eaI

r

vegetationkerr wildlife

management area

of the

and its preferenceby white-tailed deer

byW. E. Armstrong

D. E. HarmelM. J. AndereggM. S. Traweek

Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Fisheries and Wildlife Division

Wildlife Section1991

acknowledgementsThe studies that provided the information in thispublication were funded by the Federal Aid inWildlifeRestoration (Pittman-Robertson)Act. Under this Act,the Federal excise taxes on sporting arms, pistols,ammunition and several items of archery equipment areapportioned to the states and territories for the conservation and management of wild birds and mammals.Studies of deer forage preferences have beenconducted on the Kerr Wildlife Management Area as apart of Texas Federal Aid Project W-56-D.

Drawings by Sarah Kahlden Arendale from Trees,Shrubs, and Woody Vines of the Southwest byRobert A. Vines are reproduced by permission of theUniversity of Texas Press.

Paintings by Mary Motz Wills from Roadside Flowersof Texas by Howard S. Irwin are reproduced bypermission of the University of Texas Press.

Drawings by Valloo Z. Kapadia from Grasses ofthe Texas Coastal Bend by Frank W. Gould andThadisW. Box, a publication supported by the WelderWildlife Foundation, Sinton, Texas, are reproduced by permission of Mrs. Lucile Gould Bridges.

The common and scientific names used in thispublication are taken from Texas Plants-A Checklistand Ecological Summary by Frank W. Gould and published by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station,Texas A&M University.

Designed, Illustrated and Printed byCFO Division

Texas Parks &Wildl i fe Department

a briefintroduction

the hill country was settled by european man in the 1800’s.at this time, the country was a grassland with scattered standsof oaks and junipers (cedars).

t was maintained as a grassland savannahlargely by grazing habits of bison and antelope as well as by frequent natural andman-made fires. The land supported a richdiversityof forbs and grasses. White-taileddeer were rarely found in the grasslands.With European settlement came fences,cows, sheep, goats and the control of fire.Livestock were continuously grazed infenced pastures which disrupted thenatural movement patterns of grazinganimals. Plants were not allowed to restand recover from grazing. By 1900, con-tinuous overgrazing and control of firehad taken its toll. The land began tochange from a grassland to a brushland.Many of the woody brush species were readily grazed by sheep, goats, cattle, andan increasing deer herd. These animals have selective eating habits and eat the more desirable plants first and leave the less desirable plants for last. By the1940’s, many of the good quality plant species were highly depleted and not readily found on most ranges. The HillCountry was now dominated by poorquality browse, forb, and grass plants. Ashejuniper (commonlycalled cedar) is ahighly undesirable forage plant avoidedby both domestic livestock and deer. Inmuch of the Hill Country, cedar became the dominate plant species causing a oncediverse and healthy landscape to becomea “cedar brake” with very little plantdiversity or vigor.

I

The Kerr Wildlife Management Areawas purchased in the early 1950’s. At the time of purchase it was a mature “cedarbrake” which exhibited the effectsof manyyears of overgrazing and range abuse. Soon after its purchase, range and wild-life scientists began studying ways toimprove conditions for white-tailed deer

introduction continuedand other related wildlife species. It soon became evident that the properway to manage a deer herd was tomanage its food supply. Since 1954,wildlife biologists have been learninghow to manage the range to produce adiverse and healthy plant community.Through the control of animal numbers,use of controlled livestock grazingsystems, controlling the kinds of live-stock grazed, and the re-establishmentof fire intothe ecosystem,the KerrWild-life Management Area is now producinga wider variety of plant species than atany time in its recent history. Each year new forb species are being found. Manyspecies that were once considered unusual are now common on the Area.

White-tailed Deer Food HabitsThe plants that deer eat can be

divided into 3broad categories-browse(leaves of woody plants), forbs (broad leaf herbaceous plants), and grasses(including sedges). Several studies havebeen conducted on deer food habits and they have indicated similar results. Deerprefer forbs when they are available andas they become unavailable deer shifttheir diets to browse plants. This usuallyoccurs in the summer and fall period.During the late summer and fall, mast(acorns, berries, and fruits) from browseplants can play an important role in deerdiets. Grasses do not play a majorrole in

deer diet and generally comprise only asmallpercent of their annual diet. Whendeer do utilize grass, the plant is in ayoung and succulent growth stage, andforbs and browse plants are not readily available.

