″

C

CH3

CH3

O CH2 C CH2OCH2CCH2

Br BrBr

Br

Br

Br

Br Br

CH3 CH3

CH CH2 CH2 CH

Br

CH CH2

Br

xCH2 CH

CHBr

CH2Br

CH CH2y z x

″

N

N

N

O

Br Br

Br

O

Br

BrBr

O

Br

BrBr

V and V Formulations of FR- in HIPS (from [ ])

HIPS .4 77.

FR- 45 ― .9 4.9

Sb O3 ― .4 4

UV absorber ― .3 .3

TiO ― ― 3

Bromine content % ―

FR UL 94 not rated V V

GWT 9 C fail pass pass

Melt ow, g/ min °C 5 kg 5 5

Maximum strength, MPa 9

Elongation at break,% 53 47

Modulus, MPa 7

Izod notched impact, J/ m 3 5

HDT ( . MPa, annealed) 7 7 7

UV stability, AE 3 hr xenon

Melt Flow and Impact Properties of FR- -Based HIPS

FR- 45

: FR- 45/ Saytex

Saytex® 5

µ

Performance of Some Brominated Flame Retardants in HIPS

% Antimony trioxide . 4. 4. 4.

% Bromine . . . .

Izod Impact 3. mm, -lb/ in 3.3 . . .7

Izod Impact 3. mm, J/ cm 7 3 7 9

DTUL 3. mm°C 79

MFI 3 °C/ 3 g 5. 3.3 . 4.

hr Xenon arc 7.9 7.3 . nd (bad)

3 hr Xenon arc 9. 9.4 5.3 34.3

(from Albemarle)

abrasion resistance 31ABS 49, 61, 66f., 69, 84,

171ABS-PC 169acetone 211acid fume release 94acid neutralizers 29acid scavengers 121, 132acrylate compatibilizers

109acrylate copolymers 31acrylate-elastomer shell-

core copolymers 84acrylic 272 – acid 9, 191 – binder 268, 283

acrylonitrile 291acrylonitrile-butadiene-

styrene 49acrylonitrile-vinylidene

chloride copolymer 294

Actilox® 128Adeka 175adhesion 21adhesives 241adipates 85ADK STAB FP-800 175ADK Stabilizer FP-2000

26ADK Stabilizer FP-2200

26A amman® NAH 272

A ammit® PE 280A ammit® KWB 278A ammit® PCO 700 28A ammit® PCO 800 28A ammit® PCO 900 28A ammit® PPN 903 25A ammit® PPN 926 24A ammit® PPN 978 24a erglow 9, 36, 38, 70aging 65Airbus 152, 256f.aircra 135, 164aircra seating 230, 281,

290air lters 200air ow 228airline standards 272air pollution regulations

191Air Products DABCO®

DC5980 228Akrochem 15, 70Akro Fireguard Products

272Akzo Nobel 31, 55, 155,

195, 258, 279, 285Akzo-Nobel’s Perkadox®

30 20Alandale Knitting’s Strata-

Tek 289Albarrie 291Albemarle 5, 8, 10, 16–20,

38, 51, 53f., 59f., 62, 69, 91–93, 119f., 122, 128, 149, 151, 163, 192, 213,

216, 220f., 233f., 243, 247, 257, 311

Albemarle 8010 68Albemarle (Antiblaze®

PR82) 210Albemarle BT-93 63Albemarle data 213Albemarle RB-100 67Albemarle Saytex® 3010

163Albemarle Saytex® BT-93

38Albemarle Saytex®

HP800A 62Albemarle Saytex® RB-100

62, 213Albright & Wilson 23–25,

210, 273, 275Albright & Wilson/ Ameri-

can Cyanamid 273Alcan 97, 107ALC HP/ 51 200, 224, 279aldehyde resin 258Alessandra 295alkali carbonate 149alkali metal cations 278alkali metal organosul-

fonates 180alkaline cellulose 287alkaline detergent 274alkoxyalkylphenolic resin

253alkoxymethyl-substituted

bisphenol 253alkylbenzenesulfonate 169

alkyl diphenyl phosphate plasticizers 101

alkylphenyl diphenyl phos-phates 94, 97, 165

Allied Chemical 134Allison Group, Burlington,

NC 200, 224, 279alloy 32allyl ether 55Alongi 265AlO(OH) 8AlphaGary 107alumina 8alumina monohydrate 8,

257aluminates 32aluminate salt 291alumina trihydrate 7, 104,

128, 141, 187, 192, 217, 224, 250, 285

aluminosilicate component 291

aluminosilicate rock 291aluminosilicates 26, 176aluminum 208aluminum diethylphosphi-

nate 27, 72, 126, 153, 249, 259

aluminum dimethylphos-phinate 133

aluminum foil facing 57aluminum hydroxide

209aluminum hypophosphite

27, 88, 133, 153aluminum magnesium

hydroxide 177aluminum methylethyl-

phosphinate 131f.aluminum phosphates

132aluminum phosphinate

salts 198aluminum phosphonates

132

aluminum trihydroxide, ATH See also alumina trihydrate 7

Aman process 10Amcol® 101American Cyanamid 274,

277Am ne FP-2100J 72Amgard® 82 210Amgard® 1045 65, 147Amgard® CU 146f., 280Amgard® CU/ CT 276Amgard® EDAP 25Amgard® V19 251amidosulfonic 269aminal 277amine stabilizers 14amine-terminated polydi-

methylsiloxane oligomer 234

aminoacid 293aminoalcohol 293aminoalkylphosphonic

acids 271aminoalkylsilane treatment

247aminomethylphosphonic

acid 282aminophenyl oxidation

products 221aminoplast resins 279aminosilane 8ammoniation chamber

273, 277ammonium bromide

268ammonium octamolybdate

94, 97ammonium pentaborate

198ammonium phosphates

42, 266, 268, 272ammonium polyphosphate

23f., 29, 70f., 135, 195, 200, 208, 210, 221, 226,

231–234, 258f., 272, 293, 332

ammonium salt of methyl-phosphonoamidic acid 279

ammonium sulfamate or sulfate 268

ammonium sulfate 234Amode® 115amorphous content 41Amplitude® 277antagonism 87, 308antagonistic 40, 103Antiblaze® 19 146, 209,

275, 280Antiblaze® 1045 147, 280Antiblaze® (Amgard®) 1045

286Antiblaze® CU 272Antiblaze® CU/ CT 276Antiblaze® V6 220antidrip agent 149antidripping 150antimicrobial 274antimony oxide 150, 163,

188, 191, 233, 281–283, 285

antimony pentoxide 86antimony phosphate

335antimony trichloride 13,

86antimony trioxide 13f., 17,

19, 42, 51f., 58f., 62, 70, 86, 96, 103, 105, 126, 149, 189, 257, 283, 294

antimony trioxide concen-trates 86

antimony trioxide/ pentoxide 189

antismoldering 284antismoldering additive

283AOC 188f., 191f., 194,

196

AOM 94, 107AP423, Clariant 195AP 742 196Apexical 286APP 195, 198, 208f.Apyral® 128Apyral® 20 X 9Apyral® 40 CD 9, 40aquatic toxicity 14aqueous emulsions 284aramids 289architectural 189arc resistance 65Arichem LLC 167Arkema’s Luperox 101 55aromatic bisphosphates

249aromatic cracking

products 73aromatic diphosphates

70aromatic phosphate 28aromatic phosphoric acid

ester salt 170aromatic polyester polyol

215aromatic terephthalate

polyester polyols 215arti cial stone 193aryl phosphates 71, 125,

180ASA 84Asahi Chemical Industries

170Asahi Denka 23f., 26,

170, 173f.Asahi Denka ADK STAB®

F-500 249Asahi Denka’s ADK Stab®

PFR 173Asahi Glass 225Asahi Kasei 72, 164, 291Ashland 188, 190f., 194,

311Asota GmbH 286

Association of Connecting Electronics Industries 244

ASTM D 635 305ASTM D 2859 317ASTM D 2863 307ASTM D 3801 304ASTM D 5485 310ASTM D 6113 310ASTM D 6194 309ASTM D 6413 314ASTM E 84 51, 84, 206,

