Report from

Bell Laboratories' horn-reflectorantenna located at Holmdel, NewJersey. It is coupled to a traveling-wave maser receiver through awaveguide switch which permitscomparison of received noises andnoise from a reference source.

A radio problem that may have a ten-billion-year-old solutionActivities in technology sometimes

have surprising implications. For ex-ample, recent antenna tests con-ducted by Bell Telephone Labora-tories at Holmdel, New Jersey, haveapparently produced evidence aboutthe early history of the universe.

In their radio communicationsstudies, Bell Laboratories scientistshad been using a horn-reflector an-tenna (employed on Project Echo andTelstarR experiments) to measurethe radio noise emitted by CassiopeiaA, an exploded star now surroundedby fiery gas. This and other similarmeasurements require accurateknowledge about or elimination ofnoise produced by the atmosphere,the ground, and the components ofthe antenna system itself. Now, noisefrom the Earth's atmosphere can beaccurately measured and the antennais so directional that ground noise isnegligible (verified through a seriesof tests with a mobile transmitter).The electrical joints in the antenna

* system and waveguide were reworkedand sealed to eliminate any possiblenoise due to leakage. And, an ex-tremely accurate noise-level refer-ence source-the best produced sofar-was designed and built espe-

* cially for this project.But there was some noise which

could not be explained. It wasstronger than that radiated by thedistant fixed stars. It showed none ofthe patterns typical of man-madeinterference. Drs. A. A. Penzias andR. W. Wilson were frankly puzzled.Strangely enough, similar unex-

plained noise, of the same order ofmagnitude, had been suspected byBell scientists during the ProjectEcho and Telstar experiments. At thattime, though, measurement tech-niques were not sufficiently per-fected to allow them to be certainof their suspicions.

Not far away, however, at PrincetonUniversity, an explanation was beingdevised without knowledge of theBell experiments. A group underProf. R. H. Dicke was seeking infor-mation about the relationship be-tween gravity and the recession ofdistant galaxies from us and fromeach other. The original compositionof our galaxy (inferred from spectrallines of "old" stars) and the belief-held by many astronomers-that allmatter was once compressed into avastly smaller volume than at presentsuggested to the group that the uni-verse was at that time much hotter-a veritable fireball. Such a fireballwould emit a characteristic "black-body" radiation which-after coolingthrough billions of years of expan-sion-would have fallen in frequencyfrom about 10' cps. to about 10"' cps.It would thus lie in the radio spec-trum, at wavelengths of a few centi-meters. This was very much like thenoise which was puzzling the menat Bell Laboratories.

A mutual acquaintance saw a pos-sible connection and put Bell intouch with Princeton. Result: the sig-nal received at Bell Laboratories hasenabled Prof. P. J. Peebles of Prince-ton to draw the hypothetical radiationspectrum shown in the figure. Future

Virtually all of the "black-body" radiationwhich might have come from the supposedprimordial fireball is concentrated betweenwavelengths of 7500 cm. and 0.01 cm. How-ever, the long-wave end of the spectrum ismasked by the galactic radiation to whichradio astronomers listen and the short-waveend is masked by the Earth's warm-air at-mosphere. Therefore, only the portion of thecurve between about 20 cm. and 1 cm. canbe studied. Bell Laboratories has supplieda point at the Telstar wavelength (7.3 cm.).Beli and Princeton scientists will next lookfor other points along the same curve. Ifthese points are found, they will be powerfulevidence of such radiation and, in turn, ofthe former existence of the fireball itself.

measurements at other wavelengthswithin this spectrum are planned atboth Bell and Princeton to determinewhether there was a primordial fire-ball. If so, it will be the first reliableview man has had of events 10 billionyears ago.

Bell Telephone LaboratoriesResearch and Development Unit of the Bell System

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1408

only nine lines. Much of the literaturepublished today is obscure and un-grammatical, and these faults will onlybe corrected when the rules of gram-mar are applied and clarity of expres-sion is set high on the list of standardsby which a manuscript is judged.

Forscher omits to mention that thereferee has a responsibility to the au-thor, who is entitled in this highly com-petitive age to prompt consideration ofhis manuscript. If a referee is too busyor too lazy to fulfill his obligations with-in a reasonable time, he should not beentrusted with the responsibility.

