9th. synthesis term iv

7/31/2019 9th. Synthesis Term IV

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EnglishModal Verbs

Must (subjective obligation)

We often use must to say that something is essential or necessary, for example:

I must go.

Structure of Must

Must is a modal auxiliary verb. It is followed by a main verb. The structure is:

subject + must + main verb

The main verb is the base verb (infinitive without "to").

Look at these examples:

subject auxiliary must main verb

I must go home.

You must visit us.

We must stop now.

Use of Must

In general, must expresses personal obligation. Must expresses what the speaker thinks isnecessary. Must is subjective. Look at these examples:

I must stop smoking. You must visit us soon. He must work harder.

In each of the above cases, the "obligation" is the opinion or idea of the person speaking. In fact, it isnot a real obligation. It is not imposed from outside.

Modal Verbs of Probability

Listed below are examples and uses of modal verbs of probability. Modal verbs of probability areused to express an opinion of the speaker based on information that the speaker has. Example: Hemust be at work, it's 10 o'clock. In this case, the speaker is 100 % sure that the person is at workbased on the speaker's knowledge that the person in question usually works at during the day.

Examples Usage

They must be in Spain by now.She must have done well on the

test.

Use 'must' plus the verb when you are 100% (oralmost 100%) sure that something is the case.

She might come this evening. Use 'might' or 'may' to express an opinion that you


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David may invite Jesica to thematch.

Jack might have gone to France.

think has a good possibility of being true.

Jane could be at work.Peter could have arrived late.

Use 'could' to express a possibilty which is one ofmany. This form is not as strong as 'might' or 'may'. It

is just one of a number of possibilities.

SCIENCE

MatterMatter is a general term for the substance of which all physical objects are made. Typically, thisincludes atoms and otherparticles which have mass. However in practice there is no single correctscientific meaning; each field uses the term in different and often incompatible ways. A common wayof defining matteris as anything that has mass and occupies volume.

States of the Matter

There are five main states of matter. Solids, liquids, gases, plasmas, and Bose-Einstein condensatesare all different states of matter. Each of these states is also known as a phase. Elements andcompounds can move from one phase to another phase when special physical forces are present.One example of those forces is temperature. The phase or state of matter can change when thetemperature changes. Generally, as the temperature rises, matter moves to a more active state.

Chemical vs. Physical ChangesIt is important to understand the difference between chemical and physical changes. The two typesare based on studying chemical reactions and states of matter. We admit that some changes areobvious, but there are some basic ideas you can use. Physical changes are about energy and states

of matter. Chemical changes happen on a molecular level.

When you step on a can and crush it, you have forced a physical change. The shape of the objecthas changed. It wasn't a change in the state of matter, but something changed. When you melt an icecube you have also forced a physical change (adding energy). That example caused a change in thestate of matter. You can cause physical changes with forces like motion, temperature, and pressure.

Chemical changes happen on a much smaller scale. While some experiments show obvious chemicalchanges such as a color change, most chemical changes happen between molecules and areunseen. When iron (Fe) rusts you can see it happen over a long period of time. The actual moleculeshave changed their structure (the iron oxidized). Melting a sugar cube is a physical change because

the substance is still sugar. Burning a sugar cube is a chemical change. The energy of the fire hasbroken down the chemical bonds.

Matter in Cycles

Water CycleThe water cycle (known scientifically as the hydrologic cycle) refers to the continuous exchange ofwater within the hydrosphere, between the atmosphere, soil water, surface water, groundwater, andplants.

Water moves perpetually through each of these regions in the

water cycleconsisting of following transfer processes:

evaporation from oceans and other water bodies into the airand transpiration from land plants and animals into air.

precipitation, from water vapor condensing from the air andfalling to earth or ocean.

runofffrom the land usually reaching the sea.
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ENERGY

In physics,energy is a quantity that can be assigned to every particle, object, and system of objectsas a consequence of the state of that particle, object or system of objects. Different forms of energyinclude kinetic, potential, thermal, gravitational, sound, elastic, light, and electromagnetic energy.

Kinds of EnergyRenewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides,and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished).Wind power is the conversion ofwind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using windturbines to make electricity, wind mills for mechanical power, wind pumps for pumping water ordrainage, or sails to propel ships.

Hydropower, hydraulic power orwater power is powerthat is derived from the force orenergy ofmoving water, which may be harnessed for useful purposes.

Prior to the widespread availability of commercial electric power, hydropower was used for irrigation,

and operation of various machines, such as watermills, textile machines, sawmills, dock cranes, anddomestic lifts.