312ASTM E 84 25- . tunnel

187ASTM E 84 Class 1 191, 214ASTM E 108-00 317ASTM E 119 194, 318ASTM E 136 194ASTM E 162 84ASTM E 648 317ASTM E 662 313ASTM E 814 66ASTM E 1354 cone calori-

meter 187, 310ASTM E 1474 310ASTM E 1740 310ASTM F 1550 310Aswan clay 192ATH 9, 27f., 30, 38f., 41f.,

56, 66, 70, 97, 102, 105, 107, 109, 128, 132, 135, 192–195, 198f., 208f., 224, 226f., 231, 247, 252, 254f., 257, 272, 285

ATH-gypsum combination 135

ATH-MDH combinations 33

Atlac Premium 600 194Atlas Roo ng® 211Ato na 126automobile foams 219automobile seating 101automobile upholstery 104

automotive insulation 290automotive standard

MVSS 302 225automotive under-the-

hood applications must be met 227

average burning times 306

Avora 288Avora® CS 145awnings 92

B712A 27BA-59P 243Babrauskas 105BA Chemicals 189back-blending 39backcoating 119, 269,

271f., 282, 285backing 141, 272Bajaj 265, 291Balabanovich 155ball grid arrays 256Banwear 274BAP-370 20barium borate 97barium sulfate 87, 98, 229barrier 26, 28, 41, 293,

295barrier e ects 325barrier fabrics 229, 291Basaltex® Fire Blocker

fabrics 291basalt bers 291BASF 29, 56f., 71,

124–126, 130, 132, 148, 150, 152f., 156, 216, 254, 258, 290

BASF polyols 225basic magnesium carbo-

nate 93Baso l® 272, 276, 290,

293, 295f.

Baso l Fibers LLC 290bathtubs and shower stalls

195bauxite 7, 285Bayer 40, 130, 135,

165–168, 170, 173f., 176–179, 216, 224

Bayer hydrate 7Bayer process 7Baytherm® 233Baywet C4 167BC-52 148, 162BC-52HP 148BC-58 148, 162f.BC-70HS 52BDP 71f., 155, 162, 165f.,

175–178Beckopox® EP140 259behenic acid monogly-

ceride 125Belarus 36Belden 106f.belts 41Benisek 281bentonite 30benzoguanamine 256benzoquinone 252benzoxazine 254BE resins 255B.F. Goodrich 95bicomponent 292bicomponent nonwoven

applications 286bimodal combinations 8binder 271f., 283binder bers 292bioaccumulation 2, 52biphenol-type epoxy resin

2544,4'-biphenyl bis(diphenyl)

phosphate 175biphenylene 256biphenyl or naphthalene

groups 255biphenyl-type epoxy 255

2,2-bis[4-(2,3-dibromo-2- methylpropoxy)3,5-di bro-mophenyl]propane 53

bis(2,3-dibromopropyl) tetrabromophthalate 53

bis-2-ethylhexyl phthalate 85

bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabro-mophthalate 20

bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ether 145

bis(allyl ether) of tetrabro-mobisphenol A 53

bis(chloromethyl) ether 273

bis-DOPO-thiophoshinates 57

bismaleimides 257bis-melaminium salt 196bismuth 88bis(pentabromobenzyl)

ether See also deca-bromodiphenyl ether or oxide 63

1,2-bis(pentabromophenyl)ethane 163, 257

bis(pentabromophenyl) ethane See also deca-bromodiphenylethane 53

bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) 72, 155, 162, 165f., 173, 178, 231

bisphenol A methylphos-phonate polycarbonate copolymer No a 166

bisphenol A polycarbonate 332

1,3-bis[2-t-butylperoxy)-isopropyl]benzene 55

1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromo-phenoxy)ethane) 67

bis(tribromophenoxy)-ethane 67

1,2-bis(tribromophenoxy)ethane 163

black specks 150blending 292blends 284blistering 121blister packages 84block copolymers 5block copolymers of the

polyphosphonate and polycarbonate No a™ 3000 and 6000 166

blood contact 180bloom 19, 67, 69blooming 38, 163blowing agents 212blowing catalysts 217boardstock 212boehmite 8, 128f., 155,

176, 254Boeing 256Bolton 272borates 11, 38borates in unsaturated

polyester resins 198borax 266, 269borax-boric acid 269boric acid 57, 259, 270,

327boric-acid-treated cotton

batting 296boron nitride 156branched polysiloxane

170branched siloxanes 171branching step 328British Standard 5852 Crib

Ignition Source V 221British Standard 5852,

Part 2, Source 5 224British Standard 5852

(Source 5) 225British standards 316brittleness 6Broadview Technology 25

brominated anionic styrene polymer 53

brominated block copoly-mer of butadiene and styrene 207

brominated diols 213brominated epoxy novolac

vinyl ester resin 192brominated epoxy oligo-

mers 54, 68, 70, 145, 149

brominated epoxy oligo-mers and polymers 61

brominated epoxy poly-mers 122

brominated low molecular weight anionically-poly-merized styrenes 62

brominated phenoxyphe-nylene ethers 21

brominated polystyrene 120, 122, 149, 287

brominated polystyrene in a polyester 149

brominated polystyrenes 120

brominated styrene-buta-diene oligomers 76

brominated styrene-buta-diene polymer 54

bromine 13bromine-chlorine syner-

gism 89bromine compounds 38Bromine Science and Envi-

ronmental Forum 245bromodibenzodioxin 245bromodibenzofuran 245Brown, S. 107brucite 10, 93BS 476 Part 15 310BS 5651 conditions 269BS 5852 225, 269, 316BS 7175:1989 276BS ISO 4589-2 307

BSS-7230 (Revision H) 257

BT-93 69BT-93W 63, 69, 257Buckman 97Budenheim 24, 271Budenheim Iberica’s FR

CROS® 484 208Budit® 3076 DCD 24Budit® 3077 24Budit® 3118 and 3118F 26Budit® 3141 153building codes 312building materials 312Burgess KE 41Burlington 275burning brand test 317burning drips 142burning phenomena 306butadiene-acrylonitrile

rubber 36butanetetracarboxylic acid

or citric acid 279butyl benzyl phthalate

110Byk Chemie Silbyk® 227

C16–18 276cable 8, 30, 35, 40, 72,

101, 115cable ducts and trays

24cable jackets 10, 72, 83cable wrappings 29CAL 117 230CAL 604 146CAL (California) 117 218calcined clay 105calcined kaolin 40, 174calcium borate 9, 11, 58,

97, 123calcium carbonate 28,

38, 40, 84, 89, 94, 97f.,

105, 110, 135, 156, 193, 229, 285

calcium carbonate-ATH combinations 98

calcium ethylmethylphos-phinate 133

calcium hypophosphite 27, 72, 88, 133, 152f., 166, 176, 178

calcium molybdate 95calcium oxide 245calcium phosphate 234calcium phosphate inter-

esteri cation-preventor 151

calcium phosphinate 176calcium propanephospho-

nate 148calcium pyrophosphate

130calcium stearates 29calcium zinc molybdate

122calendered vinyls 104Calfornia Technical Bulletin

117 314California 217f., 292California 117 220, 230California mattress and

bedding standard 294California standard 133

226CAL TB 117 224, 229CAL TB 133 225CAM 129Canon 209CAN ULC 135 310canvas 284carbodiimide 217carbonaceous bers 56carbonaceous particles or

platelets 56carbonate oligomer of

tetrabromobisphenol A 162

carbon black 9, 36, 38carbon dioxide evolution

169carbon ber reinfoced

epoxy 256carboni c 258carbon monoxide yield

126carbon nanotubes 31carboxymethylcellulose

282carcinogenic 22carcinogenic e ect 87carpet 20, 141, 272, 285,

289 – backing 217 – ber 285 – radiant panel test 317 – underlay 229

cast resins 230catalysis of char formation

332caulks 66, 233CCDFB-90 285CD-75PM 281CD boxes 50ceilings 318Celanese 23f., 336Celanex XFR® 155Cellobond J2027L® 200Cellular Technology® 210,