If it is the editor's responsibility tomake the final decision about publica-tion, it should also be his responsibilityto weigh the advice of his referees. Heneed transmit to the author only thosecomments that he deems necessary forthe improvement of the manuscript orfor justifying its rejection;. this he cando without disclosing the referees'names.

PETER H. WRIGHTIndiana University Medical Center,1100 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis

Forscher's suggestion that verbatimcomments from the referee be accom-panied by his name appears to offerone way to curb the tendency of somereferees to make unsupported judg-ments such as "naive," "superficial,"or, in an extreme case, "stupid."

Moreover, communication of the au-thor with the referee could in someinstances prove to be mutually bene-ficial.

BARBARA J. POWELL759 Day Street, Galeshurg, Illinois

Competence in the Universities

With regard to the Reuss subcom-mittee's inquiry into the relation be-tween federal support for basic re-search and the quality of universityscience teaching (News and Comment,22 Oct., p. 464), I offer the followingobservation: Having completed some20-odd undergraduate and graduatecourses in botany and genetics at fourinstitutions (Washington University,the University of Michigan, Clare-mont Graduate School, and the Uni-versity of California at Berkeley) dur-ing the pre- and post-Sputnik era, Ihave encountered teaching rangingfrom excellent to very poor. In everycase the good-to-excellent teacherswere those who were actively engaged

in significant basic research, whereasthe poor teachers were also ineffec-tual as researchers. Thus my experi-ence does not bear out the assump-tion that teaching and basic researchare antagonistic duties of the univer-sity scientist. One might better regardpoor teaching as simply one more as-pect of professional incompetence.

KAREN A. GRANT135 East Seventh Street,Claremont, California

Antiunion

In the issue of 15 October (p. 292)there is a letter headed "No antineo-plastic effects." Now, what can Xn-in'&--plas'tik mean? I get it! It meansanti-neoplastic.Why is the hyphen so avoided? The

dashed little dash makes for clarity.How can one pronounce and divine themeaning of picornaviruses without hy-phens? It's easy when you write itright: pico-RNA-viruses. That does formany another inelegant formulationborn out of the modern, hasty need forneologisms and nonce words.

There ought to be a law: Dash it! Asfor acronyms: To hell with them.

MORRIS LEIDERNew York University Medical Center,562 First Avenlue, New York 10016

Erratum

The 22 October issue presents thewildly improbable coincidence of con-taining both a letter about parapsychol-ogy and "spontaneous cases" (p. 436)and a "spontaneous case." For on page463, as part of my comments on the1965 Nobel Laureates in Medicine orPhysiology, there appears the phrase"The operator 'loses'. . .," though whatI had actually written was "The opera-tor 'closes'...." Now since I happento have some doubts about the validityof the operator concept, doubts that Icertainly would not consciously havewished to introduce on this happy oc-casion [though I did voice them earlierin Science 144, 816 (1964)], this strangeerror can be explained only as a Freud-ian slip by a member of the editorialstaff of Science acting under the -tele-kinetic influence of an author's psyche.

GUNTHER S. STENTDepartment of Molecular Biology,University of California, Berkeley

SCIENCE, VOL. 150

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1412

ethane as his counting gas in orderto introduce twice the amount of car-bon into a liter-atmosphere of samplegas; counting 24 liter-atmospheres ofethane for 6 days allows him to mea-sure, without isotopic enrichment,samples 60,000 years old. Unfortu-nately a very small amount of samplecontamination is very significant in thisrange and may make statistical calcu-lations of range purely academic. Bad-ly needed for evaluating contaminationis a series of samples extending fromaround 20,000 years, where C14 agesshould be reliable, back to 75,000years or beyond.

Finally, Oeschger (Bern) described avery small gas counter having a volumeof 40 cm3, designed to analyze CO., ex-tracted from glacial ice. Even with sosmall a detector almost one ton of icemust be melted to yield sufficient CO.,for radiocarbon measurement.

