Portugal nl 1217 18186 nl Spain nl 1217 17696 nl Sweden nl 1638 15596 nl UK 2 2 c 0 0.47 1529 16997 12.64 Average 0.62 14.89


79

Table A4 : Air passenger transport - Austria Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina nl 1579 11774 nl Australia 1 2 b 0 0.80 1156 15980 31.56 Brazil nl 1471 10121 nl Canada 2 1 0 0 0.54 958 6934 9.98 Chile nl 1527 12488 nl China 1 1 b 0 0.97 1200 7478 15.99 Colombia nl 963 9663 nl Hong Kong nl 1313 8847 nl India nl 1159 5988 nl Indonesia 1 1 b 0 0.97 1536 10551 17.25 Japan 2 1 b 0 0.81 1673 9153 11.01 Korea 1 1 b 0 0.97 1684 8298 12.08 Malaysia 2 1 b 0 0.81 1221 9405 16.19 Mexico nl 1233 10165 nl New Zealand nl 1008 17851 nl Norway 0 0 0 1 0.00 424 1355 0.00 Peru nl 1197 11244 nl Philippines 1 2 b 0 0.80 1313 9859 15.56 Singapore 2 2 b 0 0.65 1246 9702 12.65 South Africa 1 1 b 0 0.97 1411 8314 14.80 Switzerland 2 2 b 0 0.65 284 594 7.50 Thailand 2 1 b 0 0.81 1253 8442 14.03 Turkey 2 1 b 0 0.81 461 1600 9.86 USA 2 3 b 1 0.34 915 9842 8.99 Venezuela nl 902 8653 nl Austria na na na na nl na na nl Belgium 0 0 0 1 0.00 358 917 0.00 Denmark 0 0 0 1 0.00 349 876 0.00 Finland 0 0 0 1 0.00 469 1439 0.00 France 0 0 0 1 0.00 362 1037 0.00 Germany 0 0 0 1 0.00 243 604 0.00 Greece 0 0 0 1 0.00 248 1280 0.00 Ireland 0 0 0 1 0.00 244 1687 0.00 Italy 0 0 0 1 0.00 280 625 0.00 Luxembourg 0 0 0 1 0.00 221 761 0.00 Netherlands 0 0 0 1 0.00 371 938 0.00 Portugal 0 0 0 1 0.00 523 2300 0.00 Spain 0 0 0 1 0.00 474 1812 0.00 Sweden 0 0 0 1 0.00 454 1247 0.00 UK 0 0 0 1 0.00 411 1237 0.00 Average 0.38 6.81


80

Table A5 : Air passenger transport - Belgium Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina nl 1328 11262 nl Australia nl 969 16749 nl Brazil 2 1 b 0.81 1308 9638 15.34 Canada 1 2 b 0 0.80 826 6040 16.03 Chile 1 1 b 0 0.97 1564 11868 19.20 China 1 1 b 1 0.75 1063 7981 14.57 Colombia nl 1027 8800 nl Hong Kong nl 1676 9510 nl India 1 1 b 0 0.97 1490 6890 11.51 Indonesia 2 2 b 0 0.65 832 11414 24.28 Japan 2 2 b 0 0.65 1258 9474 12.22 Korea 1 1 b 0 0.97 1348 8730 16.42 Malaysia 2 2 b 0 0.65 1542 10256 10.56 Mexico 2 1 b 0 0.81 794 9259 26.77 New Zealand nl 1145 18277 nl Norway 0 0 0 1 0.00 357 1087 0.00 Peru nl 1452 10438 nl Philippines 1 1 b 0 0.97 1945 10521 13.11 Singapore 2 2 b 0 0.65 1375 10551 12.35 South Africa 1 1 b 0 0.97 1633 8836 13.34 Switzerland 1 2 b 0 0.80 187 493 14.03 Thailand 2 4 b 0 0.73 911 9252 19.84 Turkey 2 0 0 0 0.30 857 2514 2.51 USA 2 3 0 1 0.08 730 5904 1.53 Venezuela nl 1213 7799 nl Austria 0 0 0 1 0.00 268 917 0.00 Belgium na na na na nl na na nl Denmark 0 0 0 1 0.00 290 764 0.00 Finland 0 0 0 1 0.00 241 1649 0.00 France 0 0 0 1 0.00 191 266 0.00 Germany 0 0 0 1 0.00 174 313 0.00 Greece 0 0 0 1 0.00 218 2089 0.00 Ireland 0 0 0 1 0.00 149 780 0.00 Italy 0 0 0 1 0.00 184 697 0.00 Luxembourg 0 0 0 1 0.00 172 190 0.00 Netherlands 0 0 0 1 0.00 143 171 0.00 Portugal 0 0 0 1 0.00 223 1713 0.00 Spain 0 0 0 1 0.00 361 1315 0.00 Sweden 0 0 0 1 0.00 433 1284 0.00 UK 0 0 0 1 0.00 154 321 0.00 Average 0.39 7.61


81

Table A6 : Air passenger transport - Brazil Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina 1 b 0 0.73 295 1659 14.87 Australia nl 1941 13368 nl Brazil na na na nl na na nl Canada 2 1 b 0 0.81 969 8161 18.25 Chile 2 2 b 0 0.65 388 2586 13.48 China nl 1858 17599 nl Colombia 2 1 b 0 0.81 611 4316 16.42 Hong Kong nl 1738 18135 nl India nl 1917 13773 nl Indonesia nl 2150 15646 nl Japan 2 2 b 0 0.65 1461 18531 21.29 Korea nl 1827 18340 nl Malaysia nl 2140 15937 nl Mexico 1 1 b 0 0.97 889 7426 22.68 New Zealand nl 1757 12037 nl Norway 1 1 b 0 0.97 1232 10610 22.61 Peru 2 2 b 0 0.65 584 3442 10.90 Philippines nl 1857 18389 nl Singapore nl 2090 15994 nl South Africa nl 1167 7429 nl Switzerland 1 1 b 0 0.97 1083 9600 23.66 Thailand nl 2016 16409 nl Turkey 2 2 b 0 0.65 1862 10824 9.06 USA 2 1 b 1 0.59 1090 9913 13.49 Venezuela 2 1 b 0 0.81 828 4370 11.75 Austria nl 1132 10121 nl Belgium 2 1 b 0 0.81 1162 9638 17.60 Denmark 1 1 b 0 0.97 1193 10400 22.99 Finland nl 1276 11286 nl France 2 4 b 0 0.73 1162 9378 15.13 Germany 2 4 b 0 0.73 1159 9797 15.89 Greece nl 1499 10017 nl Ireland nl 1471 9376 nl Italy nl 1213 9503 nl Luxembourg nl 1183 9639 nl Netherlands 1 1 b 0 0.97 1183 9780 21.68 Portugal 2 2 b 0 0.65 1086 7927 12.02 Spain 2 1 b 0 0.81 1088 8364 16.35 Sweden 1 1 b 0 0.97 1314 10908 21.56 UK 2 1 0 0 0.54 834 9474 16.01 Average 0.78 17.03


82

Table A7 : Air passenger transport - Canada Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina 1 d 0 0.64 1008 8893 14.57 Australia 2 1 c 0 0.63 1132 15562 23.08 Brazil 2 1 b 0.81 962 8161 18.41 Canada na na na na nl na na nl Chile 2 1 0 0 0.54 966 8583 12.22 China 1 1 0 0 0.70 800 10613 25.96 Colombia nl 926 4356 nl Hong Kong 2 1 b 0 0.81 761 12614 41.46 India 2 1 b 0 0.81 1396 12515 18.85 Indonesia nl 1032 15803 nl Japan 2 2 b 0 0.65 1251 10370 13.50 Korea 1 1 b 0 0.97 833 10621 37.54 Malaysia nl 1015 14819 nl Mexico 1 1 b 0 0.97 346 3257 31.13 New Zealand 0 1 0 0 0.46 1265 13882 12.45 Norway 2 0 b 0 0.57 1434 5947 5.84 Peru 1 2 b 0 0.80 862 6180 15.61 Philippines nl 1399 13228 nl Singapore 2 1 0 0 0.54 880 15006 25.07 South Africa nl 1689 13315 nl Switzerland 1 4 0 0 0.62 1254 6498 8.08 Thailand 1 1 b 0 0.97 1327 13637 27.58 Turkey nl 1495 8523 nl USA 2 2 b 0 0.65 705 3513 9.02 Venezuela nl 854 3866 nl Austria 2 1 0 0 0.54 1554 6934 5.93 Belgium 1 2 b 0 0.80 1206 6040 10.45 Denmark 2 2 0 0 0.38 1396 6258 4.16 Finland 2 1 b 0 0.81 1554 6615 8.68 France 2 1 b 0 0.81 1034 6015 12.41 Germany 3 2 0 0 0.46 1034 6346 7.06 Greece 2 4 b 0 0.73 1462 8112 10.08 Ireland 2 0 b 0 0.57 1245 5261 6.07 Italy 3 1 0 0 0.62 1034 6653 10.24 Luxembourg nl 1395 6222 nl Netherlands 2 3 b 0 0.57 1034 5996 8.35 Portugal 2 0 0 0 0.30 1369 5744 3.07 Spain 2 1 b 0 0.81 1254 6049 10.07 Sweden 1 0 b 0 0.72 1347 6339 8.63 UK 2 4 b 0 0.73 846 5728 13.18 Average 0.68 14.80


83

Table A8 : Air passenger transport - Chile Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina nl 299 1129 nl Australia nl 2450 11363 nl Brazil 2 2 b 0.65 386 2586 13.56 Canada 2 1 0 0 0.54 864 8583 13.87 Chile na na na na nl na na nl China nl 1623 19057 nl Colombia nl 403 4228 nl Hong Kong nl 1599 18598 nl India nl 2150 16068 nl Indonesia nl 2023 15615 nl Japan nl 1512 17236 nl Korea 2 3 0 0 0.30 1653 18355 7.70 Malaysia nl 1395 16558 nl Mexico nl 433 6590 nl New Zealand 2 3 0 1 0.08 2531 9691 0.68 Norway 2 4 b 0 0.73 1865 12705 12.15 Peru nl 386 2447 nl Philippines nl 1500 17616 nl Singapore 2 3 0 0 0.30 1435 16407 7.99 South Africa nl 1354 9187 nl Switzerland 1 2 b 0 0.80 1608 11926 15.08 Thailand nl 1485 17659 nl Turkey nl 1598 13366 nl USA 2 2 b 0 0.65 876 8988 17.51 Venezuela nl 364 4877 nl Austria nl 1589 12488 nl Belgium 1 1 b 0 0.97 1569 11868 19.13 Denmark 2 4 b 0 0.73 1434 12602 16.26 Finland nl 1498 13460 nl France 2 4 b 0 0.73 1230 11625 17.82 Germany 2 1 b 0 0.81 1160 12078 22.64 Greece nl 1333 12548 nl Ireland nl 1832 11447 nl Italy nl 1465 11863 nl Luxembourg nl 1265 11907 nl Netherlands 1 1 b 0 0.97 1434 11987 21.56 Portugal nl 1555 10206 nl Spain 1 1 b 0 0.97 1586 10682 16.84 Sweden 2 4 b 0 0.73 1852 13064 12.61 UK 2 4 b 0 0.73 1821 11649 11.40 Average 0.67 14.17


84

Table A9 : Air passenger transport - China Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina nl 968 19243 nl Australia nl 685 8928 nl Brazil nl 1564 17599 nl Canada 1 1 0 0 0.70 1103 10613 17.58 Chile nl 1754 19057 nl China na na na na nl na na nl Colombia nl 1622 14957 nl Hong Kong nl 202 2018 nl India nl 978 4758 nl Indonesia nl 601 5193 nl Japan nl 472 2103 nl Korea nl 282 962 nl Malaysia nl 426 4335 nl Mexico nl 810 12473 nl New Zealand nl 1599 10387 nl Norway nl 1922 7044 nl Peru nl 1857 16660 nl Philippines 1 1 b 1 0.75 353 2848 19.30 Singapore 2 1 b 0 0.81 411 4457 27.44 South Africa nl 1555 11702 nl Switzerland 1 1 b 1 0.75 967 8002 16.29 Thailand nl 313 3282 nl Turkey nl 1492 6840 nl USA nl 496 10070 nl Venezuela nl 2829 14412 nl Austria 1 1 b 0 0.97 899 7478 22.54 Belgium 1 1 b 1 0.75 899 7981 17.69 Denmark 1 1 b 0 0.97 954 7223 20.21 Finland 1 1 0 0 0.70 916 6340 12.77 France nl 899 8238 nl Germany 1 1 b 1 0.75 947 7811 16.28 Greece nl 1147 7630 nl Ireland nl 1347 8295 nl Italy nl 1719 8096 nl Luxembourg nl 927 7972 nl Netherlands 1 1 0 0 0.70 927 7844 15.63 Portugal nl 1012 9687 nl Spain 1 1 0 0 0.70 1012 9241 16.76 Sweden 1 1 b 0 0.97 1093 6725 15.97 UK 1 1 0 1 0.48 899 8161 10.97 Average 0.77 17.65


85

Table A10 : Air passenger transport - Colombia Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina nl 764 4613 nl Australia nl 1595 14327 nl Brazil 2 1 b 0.81 437 4316 24.56 Canada nl 674 4356 nl Chile nl 459 4228 nl China nl 1041 14957 nl Colombia na na na na nl na na nl Hong Kong nl 2723 16925 nl India nl 1673 15559 nl Indonesia nl 1778 19813 nl Japan nl 2249 14325 nl Korea nl 2522 14848 nl Malaysia nl 2396 19033 nl Mexico nl 356 3175 nl New Zealand nl 2143 12199 nl Norway nl 982 9272 nl Peru nl 245 1876 nl Philippines nl 2687 17313 nl Singapore nl 1306 19302 nl South Africa nl 1539 11440 nl Switzerland nl 984 9077 nl Thailand nl 1458 17878 nl Turkey nl 1248 11113 nl USA 2 2 b 0 0.65 675 5615 14.61 Venezuela 2 4 0 0 0.46 154 1020 13.39 Austria nl 1103 9663 nl Belgium nl 1180 8800 nl Denmark nl 1013 9368 nl Finland nl 1020 10058 nl France 2 1 b 0 0.81 1200 8630 15.09 Germany 2 1 b 0 0.81 1254 9092 15.14 Greece 2 1 b 0 0.81 1398 10381 15.36 Ireland 1 1 b 0 0.97 1396 8139 14.65 Italy 1 2 b 0 0.80 1488 9122 12.45 Luxembourg nl 978 8919 nl Netherlands nl 637 8852 nl Portugal nl 995 7532 nl Spain nl 852 8023 nl Sweden nl 1248 9685 nl UK 2 2 b 0 0.65 843 8500 17.26 Average 0.75 15.84


86

Table A11 : Air passenger transport - Denmark Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina 1 b 0 0.73 1445 12020 15.36 Australia nl 1469 16047 nl Brazil 1 1 b 0.97 1329 10400 20.16 Canada 2 2 0 0 0.38 881 6258 6.76 Chile 2 4 b 0 0.73 1722 12602 13.18 China 1 1 b 0 0.97 1372 7223 13.23 Colombia nl 1395 9368 nl Hong Kong nl 1038 8788 nl India nl 900 6439 nl Indonesia 2 2 b 0 0.65 1279 10845 13.79 Japan 2 2 b 0 0.65 1381 8716 10.12 Korea nl 1130 7966 nl Malaysia 2 2 b 0 0.65 1078 9674 14.88 Mexico 1 1 b 0 0.97 1206 9513 20.54 New Zealand nl 1895 17526 nl Norway 0 0 0 1 0.00 210 481 0.00 Peru nl 1238 11069 nl Philippines 1 1 b 0 0.97 1234 9795 20.64 Singapore 1 2 b 0 0.80 964 9964 22.73 South Africa 2 1 b 0 0.81 1618 9187 11.47 Switzerland 1 2 b 0 0.80 278 968 12.46 Thailand 2 4 b 0 0.73 1096 8626 14.83 Turkey 2 1 0 0 0.54 640 2302 5.89 USA 2 2 b 0 0.65 625 6188 17.62 Venezuela nl 974 8386 nl Austria 0 0 0 1 0.00 315 876 0.00 Belgium 0 0 0 1 0.00 265 764 0.00 Denmark na na na na nl na na nl Finland 0 0 0 1 0.00 271 885 0.00 France 0 0 0 1 0.00 285 1028 0.00 Germany 0 0 0 1 0.00 243 684 0.00 Greece 0 0 0 1 0.00 453 2140 0.00 Ireland 0 0 0 1 0.00 321 1232 0.00 Italy 0 0 0 1 0.00 295 1161 0.00 Luxembourg 0 0 0 1 0.00 267 799 0.00 Netherlands 0 0 0 1 0.00 238 622 0.00 Portugal 0 0 0 1 0.00 414 2477 0.00 Spain 0 0 0 1 0.00 385 2071 0.00 Sweden 0 0 0 1 0.00 203 526 0.00 UK 0 0 0 1 0.00 237 969 0.00 Average 0.39 7.54


87

Table A12 : Air passenger transport - Finland Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina nl 1598 12903 nl Australia nl 1691 15200 nl Brazil nl 1365 11286 nl Canada 2 1 b 0 0.81 983 6600 14.41 Chile nl 2123 13460 nl China 1 1 0 0 0.70 1240 6308 9.09 Colombia nl 1158 10058 nl Hong Kong nl 1139 7940 nl India nl 1003 5932 nl Indonesia nl 1383 10152 nl Japan 2 1 b 0 0.81 1570 7829 10.11 Korea nl 1465 7081 nl Malaysia nl 1383 8977 nl Mexico nl 1313 9853 nl New Zealand nl 2006 16653 nl Norway 0 0 0 1 0.00 281 795 0.00 Peru nl 1072 11818 nl Philippines nl 1322 8943 nl Singapore 1 1 b 0 0.97 1054 9273 23.53 South Africa nl 1940 9568 nl Switzerland 2 2 b 0 0.65 548 1779 6.92 Thailand 1 1 b 0 0.97 1043 7877 19.92 Turkey 1 1 0 0 0.70 843 2308 5.78 USA 2 3 0 1 0.08 685 6607 1.80 Venezuela nl 1235 9103 nl Austria 0 0 0 1 0.00 510 1439 0.00 Belgium 0 0 0 1 0.00 489 1646 0.00 Denmark 0 0 0 1 0.00 282 892 0.00 Finland na na na na nl na na nl France 0 0 0 1 0.00 475 1896 0.00 Germany 0 0 0 1 0.00 421 1538 0.00 Greece 0 0 0 1 0.00 657 2494 0.00 Ireland 0 0 0 1 0.00 485 2021 0.00 Italy 0 0 0 1 0.00 486 1950 0.00 Luxembourg 0 0 0 1 0.00 430 1667 0.00 Netherlands 0 0 0 1 0.00 410 1521 0.00 Portugal 0 0 0 1 0.00 669 3362 0.00 Spain 0 0 0 1 0.00 560 2947 0.00 Sweden 0 0 0 1 0.00 160 399 0.00 UK 0 0 0 1 0.00 310 1848 0.00 Average 0.25 3.98


88

Table A13 : Air passenger transport - France Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina nl 1065 11005 nl Australia 1 4 b 0 0.89 1444 16968 28.82 Brazil 2 4 b 0.73 965 9378 18.79 Canada 2 1 b 0 0.81 770 6019 17.42 Chile 2 4 b 0 0.73 1198 11625 18.38 China nl 1354 8238 nl Colombia 2 1 b 0 0.81 1011 8630 18.43 Hong Kong 2 1 b 0 0.81 999 9747 21.35 India 1 1 b 0 0.97 1212 7024 14.82 Indonesia 2 2 b 0 0.65 1575 11583 11.68 Japan 2 2 b 0 0.65 1672 9710 9.14 Korea 1 1 0 0 0.70 1000 8935 16.40 Malaysia nl 1387 10432 nl Mexico 2 1 b 0 0.81 1013 9208 19.72 New Zealand 2 2 b 0 0.65 952 18542 36.89 Norway 0 0 0 1 0.00 356 1345 0.00 Peru 1 2 b 0 0.80 1184 10240 18.29 Philippines 2 1 b 0 0.81 1387 10759 16.11 Singapore 2 2 b 0 0.65 950 10729 19.27 South Africa 2 1 b 0 0.81 1599 8686 10.98 Switzerland 1 1 0 0 0.70 150 490 15.40 Thailand 2 1 b 0 0.81 1013 9448 20.28 Turkey 2 0 0 0 0.30 799 2601 2.77 USA 2 2 b 0 0.65 650 5851 15.90 Venezuela 2 4 b 0 0.73 950 7624 15.38 Austria 0 0 0 1 0.00 165 1037 0.00 Belgium 0 0 0 1 0.00 145 266 0.00 Denmark 0 0 0 1 0.00 185 1028 0.00 Finland 0 0 0 1 0.00 199 1912 0.00 France na na na na nl na na nl Germany 0 0 0 1 0.00 261 449 0.00 Greece 0 0 0 1 0.00 254 2097 0.00 Ireland 0 0 0 1 0.00 114 785 0.00 Italy 0 0 0 1 0.00 303 598 0.00 Luxembourg 0 0 0 1 0.00 100 294 0.00 Netherlands 0 0 0 1 0.00 195 399 0.00 Portugal 0 0 0 1 0.00 275 1452 0.00 Spain 0 0 0 1 0.00 261 1064 0.00 Sweden 0 0 0 1 0.00 399 1549 0.00 UK 0 0 0 1 0.00 90 347 0.00 Average 0.43 10.17


89

Table A14 : Air passenger transport - Germany Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina nl 1262 11434 nl Australia 2 4 b 0 0.73 1456 16498 21.57 Brazil 2 4 b 0.73 1180 9797 15.56 Canada 3 2 0 0 0.46 577 6343 13.39 Chile 2 1 b 0 0.81 1304 12078 19.65 China 1 1 b 1 0.75 1119 7811 13.44 Colombia 2 1 b 0 0.81 969 9092 20.51 Hong Kong nl 1101 9288 nl India 1 1 b 0 0.97 1023 6583 16.88 Indonesia 2 4 b 0 0.73 1106 11122 19.25 Japan 1 2 b 0 0.80 1616 9366 11.66 Korea nl 1616 8553 nl Malaysia 1 1 0 0 0.70 1042 9968 17.56 Mexico 1 1 b 0 0.97 1178 9569 21.27 New Zealand 2 1 b 0 0.81 1824 18177 20.86 Norway 0 0 0 1 0.00 281 1110 0.00 Peru 2 4 b 0 0.73 1161 10710 17.44 Philippines 1 1 b 0 0.97 1117 10300 24.67 Singapore 2 2 b 0 0.65 964 10264 18.05 South Africa nl 1409 8650 nl Switzerland 1 4 b 0 0.89 243 297 9.85 Thailand 2 1 b 0 0.81 992 8978 19.67 Turkey 2 4 b 0 0.73 425 2202 12.19 USA 2 3 0 1 0.08 301 6215 3.97 Venezuela nl 832 8088 nl Austria 0 0 0 1 0.00 351 604 0.00 Belgium 0 0 0 1 0.00 276 313 0.00 Denmark 0 0 0 1 0.00 181 684 0.00 Finland 0 0 0 1 0.00 169 1527 0.00 France 0 0 0 1 0.00 157 449 0.00 Germany na na na na nl na na nl Greece 0 0 0 1 0.00 484 1798 0.00 Ireland 0 0 0 1 0.00 216 1086 0.00 Italy 0 0 0 1 0.00 279 490 0.00 Luxembourg 0 0 0 1 0.00 93 176 0.00 Netherlands 0 0 0 1 0.00 196 366 0.00 Portugal 0 0 0 1 0.00 418 1880 0.00 Spain 0 0 0 1 0.00 248 1422 0.00 Sweden 0 0 0 1 0.00 349 1203 0.00 UK 0 0 0 1 0.00 203 654 0.00 Average 0.41 9.34