220cellulose nitrate 99CEM 247CEM-1 241, 249cerami able material

33Ceram Polymerik Pty Ltd

33cerium oxide 130CFR-25 15, 7016 CFR 1633 29216 CFR Part 1610 31316 CFR Parts 1630.4 and

1631.4 317

CFR Title 16, Parts 1615 and 1616 313

chain cleavage 67chain extension 243Chance & Hunt Ltd 258char 9, 15, 71, 73, 127f.,

134, 142, 156, 258, 326char-clay 328char former 233char-inducing catalyst

326Charmax® 87charring 65, 131Chartek® VII 258char yields 6, 35, 216Cheil Industries 65, 162,

171, 176f.chemical resistance 188Chemische Fabrik Buden-

heim 23, 153, 232Chemtura 16–18, 20–22,

26, 38f., 54, 59f., 62, 67, 86f., 89, 94, 96, 100, 102, 109, 119, 121, 148f., 151, 162f., 172, 196, 213, 220, 222, 231, 243, 251, 257, 281

Chemtura BA-59P 67Chemtura FF-680 163Chemtura PDBS-10 163Chemtura PHT-4 Diol 213Chen 11Chestnut Ridge 230Chevron 36children’s sleepwear 265children’s sleepwear regu-

lation 266chimney liners 191chlorendates 189chlorendic acid 188chlorendic acid-based

polyester resin 198chlorendic acid-derived

polyesters 188Chlorez® 700 14

Chlorez® 700-SS 37Chlorez® 760 69chlorinated and chloro-

brominated para ns 284

chlorinated and chloro-sulfonated polyethylene 35

chlorinated para n oil 293

chlorinated para ns 14, 41

Chlorinated Para ns Industry Assoc. 15

chlorinated polyethylene 42, 64, 69, 92, 94

chlorinated PVC 83, 108chlorination conditions

89chlorine 13chlorine and bromine-

containing polyols 214chlorine- and bromine-

containing unsaturated polyester resins 188

2-chlorobutadiene 35chloroethyl phosphates

221chloro uorocarbon

blowing agents 211chlorohydrocarbon 70chloropara n 14, 29, 34,

36, 38, 55, 69, 89, 135chloropentabromocyclo-

hexane 53chloroprene 35chlorotri uoroethylene

copolymer 200chlorowax 42chopped glass 126chromium 179Ciba 29, 168, 170, 222,

270f., 278, 286Ciba-Geigy 277Ciba Specialties 282

cinnamalacetophenone tetrabromide 53

citrates 85Clariant 23, 29f., 72, 127,

129, 131–133, 153–155, 197f., 209, 212, 221, 223, 231, 234, 249, 271, 279, 286

Clariant 5060 287Clariant Exolit® AP 422

208Clariant Exolit® AP 452

231Clariant Hostavin NOW XP

286Clariant OP 1312 73Class 1 84Class A roof 317Class B2 according to

DIN 4102, Part 1 214Class I and Class II E84

tunnel ratings 210clays 8f., 13, 31, 38, 40,

42, 88, 110Cl-Br synergism 334closed-cell foams 206Clyde and Glasgow tunnels

200CMHR 224f.CN-1197 196Coaker 105coated fabrics 35, 92, 100coated (microencapsula-

ted) APP 195coated textiles 99, 109coating with phosphoric

acid 326cobalt-based cure promo-

tors 195coe cients of thermal

expansion 249co-expanded PPO-HIPS-

polystyrene blend 72cold- and hot-curing poly-

ester 197

cold-cure molded foam 219

Cole and Stephenson 273colemanite 9, 97colloidal alumina mono-

hydrate 129colloidal antimony pento-

xide 189color change 67color stability 62combinations of epoxy and

cyanate resins 257combustion-modi ed high

resilience (CMHR) formulations 219, 225

combustion modi ed high resilience exible PU foams 225

combustion modi ers 205

combustion products 2, 83

comparative tracking index 116, 127f., 132

compatibility 62compatibilization 32, 122compatibilizer 10compatibilizing agents 9,

11Composites USA 200computers 171condensed phase 88condensed-phase oxygen

scavengers 336cone calorimeter 9, 74,

310cone calorimeter correla-

tion to UL 94 311cone calorimetry 2connectors 10, 19construction 83construction materials

241Consumer Product Safety

Commission 292

continuous smoke 74controlling step 328conveyer belt edging 36conveyer belts 35, 66, 101Cooperative Research

Centre of Australia 33Cooper Industries 106copper 95 – adhesion 247 – clad laminate 241 – oxalate 95 – oxides 95

corespun 295Corona 291correlations 206correlations to char forma-

tion 308corrosion resistance 191corundum 8cost 87, 89f., 95cotton 278, 283f.Cotton Council 267cotton duck 284Cotton Inc. 296cotton knit 283cotton-nylon blends 276f.cotton-polyester blends

267, 275coupling agents 32, 64coupling layer 179Cox 272CP-44B 121CP-2000 62, 67CPE 90CPSC CFR1615 284CR-25 117CR-733S 173CR-741 173crack and craze resistance

192Crastin 155cresol novolac epoxy resin

248, 252cresyl diphenyl phosphate

100, 172

critical radiant ux 134crosslink density 36cruise ships 199crystallinity 6crystallization 147CS-91 method 5903 145C-TEC® 87, 95C-TEC® CT ZB200 96C-TEC® CT ZB400 96C-TEC® CT-ZST 97C-TEC® MC9 12CT FRZ 22CTI 116, 118, 149CT-ZHS 97Cullis 5Curry 194cushioning 35cyanamide 270cyanate 257cyanoguanidine 270cyanurate 72cyanuric acid 125cyclic methylphosphonate

275f.cyclic phosphate 99cyclic phosphonate

Amgard 209cyclohexanedimethanol

ethylene terephthalate 153

cyclohexylidinebis (2-methylphenol) 178

cyclopentane 211Cycovin® 92

Dacron® 900 F 145Daihachi 165, 173, 177, 249Daihachi PX-200 174, 255Dai Ichi 53, 61, 148Dainippon Ink 168, 252Daiwabo 291dark (pre-oxidation) zone

336

dashboards 67DBDPE 17f., 63DBDPO 16–18, 31, 59, 118DC 4-7081 32DCP 15, 70DE-83 59DE83R 16, 38Dead Sea bromine 286Dean 35Decabrom 16decabromodiphenylethane

17, 38, 42, 65, 68f., 119, 151, 193, 231, 243, 257, 283

decabromodiphenyl ether 150, 272, 282

decabromodiphenyl ether-antimony oxide 271

decabromodiphenyl oxide 15f., 38, 64, 118, 163, 193, 257

Dechlorane® 15Dechlorane Plus® 15f.,

70, 131, 134f.decking 34, 84Degussa 125dehydrochlorination 95dehydrogenation 332Delacal® 127Delamin® 127delamination 253, 328delamination tests 249delay in smoke release

91DEPAL 27depolymerization 50, 73depolymerize 115deposition 165, 179D.E.R. 542 243deviations from additivity

308DG50 89f.di-2-ethylhexyl 89dialkylphosphinates 120,

259

dialkylphosphinic acids 131

dialkyl phthalates 85dialkyl tetrabromoph-

thalate 53diallyl phthalate 197diamine 31, 234diaminodiphenylsulphone

2571,2-dibromoalkyl ketones

532,3-dibromo-2-butene-1,4-

diol 214dibromoethyldibromo-

cyclohexane 53dibromoneopentyl glycol

190dibromostyrene 121, 192dibutyl acid pyrophosphate

2101,1-dichloroethane 213dicumyl peroxide 40, 55dicyandiamide 270dicyclopentadiene 194dicyclopentadiene-maleic

anhydride adduct 190die drool 32dielectric constant 246diene elastomers 6, 35diethyl ethylphosphonate