In the field of natural tritium mea-surement, it is often necessary to en-rich the H3 prior to counting in orderto attain adequate sensitivity. Custom-arily this has been done by water elec-trolysis, one installation of which wasdescribed by Cameron and Payne (In-ternational Atomic Energy Agency,

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Vienna). Enrichment using thermaldiffusion has lately been considered;the conference heard reports on thistechnique from Sellschop (South Afri-ca) and von Buttlar and Wiik (Darm-stadt). Enrichment by use of a gaschromatographic column was describedby Smnith and Ahktar (Tennessee) butis not as yet applicable to natural levels.

Isotopic enrichment is often unneces-sary where bomb-produced tritium issufficiently abundant. In this case pro-portional counting has been used with-out enrichment. Von Buttlar, Wohl-fahrt, and Farzine (Darmstadt) gen-erate hydrogen from natural watersand use it to hydrogenate inactiveethylene to ethane, which they count.Lal (Bombay) described a process toproduce tri,tiated methane from water inone stage. H1is reactor is loaded withsample water, zinc metal, and inactiveCO., gas; the net reaction is CO., +2H.,O + 4Zn 4ZnO + CH4. Thissame reaction can be used for C'4 mea-surements, in which case the CO., issample-derived and the water is in-active.

The conferees considered the ques-tion of the best half-life to use in re-porting C14 ages to the journal Ra-

Because they mean a lot to you, they mean a lot to us. That'swhy S/P maintains 16 distribution centers, offers more than30,000 items. For example - disposable, color-coded diSPoPipets for micro sampling-calibrated to contain to ±1%. Weguarantee you'll enjoy using them. They can mean a lot in yourlaboratory.No. P4518X-diSPo® Micro PipetsCapacity, ml. Package 6 pkgs.,of 288 pkg.0.02 (20X)0.025 (25x) $14.40 $12.300.05 (50x) (5¢ each) (4.3¢ each)0.1 (10OX)Send for your free copy of the S/P 1965 Glassware Catalog.

1492

diocarbon. A similar discussion washheld during the 1962 Cambridge Con-ference as a result of three new mea-surements of half-life (1) that showedthe accepted value of 5568 years tobe low by 3 percent. Majority opinionin both the Cambridge (2) and Pull-'man (3) conferences was for retainingthe old value for the sake of uniformi-ty in publication while at the sametime suggesting a correction factor of1.03 to be applied for greater accuracy.One of the highlights for many was

the all-day field trip which provideda change of pace in the middle of theconference week. The itinerary in-cluded the Palouse hills of Pleisto-cene loess deposits, the channeled scab-slands where Pleistocene flood watershave exposed and scoured Tertiary ba-salt flows of the Columbia Plateau,and the Marnies Rock Shelter at theconfluence of the Palouse and SnakeRivers. The latter has been excavatedlby Washington State University arche-ologists who have exhumed several hu-nian skeletons antedating the Mazamaash fall of 6500 years ago. Guides forthe field trip were Richard Daugherty.in archeology, Roald Fryxell in ge-ology, and James Crosby in geohy-drology.

EDWIN A. OLSONWhitworth College,Spokane, Washington

R. M. CHATTERSWashington State University, Pullman

References

1 W. B. Mann, W. F. Marlow, E. E. Hughes,Interni. J. Appl. Radiation Isotopes, 11, 5X(1961); I. U. Olsson, I. Karlen, A. H. Turn-bill, N. J. D. Prosser, Arkil Fysik 22, 237(1962); D. E. Watt, D. Ramsden, H. W.Wilson, Itnterni. J. Appl. Radiatiotn Isotopes11, 68 (1961).

2. H. Godwin, Natur e 195, 984 (1962).3. F. Johnson, Scientce 149. 1325 (1965).

Forthcoming Events

December

20-2 1. Molecular Transport and RatePhenomena, 32nd annual chemical engi-neering symp., Stanford Univ., Stanford,Calif. (A. Acrivos, Dept. of Chemical En-gineering, Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif.)