Species Usage By White-tailed DeerThe plant list in this pamphlet is

a tentative list. The degree of food pref-erence by deer for many plant species has yet to be determined. Those plant species that occur in large enoughnumbers to be of value, and where their importance to white-tailed deer has beendetermined,arerated from 1to4 depend-ing on deer preference. A rating of 1 isa preferred species, a rating of 2 is amoderately preferred species, a rating of3 indicates that the item is utilized butnot desirable, and a rating of 4 indicatesthat the item is little utilized by deer.When no rating is given, the statusof theplant as a deer food is unknown.

Because each category of plant is utilized at different periods of the year,the ratings of species preference by deerrefers to preferences within that cate-gory of plants. Forbs are rated against forbs, browse against browse, and grass against grass. Ratings are based on dataand observationsmadeon the Kerr Wild-life Management Area and reflect thefood habits of deer on the Area. Foodhabits of deer may vary in other ecologi-cal regions of Texas.

he common and scientific names used in this publication are taken from TexasTPlants - A Checklist and Ecological Summary ,by Frank W. Gould, April 1975.

forbs

Erect dayflower

Vegetative Ratings as to Deer Preference:(1) Preferred species(2) Moderately preferred species(3) Utilized but not desirable(4) Little utilized species

Acanthaceae

AmaranthaceaeDyschoriste linearis

Alternanthera peploidesAmaranthus graecizansAmaranthus retroflexus

Zephyranthes drummondi

Amosonia ciliataApocynum sp.

AristolochiaceaeAristolochia coryi

AsclepiadaceaeAsclepias verticillataMatelea biforaMatelea reticulata Sarcostemma crispum

Heliotropium tenellumLithospermum incisum

Tillandsia recurvata

Triodanis coloradoensis Triodanis leptocarpaTriodanis perfoliata

Polanisia dodecandra var. trachysperma

Amaryllidaceae

Apocynaceae

Boraginaceae

Bromeliaceae

Campanulaceae

Capparidaceae

CaryophyllaceaeParonychia sp.Silene antirrhina Stellaria media

Chenopodium gigantospermum Chenopodium leptophyllum

Commelina erecta

Commelina erecta var. erecta

Tradescantia occidentalis

Achillea millefoliumAmbrosia psilostachyaAphanostephus ramossissimus Artemisia ludovicianaCarduus nutansCentaurea melitensisChaetopappa bellidifoliaChaetopappa belloides

Chenopodiaceae

Commelinaceae

var. angustifolia

Tradescantia gigantea

Compositae

Acanthaceae Family

Pigweed FamilyNarrowleaf dyschoriste

Mat chaff-flower (1)Tumbleweed (1)Redroot amaranth (1)

Amaryllis Family Eveningstar rainlily (1)

Dogbane FamilyTexas slimpod Dogbane

Dutchmanspipe FamilyCory dutchmanspipe

Milkweed Family Whorled milkweed (4)Twoflower milkvine (3)Milkvine (4)Waveleaf twinevine

Pasture heliotropeNarrowleaf gromwell

Small ballmoss (3)

Colorado venuslookingglass (1)Slimpod venuslookingglass (1)Clasping venuslookingglass (2)

Roughseed clammyweed (3)

Borage Family

Pineapple Family

Bluebell Family

Caper Family

Chickweed Family NailwortSleepy catchflyChickweed starwort

Bigseed goosefoot (3)Slimleaf goosefoot (3)

Erect dayflower (1)

Goosefoot Family

Spiderwort Family

Erect dayflower (1)Giant spiderwort (1)Prairie spiderwort (1)

Western yarrow Western ragweed Plains dosedaisy (4)Mexican sagewortMuskthistle (3)Malta centaurea (4)

Manyflower leastdaisy (4)