208, 216f.diethyl N, N-bis(2-hydro-

xyethyl)aminomethyl phosphonate 233

diethylphosphinate 132diglycidyl ester of phenyl-

phosphonic acid 251diglycidyl ether 191diglycidyl ether of tetra-

bromobisphenol A 243diguanidine hydrogen

phosphate 2699,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-

phosphaphen anthrene-10-oxide 251, 289, 329

dihydrooxaphosphaphen-anthrene oxide 142, 197

dihydroxybiphenyl 179diisodecyl phthalate 85diisononyl phthalate 85dimelamine sulfate 156dimethoxymethane 213dimethyl 2-hydroxyethyl-

phosphonate 2242,3-dimethyl-2,3-diphenyl-

butane 5, 20, 55, 2852,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butyl-

peroxy)hexane 55dimethylaniline 195dimethyl ester 277dimethyl methylphospho-

nate (DMMP) 195, 198, 207f., 210, 216, 329

2,6-dimethylphenol 71dimethyl propylphospho-

nate 196, 208, 216DIN 4102-1 test 209DIN 4102 B-1, B-2, B-3 311DIN 4102/ B-2 217, 286DIN 54336 146dioctyl phthalate 85dioctyl tetrabromophtha-

late 89, 97dioctyl tetrachlorophtha-

late 89Diofort® 292Diolen Industrial Fibers

292diol phosphonate 208diols from DOPO and

naphthoquinone 252Dion® 9300 191Dion® FR 190dipentaerythritol 125diphenylethane 171,1-diphenylhydrazine 122dipheyl isopropylphenyl

phosphate 100diphenyl octyl phosphate

231

diphenyl phosphates 125

diphosphinic acid 132diphosphonic acid 197dipole moment 176discoloration 59, 63Dis ammol® 100f.Dis ammol® DPK 221disperse dyes 267dispersion 6, 37, 40, 86dissipation factor 246dissociation enthalpy

325, 336distribution gradient 295di-tert-butyl peroxide 55dithiophosphates 57di-/ tribromostyrene 121DMDHEU 279DMMP 207, 216DOC FF3-71 146dodecachlorododeca-

hydrodimethanodiben-zocyclooctene 15

dodecyl diphenyl phos-phate 97

Dombrowski 272, 275DOPO 57, 142, 197, 251f.,

256f., 289, 329DOPO-BPA 253DOPO-modi ed novolac

253Dover Chemical 37, 69,

89f.Dow 10, 51, 54f., 57, 85,

90, 94, 190f., 207, 215, 224, 243, 251, 253, 291

Dow 651 53Dow Corning 32, 170Dow Corning DC-4071

327DP-45 20, 89drip 50, 64, 134drip enhancement 69dripping 13, 73dripping mode 116

drip retarding additives 134

DSM 19, 115, 121, 127, 156, 194, 226

DSM’s Twaron® 289Dual Guard® 2000 200ducting 189DuPont 12, 41, 108, 115f.,

125f., 129, 133, 144f., 147, 154–156, 215, 274, 289, 294

DuPont Neoprene 35DuPont Teijin Films 144durability 272Duraver® E-Cu 156 251dust 86f.Dyadic Chemical Co. 279Dylark® 232 or 250 121DynaSil FR5850N2 88Dystar® 290

E-84 1, 84E-84 Class I 188E-84 tunnel 66, 311E-84 tunnel test 209, 212,

311E-84 with cone calorimeter

311E 162 radiant panel 187E-662 NBS smoke

chamber 187Earl 206Eastman 153, 168Echomag® Z 10 255Ecopiren 10, 93, 128ECR-742 108ECR HP-441 108elastomers 5, 35, 39, 211,

257electrical and electronic

equipment 172electrical and electronic

scrap 245

electrical applications 189

electrical conduits 194electrical connectors 147electrical equipment 58electrical equipment

housings 84electrical failure 248electrical laminates 241electrical properties 95electromagnetic shielding

170electron beam 179electronic circuit applica-

tions 121electronic equipment

enclosures 66elemental bromine 190Elkem 228Elk Technologies 290elongation at break 8, 19,

31elongation to break 7, 20,

34, 40Elvaloy® HP 108Emerald® 2000 251Emerald® Innovation 1000

21, 62, 163Emerald® Innovation 3000

54Emerald® Innovation NH-1

220EMF shielding 210EMF-shielding gaskets 29EMS 133EMS-Griltech 289EMS-Grivory 115EN 13823 312, 318encapsulants 246encapsulated integrated

circuits 242encapsulated red phos-

phorus 55, 65, 209encapsulating 129encapsulation 241

endothermic 326endothermic additives 7endothermic release of

water 90ENERGY® 3E 216Engelhard 40enhanced dripping 124Enichem 24Enovate® 3000 212environmental impact 111environmental risk 76EPA 20, 52EPA risk assessment 87EPDM 6, 11, 15, 20, 27f.,

35, 37–40epichlorohydrin 214, 218,

254epiradiateur test 168EPON® Resin 5112 and 5114

243epoxides 257epoxy-benzoxazine resin

248epoxy coatings 257epoxy cresol novolac 59epoxy oligomers made

from tetrabromobis-phenol A 162

epoxy stabilizers 177EPR 6EPS 51, 55–57escape time 2Estane ZHf 232esterase 99Ethacure 234ether 17ethylenbistetrabromoph-

thalimide 42ethylene-acrylate-carbon

monoxide copolymers 108

ethylene acrylic elasto-mers 40, 108

ethylenebis(ethylphos-phinic acid) 253

ethylenebis-stearylamide 125

ethylenebis(tetrabromophthalimide) 19, 38, 63, 69, 151, 257

ethylene-butene 11ethylene-butyl acrylate

130ethylene-butyl acrylate-

glycidyl methacrylate 178

ethylenediamine methyl-phosphonate 28

ethylenediamine phos-phate 25, 28

ethylene glycol phosphate oligomer 200

ethylene-octene copoly-mer 73, 94

ethylene-propylene copo-lymer 11, 26

ethylenethiourea (vulcani-zing agent) 41

ethyleneurea-formal-dehyde 25

ethylene-vinyl acetate 64ethyl ethylene glycol

HO-terminated oligomer 234

2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate 101

2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole 247

ethylphosphinic acid 144ethyltriphenylphosphonium

243EU Risk Assessment 67European Oeko-Tex

environmental standard 278

European Radiant Panel Test EN ISO 9239-1 286

European standard EN 45545-2 196

EU SCHER 244

EVA 9, 13, 17, 26f., 29–31, 33, 39

EVA-LLDPE 32Ewing 336Excel Polymers 35exfoliated mont-

morillonites 134exfoliation 328Exolit® 422 231Exolit® 462 23Exolit® AP 422 195Exolit® AP 452 221Exolit® AP 462 195, 221,

271Exolit® AP 740 196Exolit® AP 750 24, 208Exolit® AP 752 24Exolit® AP 760 24Exolit® AP 765 24Exolit® AP 766 24Exolit® EP200 253Exolit® OP 514 224Exolit® OP 550 200, 223Exolit® OP 560 234Exolit® OP 560 212, 223Exolit® OP 930 198, 249Exolit® OP 1230 27, 131,

196, 259Exolit® OP 1240 154Exolit® OP 1260 154Exolit® OP 1311 131, 232Exolit® OP 1314 234Exolit® OP 1400 132Exolit® RP 129Exolit® RP 69X 129Exolit® RP 652 231Exolit® RP 654 195f.Exolit® RP 6520 209Exolit® RP 6580 209expandable graphite 28,

36, 42, 56, 65, 71, 135, 209f., 232–234, 326

expandable polystyrene 50

expanded clay 209

expanded glass 209expanded polystyrene 51expanding agent 54Extem 290exterior sheathing 194extruded polystyrene foam