Tidal power, sometimes also called tidal energy, is a form ofhydropowerthat converts the energy oftides into electricity or other useful forms of power. The first large-scale tidal power plant (the RanceTidal Power Station) started operation in 1966.

Solar power is the generation ofelectricity from sunlight. This can be direct as with photovoltaics(PV), or indirect as with concentrating solar power(CSP), where the sun's energy is focused to boilwater which is then used to provide power. Solar power had the potential to provide over 1,000 timestotal world energy consumption in 2008, though it provided 0.02% of the total that year. If it continues

to double in use every two to three years, or less, it would become the dominant energy source thiscentury.

A fossil-fuel power station is a power station that burns fossil fuels such as coal,natural gas orpetroleum (oil) to produce electricity.

Fossil-fuel power station are designed on a large scale for continuous operation. In many countries,such plants provide most of the electrical energy used.

Fossil fuel power stations (except for MHD generators) have some kind of rotating machinery toconvert the heat energy of combustion into mechanical energy, which then operate an electrical

generator.

Nuclear power is produced by controlled (i.e., non-explosive) nuclear reactions. Commercial andutility plants currently use nuclear fission reactions to heat water to produce steam, which is thenused to generate electricity.

In 2009, 13-14% of the world's electricity came from nuclear power. Also, more than 150 navalvessels using nuclear propulsion have been built.

SOCIALEngland

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares landborders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea isto the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea tothe east, with the English Channel to the south separating it fromcontinental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southernpart of the island ofGreat Britain in the North Atlantic. The country alsoincludes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isleof Wight.
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Elton John Early life

Sir Elton Hercules John, CBE (born Reginald Kenneth Dwight; 25 March 1947) is an Englishsinger-songwriter, composer and pianist. He has worked with hissongwriting partnerBernie Taupin since 1967; they have collaborated onmore than 30 albums to date.

John was born ReginaldKenneth Dwight on 25March 1947, and wasraised in Pinner,Middlesex in a council

house of his maternalgrandparents, with whomhis newlywed parents(Sheila Eileen (Harris)

and Stanley Dwight) were living.

They then moved to a nearby semi-detached house.He was educated at Pinner Wood Junior School,Reddiford School and Pinner County GrammarSchool until the age of 17, when he left just prior tohis GCE A Level examinations to pursue a career in

the music industry.

When John began to seriously consider a career in

music, his father, who served as a Flight Lieutenant

in the Royal Air Force, tried to steer him toward a

more conventional career, such as banking. John has stated that his wild stage costumes and

performances were his way of letting go after such a restrictive childhood.
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Both of John's parents were musically inclined, his father having been a trumpet player with a semi-

professional big band called the Bob Millar Band that played at military dances. The Dwights were

avid record buyers, exposing John to all the popular singers and musicians of the day. John

remembers being immediately hooked on rock and roll when his mother brought home records by

Elvis Presley and Bill Haley & His Comets in 1956.

Studio albums

Empty Sky(1969)

Elton John(1970)

Tumbleweed Connection(1970)

Madman Across the Water(1971)

Honky Chteau(1972)

Don't Shoot Me I'm Only the Piano

Player(1973) Goodbye Yellow Brick Road(1973)

Caribou(1974)

Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt

Cowboy(1975)

Rock of the Westies(1975)

Blue Moves(1976)

A Single Man(1978)

Victim of Love(1979) 21 at 33(1980)

The Fox(1981)

Jump Up!(1982)

Too Low for Zero(1983)

Breaking Hearts(1984)

Ice on Fire(1985)

Leather Jackets(1986)

Reg Strikes Back(1988)

Sleeping with the Past(1989)

The One(1992)

Duets(1993)

Made in England(1995)

The Big Picture(1997)

Songs from the West Coast(2001)

Peachtree Road(2004)

The Captain & the Kid(2006)

The Union (with Leon Russell)(2010)

Pink Floyd

Pink Floyd were an English rock band that achieved international

success with theirprogressive and psychedelic music. Distinguished by

their use of philosophical lyrics, sonic experimentation, and elaborate live

shows, they are one of the most commercially successful and musicallyinfluential groups in the history of popular music.

Founded in 1965, the group originally consisted of university

students Roger Waters, Nick Mason, Richard Wright and Syd Barrett.