Sunflower Family

Hairy leastdaisy (4)

forbscontinued

Texas filaree

Compositae (continued)Cirsium texanum var. texanumConyza canadensis var. glabrataConyza coulteriConyza ramosissimaCoreopsis basalis var. wrightiiCoreopsis tinctoriaEngelmannia pinnatifidaErigeron modestusEupatorium perfoliatumEvax proliferaGaillardia pulchellaGaillardia suavisGnaphalium obtusifoliumHelianthus annuusHeterotheca subaxillaris

var. subaxillarisHymenopappus tenuifoliusHymenoxys odorataKrigia oppositifoliaLactuca canadensis var. latifoliaLactuca serriolaLindheimera texanaMelampodium leucanthusParthenium hispidumPinaropappus roseusPyrrhopappus multicaulisRatibida columnarisRudbeckia sp.Senecio ampullaceusSenecio plattensisSimsia calvaSonchus asperTetragonotheca texana

Rosering gaillardia

Tetraneuris linearifoliaTetraneuris scaposa var. scaposaThelesperma sp.Verbesina virginicaXanthisma texanum

var. drummondiiXanthium spinosum Xanthocephalum sarothraeXanthocephalum texanumXimenesia encelioides Zexmenia hispida

ConvolvulaceaeConvolvulus incanusCuscuta sp.Evolvu l u sericeusDichondra sp.Ipomoea coccineaIpomoea lindheimeri

Sedum nuttallianum

Draba cuneifoliaDraba platycarpa Lepidum virginicum Lesquerella argyraea Lesquerella densifora

Crassulaceae

Cruciferae

Southern thistle (3)Horsetail conyza (1)Coulter conyza Low conyza (4)Rock coreopsisPlains coreopsis (3)Engelmann-daisy (2)Plains fleabane (4)BonesetBighead evax (4)Rosering gaillardia (2)Sweet gaillardia (1)Fragrant cudweed (4)Common sunflower (3)Camphorweed

Chalkhill woolywhite (2)Western bitterweed (4)Weedy dwarf dandelion Wild lettuce (2)Prickly lettuce (2)TexasstarPlains blackfootRagweed parthenium White rocklettuce (3)Manystem false-dandelionUpright prairie-coneflower (3)Cone flower sp.Texas groundsel Prairie groundsel Awnless bushsunflower Prickly sowthistle Plateau nerveray (2)Fineleaf tetraneuris (4)Plains tetraneuris (4)Greenthread (4)White crownbeard (4)Sleepy daisy

Spiny cocklebur (4)Broom snakeweed (4)Texas broomweedGolden crownbeard (4)Orange zexmenia (3)

Gray bindweed DodderSilky evolvulus PoneyfootScarlet morninggloryBlue morningglory (2)

Yellow stonecrop (3)

Wedgeleaf draba (1)Broadpod draba (1)Virgina pepperweed (2)Silvery bladderpod (3)Denseflower bladderpod (3)

Morningglory Family

Stonecrop Family

Mustard Family

Cucurbitaceae

EuphorbiaceaeCucurbita foetidissima

Acalypha lindheirneriArgythamnia humilisArgythamnia mercuria lina Bernardia myricaefolia Bernardia sp.Croton monanthogynusCroton texensisEuphorbia angustaEuphorbia cyathophora Euphorbia serpensEuphorbia spat hula taPhyllanthus polygonoides Stillingia texanaTragia nepetaefolia

Centaurium beyrichii

Erodium cicutariumErodium texanum Geranium carolinanum

Hypericum drummondii

Phacelia congesta

Sisyrinchium ensigerum

Brazoria scutellarioidesHedeoma acinoides Hedeoma drummondii

Lamium amplexicauleMarrubium vulgareMonarda citriodora Monarda punctata Salvia farinaceaScutellaria drummondiiSalvia reflexa

Astragalus crassicarpus Astragalus nuttallianus Cassia roemeriana Dalea aureaDesmanthus velutinus Lespedeza stuevei Lupinus texensisMedicago hispidaRhynchosia texanaSchrankia roemerianaVicia leavenworthii

var. leavenworthii

Gentianaceae

Geraniaceae

Guttiferae

Hydrophyllaceae

Iridaceae

Labiatae

var. drummondii

Leguminosae

LiliaceaeAllium canadense Allium drummondi Anthericum torreyi

Gourd Family

SpurgeFamilyBuffalogourd(4)