90

Table A15 : Air passenger transport - Greece Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina nl 1178 11665 nl Australia 1 1 b 0 0.97 1864 15334 20.75 Brazil 2 4 b 0.73 1148 10029 16.47 Canada 2 4 b 0 0.73 856 8117 18.55 Chile nl 1986 12548 nl China nl 883 7630 nl Colombia 2 1 b 0 0.81 1487 10381 14.31 Hong Kong nl 837 8661 nl India nl 1463 5179 nl Indonesia 1 2 b 0 0.80 1497 9830 13.35 Japan 1 4 b 0 0.89 1697 9526 12.50 Korea nl 863 8536 nl Malaysia nl 521 8744 nl Mexico nl 1891 11295 nl New Zealand nl 2106 17467 nl Norway 0 0 0 1 0.00 572 2606 0.00 Peru nl 1316 11760 nl Philippines 2 1 b 0 0.81 860 9644 25.37 Singapore 1 1 0 0 0.70 748 9061 23.57 South Africa nl 1360 7115 nl Switzerland 2 2 0 0 0.38 147 1629 15.52 Thailand 1 1 b 0 0.97 938 7921 22.79 Turkey 2 4 0 0 0.46 131 824 14.25 USA nl 460 7919 nl Venezuela nl 765 9362 nl Austria 0 0 0 1 0.00 145 1275 0.00 Belgium 0 0 0 1 0.00 184 2092 0.00 Denmark 0 0 0 1 0.00 267 2137 0.00 Finland 0 0 0 1 0.00 272 2494 0.00 France 0 0 0 1 0.00 244 2098 0.00 Germany 0 0 0 1 0.00 244 1808 0.00 Greece na na na na nl na na nl Ireland 0 0 0 1 0.00 299 2860 0.00 Italy 0 0 0 1 0.00 159 1509 0.00 Luxembourg 0 0 0 1 0.00 288 1910 0.00 Netherlands 0 0 0 1 0.00 148 2174 0.00 Portugal 0 0 0 1 0.00 536 2852 0.00 Spain 0 0 0 1 0.00 439 2360 0.00 Sweden 0 0 0 1 0.00 458 2454 0.00 UK 0 0 0 1 0.00 256 2416 0.00 Average 0.32 7.59


91

Table A16 : Air passenger transport - Hong Kong Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina nl 1453 18475 nl Australia nl 1021 7262 nl Brazil nl 1365 18135 nl Canada 2 1 b 0 0.81 942 12614 31.02 Chile nl 1458 18598 nl China nl 201 2018 nl Colombia nl 1781 16925 nl Hong Kong na na na na nl na na nl India nl 404 4400 nl Indonesia nl 410 3212 nl Japan nl 357 2855 nl Korea nl 482 2103 nl Malaysia nl 342 2512 nl Mexico nl 1118 14134 nl New Zealand nl 940 9021 nl Norway nl 1264 8702 nl Peru nl 1983 18364 nl Philippines nl 172 1013 nl Singapore nl 358 2564 nl South Africa nl 1713 10778 nl Switzerland 2 1 b 0 0.81 1812 9422 10.38 Thailand nl 218 1769 nl Turkey nl 1606 7837 nl USA nl 795 11640 nl Venezuela nl 1394 16430 nl Austria nl 1288 8847 nl Belgium nl 1185 9510 nl Denmark nl 1180 8788 nl Finland nl 1162 7940 nl France 2 1 b 0 0.81 1812 9747 10.74 Germany nl 1188 9288 nl Greece nl 1260 8661 nl Ireland nl 1320 9957 nl Italy nl 1190 9469 nl Luxembourg nl 1211 9460 nl Netherlands nl 1199 9397 nl Portugal nl 1237 11144 nl Spain nl 1325 10659 nl Sweden nl 1184 8336 nl UK nl 1180 9740 nl Average 0.81 17.38


92

Table A17 : Air passenger transport - India Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina nl 1485 14945 nl Australia 2 1 b 0 0.81 950 10155 23.77 Brazil nl 1413 13773 nl Canada 2 1 b 0 0.81 813 12515 37.42 Chile nl 1748 16068 nl China nl 635 4758 nl Colombia nl 1919 15559 nl Hong Kong nl 424 4400 nl India na na na na nl na na nl Indonesia 1 1 0 0 0.70 429 4652 22.78 Japan 1 1 b 0 0.97 572 6748 35.86 Korea 2 1 0 0 0.54 598 5619 13.76 Malaysia 1 1 b 0 0.97 394 3597 29.12 Mexico nl 1628 15665 nl New Zealand nl 992 12293 nl Norway nl 856 6656 nl Peru nl 1919 16705 nl Philippines 2 1 b 0 0.81 488 5142 25.70 Singapore 2 1 b 0 0.81 361 3894 28.11 South Africa nl 1326 6963 nl Switzerland 2 4 b 0 0.73 712 6554 18.42 Thailand nl 310 3004 nl Turkey nl 464 4467 nl USA 2 4 b 0 0.73 995 14011 28.62 Venezuela nl 1946 14540 nl Austria nl 710 5988 nl Belgium 1 1 b 0 0.97 725 6890 26.92 Denmark nl 845 6439 nl Finland nl 825 5932 nl France 1 1 b 0 0.97 712 7024 28.16 Germany 1 1 b 0 0.97 712 6583 26.18 Greece nl 575 5179 nl Ireland 1 1 b 0 0.97 850 7617 24.66 Italy 1 1 b 0 0.97 700 6484 26.30 Luxembourg nl 712 6748 nl Netherlands 1 1 b 0 0.97 712 6868 27.45 Portugal nl 774 8032 nl Spain 1 1 0 0 0.70 712 7546 20.47 Sweden 2 4 b 0 0.73 764 6245 16.14 UK 2 1 b 0 0.81 712 7205 23.14 Average 0.84 25.42


93

Table A18 : Air passenger transport - Indonesia Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina nl 2289 15269 nl Australia nl 614 5507 nl Brazil nl 1906 15646 nl Canada nl 1359 15803 nl Chile nl 1707 15615 nl China nl 581 5193 nl Colombia nl 2100 19813 nl Hong Kong nl 374 3212 nl India 1 1 0 0 0.70 503 4652 18.80 Indonesia na na na na nl na na nl Japan 1 2 b 0 0.80 819 5768 15.45 Korea nl 551 5276 nl Malaysia 2 2 b 0 0.65 176 1175 18.50 Mexico nl 1026 16852 nl New Zealand 2 1 b 0 0.81 790 7641 21.73 Norway nl 1487 10939 nl Peru nl 2451 17944 nl Philippines nl 284 2777 nl Singapore nl 142 900 nl South Africa nl 2541 8614 nl Switzerland 1 1 b 0 0.97 1177 11137 25.29 Thailand nl 290 2319 nl Turkey nl 1331 9099 nl USA 2 2 b 0 0.65 861 14438 30.74 Venezuela nl 1895 19192 nl Austria 1 1 b 0 0.97 1186 10551 23.54 Belgium 2 2 b 0 0.65 914 11414 21.63 Denmark 2 2 b 0 0.65 899 10845 20.84 Finland nl 1419 10152 nl France 2 2 b 0 0.65 954 11583 20.88 Germany 2 4 b 0 0.73 927 11122 23.86 Greece 1 2 b 0 0.80 1296 9830 15.75 Ireland nl 1485 12073 nl Italy nl 1094 11091 nl Luxembourg nl 1388 11295 nl Netherlands 2 2 b 0 0.65 833 11361 24.11 Portugal nl 1266 12680 nl Spain nl 1240 12190 nl Sweden 2 2 b 0 0.65 937 10525 19.18 UK 2 2 b 0 0.65 894 11713 22.88 Average 0.73 21.54


94

Table A19 : Air passenger transport - Ireland Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina nl 1325 10950 nl Australia 2 2 b 0 0.65 2156 17210 12.47 Brazil nl 1265 9376 nl Canada 2 0 b 0 0.57 986 5261 7.78 Chile nl 1567 11447 nl China nl 1695 8295 nl Colombia 1 1 b 0 0.97 888 8139 25.14 Hong Kong nl 1659 9957 nl India 1 1 b 0 0.97 965 7617 21.10 Indonesia nl 1648 12073 nl Japan nl 2056 9602 nl Korea nl 954 8968 nl Malaysia nl 638 10904 nl Mexico nl 1236 8480 nl New Zealand nl 856 18163 nl Norway 0 0 0 1 0.00 236 1260 0.00 Peru nl 1268 9839 nl Philippines nl 1054 10957 nl Singapore 1 1 0 0 0.70 699 10512 30.52 South Africa nl 1869 9411 nl Switzerland 2 2 b 0 0.65 452 1237 6.68 Thailand nl 856 9857 nl Turkey 1 1 0 0 0.70 750 3288 8.71 USA 2 0 0 0 0.30 451 5103 8.90 Venezuela nl 1103 7155 nl Austria 0 0 0 1 0.00 399 1687 0.00 Belgium 0 0 0 1 0.00 310 784 0.00 Denmark 0 0 0 1 0.00 325 1240 0.00 Finland 0 0 0 1 0.00 358 2021 0.00 France 0 0 0 1 0.00 136 785 0.00 Germany 0 0 0 1 0.00 280 1086 0.00 Greece 0 0 0 1 0.00 423 2860 0.00 Ireland na na na na nl na na nl Italy 0 0 0 1 0.00 386 1381 0.00 Luxembourg 0 0 0 1 0.00 346 961 0.00 Netherlands 0 0 0 1 0.00 396 749 0.00 Portugal 0 0 0 1 0.00 375 1645 0.00 Spain 0 0 0 1 0.00 395 1455 0.00 Sweden 0 0 0 1 0.00 386 1623 0.00 UK 0 0 0 1 0.00 80 449 0.00 Average 0.24 5.27


95

Table A20 : Air passenger transport - Italy Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina 1 b 0 0.73 1056 11124 20.41 Australia 1 1 b 0 0.97 1932 16563 21.70 Brazil nl 959 9513 nl Canada 3 1 0 0 0.62 616 6653 18.47 Chile nl 1356 11863 nl China nl 983 8092 nl Colombia 1 2 b 0 0.80 956 9122 20.81 Hong Kong nl 1180 9469 nl India 1 1 b 0 0.97 723 6508 25.36 Indonesia nl 1496 11091 nl Japan 1 2 b 0 0.80 1566 9748 12.58 Korea nl 1254 8907 nl Malaysia nl 1265 9959 nl Mexico nl 712 9835 nl New Zealand nl 698 18476 nl Norway 0 0 0 1 0.00 298 1591 0.00 Peru nl 1265 10660 nl Philippines nl 965 10481 nl Singapore 1 1 b 0 0.97 1189 10258 22.73 South Africa 1 1 b 0 0.97 1025 8153 21.12 Switzerland 2 1 b 0 0.81 164 204 12.60 Thailand nl 1124 9025 nl Turkey 2 2 b 0 0.65 393 2024 10.92 USA 2 2 b 0 0.65 449 6412 27.40 Venezuela nl 806 8107 nl Austria 0 0 0 1 0.00 235 656 0.00 Belgium 0 0 0 1 0.00 254 664 0.00 Denmark 0 0 0 1 0.00 316 1144 0.00 Finland 0 0 0 1 0.00 320 1950 0.00 France 0 0 0 1 0.00 267 598 0.00 Germany 0 0 0 1 0.00 317 490 0.00 Greece 0 0 0 1 0.00 358 1509 0.00 Ireland 0 0 0 1 0.00 329 1381 0.00 Italy na na na na nl na na nl Luxembourg 0 0 0 1 0.00 200 482 0.00 Netherlands 0 0 0 1 0.00 205 796 0.00 Portugal 0 0 0 1 0.00 269 1652 0.00 Spain 0 0 0 1 0.00 301 1149 0.00 Sweden 0 0 0 1 0.00 298 1674 0.00 UK 0 0 0 1 0.00 183 936 0.00 Average 0.34 8.23


96

Table A21 : Air passenger transport - Japan Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina nl 1771 18358 nl Australia 1 4 b 0 0.89 1315 7798 13.59 Brazil 2 2 b 0.65 1771 18531 16.93 Canada 2 2 b 0 0.65 953 10370 18.50 Chile nl 1798 17236 nl China nl 530 2103 nl Colombia nl 1519 14325 nl Hong Kong nl 494 2855 nl India 1 1 b 0 0.97 1072 6748 16.39 Indonesia 1 2 b 0 0.80 726 5768 17.78 Japan na na na na nl na na nl Korea 2 2 b 0 0.65 172 1153 18.78 Malaysia 2 2 b 0 0.65 497 5318 19.80 Mexico 1 4 b 0 0.89 1359 11317 19.41 New Zealand 2 2 b 0 0.65 953 8811 15.54 Norway 2 2 b 0 0.65 652 8429 23.29 Peru nl 2150 15510 nl Philippines 2 2 b 0 0.65 387 2990 15.32 Singapore 2 2 b 0 0.65 650 5313 14.45 South Africa nl 1089 13550 nl Switzerland 1 4 b 0 0.89 1162 9605 19.54 Thailand 2 2 b 0 0.65 514 4603 16.47 Turkey 2 1 b 0 0.81 914 8777 21.18 USA 2 2 b 0 0.65 1156 11334 16.24 Venezuela nl 1594 14180 nl Austria 2 1 b 0 0.81 1024 9153 19.34 Belgium 2 2 b 0 0.65 1040 9474 15.17 Denmark 2 2 b 0 0.65 638 8716 24.84 Finland 2 1 b 0 0.81 872 7843 19.84 France 2 2 b 0 0.65 1156 9740 13.83 Germany 1 2 b 0 0.80 1156 9369 17.09 Greece 1 4 b 0 0.89 1324 9526 16.61 Ireland nl 1414 9602 nl Italy 1 2 b 0 0.80 1345 9739 14.94 Luxembourg nl 1519 9509 nl Netherlands 2 2 b 0 0.65 1157 9317 13.20 Portugal nl 1295 11169 nl Spain 2 1 b 0 0.81 700 10787 38.04 Sweden 2 2 b 0 0.65 596 8191 25.22 UK 2 2 b 0 0.65 1156 9585 13.60 Average 0.73 18.39


97

Table A22 : Air passenger transport - Korea Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina nl 1627 19401 nl Australia nl 1260 8304 nl Brazil nl 2115 18340 nl Canada 1 1 b 0 0.97 681 10621 50.12 Chile 2 3 0 0 0.30 869 18355 15.73 China nl 1694 962 nl Colombia nl 787 14848 nl Hong Kong nl 1694 2103 nl India 2 1 0 0 0.54 1014 5619 7.68 Indonesia nl 548 5276 nl Japan 2 2 b 0 0.65 213 1153 14.63 Korea na na na na nl na na nl Malaysia 2 2 b 0 0.65 669 4609 12.21 Mexico 1 1 b 0 0.97 634 12061 67.62 New Zealand nl 988 9595 nl Norway nl 1278 7740 nl Peru nl 477 16319 nl Philippines 1 1 b 0 0.97 337 2614 25.96 Singapore 1 2 b 0 0.80 395 4667 30.17 South Africa nl 2728 12497 nl Switzerland 1 2 b 0 0.80 1162 8796 15.89 Thailand 2 2 b 0 0.65 670 3719 10.02 Turkey nl 1588 7759 nl USA 2 2 0 1 0.16 499 9585 7.37 Venezuela nl 658 14486 nl Austria 1 1 b 0 0.97 1162 8298 18.52 Belgium 1 1 b 0 0.97 1162 8730 19.56 Denmark nl 1241 7966 nl Finland nl 1245 7081 nl France 1 1 0 0 0.70 1162 8992 13.89 Germany nl 771 8586 nl Greece nl 697 8536 nl Ireland nl 775 8968 nl Italy nl 755 8907 nl Luxembourg nl 740 8739 nl Netherlands 1 4 b 0 0.89 1162 8584 17.32 Portugal nl 784 10443 nl Spain 1 1 b 0 0.97 1162 10019 22.77 Sweden nl 897 7453 nl UK 2 2 0 0 0.38 1162 8882 7.02 Average 0.72 20.97


98

Table A23 : Air passenger transport - Luxembourg Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina nl 1276 11273 nl Australia nl 1620 16674 nl Brazil nl 1070 9639 nl Canada nl 1704 6222 nl Chile nl 1303 11907 nl China nl 1832 7972 nl Colombia nl 1335 8919 nl Hong Kong nl 2719 9460 nl India nl 1397 6748 nl Indonesia nl 1358 11295 nl Japan nl 2795 9509 nl Korea nl 3368 8739 nl Malaysia 2 1 b 0 0.81 1965 10142 10.22 Mexico nl 1023 9434 nl New Zealand 2 2 0 0 0.38 1389 18320 12.07 Norway 0 0 0 1 0.00 465 1183 0.00 Peru nl 1799 10534 nl Philippines nl 2456 10472 nl Singapore 1 2 b 0 0.80 1983 10438 10.37 South Africa 1 1 b 0 0.97 2232 8661 9.24 Switzerland 1 2 b 0 0.80 242 296 8.90 Thailand 1 2 b 0 0.80 1284 9154 14.77 Turkey 2 3 0 0 0.30 1014 2348 2.01 USA 2 3 0 0 0.30 939 6078 4.78 Venezuela nl 1235 7914 nl Austria 0 0 0 1 0.00 285 761 0.00 Belgium 0 0 0 1 0.00 113 187 0.00 Denmark 0 0 0 1 0.00 309 795 0.00 Finland 0 0 0 1 0.00 255 1667 0.00 France 0 0 0 1 0.00 205 274 0.00 Germany 0 0 0 1 0.00 181 176 0.00 Greece 0 0 0 1 0.00 230 1910 0.00 Ireland 0 0 0 1 0.00 165 961 0.00 Italy 0 0 0 1 0.00 200 482 0.00 Luxembourg na na na na nl na na nl Netherlands 0 0 0 1 0.00 155 315 0.00 Portugal 0 0 0 1 0.00 235 1711 0.00 Spain 0 0 0 1 0.00 387 1272 0.00 Sweden 0 0 0 1 0.00 475 1325 0.00 UK 0 0 0 1 0.00 165 513 0.00 Average 0.22 3.15


99

Table A24 : Air passenger transport - Malaysia Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina nl 2225 15994 nl Australia 1 1 b 0 0.97 556 6626 36.47 Brazil nl 2877 15937 nl Canada nl 1726 14819 nl Chile nl 3553 16558 nl China nl 212 4335 nl Colombia nl 1578 19033 nl Hong Kong nl 231 2532 nl India 1 1 b 0 0.97 690 3597 14.78 Indonesia 2 2 b 0 0.65 174 1201 19.03 Japan 2 2 b 0 0.65 725 5389 12.94 Korea 2 2 b 0 0.65 651 4611 12.59 Malaysia na na na na nl na na nl Mexico nl 2768 16634 nl New Zealand 2 1 b 0 0.81 817 8743 24.20 Norway 2 2 b 0 0.65 1522 9763 10.19 Peru nl 1431 19001 nl Philippines 1 1 b 0 0.97 320 2481 26.40 Singapore 2 2 b 0 0.65 54 335 43.62 South Africa 2 1 b 0 0.81 989 8506 18.62 Switzerland 1 2 b 0 0.80 1365 9976 15.06 Thailand 2 1 b 0 0.81 179 1204 24.17 Turkey nl 917 7990 nl USA 2 2 b 0 0.65 522 14133 61.31 Venezuela nl 1999 18055 nl Austria 2 1 b 0 0.81 1299 9375 15.02 Belgium 2 2 b 0 0.65 1389 10256 11.86 Denmark 2 2 b 0 0.65 1389 9674 11.17 Finland nl 1154 8977 nl France nl 893 10432 nl Germany 1 1 0 0 0.70 1291 9953 13.69 Greece nl 784 8744 nl Ireland nl 1453 10904 nl Italy nl 898 9959 nl Luxembourg 2 1 b 0 0.81 1389 10142 15.10 Netherlands 2 2 b 0 0.65 1389 10191 11.78 Portugal nl 1244 11577 nl Spain 2 1 b 0 0.81 1389 11047 16.54 Sweden 2 2 b 0 0.65 1190 9351 12.83 UK 2 2 b 0 0.65 1298 10559 13.19 Average 0.74 20.03


100

Table A25 : Air passenger transport - Mexico Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina 1 b 0 0.73 742 7347 19.84 Australia nl 716 12968 nl Brazil 1 1 b 0.97 783 7426 26.57 Canada 1 1 b 0 0.97 391 3246 26.51 Chile nl 523 6596 nl China nl 785 12473 nl Colombia nl 453 3159 nl Hong Kong nl 1335 14134 nl India nl 2036 15665 nl Indonesia nl 1115 16852 nl Japan 1 4 b 0 0.89 1448 11317 18.00 Korea 1 1 b 0 0.97 1413 12061 22.10 Malaysia nl 3208 16634 nl Mexico na na na na nl na na nl New Zealand nl 730 10952 nl Norway nl 1456 9202 nl Peru 1 1 b 0 0.97 450 4258 29.27 Philippines 2 1 0 0 0.54 1220 14230 15.95 Singapore 2 1 b 0 0.81 1091 16620 36.05 South Africa nl 1699 14580 nl Switzerland 1 1 b 0 0.97 1717 9697 13.87 Thailand 1 1 b 0 0.97 1145 15747 40.23 Turkey nl 1472 11763 nl USA 2 2 b 0 0.65 160 2500 39.08 Venezuela nl 450 3594 nl Austria nl 1342 10165 nl Belgium 2 1 b 0 0.81 1149 9259 17.09 Denmark 1 1 b 0 0.97 1586 9513 14.89 Finland nl 1238 9853 nl France 2 1 b 0 0.81 1516 9198 12.35 Germany 1 1 b 0 0.97 1516 9551 15.75 Greece nl 1653 11295 nl Ireland nl 1764 8480 nl Italy nl 1289 9835 nl Luxembourg nl 1198 9434 nl Netherlands 1 1 b 0 0.97 1516 9205 15.15 Portugal 2 1 b 0 0.81 1516 8690 11.66 Spain 1 1 b 0 0.97 1516 9066 14.91 Sweden nl 1533 9590 nl UK 1 2 b 0 0.80 1516 8904 11.89 Average 0.87 21.11


101

Table A26 : Air passenger transport - Morocco Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Bahrain 2 1 b 0 0.81 ** 5600 15.93 Zaire 2 1 b 0 0.81 nl UAE 2 1 b 0 0.81 nl Sudan 2 1 b 0 0.81 nl Senegal 2 1 b 0 0.81 ** 2299 15.93 Spain 2 2 b 0 0.65 ** 867 12.35 Romania 1 1 b 0 0.97 nl Qatar 1 1 b 0 0.97 nl Poland 1 1 b 0 0.97 nl Oman 1 1 b 0 0.97 nl Niger 2 1 b 0 0.81 ** 1101 15.93 Mali 2 1 b 0 0.81 ** 2316 15.93 Luxembourg 2 1 b 0 0.81 nl Kuwait 2 1 b 0 0.81 ** 5236 15.93 Hungary 1 1 b 0 0.97 nl Guinea 2 1 b 0 0.81 ** 2717 15.93 Gabon 2 1 b 0 0.81 nl Cote dIvoire 1 1 b 0 0.97 ** 3149 19.67 Cent African Rep 1 1 b 0 0.97 nl Canada 1 3 b 0 0.72 nl Bulgaria 1 1 b 0 0.97 nl Austria 2 1 b 1 0.59 ** 2594 11.09 Brazil 2 1 b 0 0.81 ** 7298 15.93 Yugoslavia 2 1 b 1 0.59 nl Switzerland 1 1 b 0 0.97 ** 1843 19.67 Ghana 2 1 b 0 0.81 nl France 2 1 b 1 0.59 ** 1832 11.09 Portugal 2 1 b 1 0.59 ** 617 11.09 Belgium 2 1 0 0 0.54 ** 2152 10.18 Average 0.81 14.76

* See notes in table A.1 for explanation. ** Price predicted by stage length used instead. Source: OECD (2004).