51extruded pro les 84extrusion speed 30exudation 28, 172, 286Exxon-Mobil 105

F-2000 68, 122, 149F-2001 189, 243F-2016 68F-2100 162F-2200 243F-2200HM 54F-2300H 162F-2400 122, 150F-3000 61, 68, 122, 150F-3010 61F-3100 68, 122, 150FAA 306 – aircra seating require-ments 225

– report 257Factory Mutual 200Factory Mutual corner test

206fast crystallizing 141fatty acid 31fatty amine 276FCX-210 71federal apparel test 313Federal Aviation test FAR

25-853ab 164federal children’s sleep-

wear test 313Federal Motor Vehicle

Safety Standard (MVSS) 302 104, 171, 316

Federal pill test 141

FEP 13, 107ferric oxide 70, 95Ferro Corp 101, 120, 258Ferro Santicizer® 141 39Ferro Santicizer® 148 39FF3-71 145FF-680 70FG8500 162ber combinations 294brillated 164brils 164

FIGRA 318lament-wound compo-sites 191

ller 98re-blocking 295

Firebrake® 415 96Firebrake® 500 96Firebrake® ZB 9, 11, 37, 96Firebrake® ZBXF 96re cables 33re growth acceleration parameter P 311

re hazard 217Firemaster® 520 213Firemaster® 550 and 552

222Firemaster® 600 223Firemaster® 602 223Firemaster® 935 148Firemaster® 2100 17, 60,

119, 151, 231, 257Firemaster® BZ-54 222Firemaster® CP-44HF 121,

149Firemaster® FF-680 67remen’s turnout gear 276

Firepel® 133 194Firepel® K120-MTA 196Firepel® K130 189reproof 205re risk 76

Firestop Ltd. 29, 279restops 23, 233

Fire Testing Technology 310

Flameblok 97ame chemistry 74

Flamecut 28ame extinguishants 324

Flamegard® 906 135Flamegard® CNX 135Flamegard® FR 908 281ame poison 86

FlameQuilt 276ame retardant coatings 258

ame retardants 244ame retard cotton-poly-ester blends 276

ame spread 51, 84, 98 – index (FSI) 206, 312 – rates 84

Flamestab® NOR 116 286Flammentin® FMB 271Flammex® DS 280ash re hazard 289ashover 2ashover time 310

Fleming and Green 276exible 85exible Noryl 72ooring 101, 110

Floridienne 126, 155Flovan® CGN 270ow 37owability 70ue gas scrubber 191uorinated elastomers 86uorine 13uorine enrichment 180uoroalkylene carbonate end-groups 180

uorochloroethanes 54uoropolymers 13, 106, 109, 257

FM 4450 57, 206, 211FMC 100, 162FMVSS 302 109

foamed rubber insulation 35

fogging 100, 219food containers 50food packaging 30Fortron polyphenylene

sul de 292FP-110 250FP-122P 54FP-500 174FP-700 173FP-2100JC 26FP-2200S 26FP-2400 26FR-2 249FR-4 boards 241FR-7A 274FR-20 93, 128FR-20-400 128FR-150 144FR-245 61, 63, 67, 243,

246FR-370 20, 63, 151, 285FR-513 214, 223FR-522 190FR-720 18, 62FR-803P 120, 149FR-1025 123, 149, 151, 177FR-1120 97, 123FR-1206 19, 52FR-1210 16f., 38, 59FR-1410 17, 60, 119, 151,

257FR-1410 or Chemtura

Firemaster® 2100) 163FR-1524 62, 67, 243FR-1808 163FR-2025 168FR-8010 246fragments such as PO

329FR CROS® 486 23FR CROS® 486 and 487

271FR CROS® 487 23

FR CROS® 489 23, 271FR CROS® C30/ C40 23FR CROS® C60/ C70 23free radical generators 5,

285, 333free-radical initiator 20French epiradiateur test

164, 316French M1 class 214Freudenberg Nonwovens

295Friedel-Cra s chemistry

75Fristrom 74frits 88, 327FRP-45 89Frushour and Knorr 291FRX Polymers 153, 166,

177, 254FRZ20S 87FRZ30S 87FTT 3102- . tunnel 311Fuji Electronic 249Fuji Xerox 177fumed silica 221functional layer of copper

179furniture 217, 287 – in public places 226

Furon 1081% fused silica 308fused silica 255f.Fushimi 166, 176, 250Fyrol® 6 208, 211, 223,

233Fyrol® 38 222Fyrol® 51 224, 272, 279Fyrol® A300TB 219Fyrol® A710 221Fyrol® Bis-Beta 197Fyrol ex® RDP (resorcinol

bis(diphenyl phosphate)) 71, 146, 155, 166, 170, 173, 231f.

Fyrol ex® Sol-DP 65, 70, 73, 174

Fyrol® FR-7 223Fyrol® HF-4 221, 223Fyrol® HF-9 220Fyrol® HF-10 220Fyrol® P26 28Fyrol® PCF 206, 210, 213,

219Fyrol® PMP 254Fyrol® PNX 220Fyroltex® HP 224, 279

Gabara et al. 289Galata 85Gallagher 293Gallo 66Gardziella et al. 198gaseous ammonia 273gaseous “blanket” 325Gay-Lussac 266GE 41, 65, 92, 148f., 151,

167–169, 178f.GE inventors 180gel coat formulations

196Gelest DMS-A15 234gelling catalysts 217General Cable 8General Electric (also see

GE) 156, 163, 171, 243General Wearing Apparel

Standard 267GE Plastics 71German DIN 4102 210GETEK 243Gitto Global 107glass fabric 290glass ber 116, 134, 209glass powder 125glass reinforcement 200glass transition tempera-

ture 249

glassy coating 327Glasteel 192glowing 242glowing combustion 96glow wire 116glow wire ammability

index 132, 309glow wire ignition tempe-

rature 25, 129, 132, 309

glow wire test 125, 128, 132, 152, 156, 309

glycidyl methacrylate 121

glyoxal resin 278Goosey 241GRAFGuard® 28Gra ech® 28Grand 5graphite 27, 56gray foam 56Great Lakes Chemical 70,

119, 121, 196, 213, 222, 251, 311

Great Lakes PE-68 62Great Lakes’ Pyrobloc®

SAP-2/ Thermoguard® FR 287

Great Lakes Solutions 21, 26, 54, 62, 220

green 246Green and Chung 147GreenArmor® 62, 149GreenCrest Polymeric FR

Solution 54GREP 28Grossman 103ground gypsum 193ground tire rubber 36guanidine phosphate 134,

269, 271guanylurea 270GWA, Title 16 CFR part

1610 267GWFI 309

GWIT 309GWT 309gypsum 234, 285gypsum wall board 57

H410 245Hairston 293Halar 200Halguard E59001 26Hallstar 85halogen-antimony 13halogenated dibenzo-

dioxins and dibenzo-furans 245

Halox FR-1120 97Hammond 97hand 268Handbook of Technical

Textiles 265hard rubber 35hard water cations

(Ca and Mg) 278Harwick Chemical 35Harwick Standard 35Hauser and Schindler

265HBCD 51, 55HCA-HQ 252HCFC-141b 212HDPE 25–27HDT 59, 172health risks 87heat 310heat de ection tempera-

tures 133heat distortion tempera-

ture 65, 67, 191heat of combustion 6heat release 98heat-sealed plastics 19heat sinks 324heats of combustion 6heat stability 92

heavy metal 22HEIM 142f., 145Heim® 1 288Hercules’ Dicup® R 55HET® Acid 188Hetron® 188f.Hetron® FR 650T-20 189Hetron® FR992Sb 191Hetron® FR 1440 1901,1,2,3,4,4-hexabromo-

2-butene 53hexabromocyclodecane

276hexabromocyclododecane

19, 50, 52, 281f.hexabromohexene 53hexa uorozirconate 281hexamethoxymethyl-

melamine 277hexaphenoxycyclotriphos-

phazene 166hexaphenoxytricyclophos-

phazene 176, 250hexaphenoxytriphos-

phazene 56Hexcel 257HFC-245fa 212HFC-365 mfc 212high acid number 197high cotton polyester

blends 283high frequency specialty

laminates 250high impact 67high impact polystyrene

49, 58high lo batting 294high-temperature anti-

oxidants 336high temperature polyami-

des 115high yield of carbonaceous

char 330Himont 24hindered amine 29

hindered amine photosta-bilizer 59

HIPS 49, 58, 61, 64, 67–69, 71

HIPS-polyphenylene oxide 49

Hirschler 2, 5, 83, 99, 110, 206, 229, 267, 303, 313, 317f.