Lindheimer copperleaf (3)Low wildmercury (3)Tall wildmercury (3)Brush myrtlecroton MyrtlecrotonOneseed croton (4)Texas croton (4)Blackfoot euphorbiaWild poinsettiaMat euphorbia (1)Warty euphorbiaKnotweed leafflower (2)Texas stillingia (4)Catnip noseburn (3)

Rock centaury (3)

Alfilaria (2)Texas filaree (2)Carolina geranium

St. Johnswort Family Drummond St. Johnswort (3)

Waterleaf Family Spike phacelia

Iris FamilySwordleaf blue-eyegrass

Mint FamilyPrairie brazoriaSlender hedeomaDrummond hedeoma (3)

Gentain Family

Geranium Family

Henbit deadnettleCommon horehound (3)Lemon beebalmSpotted beebalm (3)Mealycup sage (4)Drummond skullcapLanceleaf sage

Groundplum milkvetch Nuttall milkvetchTwoleaf sennaGolden daleaVelvet bundleflower (2)Stueve lespedeza (3)Texas bluebonnet (3)Burclover (2)Texas snoutbean (2)Roemer sensitivebriarLeavenworth vetch (2)

Legume Family

Lily FamilyCanada garlic (1)Drummond onion (1)Torrey anthericum

Liliaceae (continued)Nothoscordum bivalve Yellow falsegarlicSchoenocaulon drummondii Drummond sabadilla

LinaceaeLinum sp.

KrameriaceaeKrameria lanceolata

LoasaceaeEucnide bartonioides Mentzelia oligosperma

Phoradendron bolleanumPhoradendron serotinum

var. pubescens

Lorant haceae

Malpighiaceae

Malvaceae

Thryallis angustifolia

Abutilon incanum Callirhoe digitataPavo nia lasiope tal aSidafilicaulisSphaeralcea angustifolia

Martynia 1ouisianica

Cocculus carolinus

Martyniaceae

Menispermaceae

NyctaginaceaeBoerhaavia sp.Mirabilis albida

OnagraceaeGaura sp.Oenothera engelmanniOenothera triloba

Oxalis dilleniiOxalis drummondii

Argemone sp.Corydalis aurea

Passiflora luteaPassiflora tenuiloba

Phytolacca americana

Plantago purshiiPlantago rhodosperma

Gilia rigidula Phlox roemeriana

Eriogonum havardii

Oxalidaceae

Papavesaceae

Passifloraceae

Phytolaccaceae

Plantaginaceae

Polemoniaceae

Poly gonaceae

Flax Family

Ratany Family

Loasa Family

Flax sp.

Trailing ratany

Yellow rocknettleChickenthief mentzelia (3)

Rough mistletoe (1)Christmas mistletoe (1)

Mistletoe Family

MalpighiaFamily

Mallow Family

Narrowleaf thryallis

Indianmallow (3)Finger poppymallowWright pavonia (1)Spreading sida (3)Narrowleaf globemallow

Common devilclaws

Carolina snailseed (2)

SpiderlingWhite four-o'clock (1)

Evening primrose FamilyGauraEngelmann eveningprimrose (1)Stemlesseveningprimrose (1)

Yellow woodsorrel (2)Drummond oxalis (2)

PricklepoppyGolden coryadalis (3)

PassionflowerFamilyYellow passionflowerSpreadinglobepassionflower

Common pokeberry (2)

Woolly plantain (2)Redseed plantain (2)

Prickleaf gilia Roemer phlox

Havard wildbuckwheat (3)

Martynia Family

Moonseed Family

Four-o'clock Family

Wood sorrel Family

Poppy Family

Pokeweed Family

Plantain Family

Phlox Family

WildbuckwheatFamily

forbscontinued

Southwestern carrot

Stemless eveningprimrose

PortulacaceaePortulaca pilosaPortulaca retusaTalinum aurantiacum

Anemone carolinianaAnemone decapetalaDelphinium carolinianumClematis drummondii

Galium aparineGalium texenseGalium virgatum Hedyotis nigricans

ScrophulariaceaeGerardia edwardsianaLinaria texana Maurandia antirrhiniflora Penstemon cobaea Penstemon jamesiiVerbascum thapsus

Chamaesaracha coronopusDatura stramonium

Physalis sp.Solanum americanumSolanum elaeagnifoliumSolanum rostratumTyphaceae iypha sp.