102

Table A27 : Air passenger transport - Netherlands Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina 1 0 0 0.46 762 11399 18.06 Australia 2 4 b 0 0.73 549 16649 90.35 Brazil 1 1 b 0.97 864 9802 32.36 Canada 2 3 b 0 0.57 591 5989 15.56 Chile 1 1 b 0 0.97 1468 11987 20.95 China 1 1 0 0 0.70 826 7828 17.84 Colombia nl 695 8852 nl Hong Kong nl 1081 9290 nl India 1 1 b 0 0.97 899 6859 20.54 Indonesia 2 2 b 0 0.65 846 11361 23.66 Japan 2 2 b 0 0.65 1346 9318 11.14 Korea 1 4 b 0 0.89 1381 8560 14.14 Malaysia 2 2 b 0 0.65 715 10191 25.75 Mexico 1 1 b 0 0.97 824 9205 31.93 New Zealand nl 562 18114 nl Norway 0 0 0 1 0.00 113 918 0.00 Peru 1 2 b 0 0.80 843 10513 28.61 Philippines 2 1 b 0 0.81 1241 10512 17.89 Singapore 2 2 b 0 0.65 899 10512 20.13 South Africa 2 1 b 0 0.81 802 9016 25.64 Switzerland 2 2 b 0 0.65 197 603 11.26 Thailand 2 1 b 0 0.81 564 9177 41.83 Turkey 2 1 b 0 0.81 401 2535 16.50 USA 2 3 0 1 0.08 437 5847 2.56 Venezuela 2 1 b 0 0.81 413 7839 53.68 Austria 0 0 0 1 0.00 169 959 0.00 Belgium 0 0 0 1 0.00 86 157 0.00 Denmark 0 0 0 1 0.00 134 633 0.00 Finland 0 0 0 1 0.00 123 1521 0.00 France 0 0 0 1 0.00 174 399 0.00 Germany 0 0 0 1 0.00 165 366 0.00 Greece 0 0 0 1 0.00 245 2174 0.00 Ireland 0 0 0 1 0.00 198 749 0.00 Italy 0 0 0 1 0.00 187 796 0.00 Luxembourg 0 0 0 1 0.00 100 315 0.00 Netherlands na na na na nl na na nl Portugal 0 0 0 1 0.00 239 1847 0.00 Spain 0 0 0 1 0.00 473 1460 0.00 Sweden 0 0 0 1 0.00 256 1152 0.00 UK 0 0 0 1 0.00 78 370 0.00 Average 0.43 15.01


103

Table A28 : Air passenger transport - New Zealand Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina 0 2 b 0 0.57 1078 10310 13.70 Australia 0 0 0 1 0.00 412 2151 0.00 Brazil nl 1179 12037 nl Canada 0 1 0 0 0.46 1278 13882 12.31 Chile 2 3 0 1 0.08 1708 9691 1.01 China nl 1480 10387 nl Colombia nl 1615 12199 nl Hong Kong nl 743 9021 nl India nl 1718 12293 nl Indonesia 2 1 b 0 0.81 1255 7641 12.66 Japan 2 2 b 0 0.65 1531 8811 9.14 Korea nl 1580 9595 nl Malaysia 2 1 b 0 0.81 779 8743 25.68 Mexico nl 1136 10952 nl New Zealand na na na na nl na na nl Norway nl 1207 17202 nl Peru nl 1747 10789 nl Philippines nl 524 8012 nl Singapore 2 3 0 1 0.08 798 8409 1.92 South Africa nl 945 12218 nl Switzerland nl 1245 18388 nl Thailand 2 1 0 0 0.54 893 9573 14.96 Turkey nl 1681 16701 nl USA 2 2 d 1 0.34 754 10486 11.59 Venezuela nl 1562 13217 nl Austria nl 3342 17851 nl Belgium nl 1034 18277 nl Denmark nl 3753 17526 nl Finland nl 1581 16653 nl France 2 2 b 0 0.65 1279 18542 25.09 Germany 2 1 b 0 0.81 1279 18177 32.64 Greece nl 1701 17467 nl Ireland nl 2908 18163 nl Italy nl 940 18476 nl Luxembourg 2 2 0 0 0.38 749 18320 24.97 Netherlands nl 1074 18114 nl Portugal nl 791 19626 nl Spain nl 676 19589 nl Sweden nl 3197 17000 nl UK 2 1 0 0 0.54 749 18331 39.81 Average 0.48 16.11


104

Table A29 : Air passenger transport - Norway Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina 1 b 0 0.73 1542 12201 14.48 Australia nl 1567 15950 nl Brazil 1 1 b 0.97 1804 10610 14.41 Canada 2 0 b 0 0.57 1325 5947 6.35 Chile 2 4 b 0 0.73 1656 12705 13.90 China nl 1526 7044 nl Colombia nl 1356 9272 nl Hong Kong nl 1596 8702 nl India nl 1179 6656 nl Indonesia nl 1699 10939 nl Japan 2 2 b 0 0.65 1461 8429 9.21 Korea nl 1743 7740 nl Malaysia 2 2 b 0 0.65 1618 9763 9.53 Mexico nl 1185 9202 nl New Zealand nl 1534 17202 nl Norway na na na na nl na na nl Peru 1 2 b 0 0.80 1841 11028 11.91 Philippines 1 1 b 0 0.97 1834 9699 12.87 Singapore 1 2 b 0 0.80 1618 10047 12.51 South Africa 2 1 b 0 0.81 2013 9667 9.49 Switzerland 1 2 b 0 0.80 611 1389 6.58 Thailand 2 4 b 0 0.73 1593 8675 9.80 Turkey 2 0 0 0 0.30 948 2699 2.39 USA 2 4 b 0 0.73 1332 5902 8.21 Venezuela nl 986 8314 nl Austria 0 0 0 1 0.00 668 1366 0.00 Belgium 0 0 0 1 0.00 528 1071 0.00 Denmark 0 0 0 1 0.00 327 491 0.00 Finland 0 0 0 1 0.00 479 795 0.00 France 0 0 0 1 0.00 583 1316 0.00 Germany 0 0 0 1 0.00 660 1104 0.00 Greece 0 0 0 1 0.00 997 2606 0.00 Ireland 0 0 0 1 0.00 488 1260 0.00 Italy 0 0 0 1 0.00 708 1591 0.00 Luxembourg 0 0 0 1 0.00 556 1183 0.00 Netherlands 0 0 0 1 0.00 492 918 0.00 Portugal 0 0 0 1 0.00 868 2740 0.00 Spain 0 0 0 1 0.00 868 2388 0.00 Sweden 0 0 0 1 0.00 279 409 0.00 UK 0 0 0 1 0.00 337 1163 0.00 Average 0.35 4.88


105

Table A30 : Air passenger transport - Peru Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina nl 416 3089 nl Australia nl 1582 12812 nl Brazil 2 2 b 0.65 411 3442 16.23 Canada 1 2 b 0 0.80 1012 6180 12.99 Chile nl 235 2447 nl China nl 3010 16660 nl Colombia nl 260 1876 nl Hong Kong nl 1555 18364 nl India nl 1714 16705 nl Indonesia nl 915 17944 nl Japan nl 1284 15510 nl Korea nl 1501 16319 nl Malaysia nl 2368 19001 nl Mexico 1 1 b 0 0.97 498 4258 25.72 New Zealand nl 2467 10789 nl Norway 1 2 b 0 0.80 1100 11028 21.68 Peru na na na na nl na na nl Philippines nl 2015 18075 nl Singapore nl 1668 18815 nl South Africa nl 1781 10866 nl Switzerland 1 2 0 0 0.54 1412 10650 9.91 Thailand nl 863 19683 nl Turkey nl 1465 12553 nl USA nl 1956 6739 nl Venezuela nl 300 2753 nl Austria nl 1534 11244 nl Belgium nl 1097 10438 nl Denmark nl 2189 11069 nl Finland nl 1616 11818 nl France 1 2 b 0 0.80 1312 10240 16.21 Germany 2 4 b 0 0.73 998 10710 20.89 Greece nl 1846 11760 nl Ireland nl 1490 9839 nl Italy nl 1523 10660 nl Luxembourg nl 1356 10534 nl Netherlands 1 2 b 0 0.80 1312 10513 16.68 Portugal nl 1065 8996 nl Spain 1 1 b 0 0.97 1212 9525 20.45 Sweden 1 4 0 0 0.62 1114 11433 16.32 UK 2 4 b 0 0.73 869 10157 23.30 Average 0.76 18.22


106

Table A31 : Air passenger transport - Philippines Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina nl 2337 17819 nl Australia nl 1267 6257 nl Brazil nl 2782 18389 nl Canada nl 2653 13228 nl Chile nl 2361 17616 nl China 1 1 b 1 0.75 399 2848 16.70 Colombia nl 1721 17313 nl Hong Kong nl 184 1013 nl India 2 1 b 0 0.81 512 5142 24.21 Indonesia nl 429 2777 nl Japan 2 2 b 0 0.65 311 2990 19.81 Korea 1 1 b 0 0.97 418 2614 19.93 Malaysia 1 1 b 0 0.97 286 2481 30.50 Mexico 2 1 0 0 0.54 587 14230 40.03 New Zealand nl 1274 8012 nl Norway 1 1 b 0 0.97 1295 9699 19.27 Peru nl 2377 18075 nl Philippines na na na na nl na na nl Singapore 2 1 b 0 0.81 268 2374 25.31 South Africa nl 1546 11021 nl Switzerland 1 2 b 0 0.80 1292 10435 16.84 Thailand 1 1 b 0 0.97 385 2215 19.05 Turkey nl 1004 8821 nl USA nl 1049 11740 nl Venezuela nl 3801 17093 nl Austria 1 2 b 0 0.80 1300 9859 15.74 Belgium 1 1 b 0 0.97 1300 10521 20.97 Denmark 1 1 b 0 0.97 1300 9795 19.38 Finland nl 909 8943 nl France 2 1 b 0 0.81 867 10759 28.53 Germany 1 1 b 0 0.97 1300 10300 20.49 Greece 2 1 b 0 0.81 925 9644 23.18 Ireland nl 1655 10957 nl Italy nl 1715 10481 nl Luxembourg nl 1922 10472 nl Netherlands 2 1 b 0 0.81 867 10407 27.43 Portugal nl 1714 12157 nl Spain 2 1 b 0 0.81 824 11671 33.65 Sweden 1 1 b 0 0.97 844 9339 31.48 UK 2 2 b 0 0.65 642 10748 31.49 Average 0.84 24.20


107

Table A32 : Air passenger transport - Portugal Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina nl 773 9557 nl Australia nl 1256 18186 nl Brazil 2 2 b 0.65 1049 7962 12.55 Canada 2 0 0 0 0.30 925 5744 4.61 Chile nl 1385 10206 nl China nl 1902 9687 nl Colombia nl 756 7532 nl Hong Kong nl 1847 11144 nl India nl 1105 8032 nl Indonesia nl 1949 12680 nl Japan nl 2302 11169 nl Korea nl 1967 10443 nl Malaysia nl 1314 11577 nl Mexico 2 1 b 0 0.81 1496 8690 11.83 New Zealand nl 1346 19626 nl Norway 0 0 0 1 0.00 352 2740 0.00 Peru nl 1449 8996 nl Philippines nl 1535 12157 nl Singapore nl 1295 11877 nl South Africa 2 1 b 0 0.81 1874 8196 8.71 Switzerland 2 1 b 0 0.81 452 1723 10.62 Thailand nl 1680 10688 nl Turkey nl 499 3587 nl USA 2 4 0 0 0.46 562 5405 11.85 Venezuela 2 1 b 0 0.81 417 6501 41.45 Austria 0 0 0 1 0.00 454 2300 0.00 Belgium 0 0 0 1 0.00 365 1718 0.00 Denmark 0 0 0 1 0.00 489 2472 0.00 Finland 0 0 0 1 0.00 589 3362 0.00 France 0 0 0 1 0.00 274 1470 0.00 Germany 0 0 0 1 0.00 354 1874 0.00 Greece 0 0 0 1 0.00 177 2852 0.00 Ireland 0 0 0 1 0.00 419 1645 0.00 Italy 0 0 0 1 0.00 321 1652 0.00 Luxembourg 0 0 0 1 0.00 163 1711 0.00 Netherlands 0 0 0 1 0.00 422 1847 0.00 Portugal na na na na nl na na nl Spain 0 0 0 1 0.00 134 513 0.00 Sweden 0 0 0 1 0.00 306 2993 0.00 UK 0 0 0 1 0.00 148 1565 0.00 Average 0.21 4.62


108

Table A33 : Air passenger transport - Russian Federation Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Ireland 2 1 b 0 0.81 ** 2773 15.93 South Africa 1 1 b 0 0.97 ** 6644 19.67 China 2 1 b 0 0.81 ** 5796 15.93 UAE 2 1 c 0 0.63 ** 3707 12.03 Ireland 1 1 b 0 0.97 ** 2773 19.67 Togo 1 1 b 0 0.97 ** 6386 19.67 Rwanda 1 1 b 1 0.75 nl Czechoslovakia 1 1 b 0 0.97 ** 1670 19.67 Burkina Faso 1 1 b 0 0.97 ** 2965 19.67 Finland 1 1 0 0 0.70 ** 874 13.54 Malta 1 1 b 1 0.75 ** 2826 14.51 Morocco 1 1 b 1 0.75 ** 3617 14.51 Nicaragua 1 1 b 1 0.75 ** 1271 14.51 Portugal 1 1 0 1 0.48 ** 3893 8.89 Romania 1 1 b 1 0.75 ** 1497 14.51 Spain 1 1 0 1 0.48 ** 3419 8.89 Cape Verde 1 1 b 1 0.75 nl Poland 1 1 b 1 0.75 ** 1150 14.51 Hungary 1 1 b 1 0.75 ** 1562 14.51 Indonesia 1 1 b 0 0.97 nl Italy 1 1 b 0 0.97 ** 2397 19.67 Eq Guinea 1 1 b 1 0.75 ** 6782 14.51 Japan 1 1 b 0 0.97 ** 7507 19.67 Switzerland 1 1 0 0 0.70 ** 2410 13.54 Norway 1 1 b 0 0.97 ** 1629 19.67 Yugoslavia 1 1 b 0 0.97 ** 1725 19.67 Singapore 1 2 b 0 0.80 ** 5416 15.85 Netherlands 1 1 0 1 0.48 ** 2144 8.89 Sweden 1 1 0 0 0.70 ** 1220 13.54 Denmark 1 1 b 0 0.97 ** 1540 19.67 Average 0.80 15.75


109

Table A34 : Air passenger transport - Singapore Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina nl 1378 6293 nl Australia 1 1 b 0 0.97 539 6316 35.93 Brazil nl 1378 15994 nl Canada 2 1 0 0 0.54 1059 15006 19.99 Chile 2 3 0 0 0.30 2156 16407 5.18 China 2 1 b 0 0.81 384 4488 30.17 Colombia nl 2679 19302 nl Hong Kong nl 334 2579 nl India 2 1 b 0 0.81 851 3921 10.33 Indonesia nl 110 907 nl Japan 2 2 b 0 0.65 642 5357 14.78 Korea 1 2 b 0 0.80 588 4652 18.38 Malaysia 2 2 b 0 0.65 66 335 33.07 Mexico 2 1 b 0 0.81 1201 16620 31.70 New Zealand 2 2 b 0 0.65 585 8409 26.60 Norway 1 2 b 0 0.80 1176 10047 18.06 Peru nl 1649 18815 nl Philippines 2 1 b 0 0.81 351 2374 18.24 Singapore na na na na nl na na nl South Africa 2 1 b 0 0.81 1869 8656 9.22 Switzerland 1 2 b 0 0.80 1145 10304 19.16 Thailand 2 1 b 0 0.81 251 1445 18.29 Turkey 1 1 b 0 0.97 1379 8290 15.15 USA 2 3 0 1 0.08 867 14121 2.88 Venezuela nl 1986 18349 nl Austria 2 2 b 0 0.65 1243 9703 12.69 Belgium 2 2 b 0 0.65 1021 10551 17.38 Denmark 1 2 b 0 0.80 1295 9964 15.99 Finland 1 1 b 0 0.97 1341 9273 17.61 France 2 2 b 0 0.65 1021 10723 17.68 Germany 2 2 b 0 0.65 1021 10277 16.89 Greece 1 1 0 0 0.70 1168 9061 13.92 Ireland 1 1 0 0 0.70 1469 10512 12.52 Italy 1 1 b 0 0.97 1021 10258 27.50 Luxembourg 1 2 b 0 0.80 1179 10438 18.77 Netherlands 2 2 b 0 0.65 1021 10512 17.31 Portugal nl 1543 11877 nl Spain 2 1 b 0 0.81 1543 11381 15.12 Sweden 1 2 b 0 0.80 1310 9635 15.23 UK 2 2 0 0 0.38 1021 10881 9.87 Average 0.72 17.92


110

Table A35 : Air passenger transport - South Africa Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina nl 838 8115 nl Australia 1 1 b 0 0.97 1497 11078 18.75 Brazil nl 838 7429 nl Canada nl 563 13315 nl Chile nl 893 9187 nl China nl 1722 11702 nl Colombia nl 1674 11440 nl Hong Kong nl 1468 10778 nl India nl 320 6963 nl Indonesia nl 1669 8614 nl Japan nl 1481 13550 nl Korea nl 1581 12497 nl Malaysia 2 1 b 0 0.81 1403 8506 12.44 Mexico nl 1549 14580 nl New Zealand nl 1165 12218 nl Norway 2 1 b 0 0.81 968 9667 21.98 Peru nl 1268 10866 nl Philippines nl 1497 11021 nl Singapore 2 1 b 0 0.81 1185 8656 15.36 South Africa na na na na nl na na nl Switzerland 1 0 b 0 0.72 821 8368 20.03 Thailand 1 1 b 0 0.97 1403 9010 16.20 Turkey nl 1087 7342 nl USA 2 2 b 0 0.65 1354 16679 20.68 Venezuela nl 1867 11005 nl Austria 1 1 b 0 0.97 945 8314 23.83 Belgium 1 1 b 0 0.97 1245 8836 18.25 Denmark 2 1 b 0 0.81 866 9187 23.80 Finland nl 534 9568 nl France 2 1 b 0 0.81 597 8686 36.06 Germany nl 574 8650 nl Greece nl 634 7115 nl Ireland nl 586 9411 nl Italy 1 1 b 0 0.97 942 8153 23.41 Luxembourg 1 1 b 0 0.97 937 8661 25.22 Netherlands 2 1 b 0 0.81 627 7115 26.75 Portugal 2 1 b 0 0.81 685 8196 28.07 Spain nl 637 8062 nl Sweden 2 1 b 0 0.81 694 9520 32.95 UK 2 2 0 0 0.38 641 9026 13.72 Average 0.82 22.21


111

Table A36 : Air passenger transport - Spain Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina 1 b 0 0.73 1250 10086 15.06 Australia nl 1395 17696 nl Brazil 2 1 b 0.81 603 8405 34.18 Canada 2 1 b 0 0.81 600 6059 23.69 Chile 1 1 b 0 0.97 908 10682 33.64 China 1 1 0 0 0.70 1178 9241 14.07 Colombia nl 652 8030 nl Hong Kong nl 1498 10659 nl India 1 1 0 0 0.70 936 7546 14.85 Indonesia nl 1314 12190 nl Japan 2 1 b 0 0.81 1587 10787 13.84 Korea 1 1 b 0 0.97 1247 9974 20.79 Malaysia 2 1 b 0 0.81 1298 11047 17.91 Mexico 1 1 b 0 0.97 1400 9066 16.35 New Zealand nl 1395 19589 nl Norway 0 0 0 1 0.00 542 2388 0.00 Peru 1 1 b 0 0.97 1490 9525 16.02 Philippines 2 1 b 0 0.81 1265 11671 19.62 Singapore 2 1 b 0 0.81 1238 11381 19.58 South Africa nl 1622 8062 nl Switzerland 2 1 b 0 0.81 300 1239 13.39 Thailand 1 1 b 0 0.97 1257 10164 21.02 Turkey 1 2 0 0 0.54 354 3093 14.22 USA 2 2 b 0 0.65 376 5762 30.55 Venezuela 1 1 b 0 0.97 574 7005 37.34 Austria 0 0 0 1 0.00 310 1805 0.00 Belgium 0 0 0 1 0.00 260 1315 0.00 Denmark 0 0 0 1 0.00 335 2060 0.00 Finland 0 0 0 1 0.00 375 2947 0.00 France 0 0 0 1 0.00 245 1064 0.00 Germany 0 0 0 1 0.00 336 1422 0.00 Greece 0 0 0 1 0.00 410 2360 0.00 Ireland 0 0 0 1 0.00 288 1455 0.00 Italy 0 0 0 1 0.00 310 1149 0.00 Luxembourg 0 0 0 1 0.00 336 1272 0.00 Netherlands 0 0 0 1 0.00 315 1460 0.00 Portugal 0 0 0 1 0.00 121 513 0.00 Spain na na na na nl na na nl Sweden 0 0 0 1 0.00 252 2601 0.00 UK 0 0 0 1 0.00 164 1245 0.00 Average 0.45 11.40


112

Table A37 : Air passenger transport - Sweden Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina 1 b 0 0.73 1395 12518 16.71 Australia nl 2010 15596 nl Brazil 1 1 b 0.97 1353 10908 20.81 Canada 1 0 b 0 0.72 912 6339 13.30 Chile 2 4 b 0 0.73 1445 13064 16.76 China 1 1 b 0 0.97 1543 6725 10.81 Colombia nl 1115 9685 nl Hong Kong nl 1376 8336 nl India 2 4 b 0 0.73 935 6245 12.81 Indonesia 2 2 b 0 0.65 1726 10525 9.57 Japan 2 2 b 0 0.65 1577 8191 8.24 Korea nl 2046 7453 nl Malaysia 2 2 b 0 0.65 1369 9351 10.97 Mexico nl 1414 9590 nl New Zealand nl 2222 17000 nl Norway 0 0 0 1 0.00 195 417 0.00 Peru 1 4 0 0 0.62 1075 11433 17.01 Philippines 1 1 b 0 0.97 1336 9339 17.82 Singapore 1 2 b 0 0.80 1124 9635 18.21 South Africa 2 1 b 0 0.81 1695 9520 11.29 Switzerland 1 2 b 0 0.80 585 1475 7.17 Thailand 2 4 b 0 0.73 1400 8268 10.78 Turkey 2 1 0 0 0.54 1133 2393 3.34 USA 2 4 b 0 0.73 544 8894 36.51 Venezuela nl 1319 8724 nl Austria 0 0 0 1 0.00 533 1247 0.00 Belgium 0 0 0 1 0.00 511 1284 0.00 Denmark 0 0 0 1 0.00 187 526 0.00 Finland 0 0 0 1 0.00 163 396 0.00 France 0 0 0 1 0.00 244 1549 0.00 Germany 0 0 0 1 0.00 371 1203 0.00 Greece 0 0 0 1 0.00 568 2410 0.00 Ireland 0 0 0 1 0.00 431 1625 0.00 Italy 0 0 0 1 0.00 425 1655 0.00 Luxembourg 0 0 0 1 0.00 454 1325 0.00 Netherlands 0 0 0 1 0.00 444 1132 0.00 Portugal 0 0 0 1 0.00 539 2993 0.00 Spain 0 0 0 1 0.00 514 2596 0.00 Sweden na na na na nl na na nl UK 0 0 0 1 0.00 373 1436 0.00 Average 0.40 7.57


113

Table A38 : Air passenger transport - Switzerland Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina 1 b 0 0.73 1086 11246 19.98 Australia nl 1965 16575 nl Brazil 1 1 b 0.97 1374 9600 17.76 Canada 1 4 0 0 0.62 606 6498 18.31 Chile 1 2 b 0 0.80 1456 11926 16.92 China 1 1 b 1 0.75 938 8002 16.88 Colombia nl 956 9077 nl Hong Kong 2 1 b 0 0.81 1256 9422 15.69 India 2 4 b 0 0.73 712 6554 18.42 Indonesia 1 1 b 0 0.97 1396 11137 20.51 Japan 1 4 b 0 0.89 1466 9605 14.89 Korea 1 2 b 0 0.80 1165 8796 15.84 Malaysia 1 2 b 0 0.80 1256 9976 16.59 Mexico 1 1 b 0 0.97 754 9697 38.39 New Zealand nl 699 18388 nl Norway 1 2 b 0 0.80 295 1389 14.66 Peru 1 2 0 0 0.54 1165 10650 12.26 Philippines 1 2 b 0 0.80 1142 10435 19.49 Singapore 1 2 b 0 0.80 1286 10304 16.71 South Africa 1 0 b 0 0.72 1356 8368 11.24 Switzerland na na na na nl na na nl Thailand 2 4 b 0 0.73 1168 9036 14.46 Turkey 2 2 b 0 0.65 395 2115 11.23 USA 0 0 0 1 0.00 499 6339 0.00 Venezuela nl 815 8066 nl Austria 2 2 b 0 0.65 269 594 7.95 Belgium 1 2 b 0 0.80 289 493 8.65 Denmark 1 2 b 0 0.80 356 968 9.47 Finland 2 2 b 0 0.65 398 1779 9.78 France 1 1 0 0 0.70 256 490 8.48 Germany 1 4 b 0 0.89 315 297 7.43 Greece 2 2 0 0 0.38 369 1629 5.65 Ireland 2 2 b 0 0.65 338 1237 9.14 Italy 2 1 b 0 0.81 184 204 11.07 Luxembourg 1 2 b 0 0.80 210 296 10.39 Netherlands 2 2 b 0 0.65 215 603 10.22 Portugal 2 1 b 0 0.81 259 1723 20.13 Spain 2 1 b 0 0.81 301 1239 13.33 Sweden 1 2 b 0 0.80 295 1475 15.29 UK 2 2 0 0 0.38 185 777 7.63 Average 0.73 13.85