Hitachi 9, 11, 247, 253, 255

HM-C9 93Hoechst 23f., 55, 131,

223, 288home furnishings 265Honeywell 212Hooker Chemical Co. 15,

188, 273f.Hornsby 285Horrocks 265f., 271f., 278Horrocks and Roberts 277hoses 35Hostavin NOW® XP 29hot-cure molded exible

foam 219hot-molded automotive

seating 220hot wire index 309HP-136 222HP800AG 62HP-900P 19HP-3010 149HP-7010 120, 149H-TEC H® series 93HTN 115Huber 8, 11, 91–93, 95,

193huntite 12, 93huntite-hydromagnesite

12Huntress 232Huntsman Textile E ects

234, 254, 271, 282HVAC ducting 200HVAC ductwork 195

hydrated alkali silicates 233

hydrazine borate 122hydrazine sulfate 122hydrochloric acid 93hydroentangled 294hydrogenated 276hydrogenated HIPS 72hydrogen chloride 84, 98hydrogen uoride 13hydrogen peroxide 274,

275hydrolytic instability 197hydrolytic stability 73hydromagnesite 12, 93hydroquinone bis(diphenyl

phosphate) 28hydrotalcite 29, 52, 94, 173hydroxides 72-hydroxyethyl P-ethyl-

P-(2-hydroxyethyl) phosphinate 197

hydroxyethyl terminated ethyl phosphate oligo-mer diol 223

hydroxyl number 210hypophosphites 71hypophosphite salts 133hypophosphorous acid

166

IAOIA 22ICC 57ICI 194, 283ICL 16–19, 23, 38f., 50,

52, 54, 59–61, 63, 65, 67, 70, 72f., 93, 97, 100f., 120, 122f., 128, 146, 149–151, 162f., 166, 172f., 177, 189f., 206, 208, 211, 214, 219–223, 231–233, 243, 254, 257, 266, 281, 283–285

ICL SaFRon 6605 214Idemitsu 163, 179IEC 332/ 1 39IEC 60695-2-10/ 13 309IEC 60695-2-12 or 13 116IEC 60695-11-10 304IEC 60707 304ignitability 310illite 128impact 19, 59–62, 69f.,

172impact modi ers 64, 69,

84impact strength 62–66,

149impact toughness with age

171improving precision 310incineration 110, 245increasing the tolerated

loading of ATH 192Indura 274, 276Indura® Ultra So fabric

275industrial launderings

274Industrial Technology

Research Institute 197INEOS 167inert diluent 285inert ller 308in atable structures 92injection molded products

141injection molding 24, 67in-mold primers 199Innes 98, 161insulation of buildings 51Intel 246interactions 42interfering with the cure

195interliners 291, 293intermingled elastomeric

295

International Antimony Association 22

International Wool Secre-tariat 281

interphase control agent 256

intumescence 23, 75intumescent 179, 196, 272 – additives 24 – char 169 – coatings 25, 133, 233, 269

– foam layer 293 – paints and mastics 258

Invista 295Invista Terate 215iodine 13IPC 244Irgastab 170Irogran A95P5003DP 232iron 15, 95iron-catalyzed decomposi-

tion 162iron compounds 7iron oxide 130irritation 86is(1-chloro-2-propyl) phos-

phate 231Isarov 11ISO 1210 304ISO 5660 310ISO 9705, NFPA 265 312isocyanurate 205, 209f.,

215f. – index 211 – roo ng foams 213

isodecyl diphenyl phos-phate 39, 101f.

Isola 243, 250isophthaloyl chloride 179isopropylated triphenyl

phosphate 39isopropylphenyl diphenyl

phosphate 208, 220

isopropylphenyl diphenyl phosphate/ triphenyl phosphate 222

isopropylphenyl phenyl phosphates 100

isopropylphenyl phosphate 222

Israel Chemical Ltd 16itaconate 197itaconic diester 142Italmatch 27, 71, 88, 130,

133, 152f., 166, 209, 231, 248

ITEQ 247Ixol 214Ixol B251 214Ixol M125 214

Jain 248Janssens 311Je amine D-2000/ T-5000

234JJI Technologies 25Johns Manville 216Jones Fiber Products 293,

296juicing 165, 172

Kanacaron modacrylic 295

Kandola 272Kanecaron 294Kaneka 294kaolin 287Kemgard® 911C 94Kemgard® 981 94Kemgard® HPSS 94f.Kemgard® MZM 94Kemira 291Kenrich Chemical Co. 67Kenrich Petrochemical 32

Kermel 289f.ketone thermoplastic resin

258Kevlar 289, 294Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia

265Kisuma 10, 93, 128Koch Industries 145Kolon Industries 144KoSa® 143, 145, 197KoSa® Type 209 polyester

292KoSa® Type 254 Celbond

292K-Resin 36Kronitex® 50 100Kronitex® 100 100Kroushl 109Kyowa 10, 93, 128

L620 227L-5740 227L-5750 227Lambiotte 213laminates 179Land 295Landry 206Lanxess 89, 100f., 128,

148, 153f., 167, 196, 206, 208, 211, 221, 224, 233

Lanxess Levagard® 4090N 208

Lanxess Levagard® TPP 208

laptops 171Laropal® A81 258laser marking 149laser printing formulations

151Latamid® 6B 133latex 285, 293latex backing 135laundry sour 270

layered clays 327layered double hydroxides

31layered polymer 33LCAB Minerals 93LDPE 17, 26f.lead-free soldering 131leakage currents 65LeBlanc 274Le Bras 23LED lights 166Leggett & Platt 294Lehmann & Voss 197lenses 166Lenzing AG 287Levagard® 4090N 211Levagard® DMPP 196,

208Levagard® PP 206Levagard® TP LXS 51053

224Levchik 58Lewin and Weil 74Lewis acid catalysis 128Lewis acids 97Lexan 161Lexan® 105B 163LG 87LG Chem 165, 243life-cycle study 76life safety bene ts 310life-saving bene ts 76light xtures 67light sockets 19light stability 69, 190Limitedwear 289limiting oxygen index, LOI

6, 307Lindol XP Plus 100linear alkyl diphenyl phos-

phate 101linear silicones 170Link 295liquid ame retardants

64

lithium per uorobutanesul-fonate 168

lithopone 87, 98Little 266LKAB 12LLDPE 10, 27LOI 307Lonza 257low density polyethylene

17low fogging 220f.low heat release rate 310low melting glass 165low molecular weight poly-

styrene 120low smoke 40low-smoke polyester

resins 193low-smoke, unsaturated

acrylate oligourethane resins 194

low vapor pressure 67LS series 95LSZ4A 102Lubrizol 232Luvoguard® HF 70 R 197Luzenac 96Lycra® 295Lyon and Hughes 308Lyons 266

3M 168magadiite 31magnesium aluminum

carbonate 94magnesium calcium carbo-

nate 93magnesium dihydroxide,

MDH 10magnesium hydroxide 10,

21, 28f., 38, 40, 42, 65, 72, 87, 93f., 104, 123, 125, 127, 133, 173, 177, 285

magnesium hydroxide- carbonate 107

magnesium oxide 93, 232magnesium salt 291magnesium salt of diphe-

nyl phosphoric acid 170magnesium silicate 13magnesium stearate 12magnesium zinc hydroxide