Bifora americanaChaerophyllum tainturieri

var. dasycarpumDaucosma laciniatum Daucus pusillusEryngo IeavenworthiiParietaria pennsylvanica

Ranunculaceae

Rubiaceae

Solonaceae

var. stramonium

Umbelliferae

var. pennsylvanica

ValerianaceaeValerianella stenocarpa

var. stenocarpa

VerbenaceaePhyla sp.Verbena bipinna t ifida

var. bipinnatifidaVerbena canadensisVerbena canescens

var. roemerianaVerbena pumila

Hybanthus verticillatus

Kallstroemia hirsutissimaTribulus terrestris

Violaceae

Zygophyllaceae

Moss Rose FamilyShaggy purslane Roughseed purslane (1)Orange flameflower

Carolina anemone (3)Tenpetal anemone (3)Carolina larkspur Texas virgins bower (3)

Catchweed bedstraw (3)Texas bedstraw (3)Southwest bedstraw (3)Prairie bluets (2)

Plateau gerardia Texas toadflaxSnapdragon maurandiaFoxgloveJames penstemonFlannel mullein (4)

Green false-nightshadeJimsonweed

Buttercup Family

Madder Family

Figwort Family

Nightshade Family

Groundcherry(2)Blueflower buffalobur (2)Silverleaf nightshade BuffaloburCattail

Celery Family Prairie bishop (2)Hairyfruit chervil (3)

Meadow daucosmaSouthwestern carrot (2)Leavenwortheryngo (4)Pennsylvania pellitory (2)

Valerian FamilyNarrowcell cornsalad

Verbena FamilyFrogfruit (4)Dakota verbena (3)

Rose verbenaRoemer verbena (3)

Pink vervain

Violet Family

Caltrop Family

Whorled nodviolet (1)

Hairy caltrop Puncturevine

rowseplantsareratedby deerpreferencefor leaf forage-not forpreferenceformast. Deer readily eatacorns,persimmon fruits, mesquite beans, and cedar berries. Because of erratic rainfall patterns, mast is not alwaysBproduced by the various browse species and is not considered a reliable food source for white-tailed deer.

browse

Possumhaw

Anacardiaceae Sumac Family Rhus aromatica Skunkbush (2)

Rhus copallina Flameleaf sumac (2)Rhus virens Evergreen sumac (2)Rhus toxicodendron var. vulgaris

var. flabelliformis

Poisonivy (2)

AquifoliaceaeIlex decidua

Holly FamilyPossumhaw (2)

Berber idaceae Barberry FamilyBerberis trifoliolata Agarito (3)

Cactaceae Cactus FamilyEchinocactus texensis Devilspincushion (4)Echinocereus reichenbachii Lace echinocereus(4)Mammillaria heyderi Heyder mammallaria (4)

Opuntia lindheimeri Texas prickypear (4)

Opuntia sp. Cholla (4)

, Opuntia leptocaulis Pencil cactus (4)

var. lindheimeri

Caprifoliaceae Honeysuckle Family Lonicera albiflora var. albiforaViburnum rufidulum Downy viburnum (1)

White honeysuckle (1)

Sku

browseChenopodiaceae Goosefoot Family

Atriplex canescens Fourwing saltbush (3)

Compositae Sunflower FamilyBaccharis salicina Willow baccharis (4)

continuedCornaceae Dogwood Family

Cornus drummondii Roughleaf dogwoodGarrya lindheimeri Lindheimer silktasselGarrya ovata Eggleaf silktassel (4)

Live oak

EbenaceaeDiospyros texana

EricaceaeArbutus texana

Persimmon Family Texas persimmon (3)

Heath FamilyTexas madrone (1)

Euphorbiaceae Spurge FamilyCroton fruticulosus Bush croton

FagaceaeQuercus durandii var. brevilobaQuercus laceyiQuercus marilandicaQuercus muehlenbergiiQuercus shumardii var. texanaQuercus stellata var. stellataQuercus virginiana

var. virginiana

Beech Family White shin oak (2)Lacey oak (2)Blackjack oak (2)Chinkapin oak (2)Texas oak (1)Post oak (2)Live oak (3)

Much of Texas' deer habitat is ofpoor quality,primarily a result ofovergrazing by domestic livestock,exotics and native wildlife.Overgrazed pastures have fewpreferred forage species and trees are uniformly browsed to a height of about 4 feet.