114

Table A39 : Air passenger transport - Thailand Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina nl 1176 16912 nl Australia 2 2 b 0 0.65 659 7540 20.35 Brazil nl 1165 16409 nl Canada 1 1 b 0 0.97 1385 13637 26.12 Chile nl 1275 17659 nl China nl 385 3282 nl Colombia nl 1285 17878 nl Hong Kong nl 165 1769 nl India nl 496 3004 nl Indonesia nl 219 2319 nl Japan 2 2 b 0 0.65 565 4603 14.77 Korea 2 2 b 0 0.65 685 3719 9.78 Malaysia 2 1 b 0 0.81 199 1204 21.22 Mexico 1 1 b 0 0.97 1837 15747 21.77 New Zealand 2 1 0 0 0.54 819 9573 16.53 Norway 2 4 b 0 0.73 952 8675 17.56 Peru nl 2103 19683 nl Philippines 1 1 b 0 0.97 524 2215 13.32 Singapore 2 1 b 0 0.81 198 1445 24.38 South Africa 1 1 b 0 0.97 1104 9010 21.53 Switzerland 2 4 b 0 0.73 895 9036 19.75 Thailand na na na na nl na na nl Turkey nl 674 7131 nl USA 2 3 0 1 0.08 556 13299 4.30 Venezuela nl 2065 16984 nl Austria 2 1 b 0 0.81 885 8442 21.10 Belgium 2 4 b 0 0.73 795 9252 23.41 Denmark 2 4 b 0 0.73 896 8626 18.76 Finland 1 1 b 0 0.97 943 7877 22.51 France 2 1 b 0 0.81 919 9448 22.83 Germany 2 1 b 0 0.81 895 8978 22.28 Greece 1 1 b 0 0.97 884 7921 24.53 Ireland nl 1025 9857 nl Italy nl 985 9025 nl Luxembourg 1 2 b 0 0.80 1075 9154 18.16 Netherlands 2 1 b 0 0.81 865 9177 23.81 Portugal nl 984 10688 nl Spain 1 1 b 0 0.97 1354 10164 19.23 Sweden 2 4 b 0 0.73 899 8268 17.85 UK 2 1 0 0 0.54 746 9534 18.37 Average 0.77 19.37


115

Table A40 : Air passenger transport - Turkey Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina nl 1762 12466 nl Australia nl 1974 14603 nl Brazil 2 2 b 0.65 2040 10824 8.21 Canada nl 1417 8523 nl Chile nl 2218 13366 nl China nl 1836 6840 nl Colombia nl 1776 11113 nl Hong Kong nl 1686 7837 nl India nl 1429 4467 nl Indonesia nl 1273 9099 nl Japan 2 1 b 0 0.81 1921 8777 9.07 Korea nl 820 7759 nl Malaysia nl 546 7990 nl Mexico nl 1746 11763 nl New Zealand nl 2637 16701 nl Norway 2 0 0 0 0.30 678 2699 3.37 Peru nl 1257 12553 nl Philippines nl 689 8821 nl Singapore 1 1 b 0 0.97 1748 8290 11.58 South Africa nl 631 7342 nl Switzerland 2 2 b 0 0.65 192 2115 26.22 Thailand nl 1206 7131 nl Turkey na na na na nl na na nl USA 2 0 0 0 0.30 320 8413 21.75 Venezuela nl 1156 10094 nl Austria 2 1 b 0 0.81 253 1600 19.55 Belgium 2 0 0 0 0.30 582 2514 3.74 Denmark 2 1 0 0 0.54 391 2302 10.01 Finland 1 1 0 0 0.70 614 2308 8.11 France 2 0 0 0 0.30 557 2601 4.02 Germany 2 4 b 0 0.73 282 2202 19.57 Greece 2 4 0 0 0.46 220 824 8.02 Ireland 1 1 0 0 0.70 418 3288 16.78 Italy 2 2 b 0 0.65 492 2024 8.53 Luxembourg nl 363 2348 nl Netherlands 2 1 b 0 0.81 371 2535 18.07 Portugal nl 452 3587 nl Spain 1 2 0 0 0.54 512 3093 9.42 Sweden 2 1 0 0 0.54 594 2393 6.57 UK 2 1 b 0 0.81 412 2835 17.63 Average 0.61 12.12


116

Table A41 : Air passenger transport - United Kingdom Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina nl 1633 11082 nl Australia 2 2 b 0 0.65 967 16997 32.32 Brazil 2 1 0 0.54 1165 9474 10.96 Canada 2 4 b 0 0.73 535 5728 22.56 Chile 2 4 b 0 0.73 1486 11649 14.34 China 1 1 0 1 0.48 1545 8161 6.10 Colombia 2 2 b 0 0.65 1212 2290 3.61 Hong Kong nl 1608 9740 nl India 2 1 b 0 0.81 1117 7205 13.61 Indonesia 2 2 b 0 0.65 905 11713 22.54 Japan 2 2 b 0 0.65 1460 9591 10.48 Korea 2 2 0 0 0.38 2178 8868 3.62 Malaysia 2 2 b 0 0.65 1354 10552 12.57 Mexico 1 2 b 0 0.80 749 8941 27.54 New Zealand 2 1 0 0 0.54 1010 18331 26.77 Norway 0 0 0 1 0.00 375 1156 0.00 Peru 2 4 b 0 0.73 1585 10157 11.56 Philippines 2 2 b 0 0.65 1033 10748 17.49 Singapore 2 2 0 0 0.38 912 10846 11.15 South Africa 2 2 0 0 0.38 1123 9026 7.39 Switzerland 2 2 0 0 0.38 252 777 5.49 Thailand 2 1 0 0 0.54 911 9534 14.56 Turkey 2 1 b 0 0.81 875 2835 7.59 USA 3 4 b 1 0.59 703 8781 19.69 Venezuela nl 1123 7504 nl Austria 0 0 0 1 0.00 309 1237 0.00 Belgium 0 0 0 1 0.00 288 321 0.00 Denmark 0 0 0 1 0.00 375 953 0.00 Finland 0 0 0 1 0.00 384 1823 0.00 France 0 0 0 1 0.00 102 347 0.00 Germany 0 0 0 1 0.00 206 654 0.00 Greece 0 0 0 1 0.00 234 2391 0.00 Ireland 0 0 0 1 0.00 107 449 0.00 Italy 0 0 0 1 0.00 193 936 0.00 Luxembourg 0 0 0 1 0.00 288 494 0.00 Netherlands 0 0 0 1 0.00 113 370 0.00 Portugal 0 0 0 1 0.00 398 1585 0.00 Spain 0 0 0 1 0.00 303 1245 0.00 Sweden 0 0 0 1 0.00 348 1436 0.00 UK na na na na nl na na nl Average 0.35 8.39


117

Table A42 : Air passenger transport - United States Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina nl 1044 9818 nl Australia 1 4 b 0 0.89 1452 12049 19.23 Brazil 2 1 b 0 0.81 1042 9913 20.67 Canada 2 2 b 0 0.65 559 3513 11.65 Chile 2 3 0 1 0.08 946 8988 1.72 China nl 995 10070 nl Colombia 2 2 b 0 0.65 805 5615 11.97 Hong Kong nl 899 11640 nl India 2 4 b 0 0.73 1346 14011 19.69 Indonesia 2 2 b 0 0.65 1374 14438 17.28 Japan 2 2 b 0 0.65 1375 8816 10.29 Korea 2 2 0 1 0.16 985 9585 3.60 Malaysia 2 2 b 0 0.65 1295 14133 18.09 Mexico 2 2 b 0 0.65 356 2502 14.46 New Zealand 2 2 d 1 0.34 1079 10474 7.81 Norway 2 4 b 0 0.73 1212 8591 13.16 Peru nl 1019 6739 nl Philippines nl 677 11740 nl Singapore 2 3 0 1 0.08 710 14121 3.54 South Africa 2 2 b 0 0.65 2168 16679 11.98 Switzerland 0 0 0 1 0.00 1457 6339 0.00 Thailand 2 3 0 1 0.08 955 13299 2.46 Turkey 2 0 0 0 0.30 613 8413 10.28 USA na na na na nl na na nl Venezuela 2 2 b 0 0.65 1111 5834 8.70 Austria 2 3 b 1 0.34 1427 6813 3.95 Belgium 2 3 0 1 0.08 1286 5904 0.86 Denmark 2 2 b 0 0.65 1165 6197 8.75 Finland 2 3 0 1 0.08 1056 6635 1.17 France 2 2 b 0 0.65 682 5851 15.04 Germany 2 3 0 1 0.08 697 6215 1.68 Greece nl 734 7941 nl Ireland 2 0 0 0 0.30 574 5126 6.89 Italy 2 2 b 0 0.65 686 6480 16.56 Luxembourg 2 3 0 0 0.30 710 6078 6.42 Netherlands 2 3 0 1 0.08 690 5877 1.61 Portugal 2 4 0 0 0.46 559 5438 11.99 Spain 2 2 b 0 0.65 648 5779 15.76 Sweden 2 4 b 0 0.73 813 6332 15.23 UK 3 4 b 1 0.59 483 5585 19.12 Average 0.45 10.05


118

Table A43 : Air passenger transport - Uruguay Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina nl 101 221 nl Australia 2 2 b 0 0.65 1157 11877 17.06 Brazil 2 1 0 0.54 154 1553 21.53 Canada 2 4 b 0 0.73 935 9006 18.68 Chile 2 4 b 0 0.73 156 1345 27.29 China 1 1 0 1 0.48 1754 19148 12.61 Colombia 2 2 b 0 0.65 651 4755 12.96 Hong Kong nl 1648 18323 nl India 2 1 b 0 0.81 1922 14726 15.49 Indonesia 2 2 b 0 0.65 1678 15134 14.43 Japan 2 2 b 0 0.65 1114 18578 29.99 Korea 2 2 0 0 0.38 1635 19593 10.81 Malaysia 2 2 b 0 0.65 2015 15823 12.30 Mexico 1 2 b 0 0.80 1313 7534 11.80 New Zealand 2 1 0 0 0.54 1555 10483 8.84 Norway 2 4 0 0 0.46 1119 12143 12.36 Peru 2 4 b 0 0.73 631 3276 10.92 Philippines 2 2 b 0 0.65 3178 17747 8.39 Singapore 2 2 0 0 0.38 3203 15760 4.22 South Africa 2 2 0 0 0.38 3407 7895 2.05 Switzerland 2 2 0 0 0.38 1572 11154 6.35 Thailand 2 1 0 0 0.54 2368 16714 8.99 Turkey 2 1 b 0 0.81 2118 12320 11.48 USA 3 4 b 1 0.59 1613 10012 8.79 Venezuela nl 799 5145 nl Austria 2 1 0 0 0.54 1016 11673 15.91 Belgium 2 2 0 0 0.38 1045 11186 9.90 Denmark 2 4 0 0 0.46 1045 11947 13.13 Finland 2 2 0 0 0.38 1075 12832 11.05 France 2 1 0 0 0.54 952 10927 15.98 Germany 2 2 b 0 0.65 952 11349 20.46 Greece 1 1 0 0 0.70 1149 11526 18.33 Ireland 2 1 0 0 0.54 1015 10898 14.80 Italy 2 2 0 0 0.38 1899 11056 5.16 Luxembourg 1 1 b 0 0.97 1047 11190 29.51 Netherlands 2 4 b 0 0.73 853 11326 27.04 Portugal 2 1 0 0 0.54 1459 9476 8.57 Spain 2 4 0 0 0.46 947 9917 12.09 Sweden 2 4 0 0 0.46 1346 12450 10.33 UK nl 850 11015 nl Average 0.58 13.88


119

Table A44 : Air passenger transport - Venezuela Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) Argentina nl 760 5129 nl Australia nl 1385 15347 nl Brazil 2 1 b 0.81 894 4402 10.86 Canada nl 660 3866 nl Chile nl 446 4908 nl China nl 1156 14412 nl Colombia 2 4 0 0 0.46 199 1025 10.09 Hong Kong nl 2498 16430 nl India nl 1568 14540 nl Indonesia nl 1689 19192 nl Japan nl 2369 14180 nl Korea nl 2678 14486 nl Malaysia nl 2498 18055 nl Mexico nl 369 3575 nl New Zealand nl 2056 13217 nl Norway nl 985 8314 nl Peru nl 268 2753 nl Philippines nl 2597 17093 nl Singapore nl 1269 18349 nl South Africa nl 1498 11005 nl Switzerland nl 987 8066 nl Thailand nl 1385 16984 nl Turkey nl 1169 10094 nl USA 2 2 b 0 0.65 659 5834 15.60 Venezuela na na na na nl na na nl Austria nl 1033 8653 nl Belgium nl 1185 7799 nl Denmark nl 1136 8386 nl Finland nl 968 9103 nl France 2 4 b 0 0.73 1350 7631 10.36 Germany nl 1398 8076 nl Greece nl 1410 9362 nl Ireland nl 1366 7155 nl Italy nl 1485 8107 nl Luxembourg nl 985 7914 nl Netherlands 2 1 b 0 0.81 675 7839 27.18 Portugal 2 1 b 0 0.81 856 6501 16.65 Spain 1 1 b 0 0.97 854 7005 22.36 Sweden nl 1268 8724 nl UK nl 1169 7470 nl Average 0.75 16.16


120

Table A45 : Air passenger transport - Vietnam Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) APEC members 2 1 b 0 0.81 ** 9396 15.93 Average 0.81 15.93

* See notes in table A.1 for explanation. Scoring based on APEC IAP. ** Price predicted by stage length used instead. *** Estimated as average route length from Bangkok (including to Uruguay). Source: Dee, Duc and Hiep (2005).

121

Table A46 : Air passenger transport - Zambia Characteristics of air service agreements*



Regula- tion of

capacity



Total index score

Discount one-way

fare (USD)

Stage length (km)


(%) South Africa 2 1 b 0 0.81 ** 1202 15.93 Russian Fed/ Luanda 1 2 0 0 0.54 ** 1803 10.10 Netherlands/ Nairobi 1 1 b 0 0.97 ** 1814 19.67 UK 2 2 b 0 0.65 ** 7937 12.35 Average 0.74 14.51


122

Table B1: Banking - Albania 2003 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0000 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0475 0.0475 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0475 0.8075 0.0475 Price impact (%) 2.42 2.42 Source: Dee (2004a).

Table B2: Banking - Argentina 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0076 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0024 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0100 0.8075 0.0000 Price impact (%) 0.50 0.00 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

123

Table B3: Banking - Australia 1997 and 2005 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.33 0.0627 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.20 0.0038 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0665 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.14 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0024 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0689 0.8075 0.0000 Price impact (%) 3.53 0.00 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a), Dee (2005).

Table B4: Banking - Austria 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0076 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0024 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0100 0.8075 0.0000 Price impact (%) 0.50 0.00 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

124

Table B5: Banking - Belgium 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0076 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0024 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0100 0.8075 0.0000 Price impact (%) 0.50 0.00 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

Table B6: Banking - Brazil 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 1.00 0.1900 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.67 0.1273 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.20 0.0038 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.3686 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.50 0.0713 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.25 0.0119 0.0475 0.25 0.0119 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0831 0.0119 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.4517 0.8075 0.0119 Price impact (%) 25.57 0.60 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

125

Table B7: Banking - Brazil 2004 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 1.00 0.1900 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.20 0.0038 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.2413 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.50 0.0713 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.25 0.0119 0.0475 0.25 0.0119 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0831 0.0119 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.3244 0.8075 0.0119 Price impact (%) 17.76 0.60 Source: OECD (2004).

Table B8: Banking - Bulgaria 2003 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0076 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0499 0.0475 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0575 0.8075 0.0475 Price impact (%) 2.94 2.42 Source: Dee (2004a).

126

Table B9: Banking - Canada 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0076 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0024 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0100 0.8075 0.0000 Price impact (%) 0.50 0.00 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

Table B10: Banking - Chile 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 1.00 0.1900 0.1900 1.00 0.1900 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.20 0.0038 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.2413 0.1900 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 1.00 0.0950 0.0950 1.00 0.0950 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0974 0.0950 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.3387 0.8075 0.2850 Price impact (%) 18.61 15.45 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

127

Table B11: Banking - Chile 2004 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.20 0.0038 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0513 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 1.00 0.0950 0.0950 1.00 0.0950 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0974 0.0950 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.1487 0.8075 0.0950 Price impact (%) 7.78 4.90 Source: OECD (2004).

Table B12: Banking - Colombia 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.25 0.0475 0.1900 0.25 0.0475 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0551 0.0475 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.75 0.1069 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.83 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.1093 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.1644 0.8075 0.0475 Price impact (%) 8.64 2.42 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

128

Table B13: Banking - Croatia 2003 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0000 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0499 0.0475 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0499 0.8075 0.0475 Price impact (%) 2.55 2.42 Source: Dee (2004a).

Table B14: Banking - Denmark 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0076 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0024 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0100 0.8075 0.0000 Price impact (%) 0.50 0.00 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

129

Table B15: Banking - Estonia 2004 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0000 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0499 0.0475 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0499 0.8075 0.0475 Price impact (%) 2.55 2.42 Source: Dee (2004b).

Table B16: Banking - Finland 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0076 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0024 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0100 0.8075 0.0000 Price impact (%) 0.50 0.00 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

130

Table B17: Banking - France 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0076 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0024 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0100 0.8075 0.0000 Price impact (%) 0.50 0.00 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

Table B18: Banking - Germany 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0076 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0024 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0100 0.8075 0.0000 Price impact (%) 0.50 0.00 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

131

Table B19: Banking - Greece 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0076 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0024 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0100 0.8075 0.0000 Price impact (%) 0.50 0.00 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

Table B20: Banking - Hong Kong 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0000 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.75 0.0356 0.0475 0.75 0.0356 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.17 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0380 0.0356 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0380 0.8075 0.0356 Price impact (%) 1.93 1.81 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

132

Table B21: Banking - India 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 1.00 0.1900 0.1900 0.25 0.0475 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.25 0.0475 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.2850 0.0475 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.75 0.1069 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.75 0.1069 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.75 0.0356 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.66 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.2518 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.5368 0.8075 0.0475 Price impact (%) 31.06 2.42 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

Table B22: Banking - Indonesia 1997 (pre-crisis) Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 1.00 0.1900 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.51 0.0969 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.3420 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.50 0.0713 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.50 0.0713 0.1425 0.50 0.0713 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.50 0.0048 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.1473 0.0713 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.4893 0.8075 0.0713 Price impact (%) 27.96 3.66 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

133

Table B23: Banking - Ireland 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0076 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0024 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0100 0.8075 0.0000 Price impact (%) 0.50 0.00 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

Table B24: Banking - Italy 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0076 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0024 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0100 0.8075 0.0000 Price impact (%) 0.50 0.00 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

134

Table B25: Banking - Japan 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0000 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 1.00 0.0950 0.0950 1.00 0.0950 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.75 0.0356 0.0475 0.75 0.0356 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.1330 0.1306 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.1330 0.8075 0.1306 Price impact (%) 6.93 6.81 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

Table B26: Banking - Japan 2005 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0000 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0024 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0024 0.8075 0.0000 Price impact (%) 0.12 0.00 Source: Dee (2005).

135

Table B27: Banking - Korea 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.50 0.0950 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.50 0.0950 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.1976 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.50 0.0713 0.1425 0.50 0.0713 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.75 0.1069 0.1425 0.75 0.1069 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.25 0.0119 0.0475 0.25 0.0119 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.1924 0.1900 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.3900 0.8075 0.1900 Price impact (%) 21.72 10.05 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

Table B28: Banking - Latvia 2004 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.20 0.0380 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0855 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0499 0.0475 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.1354 0.8075 0.0475 Price impact (%) 7.06 2.42 Source: Dee (2004b).

136

Table B29: Banking - Lithuania 2004 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0076 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0499 0.0475 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0575 0.8075 0.0475 Price impact (%) 2.94 2.42 Source: Dee (2004b).

Table B30: Banking - Luxembourg 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0076 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0024 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0100 0.8075 0.0000 Price impact (%) 0.50 0.00 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

137

Table B31: Banking - Macedonia 2003 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.20 0.0038 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0038 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0499 0.0475 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0537 0.8075 0.0475 Price impact (%) 2.74 2.42 Source: Dee (2004a).

Table B32: Banking - Malaysia 1997 and 2003 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 1.00 0.1900 0.1900 1.00 0.1900 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.70 0.1330 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.3705 0.1900 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.75 0.1069 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.25 0.0356 0.1425 0.25 0.0356 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 1.00 0.0475 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.2399 0.0831 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.6104 0.8075 0.2731 Price impact (%) 36.02 14.76 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a), OECD (2004).

138

Table B33: Banking - Mexico 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.51 0.0969 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.60 0.0114 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.1083 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0024 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.1107 0.8075 0.0000 Price impact (%) 5.74 0.00 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

Table B34: Banking - Moldova 2003 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.20 0.0038 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0038 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0499 0.0475 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0537 0.8075 0.0475 Price impact (%) 2.74 2.42 Source: Dee (2004a).

139

Table B35: Banking - Morocco 2004 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.25 0.0475 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.70 0.1330 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.2280 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.50 0.0713 0.1425 0.50 0.0713 Other business of banks 0.0950 1.00 0.0950 0.0950 1.00 0.0950 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.1686 0.1663 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.3966 0.8075 0.1663 Price impact (%) 22.13 8.74 Source: OECD (2004).

Table B36: Banking - Netherlands 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0076 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0024 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0100 0.8075 0.0000 Price impact (%) 0.50 0.00 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

140

Table B37: Banking - New Zealand 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0076 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.14 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0024 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0100 0.8075 0.0000 Price impact (%) 0.50 0.00 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

Table B38: Banking - Peru 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0076 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0024 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0100 0.8075 0.0000 Price impact (%) 0.50 0.00 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

141

Table B39: Banking - Philippines 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 1.00 0.1900 0.1900 0.50 0.0950 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.60 0.1140 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.3591 0.0950 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.75 0.1069 0.1425 0.25 0.0356 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.25 0.0119 0.0475 0.25 0.0119 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.66 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.1211 0.0475 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.4802 0.8075 0.1425 Price impact (%) 27.38 7.45 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

Table B40: Banking - Portugal 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0076 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0024 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0100 0.8075 0.0000 Price impact (%) 0.50 0.00 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

142

Table B41: Banking - Russian Federation 2004 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.80 0.0152 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0152 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.50 0.0713 0.1425 0.50 0.0713 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.1211 0.1188 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.1363 0.8075 0.1188 Price impact (%) 7.11 6.17 Source: Dee (2004b), but includes better information on the temporary and permanent movement of people.

Table B42: Banking - Serbia and Montenegro 2003 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.25 0.0475 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0475 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0475 0.0475 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0950 0.8075 0.0475 Price impact (%) 4.90 2.42 Source: Dee (2004a).

143

Table B43: Banking - Singapore 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.60 0.1140 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.1140 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.50 0.0713 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.75 0.1069 0.1425 0.75 0.1069 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 1.00 0.0475 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.17 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.2280 0.1069 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.3420 0.8075 0.1069 Price impact (%) 18.81 5.53 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

Table B44: Banking - South Africa 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0076 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.75 0.1069 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.25 0.0119 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.1211 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.1287 0.8075 0.0000 Price impact (%) 6.70 0.00 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

144

Table B45: Banking - Spain 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0076 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0024 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0100 0.8075 0.0000 Price impact (%) 0.50 0.00 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

Table B46: Banking - Sweden 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0076 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0024 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0100 0.8075 0.0000 Price impact (%) 0.50 0.00 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

145

Table B47: Banking - Switzerland 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.20 0.0038 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0038 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.25 0.0119 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0143 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0181 0.8075 0.0000 Price impact (%) 0.91 0.00 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

Table B48: Banking - Thailand 1997 (pre-crisis) Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.50 0.0950 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.60 0.1140 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.2166 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.50 0.0713 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.75 0.0356 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.1093 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.3259 0.8075 0.0000 Price impact (%) 17.85 0.00 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

146

Table B49: Banking - Thailand 2004 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.50 0.0950 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.1026 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.50 0.0713 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.75 0.0356 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.75 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.1093 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.2119 0.8075 0.0000 Price impact (%) 11.27 0.00 Source: OECD (2004).