255Magni n® 10, 93, 128MagShield® 10, 93maleated 31maleic anhydride 9maleic-gra ed poly-

ethylene 33Mannich polyols 212, 214marine decking 194marine re safety codes

199market research forecast

2Markezich 15Marquette University 36,

234Marshall Additive Techno-

logies H-TEC 90Marshall Additive Techno-

logies 22, 87, 93, 95–97, 189

Marshall Additive Techno-logies C-TEC® LSZ4A 106

Marshall Additive Techno-logies CT ZB800 11

Marshall Additive Techno-logies ZB200 38

Martinal 92Martinal® OL 192Martinal® TS-610, or

TS-601 247Martin Marietta 10, 93Martinswerk 93mass loss 310mass transfer barrier 12

mass transit 189, 199mass transit applications

196masterbatches 27, 129Masteret® 15460 B2XF

27Masteret® 20450 130Masteret® 21450 27Masteret® 40470 39Masureel 291Matchmaster Dyeing and

Finishing Co 277mattresses 230, 287,

290, 292, 296mattress ticking 293MC5 192MCA Technologies 25McFadyen 318McKinnon-Land 295MC-XL 125MDH 9, 27, 29f., 33, 39MDH in polypropylene 12mechanism review 74medical 180Megafac F-114P 168Megafac F-114S 168melam 127melamine 65, 125f., 155,

198, 218, 225, 229, 231, 255, 258, 271, 273, 324f., 329

melamine borate 198melamine combination

293melamine cyanurate 19,

71f., 119, 124f., 128, 130, 133–135, 147, 152–154, 156, 196, 231, 254, 272

melamine bers 290melamine-formaldehyde

23f., 271melamine-formaldehyde

resin 268, 279melamine formaldehyde

resin coated 23

melamine hydrobromide 28

melamine methylphospho-nate 28

melamine octamolybdate 95

melamine phosphate 12, 25f., 198

melamine polyphosphate 25, 27, 127, 130, 149, 153f., 198, 232

melamine (pyro- or poly-)phosphates 134

melamine pyrophosphate 26, 72, 126, 147, 196

melamine resin 278melamine with ATH 198melam polyphosphate 127Melapur 132Melapur® 200 25, 126f.,

130Melapur® MC 130melem 155melt-blendable additives

61melt drip 20, 143melt ow 8, 50, 61f., 67,

73, 122, 125, 149, 286, 308, 327

melt- ow-drip mode 5, 333

melting or shrinking away 333

melt spinning 285melt-spun ber 19melt-spun polypropylene

20meta-aramids 289metal dialkylphosphinates

131metal smelters 245methacrylate 52, 194methacrylate-butadiene-

styrene terpolymer 178methacrylic 8

methacrylic acid 191methenamine pill test

135, 285, 317methylal 213methylated tetra- or penta-

methylolmelamine or trimethylolmelamine 278

2-methyl-2,5-dioxo-1-oxa-2- phospholan 197

methyl methacrylate 192, 193

methyl methacrylate-phen-oxyethyl methacrylate copolymer 177

methylphosphinate 143methylphosphonate 200,

223, 276methylphosphonate carbo-

nate bisphenol A copoly-mer 177

methylphosphonate copo-lymer with terephthalate 153

methylphosphonate-phos-phate 279

methylphosphonic acid 223, 270

MgO 173Mg(OH)2 31, 247mica 177micaceous clay 128mica-silicone combina-

tions 33micro brillated 134migrating 165migration 65Milex® XL 225 255military aircra 257military protective garment

289Milliken & Co 277, 295MIL-STD-2031 234Minelco 12, 93mineral llers 7, 73, 256

mines 200Mirex 15Mischutin 282Mitsubishi 127Mitsubishi Engineering

Plastics 119, 169Mo-based catalysts 331Mobay 224modacrylic 276, 294f.modacrylic bers 291,

294modacrylics 291Modar® 194mode of action 308modi ed PPE 71moisture uptake 7, 249mold corrosion 118, 120,

199mold deposits 120molecular sieve 31molybdate 38molybdenum 88molybdenum carbonyl 95molybdenum compounds

87, 94f.molybdenum oxide 95molybdenum trioxide 92,

95, 127Momentive Performance

Materials 70, 191, 228, 243

mono-/ di-(4-hydroxyphe-nyl)phenylphosphine oxides 251

monoguanidine dihydro-gen phosphates 269

Monsanto 64, 101, 134Montedison 23–25montmorillonite 27, 30,

65, 101, 132, 148, 154, 209Morgan 311Morley 94Motorola 255Mount Vernon Mills 275Moy 173

m-phenylene isophthala-mide 116

multiaromatic group 256multi lament yarn 292multivariate experiments

42mutagen 53, 207MVSS 302 1, 162, 219f.,

286

N-(2,3-dibromopropyl)-4,5-dibromotetrahydroph-thalimide 53

NA11 170Nabaltec 7, 9, 128Nair 273, 277nanoclay 12, 57, 65, 130,

134, 176, 328nanocomposites 30Nanocor 30nano bers 31NanoMax® masterbatches

30nanomers 30nanoparticle catalysts

332Nantong Eutec Chemical

144Nan Ya 92naphthoquinone 252Nass and Heiberger 835-Na-sulfoisophthalic acid

168National Electrical Code

318National Fire Protection

Association 265National Institute of Stan-

dards and Technology 295

Natural Fire Resistant High Lo 294

natural rubber 5, 35, 38

Nazare 265NBR 39NBS smoke chamber 313NEC Corp 170, 254f.Nelson 2neopentylene rings 57neopentyl glycol-isoph-

thalic bulk molding compound 193

Neopor 56Neoprene® 41, 295NES 714 307Nexylon® FR 289NFP 92-501 214, 316NFP 92-501 M-1, M-3, and

M-4 311NFPA 256 317NFPA 262 tunnel test 105NFPA 271 310NFPA 286 312, 317NFPA 701 145f., 265, 286,

314NFPA’s Hazard Risk

Category 2 276NH-1197 196NHP 220NIAX® L-631 228nickel 9nightwear 266NIST 310nitrile rubbers 36nitrous oxide 308N-methylol dialkyl phos-

phonopropionamide 278

N-methylol dimethyl phos-phonopropionamide 277

N, N'-diphenyl-p-phenyle-nediamine 41

No a FRX 231No a OL 254No an 279Nomex® 116, 289Nomex® aramid 274

nonblooming 19, 21, 123, 149f.

nonburning drips 124nondripping mode 116non ame combustion

242non aming drip 333non ammable plasticizers

86nonhalogen FR-4 PWB

246nonhalogen non-ATH intu-

mescent resin 196nonhalogen printed circuit

boards 246nonwovens 275NOR® 116 5, 28f.Noryl 65novolac 155, 247NR-25 209N-stearylerucamide 125nucleating agent 170nylon 27, 275f., 286nylon carpets 272

o-cresol novolac epoxy 247

octyl diphenyl phosphate 89

Oertel 205o ering brominated 148OH-functional methylphos-

phonate methyl phos-phate oligomer 224

Ohio State University rate-of-heat-release calori-meter 306

OI (oxygen index) 307oil-plasticized polyole n

8OL-104C 92OL-107C 92ole n copolymers 5f.

Olex Australia 33oligomeric 85oligomeric ethyl ethylene

phosphate 220oligomeric OH-terminated

bisphenol A methylphos-phonates 254

oligomeric or polymeric methylphosphonates 231

oligomeric phosphates 180

oligomeric sulfonylbisphe-nol phenylphosphonate 142

oligomer-linked N-alkoxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-substituted-piperidine 286

oligourethane unsaturated resins 194

Omya 87Ongard® 2 89, 94, 104Ongard® 5 94OP 935 249OP 1240 131open ame test 217, 292,

314optical cables 115organoclays 173organophosphates 99organophosphate salts

170organophosphine 274organosilicon 88organotins 29orthoesters 173OSI 227f.Otsuka 176, 250Owens-Corning 57oxalic acid 270oxazine 255oxazoline 255oxetanes 173Oxid 215

oxidative dehydrogenation 332

oxidative polymerization 119

oxidized polyacrylonitrile bers 292, 294f.