They first gained popularity performing in London's underground music

scene during the late 1960s, and under Barrett's creative leadership they released two charting singles and a successful

dbut album. David Gilmourjoined as a fifth member in December 1967, and Barrett left the band in April 1968 due to his

deteriorating mental health. After Barrett's departure, Waters became their primary songwriter and lyricist. With Waters,

Mason, Wright and Gilmour, Pink Floyd achieved critical and commercial success with the concept albumsThe Dark Side

of the Moon(1973),Wish You Were Here(1975),Animals(1977) andThe Wall(1979).

Wright left the group in 1979, followed by Waters in 1985. Gilmour and Mason continued as Pink Floyd and Wright

subsequently joined them as a paid musician. They continued to record and tour through 1994; two more albums

followed,A Momentary Lapse of Reason(1987) andThe Division Bell(1994). Inducted into the US Rock and Roll Hall of

Fame in 1996, and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005, they have sold more than 250 million albums worldwide, including

74.5 million certified units in the United States.
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Division_Bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Division_Bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Famehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Famehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Music_Hall_of_Famehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Music_Hall_of_Famehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Famehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Famehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Division_Bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Momentary_Lapse_of_Reasonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals_(Pink_Floyd_album)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wish_You_Were_Here_(Pink_Floyd_album)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Side_of_the_Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Side_of_the_Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_albumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gilmourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syd_Barretthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wright_(musician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Masonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Watershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd_live_performanceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd_live_performanceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Union_(with_Leon_Russell)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Captain_%26_the_Kidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peachtree_Road_(album)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_from_the_West_Coasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Picture_(Elton_John_album)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_in_England_(album)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duets_(Elton_John_album)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_One_(Elton_John_album)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_with_the_Pasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reg_Strikes_Backhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather_Jackets_(album)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_on_Firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_Heartshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_Low_for_Zerohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_Up!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fox_(album)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_at_33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victim_of_Love_(album)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Single_Man_(album)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Moveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_of_the_Westieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Fantastic_and_the_Brown_Dirt_Cowboyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Fantastic_and_the_Brown_Dirt_Cowboyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribou_(album)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodbye_Yellow_Brick_Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Shoot_Me_I%27m_Only_the_Piano_Playerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Shoot_Me_I%27m_Only_the_Piano_Playerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky_Ch%C3%A2teauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madman_Across_the_Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbleweed_Connectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John_(album)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_Skyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Haley_%26_His_Cometshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley


6/7

After nearly two decades of acrimony, the band reunited in 2005 for a performance at the global awareness event Live 8.

Barrett died in 2006 and Wright in 2008. In 2011, surviving members Gilmour and Mason joined Waters at one of his The

Wall Tourshows at The O2 Arena in London.

MATH

KIND OF GRAPHS

A diagram displaying data; in particular one showing the relationship between two or more

quantities, measurements or indicative numbers that may or may not have a specific

mathematical formula relating them to each other.

Graphs are pictures that help us understand amounts. These amounts are called data. There

are many kinds of graphs, each having special parts.

A circle graph is shaped like a circle. It is divided into fractions that

look like pieces of pie, so sometimes a circle graph is called a pie

graph. Many times the fractional parts are different colors and a keyexplains the colors.

A bar graph uses bars to show data. The bars can be vertical

(up and down), or horizontal (across). The data can be in words

or numbers.

Apicturegraph uses pictures or symbols to show data. One

picture often stands for more than one vote so a key is necessary

to understand the symbols.

Ahistogramis a special kind of bar graph. The data must be shown

as numbers in order.

Alinegraph shows points plotted on a graph. The points are then

connected to form a line.

A bar chart (or bar graph) is a chart with rectangular bars with lengths

proportional to the values that they represent. Bar charts are used for

comparing two or more values that were taken over time or on different

conditions, usually on small data sets. The bars can be horizontally oriented

or vertically oriented (also called column chart). Sometimes a stretched

graphic is used instead of a solid bar. It is a visual display used to compare the amount or frequency