Table B50: Banking - Turkey 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 1.00 0.1900 0.1900 0.25 0.0475 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.60 0.0114 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.2489 0.0475 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.25 0.0119 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.75 0.0071 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0665 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.3154 0.8075 0.0475 Price impact (%) 17.23 2.42 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

147

Table B51: Banking - United Kingdom 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0076 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0024 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0100 0.8075 0.0000 Price impact (%) 0.50 0.00 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

Table B52: Banking - United States 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0000 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0024 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0024 0.8075 0.0000 Price impact (%) 0.12 0.00 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

148

Table B53: Banking - Uruguay 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.75 0.1425 0.1900 0.75 0.1425 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.1501 0.1425 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 1.00 0.1425 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.75 0.1069 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.2518 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.4019 0.8075 0.1425 Price impact (%) 22.45 7.45 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

Table B54: Banking - Venezuela 1997 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.25 0.0475 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0551 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.50 0.0713 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0736 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.1287 0.8075 0.0000 Price impact (%) 6.70 0.00 Source: Kalirajan et al. (2000), Dee (2004a).

149

Table B55: Banking - Vietnam 2004 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.25 0.0475 0.1900 0.25 0.0475 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.50 0.0950 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.40 0.0076 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.1501 0.0475 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 1.00 0.1425 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.50 0.0713 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Other business of banks 0.0950 1.00 0.0950 0.0950 1.00 0.0950 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.25 0.0119 0.0475 0.25 0.0119 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.25 0.0024 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.3230 0.1069 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.4731 0.8075 0.1544 Price impact (%) 26.93 8.09 Source: Dee, Duc and Hiep (2005).

Table B56: Banking - Zambia 2004 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Licensing 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Bank entry and JVs 0.0950 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Direct Investment 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 0.1900 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0190 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - commercial presence 0.0000 0.0000 Raising funds by banks 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 0.1425 0.00 0.0000 Lending funds by banks 0.1425 0.25 0.0356 0.1425 0.25 0.0356 Other business of banks 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 0.0950 0.50 0.0475 Expanding the number of banking outlets 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 0.0475 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0095 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - BODs 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - other restrictions 0.0831 0.0831 Total restrictiveness index 0.9310 0.0831 0.8075 0.0831 Price impact (%) 4.28 4.28 Source: OECD (2004).

150

Table D1a: Distribution - Argentina 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.40 0.0190 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.0190 0.0000 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.25 0.0119 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0678 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.0867 0.8750 0.0500 Cost impact (%) 0.41 0.00 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D1b: State Monopolies - Argentina 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

151

Table D2a: Distribution - Australia 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.20 0.0150 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.20 0.0095 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.0245 0.0000 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.75 0.0356 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0665 0.0250 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.0910 0.8750 0.0250 Cost impact (%) 0.53 0.00 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D2b: State Monopolies - Australia 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

152

Table D3a: Distribution - Australia 2005 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.20 0.0150 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.20 0.0095 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.0245 0.0000 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.75 0.0356 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0415 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.0660 0.8750 0.0000 Cost impact (%) 0.53 0.00 Source: Dee (2005).

Table D3b: State Monopolies - Australia 2005 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

153

Table D4a: Distribution - Austria 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.50 0.1000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.40 0.0190 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.1190 0.0000 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.25 0.0119 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0678 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.1867 0.8750 0.0500 Cost impact (%) 2.65 0.00 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D: State Monopolies - SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

154

Table D5a: Distribution - Belgium 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.50 0.1000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.30 0.0225 0.0750 0.30 0.0225 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.40 0.0300 0.0750 0.40 0.0300 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.40 0.0190 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.2215 0.1025 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.25 0.0119 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0928 0.0750 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.3142 0.8750 0.1775 Cost impact (%) 5.04 7.02 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D5b: State Monopolies - Belgium 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

155

Table D6a: Distribution - Brazil 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.50 0.1000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.40 0.0300 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.80 0.0379 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.1679 0.0000 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.13 0.0125 0.1000 0.13 0.0125 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.75 0.0356 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0540 0.0125 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.2219 0.8750 0.0125 Cost impact (%) 3.78 0.00 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D6b: State Monopolies - Brazil 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 1 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 1 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 2 Index (= Total/16) 0.1250 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

156

Table D7a: Distribution - Brazil 2004 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.20 0.0150 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.40 0.0300 0.0750 0.40 0.0300 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.80 0.0379 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.0829 0.0300 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.50 0.0375 0.0750 0.50 0.0375 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.75 0.0178 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.1053 0.0875 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.1882 0.8750 0.1175 Cost impact (%) 1.83 1.96 Source: OECD (2004).

Table D7b: State Monopolies - Brazil 2004 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

157

Table D8a: Distribution - Canada 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.50 0.1000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.20 0.0150 0.0750 0.20 0.0150 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.40 0.0190 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.1340 0.0150 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.06 0.0063 0.1000 0.06 0.0063 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.25 0.0119 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0490 0.0313 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.1830 0.8750 0.0463 Cost impact (%) 2.99 0.97 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D8b: State Monopolies - Canada 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 1 Total 1 Index (= Total/16) 0.0625 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

158

Table D9a: Distribution - Chile 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.40 0.0300 0.0750 0.40 0.0300 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.60 0.0284 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.0584 0.0300 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.75 0.0356 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0665 0.0250 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.1249 0.8750 0.0550 Cost impact (%) 1.28 1.96 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D9b: State Monopolies - Chile 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

159

Table D10a: Distribution - Colombia 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.40 0.0300 0.0750 0.40 0.0300 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.40 0.0190 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.0490 0.0300 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.50 0.0375 0.0750 0.50 0.0375 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.06 0.0063 0.1000 0.06 0.0063 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.75 0.0356 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.1352 0.0938 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.1842 0.8750 0.1238 Cost impact (%) 1.07 1.96 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D10b: State Monopolies - Colombia 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 1 Total 1 Index (= Total/16) 0.0625 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

160

Table D11a: Distribution - Denmark 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.50 0.1000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.20 0.0150 0.0750 0.20 0.0150 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.40 0.0190 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.1340 0.0150 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 1.00 0.0474 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.1283 0.0750 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.2623 0.8750 0.0900 Cost impact (%) 2.99 0.97 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D11b: State Monopolies - Denmark 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

161

Table D12a: Distribution - Finland 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.50 0.1000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.20 0.0150 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.40 0.0190 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.1340 0.0000 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 1.00 0.0474 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.1033 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.2373 0.8750 0.0500 Cost impact (%) 2.99 0.00 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D12b: State Monopolies - Finland 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

162

Table D13a: Distribution - France 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.50 0.1000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.30 0.0225 0.0750 0.30 0.0225 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.40 0.0300 0.0750 0.40 0.0300 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.40 0.0190 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.2215 0.1025 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.06 0.0063 0.1000 0.06 0.0063 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.25 0.0119 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0990 0.0813 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.3205 0.8750 0.1838 Cost impact (%) 5.04 7.02 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D13b: State Monopolies - France 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 1 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 1 Index (= Total/16) 0.0625 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

163

Table D14a: Distribution - Germany 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.50 0.1000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.30 0.0225 0.0750 0.30 0.0225 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.40 0.0190 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.1415 0.0225 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.25 0.0119 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0928 0.0750 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.2342 0.8750 0.0975 Cost impact (%) 3.16 1.46 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D14b: State Monopolies - Germany 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

164

Table D15a: Distribution - Greece 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.50 0.1000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.30 0.0600 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.30 0.0225 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.40 0.0190 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.2015 0.0000 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.25 0.0119 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0678 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.2692 0.8750 0.0500 Cost impact (%) 4.57 0.00 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D15b: State Monopolies - Greece 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

165

Table D16a: Distribution - Hong Kong 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.0000 0.0000 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.25 0.0119 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0428 0.0250 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.0428 0.8750 0.0250 Cost impact (%) 0.00 0.00 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D16b: State Monopolies - Hong Kong SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

166

Table D17a: Distribution - India 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.49 0.0980 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.20 0.0150 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.1130 0.0000 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 1.00 0.0750 0.0750 1.00 0.0750 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.25 0.0250 0.1000 0.25 0.0250 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 1.00 0.0474 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.2033 0.1500 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.3163 0.8750 0.1500 Cost impact (%) 2.51 0.00 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D17b: State Monopolies - India 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

167

Table D18a: Distribution - Indonesia 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.49 0.0980 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.30 0.0225 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.40 0.0300 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.40 0.0190 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.1695 0.0000 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.50 0.0375 0.0750 0.50 0.0375 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.06 0.0063 0.1000 0.06 0.0063 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.50 0.0119 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.75 0.0356 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.1412 0.0938 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.3106 0.8750 0.0938 Cost impact (%) 3.81 0.00 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D18b: State Monopolies - Indonesia 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 1 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 1 Index (= Total/16) 0.0625 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

168

Table D19a: Distribution - Ireland 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.50 0.1000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.40 0.0190 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.1190 0.0000 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.25 0.0119 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0678 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.1867 0.8750 0.0500 Cost impact (%) 2.65 0.00 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D19b: State Monopolies - Ireland 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

169

Table D20a: Distribution - Italy 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.50 0.1000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.50 0.0375 0.0750 0.30 0.0225 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.20 0.0150 0.0750 0.20 0.0150 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.40 0.0190 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.2215 0.0875 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.25 0.0119 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0678 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.2892 0.8750 0.1375 Cost impact (%) 5.04 5.93 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D19b: State Monopolies - Italy 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

170

Table D21a: Distribution - Japan 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.60 0.0450 0.0750 0.60 0.0450 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.0950 0.0950 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.50 0.0375 0.0750 0.50 0.0375 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.13 0.0125 0.1000 0.13 0.0125 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 1.00 0.0474 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.1533 0.1000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.2483 0.8750 0.1950 Cost impact (%) 2.10 6.47 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D21b: State Monopolies - Japan 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 1 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 1 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 2 Index (= Total/16) 0.1250 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

171

Table D22a: Distribution - Japan 2005 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.40 0.0300 0.0750 0.40 0.0300 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.0300 0.0300 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.50 0.0375 0.0750 0.50 0.0375 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.13 0.0125 0.1000 0.13 0.0125 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 1.00 0.0474 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.1283 0.0750 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.1583 0.8750 0.1050 Cost impact (%) 0.65 1.96 Source: Dee (2005).

Table D22b: State Monopolies - Japan 2005 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 1 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 1 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 2 Index (= Total/16) 0.1250 Source: Dee (2005).

172

Table D23a: Distribution - Korea 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.50 0.1000 0.2000 0.50 0.1000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.20 0.0400 0.2000 0.05 0.0100 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.20 0.0150 0.0750 0.20 0.0150 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.40 0.0300 0.0750 0.40 0.0300 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.40 0.0190 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.2540 0.2050 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.25 0.0119 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0678 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.3217 0.8750 0.2550 Cost impact (%) 5.83 15.09 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D23b: State Monopolies - Korea 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

173

Table D24a: Distribution - Luxembourg 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.50 0.1000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.1000 0.0000 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.25 0.0119 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0678 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.1678 0.8750 0.0500 Cost impact (%) 2.22 0.00 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D24b: State Monopolies - Luxembourg 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

174

Table D25a: Distribution - Malaysia 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.50 0.1000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.70 0.1400 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.50 0.0375 0.0750 0.30 0.0225 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.40 0.0300 0.0750 0.40 0.0300 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.3075 0.0525 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.50 0.0375 0.0750 0.50 0.0375 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 1.00 0.0474 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0908 0.0375 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.3983 0.8750 0.0900 Cost impact (%) 7.14 3.47 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D25b: State Monopolies - Malaysia 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

175

Table D26a: Distribution - Mexico 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.20 0.0400 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.20 0.0150 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.60 0.0284 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.0834 0.0000 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.25 0.0119 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0178 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.1012 0.8750 0.0000 Cost impact (%) 1.84 0.00 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D26b: State Monopolies - Mexico 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

176

Table D27a: Distribution - Morocco 2004 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.0000 0.0000 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.50 0.0375 0.0750 0.50 0.0375 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.19 0.0188 0.1000 0.19 0.0188 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0622 0.0563 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.0622 0.8750 0.0563 Cost impact (%) 0.00 0.00 Source: OECD (2004).

Table D27b: State Monopolies - Morocco 2004 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 1 Farm-product raw materials 515 1 Chemicals and allied products 516 1 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 3 Index (= Total/16) 0.1875 Source: OECD (2004).

177

Table D28a: Distribution - Netherlands 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.50 0.1000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.40 0.0190 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.1190 0.0000 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.25 0.0188 0.0750 0.25 0.0188 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.25 0.0119 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.1115 0.0938 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.2305 0.8750 0.0938 Cost impact (%) 2.65 0.00 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D28b: State Monopolies - Netherlands 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

178

Table D29a: Distribution - New Zealand 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.20 0.0150 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.40 0.0190 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.0340 0.0000 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.25 0.0119 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0178 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.0517 0.8750 0.0000 Cost impact (%) 0.74 0.00 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D29b: State Monopolies - New Zealand 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

179

Table D30a: Distribution - Peru 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.40 0.0190 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.0190 0.0000 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.75 0.0356 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0665 0.0250 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.0854 0.8750 0.0250 Cost impact (%) 0.41 0.00 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D30b: State Monopolies - Peru 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

180

Table D31a: Distribution - Philippines 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 1.00 0.2000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.50 0.0375 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.40 0.0300 0.0750 0.40 0.0300 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.40 0.0190 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.2865 0.0300 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 1.00 0.0474 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0783 0.0250 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.3648 0.8750 0.0550 Cost impact (%) 6.62 1.96 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D31b: State Monopolies - Philippines 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

181

Table D32a: Distribution - Portugal 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.50 0.1000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.20 0.0150 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.40 0.0190 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.1340 0.0000 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.25 0.0119 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0678 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.2017 0.8750 0.0500 Cost impact (%) 2.99 0.00 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D32b: State Monopolies - Portugal 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

182

Table D33a: Distribution - Russian Federation 2004 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.51 0.1020 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.30 0.0225 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.20 0.0150 0.0750 0.20 0.0150 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.80 0.0379 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.1774 0.0150 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0559 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.2333 0.8750 0.0650 Cost impact (%) 4.00 0.97 Source: OECD (2004).

Table D33b: State Monopolies - Russian Federation 2004 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

183

Table D34a: Distribution - Singapore 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.0000 0.0000 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.75 0.0356 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0665 0.0250 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.0665 0.8750 0.0250 Cost impact (%) 0.00 0.00 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D34b: State Monopolies - Singapore 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

184

Table D35a: Distribution - South Africa 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.40 0.0190 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.0190 0.0000 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.25 0.0119 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0428 0.0250 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.0617 0.8750 0.0250 Cost impact (%) 0.41 0.00 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D35b: State Monopolies - South Africa 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

185

Table D36a: Distribution - Spain 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.50 0.1000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.40 0.0190 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.1440 0.0250 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.25 0.0119 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0678 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.2117 0.8750 0.0750 Cost impact (%) 3.22 1.63 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D36b: State Monopolies - Spain 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

186

Table D37a: Distribution - Sweden 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.50 0.1000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.10 0.0200 0.2000 0.10 0.0200 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.40 0.0190 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.1390 0.0200 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.25 0.0119 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0678 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.2067 0.8750 0.0700 Cost impact (%) 3.11 1.30 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D37b: State Monopolies - Sweden 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

187

Table D38a: Distribution - Switzerland 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.50 0.1000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.30 0.0225 0.0750 0.30 0.0225 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 1.00 0.0750 0.0750 1.00 0.0750 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.20 0.0095 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.2320 0.1225 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.13 0.0125 0.1000 0.13 0.0125 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 1.00 0.0474 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0908 0.0375 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.3228 0.8750 0.1600 Cost impact (%) 5.29 8.50 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D38b: State Monopolies - Switzerland 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 1 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 1 Total 2 Index (= Total/16) 0.1250 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

188

Table D39a: Distribution - Thailand 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.50 0.1000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.51 0.1020 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.20 0.0150 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.40 0.0190 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.2610 0.0250 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.50 0.0375 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.06 0.0063 0.1000 0.06 0.0063 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 1.00 0.0474 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.1221 0.0313 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.3830 0.8750 0.0563 Cost impact (%) 6.00 1.63 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D39b: State Monopolies - Thailand 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products* 516 1 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 1 Index (= Total/16) 0.0625 * Any product for which the Ministry of Commerce sees the need for such an agreement. Source: Kalirajan (2000).

189

Table D40a: Distribution - Thailand 2004 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.50 0.1000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.20 0.0150 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.40 0.0300 0.0750 0.40 0.0300 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.40 0.0190 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.1890 0.0550 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.50 0.0375 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.06 0.0063 0.1000 0.06 0.0063 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 1.00 0.0474 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.1221 0.0313 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.3110 0.8750 0.0863 Cost impact (%) 4.27 3.65 Source: OECD(2004).

Table D40b: State Monopolies - Thailand 2004 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products* 516 1 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 1 Index (= Total/16) 0.0625 * Any product for which the Ministry of Commerce sees the need for such an agreement. Source: OECD(2004).

190

Table D41a: Distribution - Turkey 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.60 0.0284 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.0284 0.0000 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.13 0.0125 0.1000 0.13 0.0125 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.75 0.0178 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.25 0.0119 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0921 0.0625 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.1206 0.8750 0.0625 Cost impact (%) 0.62 0.00 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D41b: State Monopolies - Turkey 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 1 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 1 Total 2 Index (= Total/16) 0.1250 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

191

Table D42a: Distribution - United Kingdom 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.50 0.1000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.40 0.0190 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.1190 0.0000 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.25 0.0119 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0678 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.1867 0.8750 0.0500 Cost impact (%) 2.65 0.00 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D42b: State Monopolies - United Kingdom 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

192

Table D43a: Distribution - United States 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.50 0.1000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.1000 0.0000 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 1.00 0.0474 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0533 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.1533 0.8750 0.0000 Cost impact (%) 2.22 0.00 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D43b: State Monopolies - United States 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

193

Table D44a: Distribution - Uruguay 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.20 0.0150 0.0750 0.20 0.0150 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.40 0.0190 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.0340 0.0150 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.06 0.0063 0.1000 0.06 0.0063 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.25 0.0119 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0240 0.0063 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.0580 0.8750 0.0213 Cost impact (%) 0.74 0.97 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D44b: State Monopolies - Uruguay 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 1 Total 1 Index (= Total/16) 0.0625 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

194

Table D45a: Distribution - Venezuela 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.40 0.0800 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.40 0.0300 0.0750 0.40 0.0300 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.40 0.0190 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.1290 0.0300 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.50 0.0375 0.0750 0.50 0.0375 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.13 0.0125 0.1000 0.13 0.0125 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 1.00 0.0474 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.1283 0.0750 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.2573 0.8750 0.1050 Cost impact (%) 2.88 1.96 Source: Based on Kalirajan (2000).

Table D45b: State Monopolies - Venezuela 1999 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 1 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 1 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 2 Index (= Total/16) 0.1250 Source: Kalirajan (2000).

195

Table D46a: Distribution - Vietnam 2004 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 1.00 0.2000 0.2000 0.50 0.1000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.25 0.0500 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.40 0.0300 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.40 0.0300 0.0750 0.40 0.0300 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.40 0.0190 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.3290 0.1300 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.50 0.0375 0.0750 0.50 0.0375 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.88 0.0875 0.1000 0.22 0.0219 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.25 0.0059 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 0.75 0.0356 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.1915 0.0844 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.5204 0.8750 0.2144 Cost impact (%) 7.68 9.07 Source: Dee, Duc and Hiep (2005).

Table D46b: State Monopolies - Vietnam 2004

SIC Count -

for* Count - dom**

Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 1 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 1 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 1 1 Electrical goods 506 1 1 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 1 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 1 1 Paper and paper products 511 1 1 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 1 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 1 Groceries and related products 514 1 1 Farm-product raw materials 515 1 Chemicals and allied products 516 1 1 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 1 1 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 1 Total 14 7 Index (= Total/16) 0.8750 0.4375 * From Annex D of US BTA - Restricitons on Import Trading Rights and Distribution Rights. ** From Annex C of US BTA - Imports and Exports subject to State Trading. Score halved for restrictiveness index because only applied to imports and exports. Source: Dee, Duc and Hiep (2005).

196

Table D47a: Distribution - Zambia 2004 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Restrictions on commercial land 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Direct investment 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 0.2000 0.00 0.0000 Restrictions on large-scale stores 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting investment 0.0750 0.30 0.0225 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Factors affecting local establishment 0.0750 0.40 0.0300 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0474 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 n/a Total - commercial presence 0.0525 0.0000 Wholesale import licensing 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 0.0750 0.00 0.0000 Promotion of retail products 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 State Monopolies - Product exclusions 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 Protection of intellectual property rights 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0237 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 n/a Licensing requirements on management 0.0474 1.00 0.0474 0.0000 n/a Total - ongoing operations 0.0474 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 0.9935 0.0999 0.8750 0.0000 Cost impact (%) 1.15 0.00 Source: OECD (2004).

Table D47b: State Monopolies - Zambia 2004 SIC Count Motor Vehicles and MV parts and supplies 501 Furniture and home furnishings 502 Lumber and other construction materials 503 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 504 Metal and minerals, except petroleum 505 Electrical goods 506 Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies 507 Machinery, equipment and supplies 508 Paper and paper products 511 Drugs, drug proprietaries and druggists' sundries 512 Apparel, piece goods and notions 513 Groceries and related products 514 Farm-product raw materials 515 Chemicals and allied products 516 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic beverages 518 Total 0 Index (= Total/16) 0.0000 Source: OECD (2004).

197

Table E1: Electricity generation 1999 Regulatory variables Environmental variables

Country Unbund-

ling

Third party

access Wholesale

pool

Hydro share (%)

Nuclear share (%)

GDP (US

billion, PPP, 1995)

Cost impact*

(%) Argentina 1 1 1 39.33% 9.57% 358.1 0.00 Australia 1 1 1 9.06% 0.00% 409.7 0.00 Austria 1 1 0 64.96% 0.00% 176.1 14.63 Belgium 0 0 0 1.58% 56.90% 224.0 15.37 Bolivia 1 1 0 91.66% 0.80% 1,062.3 18.71 Brazil 0 1 0 61.71% 16.08% 682.5 16.67 Canada 0 0 1 61.71% 16.08% 682.5 9.98 Chile 1 1 1 56.09% 0.00% 114.3 0.00 China 0 0 0 18.42% 1.36% 817.9 17.16 Colombia 1 1 1 79.64% 0.00% 97.1 0.00 Czech Republic 1 0 0 3.73% 20.06% 133.9 13.90 Denmark 1 1 0 0.00% 0.00% 123.0 9.05 Finland 1 1 1 17.15% 28.10% 100.2 0.00 France 0 0 0 13.68% 77.43% 1,213.3 15.98 Germany 1 1 0 4.79% 28.81% 1,761.2 8.84 Greece 0 0 0 10.56% 0.00% 137.3 16.63 Hong Kong 0 0 0 0.00% 0.00% 140.1 15.59 Hungary 1 0 0 0.57% 40.46% 94.0 13.55 Iceland 0 0 0 94.12% 0.00% 6.3 35.25 India 0 0 0 16.57% 1.80% 376.4 17.15 Indonesia 0 0 0 13.94% 0.00% 581.9 16.79 Ireland 1 0 0 5.21% 0.00% 70.3 14.16 Italy 0 0 0 19.27% 0.00% 1,165.5 17.10 Japan 0 1 0 8.86% 29.94% 2,987.0 10.62 Korea 0 0 0 2.30% 32.64% 654.8 15.41 Luxembourg 1 1 0 69.23% 0.00% 14.3 15.35 Malaysia 0 0 0 10.57% 0.00% 100.9 16.65 Mexico 0 0 0 19.32% 4.86% 653.2 17.31 Morocco 2004 0 1 0 5.82% 0.00% 89.4 11.34 Netherlands 0 0 0 0.12% 4.94% 338.5 15.50 New Zealand 1 1 1 70.65% 0.00% 64.0 0.00 Norway 1 1 1 99.24% 0.00% 106.5 0.00 Peru 1 1 1 79.81% 0.00% 101.6 0.00 Philippines 0 0 0 19.93% 0.00% 251.1 17.61 Poland 1 0 0 2.72% 0.00% 287.3 13.87 Portugal 1 0 0 43.19% 0.00% 141.4 18.37 Russia 0 0 0 19.09% 12.88% 997.6 17.06 Slovak Republic 1 0 0 18.19% 45.64% 42.7 15.09 Singapore 0 0 0 0.00% 0.00% 80.1 15.62 South Africa 0 0 0 0.83% 7.08% 143.9 15.63 Spain 1 1 0 23.45% 32.28% 611.2 10.21 Sweden 1 1 1 36.84% 52.84% 178.0 0.00 Switzerland 0 0 0 52.20% 44.11% 181.3 21.94

198

Table E1: (Continued) Regulatory variables Environmental variables

Country Unbund-

ling

Third party

access Wholesale

pool

Hydro share (%)

Nuclear share (%)

GDP (US

billion, PPP, 1995)

Cost impact*

(%) Taiwan 0 0 0 7.61% 30.97% 272.3 16.07 Thailand 0 0 0 8.83% 0.00% 371.1 16.35 Thailand 2002 0 1 0 9% 0.00% 371.1 11.47 Turkey 0 0 0 42.68% 0.00% 371.9 20.67 United Kingdom 1 1 1 1.41% 27.26% 1,119.7 0.00 United States 1 1 0 10.24% 19.45% 7,603.0 7.98 Uruguay 0 0 0 87.07% 0.00% 28.1 32.19 Venezuela 0 0 0 72.48% 0.00% 133.6 27.22 Vietnam 0 0 0 87% 0.00% 117.4 31.97 Vietnam 2004 0 1 0 60.00% 0.00% 117.4 16.93 Zambia 2004 0 0 0 99.00% 0.00% 6.5 37.71 * Impact of not having a benchmark regulatory regime involving unbundling, third party access and a wholesale pricing pool. Source: Doove et al. (2000), OECD (2004), Dee, Duc and Hiep (2005).