Good deer habitat is characterized by an abundanceof weeds and shrubs of highlypreferred species. Trees have low branches that show littleevidence of browsing.

browsecontinued

Hippocastanaceae Buckeye Family Aesculus glabra var. arguta Texas buckeye

Juglandaceae Walnut FamilyCarya illinoensis Pecan (3)Juglans microcarpa Texas black walnut (3)

Leguminosae Pea FamilyAcacia greggi Catclaw acaciaAcacia roemeriana Roemer acacia (2)Cercis canadensis var. texensisDalea frutescens var. frutescens

Texas redbud (2)Black dalea (3)

Eysenhardtia texana Leucaena retusaMimosa borealis Prosopis glandulosa

var. glandulosaSophora affinis

LiliaceaeSmilax bona-noxSmilax rotundifoliaYucca rupicolaYucca sp.

MeliaceaeMelia azedarach

Roemer acacia

Texas kidneywood (1)Littleleaf leadtree (1)Fragrant mimosa (3)Honey mesquite (4)

Texas sophora (1)

Lily Family Saw greenbriar (2)Common greenbriar (2)Texas yucca (4)Yucca (4)

Mahogany Family Chinaberry (1)

greenbriar

MoraceaeMorus nigraMorus microphylla

OleaceaeForestiera neomexicanaForestiera pubescens

var. pubescensForestiera reticulata

PinaceaeJuniperus ashei

RhamnaceaeColubrina texensisCondalia obtusifoliaCondalia viridisRhamnus caroliniana

var. caroliniana

RosaceaeCercocarpusmontanusCrataegus crusgalliPrunus gracilis Prunus serotina var. eximia

RubiaceaeCephalanthusoccidentalis

Mulberry Family Black mulberry (1)Texas mulberry

Olive FamilyNew Mexico forestiera Elbowbush (3)

Netleaf forestiera (3)

PineFamilyAshejuniper (4)

Buckthorn FamilyTexas colubrina (2)Lotebush (4)Green condaliaCarolina buckthorn (1)

Rose FamilyTrue mountainmahogany (1)Cockspur hawthorne (1)Oklahoma plum (1)Escarpmentblackcherry (2)

Madder Fami1yCommon buttonbush (3)

Texas redbud

Black mulberry

browsecontinued

RutaceaeZanthoxylum clava-herculis

var. fruticosum

SapindaceaeSapindusdrummondiiUngnadia speciosa

SapotaceaeBumelia lanuginosa

var. oblongifolia

UlmaceaeCeltis laevigataCeltis reticulataUlmus crassifoliaUlmus rubra

VerbenaceaeAloysia lycioides

Netleaf hackberry

VitaceaeAmpelopsis cordataCissus incisaParthenocissus heptaphylla Parthenocissus quinquefoliaVitis

Woollybucket

Rue FamilyHerculesclub pricklyash (3)

SoapberryFamilyWestern soapberry (3)Mexicanbuckeye (4)

SapodillaFamilyWoollybucket bumelia (2)

Elm Family Sugar hackberry (1)Netleaf hackberry (2)Cedar elm (1)Slippery elm (1)

Vervain Family Whitebrush (4)

Grape FamilyHeartleaf ampelopsis (2)Ivy treebine (2)Sevenleaf creeper (2)Virginia creeper (2)Sweet Mountain Grape (2)