of occurrence of different characteristics of data and it is used to compare groups of data.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Live_(concert_tour)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Live_(concert_tour)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O2_Arena_(London)http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diagramhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quantityhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/measurementhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/indicativehttp://www.beaconlearningcenter.com/weblessons/kindsofgraphs/default.htm#page3http://www.beaconlearningcenter.com/weblessons/kindsofgraphs/default.htm#page5http://www.beaconlearningcenter.com/weblessons/kindsofgraphs/default.htm#page5http://www.beaconlearningcenter.com/weblessons/kindsofgraphs/default.htm#page7http://www.beaconlearningcenter.com/weblessons/kindsofgraphs/default.htm#page7http://www.beaconlearningcenter.com/weblessons/kindsofgraphs/default.htm#page7http://www.beaconlearningcenter.com/weblessons/kindsofgraphs/default.htm#page9http://www.beaconlearningcenter.com/weblessons/kindsofgraphs/default.htm#page9http://www.beaconlearningcenter.com/weblessons/kindsofgraphs/default.htm#page9http://www.beaconlearningcenter.com/weblessons/kindsofgraphs/default.htm#page11http://www.beaconlearningcenter.com/weblessons/kindsofgraphs/default.htm#page11http://www.beaconlearningcenter.com/weblessons/kindsofgraphs/default.htm#page11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectanglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectanglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengthhttp://images.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mathsrevision.net/gcse/barchart.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.mathsrevision.net/gcse/pages.php?page=10&usg=__XZ0qrbPYepdWRrtEZ9h19-xK_SM=&h=278&w=344&sz=4&hl=es&start=5&tbnid=hhKoPQajKBQBmM:&tbnh=97&tbnw=120&prev=/images?q=bar+chart&hl=es&rlz=1T4ADBF_esCO304CO308http://images.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mathsrevision.net/gcse/barchart.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.mathsrevision.net/gcse/pages.php?page=10&usg=__XZ0qrbPYepdWRrtEZ9h19-xK_SM=&h=278&w=344&sz=4&hl=es&start=5&tbnid=hhKoPQajKBQBmM:&tbnh=97&tbnw=120&prev=/images?q=bar+chart&hl=es&rlz=1T4ADBF_esCO304CO308http://images.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mathsrevision.net/gcse/barchart.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.mathsrevision.net/gcse/pages.php?page=10&usg=__XZ0qrbPYepdWRrtEZ9h19-xK_SM=&h=278&w=344&sz=4&hl=es&start=5&tbnid=hhKoPQajKBQBmM:&tbnh=97&tbnw=120&prev=/images?q=bar+chart&hl=es&rlz=1T4ADBF_esCO304CO308http://images.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mathsrevision.net/gcse/barchart.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.mathsrevision.net/gcse/pages.php?page=10&usg=__XZ0qrbPYepdWRrtEZ9h19-xK_SM=&h=278&w=344&sz=4&hl=es&start=5&tbnid=hhKoPQajKBQBmM:&tbnh=97&tbnw=120&prev=/images?q=bar+chart&hl=es&rlz=1T4ADBF_esCO304CO308http://images.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mathsrevision.net/gcse/barchart.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.mathsrevision.net/gcse/pages.php?page=10&usg=__XZ0qrbPYepdWRrtEZ9h19-xK_SM=&h=278&w=344&sz=4&hl=es&start=5&tbnid=hhKoPQajKBQBmM:&tbnh=97&tbnw=120&prev=/images?q=bar+chart&hl=es&rlz=1T4ADBF_esCO304CO308http://images.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mathsrevision.net/gcse/barchart.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.mathsrevision.net/gcse/pages.php?page=10&usg=__XZ0qrbPYepdWRrtEZ9h19-xK_SM=&h=278&w=344&sz=4&hl=es&start=5&tbnid=hhKoPQajKBQBmM:&tbnh=97&tbnw=120&prev=/images?q=bar+chart&hl=es&rlz=1T4ADBF_esCO304CO308http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectanglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charthttp://www.beaconlearningcenter.com/weblessons/kindsofgraphs/default.htm#page11http://www.beaconlearningcenter.com/weblessons/kindsofgraphs/default.htm#page9http://www.beaconlearningcenter.com/weblessons/kindsofgraphs/default.htm#page7http://www.beaconlearningcenter.com/weblessons/kindsofgraphs/default.htm#page5http://www.beaconlearningcenter.com/weblessons/kindsofgraphs/default.htm#page3http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/indicativehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/measurementhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quantityhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O2_Arena_(London)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Live_(concert_tour)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Live_(concert_tour)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_8


7/7

A pie chart (or a circle graph) is acircularchartdivided intosectors, illustrating relativemagnitudesor

frequencies. In a pie chart, the arc lengthof each sector and consequently its

central angleandarea, isproportionalto the quantity it represents. Together, the

sectors create a full disk. It is named for its resemblance to apiewhich has been

sliced.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_lengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_lengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_anglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_anglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piehttp://start1.jpl.nasa.gov/images/techPieChart.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_anglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_lengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle

9th. synthesis term iv

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