199

Table M1: Maritime – ports 2001 Characteristics of ports

Country

Cargo handling

restriction index

Mandat-ory

services index

Price fixed agreements

Coop agreements

Port efficiency

Lack of organised

crime

Cost impact*

(%) Argentina 0.00 0.13 0.00 1.00 3.81 4.52 4.39 Australia 0.00 0.13 1.00 1.00 4.79 6.19 0.00 Belgium 0.00 0.06 1.00 0.00 6.17 5.73 1.13 Benin 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 na na Bolivia na na na na 1.61 4.38 4.78 Brazil 0.50 0.75 0.00 1.00 2.92 4.45 9.11 Brunei 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 na na 0.00 Bulgaria na na na na 3.68 3.23 8.10 Canada 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.00 6.42 6.27 0.00 Chile 0.00 0.25 0.43 1.00 3.76 6.05 0.31 China 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.49 4.44 4.62 Hongkong 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.00 6.38 5.46 1.84 Colombia 0.50 0.13 0.50 1.00 2.26 1.88 12.28 CostaRica 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 2.46 3.28 7.96 CzechRepublic na na na na 3.27 4.41 4.70 Denmark 0.00 0.06 1.00 0.00 6.16 6.71 0.00 Dominican Rep 0.25 0.25 0.50 1.00 na na Ecuador 0.00 0.00 0.43 1.00 2.63 3.65 6.87 Egypt 0.75 0.75 0.00 0.00 3.72 6.37 4.13 El Salvador 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 2.95 2.30 10.95 Finland 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.00 6.26 6.63 0.00 France 0.00 0.38 1.00 0.00 5.39 6.58 0.00 Germany 0.00 0.38 1.00 0.00 6.38 6.02 0.38 Ghana 1.00 0.50 0.00 1.00 na na 0.56 Greece 1.00 0.19 0.00 0.00 4.28 5.60 1.47 Hungary na na na na 2.59 4.14 5.46 Iceland 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.00 5.78 6.64 India 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 2.79 4.28 5.06 Indonesia 1.00 0.60 0.00 0.38 3.41 4.06 7.45 Ireland 0.00 0.13 1.00 0.00 4.28 5.12 2.75 Italy 0.25 0.50 0.38 0.00 4.11 3.29 8.58 Jamaica 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.60 na na Japan 0.75 0.13 0.89 1.00 5.16 5.16 2.64 KoreaRep 0.00 0.38 0.00 0.00 4.12 5.22 2.48 Malaysia 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.38 4.95 5.76 1.06 Mauritius 1.00 0.38 0.00 0.00 5.35 5.53 1.66 Mexico 0.50 0.38 0.00 1.00 3.34 2.61 9.98 Morocco 0.50 0.13 0.00 0.00 na na Netherlands 0.00 0.50 1.00 0.00 6.64 5.42 2.53 NewZealand 0.00 0.38 1.00 1.00 5.82 6.14 0.08 Nicaragua 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 na na Nigeria 0.00 0.50 0.00 1.00 na na 0.56 PNG 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 na na Peru 0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 2.88 3.32 7.84

200

Table M1: (Continued) Characteristics of ports

Country

Cargo handling

restriction index

Mandat-ory

services index

Price fixed agreements

Coop agreements

Port efficiency

Lack of organised

crime

Cost impact*

(%) Philippines 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.38 2.79 3.51 7.28 Poland 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.34 3.41 7.57 Portugal 0.00 0.13 1.00 0.00 3.81 6.50 0.00 Romania 0.00 0.63 0.00 0.00 na na 1.98 RussianFed na na na na 3.33 2.23 11.17 Senegal 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 na na Singapore 1.00 0.38 0.00 0.33 6.76 6.72 0.00 SlovakRep na na na na 3.50 4.35 4.87 SouthAfrica na na na na 5.24 2.08 11.64 Spain 0.00 0.06 1.00 0.00 4.88 6.08 0.23 Sweden 0.00 0.06 1.00 0.00 5.73 6.46 0.00 Taiwan 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.18 4.49 4.48 Thailand 0.50 0.63 0.00 0.38 3.98 5.12 4.85 Tunisia 0.50 0.13 0.00 0.00 na na Turkey 0.00 0.00 0.43 0.00 3.81 5.00 3.08 Ukraine na na na na 3.41 3.28 7.96 UnitedStates na na na na 6.27 5.40 2.00 UnitedKingdom 0.00 0.31 1.00 0.00 5.37 6.17 0.00 Uruguay 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 na na Venezuela 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 3.28 3.63 6.93 VietNam 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 3.81 5.02 3.02 Zimbabwe na na na na 3.29 5.15 2.67 * From having mandatory services index above 0.375 and lack of organised crime index below 6.17. Source: Clark, Dollar and Micco (2001).

201

Table P1a: Professions - Accountancy - Argentina 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.45 0.0455 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1885 0.0125 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.50 0.0050 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1050 0.1000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.2935 0.3800 0.1125 Price impact (%) 10.17 Cost impact (%) 0.73 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

202

Table P1b: Professions - Architectural - Argentina 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.25 0.0338 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1538 0.0250 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0025 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.1563 0.3800 0.0250 Price impact (%) 6.03 Cost impact (%) 1.46 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

203

Table P1c: Professions - Engineering - Argentina 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.25 0.0338 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1418 0.0125 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.50 0.0050 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0050 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.1468 0.3800 0.0125 Price impact (%) 5.63 Cost impact (%) 0.73 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

204

Table P2a: Professions - Accountancy - Australia 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.25 0.0200 0.0800 0.25 0.0200 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.95 0.0947 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.50 0.0675 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.20 0.0040 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.3362 0.1075 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.75 0.0150 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0725 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.4087 0.3800 0.1575 Price impact (%) 15.01 Cost impact (%) 6.61 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

205

Table P2b: Professions - Architectural - Australia 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.50 0.0675 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1400 0.0250 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.50 0.0100 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0125 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.1525 0.3800 0.0250 Price impact (%) 5.77 Cost impact (%) 1.46 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

206

Table P2c: Professions - Engineering - Australia 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.50 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.20 0.0040 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0540 0.0375 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.75 0.0150 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0225 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.0765 0.3800 0.0375 Price impact (%) 2.71 Cost impact (%) 2.21 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

207

Table P2d: Professions - Legal - Australia 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.50 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.25 0.0338 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.20 0.0040 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2328 0.0900 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.88 0.0438 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.33 0.0066 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Fee setting 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.50 0.0100 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1879 0.1750 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.4206 0.3800 0.2650 Price impact (%) 14.15 Cost impact (%) 5.47 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

208

Table P3a: Professions - Accountancy - Austria 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.75 0.0750 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.41 0.0556 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.50 0.0675 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.3891 0.1155 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.33 0.0066 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.75 0.0150 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1791 0.1500 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.5682 0.3800 0.2655 Price impact (%) 19.97 Cost impact (%) 7.13 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

209

Table P3b: Professions - Architectural - Austria 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.50 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.50 0.0675 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.3085 0.1155 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.25 0.0050 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1275 0.1000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.4360 0.3800 0.2155 Price impact (%) 15.44 Cost impact (%) 7.13 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

210

Table P3c: Professions - Engineering - Austria 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.44 0.0352 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.33 0.0330 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.50 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.44 0.0594 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2766 0.1155 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.44 0.0221 0.0500 0.44 0.0220 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 0.33 0.0165 0.0500 0.33 0.0165 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1161 0.0885 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.3927 0.3800 0.2040 Price impact (%) 13.89 Cost impact (%) 7.13 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

211

Table P3d: Professions - Legal - Austria 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.48 0.0648 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.50 0.0675 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.3753 0.1800 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.66 0.0132 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1907 0.1500 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.5660 0.3800 0.3300 Price impact (%) 19.75 Cost impact (%) 11.58 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

212

Table P4a: Professions - Accountancy - Belgium 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.50 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.25 0.0338 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2068 0.1275 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.33 0.0066 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1891 0.1500 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.3959 0.3800 0.2775 Price impact (%) 13.17 Cost impact (%) 7.93 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

213

Table P4b: Professions - Architectural - Belgium 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1950 0.0375 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 Fee setting 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.25 0.0050 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0950 0.0875 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.2900 0.3800 0.1250 Price impact (%) 10.15 Cost impact (%) 2.21 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

214

Table P4c: Professions - Engineering - Belgium 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0080 0.0125 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0075 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.0155 0.3800 0.0125 Price impact (%) 0.51 Cost impact (%) 0.73 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

215

Table P4d: Professions - Legal - Belgium 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.25 0.0338 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1418 0.0500 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 Fee setting 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1700 0.1625 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.3118 0.3800 0.2125 Price impact (%) 10.13 Cost impact (%) 2.97 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

216

Table P5a: Professions - Accountancy - Brazil 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.50 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.20 0.0040 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2390 0.0500 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1525 0.1500 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.3915 0.3800 0.2000 Price impact (%) 13.42 Cost impact (%) 2.97 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

217

Table P5b: Professions - Architectural - Brazil 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1400 0.0650 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.66 0.0132 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0157 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.1557 0.3800 0.0650 Price impact (%) 5.86 Cost impact (%) 3.89 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

218

Table P5c: Professions - Engineering - Brazil 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.25 0.0338 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.20 0.0040 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2178 0.0400 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.50 0.0100 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.50 0.0050 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0150 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.2328 0.3800 0.0400 Price impact (%) 8.85 Cost impact (%) 2.36 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

219

Table P6a: Professions - Accountancy - Canada 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.83 0.0664 0.0800 0.83 0.0664 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.71 0.0712 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.50 0.0675 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.3631 0.1664 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.50 0.0050 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0550 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.4181 0.3800 0.2164 Price impact (%) 15.58 Cost impact (%) 10.61 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

220

Table P6b: Professions - Architectural - Canada 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.50 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.30 0.0405 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2605 0.1800 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.30 0.0150 0.0500 0.30 0.0150 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.25 0.0050 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0725 0.0650 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.3330 0.3800 0.2450 Price impact (%) 12.08 Cost impact (%) 11.58 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

221

Table P6c: Professions - Engineering - Canada 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.16 0.0128 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.60 0.0600 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0808 0.0500 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.08 0.0016 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.50 0.0100 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.50 0.0050 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0791 0.0625 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.1599 0.3800 0.1125 Price impact (%) 5.29 Cost impact (%) 2.97 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

222

Table P6d: Professions - Legal - Canada 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.50 0.0675 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.3755 0.1800 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.75 0.0150 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1425 0.1250 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.5180 0.3800 0.3050 Price impact (%) 18.45 Cost impact (%) 11.58 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

223

Table P7a: Professions - Accountancy - Chile 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.50 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.50 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.20 0.0040 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2790 0.0525 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.50 0.0100 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0675 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.3465 0.3800 0.1025 Price impact (%) 12.66 Cost impact (%) 3.12 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

224

Table P7b: Professions - Architectural - Chile 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1400 0.0525 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0025 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.1425 0.3800 0.0525 Price impact (%) 5.50 Cost impact (%) 3.12 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

225

Table P7c: Professions - Engineering - Chile 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.94 0.0941 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.20 0.0040 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2331 0.0000 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0075 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.2406 0.3800 0.0000 Price impact (%) 9.24 Cost impact (%) 0.00 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

226

Table P8a: Professions - Accountancy - Colombia 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1350 0.0000 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.80 0.0400 0.0500 0.80 0.0400 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0900 0.0900 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.2250 0.3800 0.0900 Price impact (%) 7.69 Cost impact (%) 0.00 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

227

Table P9a: Professions - Accountancy - Denmark 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.49 0.0245 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0402 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.48 0.0648 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.3075 0.1275 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Fee setting 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1025 0.0750 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.4100 0.3800 0.2025 Price impact (%) 14.72 Cost impact (%) 7.93 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

228

Table P9b: Professions - Architectural - Denmark 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0200 0.0125 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0025 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.0225 0.3800 0.0125 Price impact (%) 0.84 Cost impact (%) 0.73 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

229

Table P9c: Professions - Engineering - Denmark 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0080 0.0125 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0275 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.0355 0.3800 0.0125 Price impact (%) 1.06 Cost impact (%) 0.73 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

230

Table P9d: Professions - Legal - Denmark 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2880 0.0875 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1400 0.0625 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.4280 0.3800 0.1500 Price impact (%) 14.98 Cost impact (%) 5.31 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

231

Table P10a: Professions - Accountancy - Finland 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.66 0.0330 0.0500 0.66 0.0330 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.55 0.0553 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0963 0.0705 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.50 0.0100 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0425 0.0250 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.1388 0.3800 0.0955 Price impact (%) 4.89 Cost impact (%) 4.24 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

232

Table P10b: Professions - Architectural – Finland 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0200 0.0125 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0025 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.0225 0.3800 0.0125 Price impact (%) 0.84 Cost impact (%) 0.73 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

233

Table P10c: Professions - Engineering - Finland 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.25 0.0338 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0418 0.0125 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.44 0.0088 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0163 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.0581 0.3800 0.0125 Price impact (%) 2.06 Cost impact (%) 0.73 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

234

Table P10d: Professions - Legal - Finland 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.25 0.0338 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.25 0.0338 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1155 0.0250 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0275 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.1430 0.3800 0.0250 Price impact (%) 5.23 Cost impact (%) 1.46 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

235

Table P11a: Professions - Accountancy - France 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.25 0.0250 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.25 0.0338 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1698 0.1150 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.50 0.0100 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1425 0.1250 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.3123 0.3800 0.2400 Price impact (%) 10.47 Cost impact (%) 7.10 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

236

Table P11b: Professions - Architectural - France 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1110 0.1030 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.75 0.0150 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0300 0.0125 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.1410 0.3800 0.1155 Price impact (%) 5.12 Cost impact (%) 6.31 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

237

Table P11c: Professions - Engineering - France 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0080 0.0125 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0325 0.0250 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.0405 0.3800 0.0375 Price impact (%) 1.20 Cost impact (%) 0.73 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

238

Table P11d: Professions - Legal - France 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.80 0.0800 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.25 0.0338 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.4768 0.1400 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.66 0.0132 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.50 0.0100 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1057 0.0750 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.5825 0.3800 0.2150 Price impact (%) 21.37 Cost impact (%) 8.78 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

239

Table P12a: Professions - Accountancy - Germany 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.70 0.0705 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2695 0.1155 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.50 0.0100 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1175 0.1000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.3870 0.3800 0.2155 Price impact (%) 13.65 Cost impact (%) 7.13 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

240

Table P12b: Professions - Architectural - Germany 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0200 0.0250 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Fee setting 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.25 0.0050 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1325 0.1250 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.1525 0.3800 0.1500 Price impact (%) 4.39 Cost impact (%) 1.46 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

241

Table P12c: Professions - Engineering - Germany 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.20 0.0100 0.0500 0.20 0.0100 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.50 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1080 0.0475 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.50 0.0100 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1675 0.1500 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.2755 0.3800 0.1975 Price impact (%) 8.75 Cost impact (%) 2.82 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

242

Table P12d: Professions - Legal - Germany 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.80 0.0800 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.25 0.0338 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.25 0.0338 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.3655 0.1800 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Fee setting 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1200 0.1125 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.4855 0.3800 0.2925 Price impact (%) 17.44 Cost impact (%) 11.58 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

243

Table P13a: Professions - Accountancy - Greece 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.70 0.0705 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.44 0.0594 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2379 0.1000 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Fee setting 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0825 0.0750 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.3204 0.3800 0.1750 Price impact (%) 11.47 Cost impact (%) 6.12 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

244

Table P13b: Professions - Architectural - Greece 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.50 0.0675 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2225 0.0000 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.25 0.0050 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0700 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.2925 0.3800 0.0500 Price impact (%) 10.54 Cost impact (%) 0.00 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

245

Table P13c: Professions - Engineering - Greece 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1430 0.0000 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0575 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.2005 0.3800 0.0500 Price impact (%) 7.11 Cost impact (%) 0.00 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

246

Table P13d: Professions - Legal - Greece 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.52 0.0702 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.3132 0.0500 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Fee setting 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0575 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.3707 0.3800 0.1000 Price impact (%) 13.71 Cost impact (%) 2.97 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

247

Table P14a: Professions - Accountancy - Hong Kong 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.66 0.0330 0.0500 0.66 0.0330 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.41 0.0412 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.75 0.1013 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1754 0.0705 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.66 0.0330 0.0500 0.66 0.0330 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Fee setting 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1405 0.1330 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.3159 0.3800 0.2035 Price impact (%) 10.63 Cost impact (%) 4.24 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

248

Table P14b: Professions - Architectural - Hong Kong 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1750 0.0500 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0400 0.0375 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.2150 0.3800 0.0875 Price impact (%) 7.88 Cost impact (%) 2.97 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

249

Table P14c: Professions - Engineering - Hong Kong 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.30 0.0405 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0805 0.0375 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0450 0.0375 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.1255 0.3800 0.0750 Price impact (%) 4.35 Cost impact (%) 2.21 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

250

Table P14d: Professions - Legal - Hong Kong 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.60 0.0600 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.75 0.1013 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2013 0.0250 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.66 0.0132 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0657 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.2670 0.3800 0.0750 Price impact (%) 9.60 Cost impact (%) 1.46 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

251

Table P15a: Professions - Accountancy - India 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2600 0.1300 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1825 0.1750 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.4425 0.3800 0.3050 Price impact (%) 15.06 Cost impact (%) 8.10 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

252

Table P15b: Professions - Architectural - India 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.49 0.0245 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.49 0.0245 0.0500 0.49 0.0245 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0690 0.0245 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.33 0.0066 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0091 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.0781 0.3800 0.0245 Price impact (%) 2.92 Cost impact (%) 1.43 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

253

Table P15c: Professions - Engineering - India 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.49 0.0245 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.49 0.0245 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0890 0.0000 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0075 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.0965 0.3800 0.0000 Price impact (%) 3.66 Cost impact (%) 0.00 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

254

Table P15d: Professions - Legal - India 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.3350 0.0375 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.33 0.0066 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0641 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.3991 0.3800 0.0875 Price impact (%) 14.74 Cost impact (%) 2.21 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

255

Table P16a: Professions - Accountancy - Indonesia 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.95 0.0760 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.5540 0.0000 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 1.00 0.0100 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0100 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.5640 0.3800 0.0000 Price impact (%) 21.76 Cost impact (%) 0.00 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

256

Table P16b: Professions - Architectural - Indonesia 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.25 0.0338 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2993 0.0400 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0025 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.3018 0.3800 0.0400 Price impact (%) 11.67 Cost impact (%) 2.36 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

257

Table P16c: Professions - Engineering - Indonesia 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2280 0.0525 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 1.00 0.0100 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0100 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.2380 0.3800 0.0525 Price impact (%) 9.11 Cost impact (%) 3.12 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

258

Table P16d: Professions - Legal - Indonesia 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.5030 0.1150 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.33 0.0066 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 1.00 0.0100 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0666 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.5696 0.3800 0.1650 Price impact (%) 21.32 Cost impact (%) 7.10 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

259

Table P17a: Professions - Accountancy - Ireland 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1255 0.1175 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0575 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.1830 0.3800 0.1675 Price impact (%) 6.43 Cost impact (%) 7.27 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

260

Table P17b: Professions - Architectural - Ireland 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0200 0.0000 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.25 0.0050 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0700 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.0900 0.3800 0.0000 Price impact (%) 2.68 Cost impact (%) 0.00 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

261

Table P17c: Professions - Engineering - Ireland 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0080 0.0000 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0075 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.0155 0.3800 0.0000 Price impact (%) 0.51 Cost impact (%) 0.00 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

262

Table P18a: Professions - Accountancy - Italy 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0402 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.4092 0.1155 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0200 0.0125 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.4292 0.3800 0.1280 Price impact (%) 16.41 Cost impact (%) 7.13 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

263

Table P18b: Professions - Architectural - Italy 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2350 0.0800 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.33 0.0066 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.25 0.0050 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0641 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.2991 0.3800 0.1300 Price impact (%) 10.86 Cost impact (%) 4.83 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

264

Table P18c: Professions - Engineering - Italy 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0880 0.0800 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Fee setting 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0825 0.0750 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.1705 0.3800 0.1550 Price impact (%) 5.66 Cost impact (%) 4.83 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

265

Table P18d: Professions - Legal - Italy 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.3830 0.0500 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Fee setting 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1525 0.1250 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.5355 0.3800 0.1750 Price impact (%) 19.01 Cost impact (%) 2.97 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

266

Table P19a: Professions - Accountancy - Japan 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.25 0.0338 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2638 0.1275 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.50 0.0100 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1675 0.1500 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.4313 0.3800 0.2775 Price impact (%) 14.79 Cost impact (%) 7.93 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

267

Table P19b: Professions - Architectural - Japan 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.25 0.0338 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0938 0.0000 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.75 0.0150 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0925 0.0750 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.1863 0.3800 0.0750 Price impact (%) 6.16 Cost impact (%) 0.00 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

268

Table P19c: Professions - Engineering - Japan 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.25 0.0338 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0738 0.0375 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1075 0.1000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.1813 0.3800 0.1375 Price impact (%) 5.79 Cost impact (%) 2.21 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

269

Table P19d: Professions - Legal - Japan 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.80 0.0800 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.75 0.1013 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.3013 0.1300 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.66 0.0132 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.2207 0.2000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.5220 0.3800 0.3300 Price impact (%) 17.70 Cost impact (%) 8.10 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

270

Table P20a: Professions - Accountancy - Korea 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.25 0.0338 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.3118 0.0775 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Fee setting 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1650 0.1625 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.4768 0.3800 0.2400 Price impact (%) 16.59 Cost impact (%) 4.68 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

271

Table P20b: Professions - Architectural - Korea 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.60 0.0600 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.25 0.0338 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1538 0.0000 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.25 0.0050 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0325 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.1863 0.3800 0.0000 Price impact (%) 6.85 Cost impact (%) 0.00 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

272

Table P20c: Professions - Engineering - Korea 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1080 0.0000 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0075 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.1155 0.3800 0.0000 Price impact (%) 4.39 Cost impact (%) 0.00 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

273

Table P20d: Professions - Legal - Korea 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.50 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.3730 0.0500 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.33 0.0066 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0716 0.0625 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.4446 0.3800 0.1125 Price impact (%) 16.42 Cost impact (%) 2.97 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

274

Table P21a: Professions - Accountancy - Luxembourg 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.25 0.0250 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2510 0.0655 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0575 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.3085 0.3800 0.1155 Price impact (%) 11.30 Cost impact (%) 3.92 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

275

Table P21b: Professions - Architectural - Luxembourg 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0200 0.0000 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.25 0.0050 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0700 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.0900 0.3800 0.0000 Price impact (%) 2.68 Cost impact (%) 0.00 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

276

Table P21c: Professions - Engineering - Luxembourg 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0880 0.0800 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.50 0.0100 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0175 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.1055 0.3800 0.0800 Price impact (%) 3.89 Cost impact (%) 4.83 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

277

Table P21d: Professions - Legal - Luxembourg 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0080 0.0000 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0075 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.0155 0.3800 0.0000 Price impact (%) 0.51 Cost impact (%) 0.00 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

278

Table P22a: Professions - Accountancy - Malaysia 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.70 0.0350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.70 0.0350 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.71 0.0712 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.4562 0.0400 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0575 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.5137 0.3800 0.0900 Price impact (%) 19.26 Cost impact (%) 2.36 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

279

Table P22b: Professions - Architectural - Malaysia 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.30 0.0150 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.80 0.0800 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.3300 0.0400 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0025 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.3325 0.3800 0.0400 Price impact (%) 12.87 Cost impact (%) 2.36 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

280

Table P22c: Professions - Engineering - Malaysia 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.70 0.0350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.70 0.0350 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.50 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2400 0.0775 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.33 0.0066 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.10 0.0050 0.0500 0.10 0.0050 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0191 0.0050 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.2591 0.3800 0.0825 Price impact (%) 9.83 Cost impact (%) 4.68 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

281

Table P22d: Professions - Legal - Malaysia 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.70 0.0350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.4500 0.0400 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0875 0.0875 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.5375 0.3800 0.1275 Price impact (%) 19.84 Cost impact (%) 2.36 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

282

Table P23a: Professions - Accountancy - Mexico 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.50 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.50 0.0675 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.25 0.0338 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.60 0.0120 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2633 0.0500 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0950 0.0875 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.3583 0.3800 0.1375 Price impact (%) 12.80 Cost impact (%) 2.97 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

283

Table P23b: Professions - Architectural - Mexico 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.50 0.0675 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.50 0.0675 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2950 0.0375 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.33 0.0066 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.25 0.0050 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0141 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.3091 0.3800 0.0375 Price impact (%) 11.82 Cost impact (%) 2.21 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

284

Table P23c: Professions - Engineering - Mexico 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.97 0.1310 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.60 0.0120 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.3230 0.0375 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0075 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.3305 0.3800 0.0375 Price impact (%) 12.73 Cost impact (%) 2.21 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

285

Table P23d: Professions - Legal - Mexico 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.25 0.0338 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.3988 0.1400 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.66 0.0132 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0882 0.0750 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.4870 0.3800 0.2150 Price impact (%) 17.87 Cost impact (%) 8.78 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

286

Table P24c: Professions - Engineering - Morocco 2004 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0400 0.0000 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0025 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.0425 0.3800 0.0000 Price impact (%) 1.62 Cost impact (%) 0.00 Source: OECD (2004).