Evergreen sumac

Post oak

Winter grape

Flameleaf sumac

grassesandsedges&\

Big bluestem

Sideoatsgrama

CyperaceaeCarex planostachys

GramineaeAndropogon gerardii

var. gerardiiAndropogon glomeratusAristida glaucaAristida oligantha Aristida purpureaAristida wrightiiAvena fatua var. sativaBot hrioc hloa barbinodis

var. barbinodisBothriochloa barbinodis

var. perforataBothriochloa edwardsiana Bothriochloa ischaemum

var. songaricaBothriochloa saccharoides

var. torreyanaBouteloua curtipendulaBouteloua hirsutaBouteloua rigidiseta Bouteloua trifidaBouteloua unifloraBromus japonicusBromus tectorum var. tectorumBromus unioloidesBuchloe dactyloidesCenchrus incertus Chloris andropogonoidesChloris cucullataChloris verticillataCynodon dactylonDicanthelium oligosanthesDicanthelium pedicillatumDigitaria californicaEchinochloa colonumElymus canadensisEragrostis cilianensisEragrostis curtipedicillataEragrostis intermediaEragrostis lugensEragrostis trichodesEriochloa sericea Eriochloa contractaErioneuron pilosumHilaria belangeriHordeum jubatumHordeum pusillumLeptochloa dubiaLeptochloa filiformis

Sedge FamilyCedar sedge (3)

Grass FamilyBig bluestem (4)

Bushy bluestem (4)Blue threeawn (4)Oldfield threeawn (4)Purple threeawn (4)Wright threeawn (4)Common oats (1)Cane bluestem (4)

Pinhole bluestem (4)

Merrill bluestem (4)King ranch bluestem (4)

Silver bluestem (4)

Sideoats grama (2)Hairy grama (4)Texas grama (4)Red grama (4)Nealley grama (4)Japanese bromeDowny bromeRescuegrass (1)Buffalograss (4)Common sandbur (4)Slimspike windmill grassHooded windmillgrass (4)Tumble windmillgrass (4)Bermudagrass (4)Scribners dicanthelium (1)Cedar dicanthelium (4)Arizona cottontop (4)Jungle riceCanada wildrye (4)Stinkgrass (4)Gummy lovegrass (4)Plains lovcgrass (2)Mourning lovegrass (4)Sand lovegrass (4)Texas cupgrass (4)Prairie cupgrass (4)Hairy tridens (4)Common curleymesquite (3)Foxtail barleyLittle barleyGreen spranglctop (2)Red sprangletop

Gramineae (continued)Limnodea arkansanaMelica nitensMuhlenbergia reverchoniiPanicum coloratumPanicum fasciculatumPanicum halliiPanicum obtusum Panicum virgatumPaspalum dilatatumSchedonnardus paniculatusSchizachyrium scoparium

Setaria glauca Setaria scheeleiSorghastrum nutansSorghum halepenseSporobulus asper var. asperSporobolus asper

var. drummondiiSporobulus cryptandrusSporobolus vaginiflorusStipa leucotricha Tridens albescens Tridens muticus var. muticusTridens muticus var. elongatusTripsacum dactyloidesTrisetum interruptumTriticum aestivumVulpia octoflora var. hirtella

var. frequens

OzarkgrassThreeflower melicSeep muhly (4)Kleingrass (3)

Halls panic (3)Vine mesquite (4)Switchgrass (4)Dallisgrass (4)Tumblegrass (3)Little bluestem (3)

Yellow bristlegrass (4)Southwestern bristlegrass (4)Yellow indiangrass (4)Johnsongrass (2)Tall dropseed (4)Meadow dropseed (4)

Sand dropseed (4)Poverty dropseed (4)Texas wintergrass (3)White tridens (4)Slim tridens (4)Rough tridensEastern gamagrassPrairie trisetumWheat (1)Hair sixweeksgrass (4)

Fall witchgrass

referencesAjilvsgi, G., 1984. Wildflowers of Texas. Shearer Publishing, Bryan Tx.

414 pp.

Bryant, F. C., C. A. Taylor, L. B. Merrill. 1981. White-tailed deer dietsfrom excellent and poor range conditions. J. Range Manage.34(3):193-199.

Cross, D. C. 1984. The food habits of white-tailed deer on the KerrWildlife Management Area in conjunction with prescribed burning androtational livestock grazing systems. M. S. Thesis. Southwest TexasState University. San Marcos. 134pp.

Gould, F. W. 1975. Texas Plants - A checklist and ecological summary.Tex. Agri. Exp. Sta. Texas A&M University. Bull MP-595 Revised .121 pp.

Halls, L. K. 1984. What do deer eat and why. Proceedings of the 1984International Ranchers Roundup. pp 266-276.

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