20-21. Nuclear Medicine, 2nd natl.congr., Tel Aviv, Israel. (P. CzerniaklIsrael Atomic Commission, Soreq NuclearResearch Center, Doar Yavne)

20-22. British Biophysical Soc.. 20thwinter meeting, London. England. (R. E.Buurge. Physics Dept., Queen ElizabethCollege. Campden Hill Rd.. London W.8)

20-22. American Physical Soc.. LotAngeles. Calif. (W. Whaling. CaliforniaInst. of Technology, Pasadena 91109)

SCIENCE, VOL. 150

ThO last word

10 DECEMBER 1965

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Prisoner'sDilemmaThis hook explores the naltuFre of con-tlict in the deceptivel simplc gLimecfrom which the hook takes its title. Itts o plal\ Crs cooperate, they both ss in;it thev don't, thev both lose. Buit thevcanII cooperate only if elach trusts theother, ind the gamieC iS SO StruLCturedthatt there is no raltional hasis for trust-ing. Movinu bevond game thcorxF.Pri.sone;` Dilemma buLilds a bridgc be-tw ecu scCintitic psychology ( bascd onh.ard data aLnld reproduLicible experi-ments) and tthC psychology of complexinner motivations wsshich creaite conflictand humaliti strifc.272 pa,gCs ~ 7.5 ()

The University of Michigan PressAnn Arbor

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ad. )l."Itlherlatical Statistics and PlrobalbiljtlvB3erkeley s\ nmp. ( .1. Ncy man. St,AtisticalOr;itOiN, Uni. of C aliforniala Berkelev)

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c.rCmexm C onf. (.1. T. Selt. Univ. of.ihorna, Nor niaincientific Reseali Sc. ol America. ( D.I'rentice. 5 Pr ospect St.. Necv Haven,it.. )

ignma Delta Fpsilon. ( M'Qiss A\. H'anson,v. of Mlinnesotat. M1inneapolis)ociety of the Sigma Xi. (T. T. Holme,Prospect St., New Haven, Conin.)

7-29. A\ca.idemyl of Mlanagement, New'k N.Y. (1-. 1. 1 eBlreton, College ofiness Administration, Univ. of \Wa'sh-on, Seattle)7- 3(). I)ifferential Equations nld(l Dv-uaical Systemils. UniV. of PLuerto Rico,x agLuez. (Ceitei- foi Dynamical Sx steinis,ss n Univ., Pro idence, RI..)7- 3). Phi Delta Kappa. Pr ofessionalcation Fraternlity, Univ of Oklalhoma.m.An. (NI. Bemis, Phi Delta Kappa.and UniOln, Bloominigton. 1 nd. 47402)Y-830. Indian M\,ledical Assoc.. 41stf., Bar-odai (GLujarat). (Indian Medicaloc. HoLsIC, Indraprastha Narg-.. Neswhi 1)9 4. Pugwashl Conf. on Scienice aindrld Affairs, Adldis Abaah. Fthiopia. (J.blat, Ptgwsash Continuing Commlllittee.ksmara Rd., I ondon, N.W.2. England)

JIanuary-7. Solid State Physics, conf.. Nlan-iter College of Science anld Techiniology,nchester. England. (S. F. Fdswards,t. of Physics, Victoria Univ. of Man-ter, Minchester 13 )-8. Nationcal Soc. of Professional En-er,. wintcr mtt., Bal3 H'arbouLr. Fla.;PE. 2029 K St.. NW, Washington,

2 0006)-7. Societv for Genieral 'Microbiology.i general mtg.. I oridon. England. P.Cllarke. Biocheriiistrv Dept.. Unixversitylege, Gower St., London. W.C.1 )-i0. International Couincil of Scientificons, I Ith general assembly. Bomribaxia. (Intern. CoLncil of Scientific UJnions,Sebenico 2. Rome, Italy)

-8. Surgical Research Soc., winter riitg.,don. Englandl. (A. P. NI. Fo rrest,.liffL Royal Infirmary. Neswport Rld.,lift. WVales))-13. Radioactive Isotopes in C linicallicine and Research. 7th intern. sf nip..Gasteini. Atrstria. (R. Hofer. Second

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ndia. symp., Central Indian Medicinalits- Organization, Luicknow. India. (S.)atta. CIMIPO, 4 SaptrLu Marg, Luick-

)ECEMBER 1965

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