287

Table P25a: Professions - Accountancy - Netherlands 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.55 0.0553 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1288 0.1155 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.50 0.0100 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0925 0.0750 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.2213 0.3800 0.1905 Price impact (%) 7.52 Cost impact (%) 7.13 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

288

Table P25b: Professions - Architectural – Netherlands 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0200 0.0000 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.25 0.0050 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0075 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.0275 0.3800 0.0000 Price impact (%) 0.98 Cost impact (%) 0.00 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

289

Table P25c: Professions - Engineering – Netherlands 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0880 0.0925 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0075 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.0955 0.3800 0.0925 Price impact (%) 3.62 Cost impact (%) 5.63 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

290

Table P25d: Professions - Legal - Netherlands 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.25 0.0338 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.25 0.0338 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1955 0.0500 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0575 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.2530 0.3800 0.1000 Price impact (%) 9.15 Cost impact (%) 2.97 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

291

Table P26a: Professions - Accountancy - New Zealand 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.47 0.0470 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.50 0.0675 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.3525 0.1800 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.50 0.0100 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0425 0.0250 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.3950 0.3800 0.2050 Price impact (%) 14.83 Cost impact (%) 11.58 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

292

Table P26b: Professions - Architectural - New Zealand 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2950 0.0250 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.33 0.0165 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.75 0.0150 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0590 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.3540 0.3800 0.0250 Price impact (%) 13.05 Cost impact (%) 1.46 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

293

Table P26c: Professions - Engineering - New Zealand 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.25 0.0338 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1818 0.0000 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0075 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.1893 0.3800 0.0000 Price impact (%) 7.25 Cost impact (%) 0.00 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

294

Table P26d: Professions - Legal - New Zealand 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.60 0.0600 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.3750 0.0375 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.50 0.0100 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0975 0.0875 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.4725 0.3800 0.1250 Price impact (%) 17.20 Cost impact (%) 2.21 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

295

Table P27a: Professions - Accountancy - Peru 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.3150 0.0400 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1500 0.1500 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.4650 0.3800 0.1900 Price impact (%) 16.30 Cost impact (%) 2.36 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

296

Table P28a: Professions - Accountancy - Philippines 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.50 0.0675 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.4405 0.1175 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.36 0.0072 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1897 0.1750 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.6302 0.3800 0.2925 Price impact (%) 22.25 Cost impact (%) 7.27 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

297

Table P28b: Professions - Architectural - Philippines 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.50 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.50 0.0675 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2725 0.0000 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.25 0.0050 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0575 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.3300 0.3800 0.0500 Price impact (%) 12.13 Cost impact (%) 0.00 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

298

Table P28c: Professions - Engineering - Philippines 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1430 0.0000 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0075 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.1505 0.3800 0.0000 Price impact (%) 5.75 Cost impact (%) 0.00 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

299

Table P28d: Professions - Legal - Philippines 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.50 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.4900 0.0650 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.33 0.0066 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0466 0.0375 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.5366 0.3800 0.1025 Price impact (%) 20.27 Cost impact (%) 3.89 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

300

Table P29a: Professions - Accountancy - Portugal 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.55 0.0553 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2783 0.1300 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1325 0.1250 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.4108 0.3800 0.2550 Price impact (%) 14.40 Cost impact (%) 8.10 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

301

Table P29b: Professions - Architectural - Portugal 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.50 0.0675 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.3025 0.0800 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.25 0.0050 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0825 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.3850 0.3800 0.1300 Price impact (%) 13.98 Cost impact (%) 4.83 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

302

Table P29c: Professions - Engineering - Portugal 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2230 0.0800 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1075 0.1000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.3305 0.3800 0.1800 Price impact (%) 11.58 Cost impact (%) 4.83 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

303

Table P29d: Professions - Legal - Portugal 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.80 0.0800 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2480 0.0625 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.33 0.0066 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1641 0.1500 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.4121 0.3800 0.2125 Price impact (%) 14.09 Cost impact (%) 3.74 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

304

Table P30c: Professions - Engineering - Russian Federation 2004 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.50 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.80 0.0160 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0660 0.0000 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0025 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.0685 0.3800 0.0000 Price impact (%) 2.63 Cost impact (%) 0.00 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: OECD (2004).

305

Table P31a: Professions - Accountancy - Singapore 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.67 0.0674 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2824 0.0800 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.50 0.0050 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1300 0.1000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.4124 0.3800 0.1800 Price impact (%) 14.50 Cost impact (%) 4.83 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

306

Table P31b: Professions - Architectural - Singapore 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0200 0.0000 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.25 0.0050 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0700 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.0900 0.3800 0.0000 Price impact (%) 2.68 Cost impact (%) 0.00 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

307

Table P31c: Professions - Engineering - Singapore 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.50 0.0675 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1075 0.0125 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.50 0.0050 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0050 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.1125 0.3800 0.0125 Price impact (%) 4.31 Cost impact (%) 0.73 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

308

Table P31d: Professions - Legal - Singapore 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.80 0.0800 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.40 0.0540 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.50 0.0675 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.3415 0.0250 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.33 0.0066 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.75 0.0150 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0741 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.4156 0.3800 0.0750 Price impact (%) 15.26 Cost impact (%) 1.46 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

309

Table P32a: Professions - Accountancy - South Africa 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.69 0.0689 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.3869 0.0500 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0575 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.4444 0.3800 0.1000 Price impact (%) 16.57 Cost impact (%) 2.97 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

310

Table P32b: Professions - Architectural - South Africa 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.33 0.0165 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0365 0.0000 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.33 0.0165 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.25 0.0050 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0865 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.1230 0.3800 0.0000 Price impact (%) 3.77 Cost impact (%) 0.00 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

311

Table P32c: Professions - Engineering - South Africa 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.80 0.0800 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0880 0.0125 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0075 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.0955 0.3800 0.0125 Price impact (%) 3.62 Cost impact (%) 0.73 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

312

Table P33a: Professions - Accountancy - Spain 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0402 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.44 0.0594 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1986 0.1030 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1075 0.1000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.3061 0.3800 0.2030 Price impact (%) 10.63 Cost impact (%) 6.31 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

313

Table P33b: Professions - Architectural - Spain 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2350 0.0800 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.33 0.0066 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.25 0.0050 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1141 0.1000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.3491 0.3800 0.1800 Price impact (%) 12.22 Cost impact (%) 4.83 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

314

Table P33c: Professions - Engineering - Spain 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.25 0.0338 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1218 0.0650 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.50 0.0100 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1175 0.1000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.2393 0.3800 0.1650 Price impact (%) 7.92 Cost impact (%) 3.89 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

315

Table P33d: Professions - Legal - Spain 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.44 0.0220 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.52 0.0702 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2702 0.1550 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.33 0.0066 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1841 0.1500 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.4543 0.3800 0.3050 Price impact (%) 15.50 Cost impact (%) 9.81 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

316

Table P34a: Professions - Accountancy - Sweden 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.68 0.0682 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.50 0.0675 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.3637 0.1275 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0775 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.4412 0.3800 0.1775 Price impact (%) 16.22 Cost impact (%) 7.93 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

317

Table P34b: Professions - Architectural - Sweden 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1500 0.0000 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.25 0.0050 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0200 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.1700 0.3800 0.0000 Price impact (%) 6.36 Cost impact (%) 0.00 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

318

Table P34c: Professions - Engineering - Sweden 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1380 0.0125 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0275 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.1655 0.3800 0.0125 Price impact (%) 6.10 Cost impact (%) 0.73 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

319

Table P34d: Professions - Legal - Sweden 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.25 0.0338 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.25 0.0338 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2355 0.1175 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.66 0.0132 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.50 0.0100 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0307 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.2662 0.3800 0.1175 Price impact (%) 9.97 Cost impact (%) 7.27 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

320

Table P35a: Professions - Accountancy - Switzerland 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.25 0.0250 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.25 0.0338 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.20 0.0040 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1628 0.0000 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1025 0.0750 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.2653 0.3800 0.0750 Price impact (%) 9.10 Cost impact (%) 0.00 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

321

Table P35b: Professions - Architectural - Switzerland 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1600 0.0250 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.10 0.0050 0.0500 0.10 0.0050 Fee setting 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0325 0.0300 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.1925 0.3800 0.0550 Price impact (%) 7.09 Cost impact (%) 1.46 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

322

Table P35c: Professions - Engineering - Switzerland 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.50 0.0675 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.20 0.0040 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1115 0.0250 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.25 0.0050 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0500 0.0375 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.1615 0.3800 0.0625 Price impact (%) 5.69 Cost impact (%) 1.46 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

323

Table P35d: Professions - Legal - Switzerland 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.3550 0.1175 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Fee setting 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1450 0.1250 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.5000 0.3800 0.2425 Price impact (%) 17.72 Cost impact (%) 7.27 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

324

Table P36a: Professions - Accountancy - Thailand 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.3485 0.0775 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Fee setting 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1400 0.1125 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.4885 0.3800 0.1900 Price impact (%) 17.33 Cost impact (%) 4.68 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

325

Table P36b: Professions - Architectural - Thailand 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0455 0.0000 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.33 0.0165 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.25 0.0050 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0865 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.1320 0.3800 0.0000 Price impact (%) 4.12 Cost impact (%) 0.00 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

326

Table P36c: Professions - Engineering - Thailand 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0990 0.0400 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0075 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.1065 0.3800 0.0400 Price impact (%) 4.04 Cost impact (%) 2.36 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

327

Table P36d: Professions - Legal - Thailand 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 0.0500 0.51 0.0255 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.3740 0.0505 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.33 0.0066 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0641 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.4381 0.3800 0.1005 Price impact (%) 16.25 Cost impact (%) 3.00 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

328

Table P37a: Professions - Accountancy - Turkey 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.60 0.0120 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2870 0.0400 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1275 0.0500 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.4145 0.3800 0.0900 Price impact (%) 14.60 Cost impact (%) 2.36 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

329

Table P37b: Professions - Architectural - Turkey 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.3300 0.0650 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.25 0.0050 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0575 0.1000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.3875 0.3800 0.1650 Price impact (%) 14.36 Cost impact (%) 3.89 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

330

Table P37c: Professions - Engineering - Turkey 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.20 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.40 0.0540 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.75 0.0150 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2640 0.0775 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.33 0.0066 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1066 0.1000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.3706 0.3800 0.1775 Price impact (%) 13.14 Cost impact (%) 4.68 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

331

Table P37d: Professions - Legal - Turkey 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.75 0.0150 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.4100 0.1175 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.66 0.0132 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Fee setting 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1707 0.1375 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.5807 0.3800 0.2550 Price impact (%) 20.55 Cost impact (%) 7.27 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

332

Table P38a: Professions - Accountancy - United Kingdom 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0402 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0857 0.0750 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Fee setting 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1075 0.1000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.1932 0.3800 0.1750 Price impact (%) 6.25 Cost impact (%) 4.52 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

333

Table P38b: Professions - Architectural - United Kingdom 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0200 0.0000 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.25 0.0050 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0450 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.0650 0.3800 0.0000 Price impact (%) 2.00 Cost impact (%) 0.00 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

334

Table P38c: Professions - Engineering - United Kingdom 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.50 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0580 0.0250 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0075 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.0655 0.3800 0.0250 Price impact (%) 2.45 Cost impact (%) 1.46 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

335

Table P38d: Professions - Legal - United Kingdom 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 1.00 0.1000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.50 0.0675 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1755 0.0500 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.33 0.0066 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1391 0.1250 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.3146 0.3800 0.1750 Price impact (%) 10.60 Cost impact (%) 2.97 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

336

Table P39a: Professions - Accountancy - United States 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.75 0.0750 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.50 0.0675 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2325 0.1275 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.33 0.0066 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.50 0.0100 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0991 0.0750 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.3316 0.3800 0.2025 Price impact (%) 11.72 Cost impact (%) 7.93 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

337

Table P39b: Professions - Architectural - United States 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.50 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1600 0.0900 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.33 0.0066 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Fee setting 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.75 0.0150 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0866 0.0375 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.2466 0.3800 0.1275 Price impact (%) 8.56 Cost impact (%) 5.47 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

338

Table P39c: Professions - Engineering - United States 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.23 0.0312 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1212 0.0625 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 0.06 0.0029 0.0500 0.06 0.0029 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.50 0.0100 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0704 0.0529 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.1915 0.3800 0.1154 Price impact (%) 6.62 Cost impact (%) 3.74 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

339

Table P39d: Professions - Legal - United States 1999 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Licensing of foreign professionals* 0.1000 0.80 0.0800 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.50 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.20 0.0270 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.75 0.1013 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.3483 0.1150 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.75 0.0075 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.1325 0.1250 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.4808 0.3800 0.2400 Price impact (%) 17.12 Cost impact (%) 7.10 * Average of separate scores against individual trading partners. Source: Nguyen-Hong (2000).

340

Table P40a: Professions - Accountancy - Vietnam 2004 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals 0.1000 0.75 0.0750 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.50 0.0250 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2180 0.0250 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.33 0.0066 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0716 0.0625 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.2896 0.3800 0.0875 Price impact (%) 10.41 Cost impact (%) 1.46 Source: Dee, Duc and Hiep (2005).

341

Table P40b: Professions - Architectural - Vietnam 2004 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.25 0.0250 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 1.00 0.1350 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.75 0.0375 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.2080 0.0375 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.50 0.0100 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0250 0.0125 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.2330 0.3800 0.0500 Price impact (%) 8.75 Cost impact (%) 2.21 Source: Dee, Duc and Hiep (2005).

342

Table P40c: Professions - Engineering - Vietnam 2004 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0480 0.0000 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.66 0.0132 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.50 0.0100 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0257 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.0737 0.3800 0.0000 Price impact (%) 2.56 Cost impact (%) 0.00 Source: Dee, Duc and Hiep (2005).

343

Table P40d: Professions - Legal - Vietnam 2004 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 1.00 0.0800 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.50 0.0400 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals 0.1000 0.50 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.50 0.0500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.25 0.0338 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.40 0.0080 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.1818 0.1300 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 0.0500 1.00 0.0500 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 0.0500 0.25 0.0125 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 0.50 0.0100 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.25 0.0025 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0750 0.0625 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.2568 0.3800 0.1925 Price impact (%) 9.09 Cost impact (%) 8.10 Source: Dee, Duc and Hiep (2005).

344

Table P41c: Professions - Engineering - Zambia 2004 Foreign index Domestic index Restriction category Weight Score WT*S Weight Score WT*S Form of establishment 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 Foreign partnership/joint venture 0.0800 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by foreign professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Ownership by non-professional investors 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of foreign professionals 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Quotas/economic tests 0.1000 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Nationality/citizenship requirements 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Residency and local presence 0.1350 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Licensing of domestic professionals 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Movement of People - Permanent 0.0200 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Total - establishment 0.0000 0.0000 Multi-disciplinary practices 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Other restrictions -addition categories 0.0200 0.33 0.0066 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Activities reserved to the profession 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Fee setting 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Advertising, marketing and solicitation 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 0.0500 0.00 0.0000 Licensing requirements on management 0.0200 1.00 0.0200 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Movement of people - Temporary 0.0100 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 Total - ongoing operations 0.0266 0.0000 Total restrictiveness index 1.0000 0.0266 0.3800 0.0000 Price impact (%) 0.72 Cost impact (%) 0.00 Source: OECD (2004).

345

Table T1: Telecommunications - Albania 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 3

(Score of 1-6) Domestic Foreign Are the following operations allowed (both domestic and international)?

na na i) Leased lines or provide networks na na ii) Third party resale

na na iii) Connections of leased lines and private networks to the PSTN

MA/Inv (f) 0.23 (%) na i) Number of competitors in fixed market (max 3)

na

ii) Average policy score in the provision of fixed services in PSTN markets (local service, domestic long distance, international, data, leased lines): monopoly (0), partial competition (0.5), full competition (1)

na iii) % of incumbent that is privatised MA/Inv (m) 0.17 (%) na i) Number of competitors in the mobile market (max 3)

na

ii) Average policy score in the provision of mobile services (either analogue or digital mobile markets): monopoly (0), partial competition (0.5), full competition (1)

na iii) % of incumbent that is privatised NT/Trade 0.00

(1 or 0) 1:yes, 0:no Are callback services allowed?

NT/FDI (%) 0.00 NT/FDI fixed na % of foreign investment allowed in competitive carriers NT/FDI mobile na Performance, environmental variables 2.33 Teledensity - main lines per 100 inhabitants 0.09 Mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants 731.43 GDP per capita ($US) 127.66 Pop'n density - people per sq kilometre 36.07 Household density - households per sq kilometre 33.60 Unmet demand - waiting list as % of mainlines in operation 59.50 Digital mainlines (%) 0 Post-1997 (1:yes, 0:no) Quantity and price impacts Domestic Foreign 67.85 175.84 Quantity impact - fixed (%) 1000.00 1000.00 Quantity impact - mobile (%) 130.10 1000.00 Price impact - fixed (%) 1000.00 1000.00 Price impact - mobile (%) Source: Warren (2000), Dee (2004a).

346

Table T2: Telecommunications - Albania 2003 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2


0 0 i) Leased lines or provide networks 0 0 ii) Third party resale

1 1 iii) Connections of leased lines and private networks to the PSTN

MA/Inv (f) 0.51 (%) 2 * i) Number of competitors in fixed market (max 3)

0.0625


0 iii) % of incumbent that is privatised MA/Inv (m) 0.65 (%) 2 i) Number of competitors in the mobile market (max 3)

0.5


0.85 iii) % of incumbent that is privatised NT/Trade 0


NT/FDI (%) 0.50 NT/FDI fixed 0 % of foreign investment allowed in competitive carriers NT/FDI mobile 1 Performance, environmental variables 4.97 Teledensity - main lines per 100 inhabitants 8.82 Mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants 940.15 GDP per capita ($US) 144.89 Pop'n density - people per sq kilometre 35.80 Household density - households per sq kilometre 70.16 Unmet demand - waiting list as % of mainlines in operation 78.90 Digital mainlines (%) 1 Post-1997 (1:yes, 0:no) Quantity and price impacts Domestic Foreign 11.50 25.82 Quantity impact - fixed (%) 5.22 9.49 Quantity impact - mobile (%) 10.59 27.42 Price impact - fixed (%) 4.55 8.59 Price impact - mobile (%) * 3 competitors, but only in rural services. Source: Dee (2004a).

347

Table T3: Telecommunications - Algeria 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na


na iii) % of incumbent that is privatised NT/Trade 0



348

Table T4: Telecommunications - Angola 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na




NT/FDI (%) 0.00 NT/FDI fixed na % of foreign investment allowed in competitive carriers NT/FDI mobile na Performance, environmental variables 0.54 Teledensity - main lines per 100 inhabitants 0.06 Mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants 1684.30 GDP per capita ($US) 8.64 Pop'n density - people per sq kilometre 1.75 Household density - households per sq kilometre -9.00 Unmet demand - waiting list as % of mainlines in operation -9.00 Digital mainlines (%) 0 Post-1997 (1:yes, 0:no) Quantity and price impacts Domestic Foreign 12.38 32.09 Quantity impact - fixed (%) 349.27 586.65 Quantity impact - mobile (%) 11.51 36.50 Price impact - fixed (%) 1000.00 1000.00 Price impact - mobile (%) Source: Warren (2000), Dee (2004a).

349

Table T5: Telecommunications - Argentina 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 1





na



na





350

Table T6: Telecommunications - Armenia 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 4





na



na




NT/FDI (%) 0.00 NT/FDI fixed na % of foreign investment allowed in competitive carriers NT/FDI mobile na Performance, environmental variables 14.95 Teledensity - main lines per 100 inhabitants 0.16 Mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants 427.90 GDP per capita ($US) 126.73 Pop'n density - people per sq kilometre 28.00 Household density - households per sq kilometre 8.60 Unmet demand - waiting list as % of mainlines in operation -9.00 Digital mainlines (%) 0 Post-1997 (1:yes, 0:no) Quantity and price impacts Domestic Foreign 17.41 46.99 Quantity impact - fixed (%) 1000.00 1000.00 Quantity impact - mobile (%) 16.97 64.37 Price impact - fixed (%) 1000.00 1000.00 Price impact - mobile (%) Source: Warren (2000), Dee (2004a).

351

Table T8: Telecommunications - Australia 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 6





na



na





352

Table T8: Telecommunications - Australia 2005 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 6




MA/Inv (f) 0.96 (%) 3 i) Number of competitors in fixed market (max 3)

1


0.49 iii) % of incumbent that is privatised MA/Inv (m) 0.96 (%) 3 i) Number of competitors in the mobile market (max 3)

1




NT/FDI (%) 1.00 NT/FDI fixed 1 * % of foreign investment allowed in competitive carriers NT/FDI mobile 1 * Performance, environmental variables 54.23 Teledensity - main lines per 100 inhabitants 71.95 Mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants 20230.00 GDP per capita ($US) 3.00 Pop'n density - people per sq kilometre 1.11 ** Household density - households per sq kilometre 0.00 Unmet demand - waiting list as % of mainlines in operation 100.00 Digital mainlines (%) 1 Post-1997 (1:yes, 0:no) Quantity and price impacts Domestic Foreign 0.14 0.14 Quantity impact - fixed (%) 0.24 0.24 Quantity impact - mobile (%) 0.11 0.11 Price impact - fixed (%) 0.20 0.20 Price impact - mobile (%) * Foreign ownership of incumbent restricted, but no restrictions on other competitive carriers. ** Imputed from 1997 value.. Source: Dee (2005).

353

Table T9: Telecommunications - Austria 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 6





na



na





354

Table T10: Telecommunications - Azerbaijan 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 4





na



na





355

Table T11: Telecommunications - Bahrain 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





356

Table T12: Telecommunications - Bangladesh 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





357

Table T13: Telecommunications - Barbados 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





358

Table T14: Telecommunications - Belarus 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





359

Table T15: Telecommunications - Belgium 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 4





na



na





360

Table T16: Telecommunications - Belize 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





361

Table T17: Telecommunications - Benin 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 4





na



na





362

Table T18: Telecommunications - Bhutan 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





363

Table T19: Telecommunications - Bolivia 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 3





na



na





364

Table T20: Telecommunications - Bosnia 2003 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2




MA/Inv (f) 0.31 (%) 1 * i) Number of competitors in fixed market (max 3)

0.375 **



0.5


0 iii) % of incumbent that is privatised NT/Trade 0


NT/FDI (%) 0.25 NT/FDI fixed 0.49 % of foreign investment allowed in competitive carriers NT/FDI mobile 0 Performance, environmental variables 11.07 Teledensity - main lines per 100 inhabitants 5.74 Mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants 1178.37 GDP per capita ($US) 79.75 Pop'n density - people per sq kilometre 22.42 Household density - households per sq kilometre 25.71 Unmet demand - waiting list as % of mainlines in operation 41.60 Digital mainlines (%) 1 Post-1997 (1:yes, 0:no) Quantity and price impacts Domestic Foreign 10.35 24.22 Quantity impact - fixed (%) 6.41 12.98 Quantity impact - mobile (%) 9.44 25.28 Price impact - fixed (%) 5.64 12.13 Price impact - mobile (%) * There are three operators, but each has a regional monopoly. ** Reflects competition for some services in some regions. Source: Dee (2004a).

365

Table T21: Telecommunications - Botswana 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 4





na



na





366

Table T22: Telecommunications - Brazil 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 5





na



na





367

Table T23: Telecommunications - Brazil 2004 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 5.00





0.5



1


1 iii) % of incumbent that is privatised NT/Trade

(1 or 0) 1 1:yes, 0:no Are callback services allowed?

NT/FDI (%) 0.75 NT/FDI fixed 0.49 % of foreign investment allowed in competitive carriers NT/FDI mobile 1 Performance, environmental variables 22.32 Teledensity - main lines per 100 inhabitants 26.36 Mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants 2603.00 GDP per capita ($US) 21.00 Pop'n density - people per sq kilometre 5.40 Household density - households per sq kilometre 13.76 * Unmet demand - waiting list as % of mainlines in operation 69.00 Digital mainlines (%) 1 Post-1997 (1:yes, 0:no) Quantity and price impacts Domestic Foreign 3.83 7.40 Quantity impact - fixed (%) 0.00 1.82 Quantity impact - mobile (%) 3.29 6.57 Price impact - fixed (%) 0.00 1.54 Price impact - mobile (%) * 1997 value. Source: OECD (2004).

368

Table T24: Telecommunications - Brunei 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 3





na



na





369

Table T25: Telecommunications - Bulgaria 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





370

Table T26: Telecommunications - Bulgaria 2003 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





0



1




NT/FDI (%) 0.50 NT/FDI fixed 0 % of foreign investment allowed in competitive carriers NT/FDI mobile 1 Performance, environmental variables 35.94 Teledensity - main lines per 100 inhabitants 19.12 Mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants 1473.43 GDP per capita ($US) 73.33 Pop'n density - people per sq kilometre 26.25 Household density - households per sq kilometre 11.65 Unmet demand - waiting list as % of mainlines in operation 12.00 Digital mainlines (%) 1 Post-1997 (1:yes, 0:no) Quantity and price impacts Domestic Foreign 8.48 15.39 Quantity impact - fixed (%) 0.59 4.54 Quantity impact - mobile (%) 7.61 14.71 Price impact - fixed (%) 0.50 3.93 Price impact - mobile (%) Source: Dee (2004a).

371

Table T27: Telecommunications - Burkina Faso 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na




NT/FDI (%) 0.00 NT/FDI fixed na % of foreign investment allowed in competitive carriers NT/FDI mobile na Performance, environmental variables 0.33 Teledensity - main lines per 100 inhabitants 0.01 Mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants 198.56 GDP per capita ($US) 40.45 Pop'n density - people per sq kilometre 6.60 Household density - households per sq kilometre -9.00 Unmet demand - waiting list as % of mainlines in operation 86.60 Digital mainlines (%) 0 Post-1997 (1:yes, 0:no) Quantity and price impacts Domestic Foreign 374.29 922.38 Quantity impact - fixed (%) 1000.00 1000.00 Quantity impact - mobile (%) 1000.00 1000.00 Price impact - fixed (%) 1000.00 1000.00 Price impact - mobile (%) Source: Warren (2000), Dee (2004a).

372

Table T28: Telecommunications - Burundi 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





373

Table T29: Telecommunications - Cambodia 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





374

Table T30: Telecommunications - Cameroon 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 4





na



na





375

Table T31: Telecommunications - Canada 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 3





na



na





376

Table T32: Telecommunications - Cape Verde 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





377

Table T33: Telecommunications - Central African Republic 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 4





na



na





378

Table T34: Telecommunications - Chad 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 5





na



na





379

Table T35: Telecommunications - Chile 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 4





na



na





380

Table T36: Telecommunications - Chile 2004 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 4





0.75



1




NT/FDI (%) 1.00 NT/FDI fixed 1 % of foreign investment allowed in competitive carriers NT/FDI mobile 1 Performance, environmental variables 23.04 Teledensity - main lines per 100 inhabitants 42.83 Mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants 4413.00 GDP per capita ($US) 20.00 Pop'n density - people per sq kilometre 4.38 Household density - households per sq kilometre 0.90 Unmet demand - waiting list as % of mainlines in operation 100.00 Digital mainlines (%) 1 Post-1997 (1:yes, 0:no) Quantity and price impacts Domestic Foreign 0.39 0.39 Quantity impact - fixed (%) 0.00 0.00 Quantity impact - mobile (%) 0.32 0.32 Price impact - fixed (%) 0.00 0.00 Price impact - mobile (%) Source: OECD (2004).

381

Table T37: Telecommunications - China 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





382

Table T38: Telecommunications - Hong Kong 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 3





na



na





383

Table T39: Telecommunications - Colombia 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 3





na



na





384

Table T40: Telecommunications - Costa Rica 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





385

Table T41: Telecommunications - Cote d'Ivoire 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 4





na



na





386

Table T42: Telecommunications - Cyprus 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





387

Table T43: Telecommunications - Czech Republic 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





388

Table T44: Telecommunications - Denmark 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 6





na



na





389

Table T45: Telecommunications - Djibouti 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





390

Table T46: Telecommunications - Ecuador 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 1





na



na





391

Table T47: Telecommunications - Egypt 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





392

Table T48: Telecommunications - El Salvador 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 6





na



na





393

Table T49: Telecommunications - Estonia 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 4





na



na





394

Table T50: Telecommunications - Estonia 2003 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 4





1



1




NT/FDI (%) 1.00 NT/FDI fixed 1 % of foreign investment allowed in competitive carriers NT/FDI mobile 1 Performance, environmental variables 35.21 Teledensity - main lines per 100 inhabitants 45.54 Mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants 3454.97 GDP per capita ($US) 31.62 Pop'n density - people per sq kilometre 14.24 Household density - households per sq kilometre 7.50 Unmet demand - waiting list as % of mainlines in operation 71.20 Digital mainlines (%) 1 Post-1997 (1:yes, 0:no) Quantity and price impacts Domestic Foreign 0.22 0.22 Quantity impact - fixed (%) 0.27 0.27 Quantity impact - mobile (%) 0.18 0.18 Price impact - fixed (%) 0.22 0.22 Price impact - mobile (%) Source: Dee (2004b).

395

Table T51: Telecommunications - Ethiopia 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





396

Table T52: Telecommunications - Fiji 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





397

Table T53: Telecommunications - Finland 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 6





na



na





398

Table T54: Telecommunications - France 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 6





na



na


na iii) % of incumbent that is privatised NT/Trade

(1 or 0) 1 1:yes, 0:no Are callback services allowed?

NT/FDI (%) 0.20 NT/FDI fixed na % of foreign investment allowed in competitive carriers NT/FDI mobile na Performance, environmental variables 57.50 Teledensity - main lines per 100 inhabitants 9.93 Mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants 23773.98 GDP per capita ($US) 107.74 Pop'n density - people per sq kilometre 43.20 Household density - households per sq kilometre 0.00 Unmet demand - waiting list as % of mainlines in operation 96.00 Digital mainlines (%) Post-1997 (1:yes, 0:no) Quantity and price impacts Domestic Foreign 0.40 3.52 Quantity impact - fixed (%) 0.96 4.43 Quantity impact - mobile (%) 0.33 3.02 Price impact - fixed (%) 0.81 3.84 Price impact - mobile (%) Source: Warren (2000), Dee (2004a).

399

Table T55: Telecommunications - Gabon 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





400

Table T56: Telecommunications - Germany 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 6





na



na





401

Table T57: Telecommunications - Ghana 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 3





na



na





402

Table T58: Telecommunications - Greece 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 3





na



na





403

Table T59: Telecommunications - Guatamala 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 6





na



na





404

Table T60: Telecommunications - Guinea 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 4





na



na





405

Table T61: Telecommunications - Guinea Bissau 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





406

Table T62: Telecommunications - Guyana 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 4





na



na





407

Table T63: Telecommunications - Honduras 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





408

Table T64: Telecommunications - Hungary 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 1





na



na





409

Table T65: Telecommunications - Iceland 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 4





na



na





410

Table T66: Telecommunications - India 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





411

Table T67: Telecommunications - Indonesia 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





412

Table T68: Telecommunications - Iran 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 1





na



na





413

Table T69: Telecommunications - Ireland 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 6





na



na





414

Table T70: Telecommunications - Israel 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





415

Table T71: Telecommunications - Italy 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 6





na



na





416

Table T72: Telecommunications - Jamaica 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





417

Table T73: Telecommunications - Japan 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 6





na



na





418

Table T74: Telecommunications - Japan 2005 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 6





0.8



0.8




NT/FDI (%) 1.00 NT/FDI fixed 1 % of foreign investment allowed in competitive carriers NT/FDI mobile 1 Performance, environmental variables 55.83 Teledensity - main lines per 100 inhabitants 67.96 Mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants 31324.00 GDP per capita ($US) 338.00 Pop'n density - people per sq kilometre 118.68 * Household density - households per sq kilometre 0.00 Unmet demand - waiting list as % of mainlines in operation 100.00 Digital mainlines (%) 1 Post-1997 (1:yes, 0:no) Quantity and price impacts Domestic Foreign 0.16 0.16 Quantity impact - fixed (%) 0.30 0.30 Quantity impact - mobile (%) 0.13 0.13 Price impact - fixed (%) 0.25 0.25 Price impact - mobile (%) * Imputed from 1997 data. Source: Dee (2004a).

419

Table T75: Telecommunications - Jordan 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





420

Table T76: Telecommunications - Kazakhstan 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





421

Table T77: Telecommunications - Kenya 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 4





na



na





422

Table T78: Telecommunications - Korea 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





423

Table T79: Telecommunications - Kyrgyzstan 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 3





na



na





424

Table T80: Telecommunications - Latvia 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





425

Table T81: Telecommunications - Latvia 2003 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 4 *




MA/Inv (f) 0.46 * (%) 1 i) Number of competitors in fixed market (max 3)

1



1




NT/FDI (%) 1.00 NT/FDI fixed 1 % of foreign investment allowed in competitive carriers NT/FDI mobile 1 Performance, environmental variables 30.83 Teledensity - main lines per 100 inhabitants 27.94 Mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants 2930.40 GDP per capita ($US) 36.40 Pop'n density - people per sq kilometre 14.57 Household density - households per sq kilometre 2.67 Unmet demand - waiting list as % of mainlines in operation 52.18 Digital mainlines (%) 1 Post-1997 (1:yes, 0:no) Quantity and price impacts Domestic Foreign 5.31 5.31 Quantity impact - fixed (%) 3.12 3.12 Quantity impact - mobile (%) 4.63 4.63 Price impact - fixed (%) 2.67 2.67 Price impact - mobile (%) * Assumes implementation of 2003 reforms. Source: Dee (2004b).

426

Table T82: Telecommunications - Lithuania 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 4





na



na





427

Table T83: Telecommunications - Lithuania 2003 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 4 *




MA/Inv (f) 0.49 * (%) 1 i) Number of competitors in fixed market (max 3)

1



1




NT/FDI (%) 1.00 NT/FDI fixed 1 % of foreign investment allowed in competitive carriers NT/FDI mobile 1 Performance, environmental variables Teledensity - main lines per 100 inhabitants Mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants GDP per capita ($US) Pop'n density - people per sq kilometre Household density - households per sq kilometre Unmet demand - waiting list as % of mainlines in operation Digital mainlines (%) Post-1997 (1:yes, 0:no) Quantity and price impacts Domestic Foreign 10.66 10.66 Quantity impact - fixed (%) 0.00 0.00 Quantity impact - mobile (%) 9.75 9.75 Price impact - fixed (%) 0.00 0.00 Price impact - mobile (%) * Assumes implementation of 2003 reforms. Source: Dee (2004b).

428

Table T84: Telecommunications - Luxembourg 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 6





na



na





429

Table T85: Telecommunications - Macedonia 2003 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





0



0





430

Table T86: Telecommunications - Madagascar 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 4





na



na





431

Table T87: Telecommunications - Malawi 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 4





na



na





432

Table T88: Telecommunications - Malaysia 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





433

Table T89: Telecommunications - Malaysia 2002 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2 *





0.7



0.75




NT/FDI (%) 0.49 NT/FDI fixed 0.49 % of foreign investment allowed in competitive carriers NT/FDI mobile 0.49 Performance, environmental variables 18.16 Teledensity - main lines per 100 inhabitants 44.20 Mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants 3870.00 GDP per capita ($US) 76.00 Pop'n density - people per sq kilometre 15.19 Household density - households per sq kilometre 1.95 Unmet demand - waiting list as % of mainlines in operation 97.00 Digital mainlines (%) 1 Post-1997 (1:yes, 0:no) Quantity and price impacts Domestic Foreign 1.23 7.78 Quantity impact - fixed (%) 1.29 4.74 Quantity impact - mobile (%) 1.03 6.93 Price impact - fixed (%) 1.09 4.11 Price impact - mobile (%) * According to ITU, lack of tariff rebalanacing prevents third party access. Source: OECD (2004).

434

Table T90: Telecommunications - Maldives 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





435

Table T91: Telecommunications - Mali 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





436

Table T92: Telecommunications - Malta 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





437

Table T93: Telecommunications - Mauritania 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





438

Table T94: Telecommunications - Mauritius 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





439

Table T95: Telecommunications - Mexico 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





440

Table T96: Telecommunications - Moldova 2003 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





0



0.5





441

Table T97: Telecommunications - Morocco 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 1





na



na





442

Table T98: Telecommunications - Morocco 2004 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 1





0



1




NT/FDI (%) 0.35 NT/FDI fixed 0.35 % of foreign investment allowed in competitive carriers NT/FDI mobile 0.35 Performance, environmental variables 4.05 Teledensity - main lines per 100 inhabitants 24.34 Mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants 1218.00 GDP per capita ($US) 46.00 Pop'n density - people per sq kilometre 8.01 Household density - households per sq kilometre 0.35 Unmet demand - waiting list as % of mainlines in operation 99.30 Digital mainlines (%) 1 Post-1997 (1:yes, 0:no) Quantity and price impacts Domestic Foreign 14.27 29.97 Quantity impact - fixed (%) 4.55 10.07 Quantity impact - mobile (%) 13.49 33.29 Price impact - fixed (%) 3.95 9.16 Price impact - mobile (%) Source: Warren (2000), Dee (2004a).

443

Table T99: Telecommunications - Mozambique 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





444

Table T100: Telecommunications - Namibia 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





445

Table T101: Telecommunications - Nepal 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 4





na



na





446

Table T102: Telecommunications - Netherlands 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 6





na



na





447

Table T103: Telecommunications - New Zealand 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 6





na



na





448

Table T104: Telecommunications - Nicaragua 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 4





na



na





449

Table T105: Telecommunications - Niger 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





450

Table T106: Telecommunications - Nigeria 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 1





na



na





451

Table T107: Telecommunications - Norway 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 6





na



na





452

Table T108: Telecommunications - Oman 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





453

Table T109: Telecommunications - Pakistan 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





454

Table T110: Telecommunications - Panama 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





455

Table T111: Telecommunications - Papua New Guniea 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 5





na



na





456

Table T112: Telecommunications - Paraguay 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





457

Table T113: Telecommunications - Peru 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





458

Table T114: Telecommunications - Philippines 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





459

Table T115: Telecommunications - Poland 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





460

Table T116: Telecommunications - Portugal 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





461

Table T117: Telecommunications - Qatar 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





462

Table T118: Telecommunications - Romania 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





463

Table T119: Telecommunications - Romania 2003 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 4





0.125



1





464

Table T120: Telecommunications - Russian Federation 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade




MA/Inv (f) (%) na i) Number of competitors in fixed market (max 3)

na


na iii) % of incumbent that is privatised MA/Inv (m) (%) na i) Number of competitors in the mobile market (max 3)

na


na iii) % of incumbent that is privatised NT/Trade


NT/FDI (%) NT/FDI fixed na % of foreign investment allowed in competitive carriers NT/FDI mobile na Performance, environmental variables Teledensity - main lines per 100 inhabitants Mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants GDP per capita ($US) Pop'n density - people per sq kilometre Household density - households per sq kilometre Unmet demand - waiting list as % of mainlines in operation Digital mainlines (%) Post-1997 (1:yes, 0:no) Quantity and price impacts Domestic Foreign 32.70 72.60 Quantity impact - fixed (%) 1000.00 1000.00 Quantity impact - mobile (%) 37.46 153.18 Price impact - fixed (%) 1000.00 1000.00 Price impact - mobile (%) Source: Warren (2000), Dee (2004a).

465

Table T121: Telecommunications - Russian Federation 2004 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2 *





0.4



0.5




NT/FDI (%) 0.49 NT/FDI fixed 0.49 % of foreign investment allowed in competitive carriers NT/FDI mobile 0.49 Performance, environmental variables 24.22 Teledensity - main lines per 100 inhabitants 12.01 Mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants 2370.00 GDP per capita ($US) 9.00 Pop'n density - people per sq kilometre 1.01 Household density - households per sq kilometre 18.95 Unmet demand - waiting list as % of mainlines in operation 35.00 Digital mainlines (%) 1 Post-1997 (1:yes, 0:no) Quantity and price impacts Domestic Foreign 4.11 10.82 Quantity impact - fixed (%) 1.10 4.92 Quantity impact - mobile (%) 3.55 9.91 Price impact - fixed (%) 0.93 4.27 Price impact - mobile (%) * Connection deterred in practice by level of interconnection charges. Source: OECD (2004).

466

Table T122: Telecommunications - Saudi Arabia 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





467

Table T123: Telecommunications - Senegal 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





468

Table T124: Telecommunications - Serbia and Montenegro 2003 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2.5 *




MA/Inv (f) 0.28 * (%) na i) Number of competitors in fixed market (max 3)

na


na iii) % of incumbent that is privatised MA/Inv (m) 0.57 * (%) na i) Number of competitors in the mobile market (max 3)

na


na iii) % of incumbent that is privatised NT/Trade 0 *


NT/FDI (%) 0.25 * NT/FDI fixed na % of foreign investment allowed in competitive carriers NT/FDI mobile na Performance, environmental variables 22.88 Teledensity - main lines per 100 inhabitants 18.71 Mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants 1066.85 GDP per capita ($US) 104.35 Pop'n density - people per sq kilometre 33.61 Household density - households per sq kilometre 5.22 Unmet demand - waiting list as % of mainlines in operation 52.97 Digital mainlines (%) 1 Post-1997 (1:yes, 0:no) Quantity and price impacts Domestic Foreign 10.99 25.03 Quantity impact - fixed (%) 6.62 13.21 Quantity impact - mobile (%) 10.08 26.35 Price impact - fixed (%) 5.84 12.37 Price impact - mobile (%) * A simple average of policy scores for Serbia and Montenegro. Source: Dee (2004a).

469

Table T125: Telecommunications - Sierra Leone 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 4





na



na





470

Table T126: Telecommunications - Singapore 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





471

Table T127: Telecommunications - Slovak Republic 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





472

Table T128: Telecommunications - Solomon Islands 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





473

Table T129: Telecommunications - South Africa 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





474

Table T130: Telecommunications - Spain 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 5





na



na





475

Table T131: Telecommunications - Sri Lanka 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





476

Table T132: Telecommunications - Swaziland 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





477

Table T133: Telecommunications - Sweden 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 6





na



na





478

Table T134: Telecommunications - Switzerland 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 6





na



na





479

Table T135: Telecommunications - Syria 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





480

Table T136: Telecommunications - Tajikistan 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





481

Table T137: Telecommunications - Tanzania 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





482

Table T138: Telecommunications - Thailand 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





483

Table T139: Telecommunications - Thailand 2004 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





0



1




NT/FDI (%) 0.25 NT/FDI fixed 0.25 % of foreign investment allowed in competitive carriers NT/FDI mobile 0.25 Performance, environmental variables 10.55 Teledensity - main lines per 100 inhabitants 26.04 Mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants 2044.00 GDP per capita ($US) 122.00 Pop'n density - people per sq kilometre 28.99 Household density - households per sq kilometre 9.02 Unmet demand - waiting list as % of mainlines in operation 89.40 Digital mainlines (%) 1 Post-1997 (1:yes, 0:no) Quantity and price impacts Domestic Foreign 12.00 26.64 Quantity impact - fixed (%) 4.71 10.72 Quantity impact - mobile (%) 11.11 28.54 Price impact - fixed (%) 4.09 9.81 Price impact - mobile (%) Source: OECD (2004).

484

Table T140: Telecommunications - Togo 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 4





na



na





485

Table T141: Telecommunications - Trinidad and Tobago 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 5





na



na





486

Table T142: Telecommunications - Tunisia 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





487

Table T143: Telecommunications - Turkey 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





488

Table T144: Telecommunications - Uganda 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





489

Table T145: Telecommunications - Ukraine 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





490

Table T146: Telecommunications - United States 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 5





na



na




NT/FDI (%) 1.00 NT/FDI fixed na % of foreign investment allowed in competitive carriers NT/FDI mobile na Performance, environmental variables 64.37 Teledensity - main lines per 100 inhabitants 20.65 Mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants 30171.59 GDP per capita ($US) 28.61 Pop'n density - people per sq kilometre 10.79 Household density - households per sq kilometre 0.00 Unmet demand - waiting list as % of mainlines in operation 85.60 Digital mainlines (%) Post-1997 (1:yes, 0:no) Quantity and price impacts Domestic Foreign 0.00 0.00 Quantity impact - fixed (%) 0.00 0.00 Quantity impact - mobile (%) 0.00 0.00 Price impact - fixed (%) 0.00 0.00 Price impact - mobile (%) Source: Warren (2000), Dee (2004a).

491

Table T147: Telecommunications - United Arab Emirates 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





492

Table T148: Telecommunications - United Kingdom 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 6





na



na





493

Table T149: Telecommunications - Uruguay 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





494

Table T150: Telecommunications - Uzbekistan 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





495

Table T151: Telecommunications - Venezuela 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na





496

Table T152: Telecommunications - Vietnam 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 2





na



na





497

Table T153: Telecommunications - Vietnam 2004 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 4





0.5



0.5




NT/FDI (%) 0.00 NT/FDI fixed 0 % of foreign investment allowed in competitive carriers NT/FDI mobile 0 Performance, environmental variables 5.41 Teledensity - main lines per 100 inhabitants 3.37 Mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants 429.00 GDP per capita ($US) 247.00 Pop'n density - people per sq kilometre 49.92 * Household density - households per sq kilometre 16.20 ** Unmet demand - waiting list as % of mainlines in operation 100.00 Digital mainlines (%) 1 Post-1997 (1:yes, 0:no) Quantity and price impacts Domestic Foreign 4.46 37.08 Quantity impact - fixed (%) 2.64 11.63 Quantity impact - mobile (%) 3.86 44.72 Price impact - fixed (%) 2.25 10.73 Price impact - mobile (%) * Imputed from 1997 data. ** For 1997. Source: Dee, Duc and Hiep (2005).

498

Table T154: Telecommunications - Zambia 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 1





na



na





499

Table T155: Telecommunications - Zambia 2004 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 1





0



1




NT/FDI (%) 1.00 NT/FDI fixed 1 * % of foreign investment allowed in competitive carriers NT/FDI mobile 1 * Performance, environmental variables 0.79 Teledensity - main lines per 100 inhabitants 2.15 Mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants 338.00 GDP per capita ($US) 15.00 Pop'n density - people per sq kilometre 2.92 Household density - households per sq kilometre 15.51 Unmet demand - waiting list as % of mainlines in operation 70.90 Digital mainlines (%) 1 Post-1997 (1:yes, 0:no) Quantity and price impacts Domestic Foreign 13.94 13.94 Quantity impact - fixed (%) 1.23 1.23 Quantity impact - mobile (%) 13.14 13.14 Price impact - fixed (%) 1.03 1.03 Price impact - mobile (%) * No limit in principle, although without privatisation there is none in practice. Source: OECD (2004).

500

Table T156: Telecommunications - Zimbabwe 1997 Variable Score Details Policy variables MA/Trade 0





na



na