Oxychem 15, 70oxygen concentration

measurements 310oxygen index 307f.ozone-depleting action

211

PA 66/ 6 blend 289pallets 21, 85Panasonic 253Papa 205para n feedstocks 89Parén and Vapaaoksa 291particle size 7particle size distribution

11passenger aircra 256passenger rail 188PBDS-80 149PBS-64 121PBS-64HW 121, 163PBT 141f., 150PC-ABS 162, 170, 174, 177PC-ABS blends 173PC-PBT 172, 178PC-PLA 178PC-polysiloxane 163PC-polysiloxane-ABS blend

170PC-silicone copolymers

177PC-silicone rubber blends

165PDBS-80 121, 149, 163PE-68 18peak rate of heat release

2

PE/ EVA blends 31Peko am ECO 279Peko am SYN 279pelletized mixtures 87Pennwalt 131pentabromobenzyl acry-

late polymer 151, 177, 284, 286

pentabromobenzyl bro-mide 50

pentabromodiphenyl ether 222, 244

pentabromodiphenyl oxide 16

pentaerythritol 42, 125, 134, 196, 208, 258, 271, 293, 332

pentaerythritol bis(benzylphospho nates) 249

pentaerythritol spirobis (benzyl phosphonate) 71

pentaerythritol spirobis (chlorophosphate) 24

pentaerythritol spirobis (methylphosphonate) 28

pentaerythritol tetrastea-rate 156

1,1,1,3,3-penta uoropro-pane 212

pentamethyldiethylenetria-mine 217

pentane 211f.pentane blowing agent

207PEPA-melamine phosphate

27Perachem 280Perbunan 36per uoroalkylsulfonic

acids 167per uorobutanesulfonate

168Perkadox® 14 55

Perkadox® 30 55, 285Perkalite 31Peroxid-Chemie 285peroxides 55persistence 2, 52persistent organic pollu-

tants 19Perstorp 102PET 141f., 147, 286PET lms 144petroleum oil 40Pevalen 102PHD® polyols 224phenolformaldehyde 247phenolformaldehyde

novolac 128phenolic composites 198phenolic glass laminate

199phenolic laminates 199phenolic novolac 65, 71phenolic paper boards

242phenolic piping 200phenolic resin based GRP

moldings 199phenolic resin coating 191phenolics 187phenoxyphosphazenes

176phenyl methyl siloxane

166phenylphosphinic acid

155phenylphosphonate oligo-

mer 143phenyl-substituted siloxa-

nes 171PhireGuard TCPP 206Phos-Chek® P40 23Phos-Chek® P42 23Phos ex® 31L 39, 100Phos ex® 71B 72, 101Phos ex® 362 39, 231Phos ex® 362 and 390 101

Phos ex® 390 39Phos ex® 418 39, 101Phos ex® T-BEP 231Phosgard® PF-100 135Phoslite® 27Phoslite® A 133Phoslite® B85AX 28Phoslite® B361C 27Phoslite® IP-A 27, 153Phoslite® IP-C 27, 153phosphaphenanthrene ring

structure 252phosphate ester plastici-

zers 41phosphate esters 39phosphate plasticizers 86phosphazenes 166, 176phosphinate diester 142phosphinate unit 135phosphine 129f., 152phosphine oxide 134, 274phosphine sulphides 57phosphite stabilizer 122phospholane oxide cata-

lyst 217phosphonic acid (3-[hydro-

xymethyl]amino)-3-oxo-propyl) 277

phosphoric acid 269phosphorous acid 22, 168phosphorus 39, 273phosphorus additives 22phosphorus compounds

22phosphorus-melamine

combinations in unsatu-rated polyester resins 198

phosphorus oxychloride 218

phosphorus reactives in unsaturated polyester resins 197

phosphorylation 269phosphotungstic 126

photochemical stability 70

photodecomposition 284photoinstability 67photosensitivity 59photostabilizer 59PHT-4 Diol® LV 213, 233phthalimidine ring 180physical vapor phase

action 230pigmentation e ect 86pigments 59, 73pill test 317PIPA 224piperazine polyphosphate

26piperazine pyrophosphate

26, 72pipes 66, 84Pirelli Cable 39Pittchar 258plastisol 101plastisol fusion rates 100plate-out 69, 73PlayStation2 256plenum 33, 89, 94, 101,

105–107, 109Pliobrak® CDP, TCP and

TXP 100PO64P 119poly(1,3-propanediyl)

terephthalate or poly(trimethylene) terephthala 141

poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4- phenylene ether; PPO) 32

poly(2,6-dimethylphenol) 71

poly-2,6-dimethylpheny-lene oxide 62

poly(2,6-dimethylpheny-lene) oxide 332

polyacrylonitrile 131, 292polyamide 6 115

polyamide 11 126polyamide 12 126polyamide 46 115, 121, 127polyamide 66 115, 129f.polyamide carpets 135polyamide imide 257polyamide imide Kermel

276polyamides 115polyamides 11 and 12 125polyaryl ester carbonates

179polyaryl esters 179POLYBOND 10polybrominated epoxy

resins 172polybrominated polysty-

rene 163polybutadiene 35, 73polybutenes 5polybutylene terephthalate

141, 147polybutylene terephthalate/

polycarbonate blends 151

polycaprolactone 94, 108

polycarbonate 65, 162f., 166

polycarbonate-ABS blends 171

polycarbonate-polydime-thylsiloxane 165

polycarbonate-polyester blends 177

polycarbonate-polysilo xane copolymers 178

polycarbonates 161polychloropara ns 13polychloroprene 38, 41polycyclic aromatic hydro-

carbons 76poly(cyclohexanedi-

methanol terephthalate 141

poly(dibromostyrene) 163polydimethyl- and polydi-

phenylsiloxane 71polydimethylsiloxanes 26,

32, 228, 232polyester 284polyester-cotton blends

283polyester polyol based

foams 227polyetherimide 257, 290polyether-polyimides 178polyether polysiloxanes

227polyethylene 5f., 9polyethylene lm 28polyethylene glycol mono-

methyl ether 176polyethyleneimine 271,

282polyethylene terephthalate

141PolyFR 207polyimide bers 290polyimides 257, 290poly isocyanate poly addi-

tion 224polylactic acid 178Polylite 680-191 nonhalo-

gen orthophthalate poly-ester 193

Polymer Dynamix 88polymeric bisphenol A

methylphosphonate 153

polymeric dibromopheny-lene oxide 119

polymeric polyesters 85poly-m-phenylenediamine

isophthalamide 289f.polyole ns 5, 13, 120polyols with polyacryloni-

trile gra s 224polyol XZ 1101 225PolyOne 178

poly(pentabromobenzyl) acrylate 21, 123, 149

polyphenylene ether oligo-mers 168

polyphenylene ether (PPE) 122, 132, 243

polyphenylene ether-silo-xane copolymer 122

polyphenylene oxide 41polyphenylene sul de

bers 257, 292polyphenyl methyl siloxane

167polyphosphate 25, 42polyphosphoric acid 75,

326polyplastics 155poly-p-phenylenediamine

terephthalamide 289polypropylene 5f., 20polypropylene lms 28polysilicic acid 291polysiloxane blocks 178polysiloxanes 247polystyrenes 49polystyrenesulfonates 168Polytechnic University

198, 230polytetra uoroethylene

(PTFE) 64, 134, 164poly(tetra uoroethylene)

(Te on) 13polyureas 233polyurethane 295polyurethane elastomers

230polyurethane-polychloro-

prene foams 230polyurethanes 205polyvinyl chloride 83, 135polyvinylidene uoride-

PVC blends 109polyvinylpyrrolidone 122POP 19potassium carbonate 12

potassium nitrate 134potassium octoate 217potassium per uorobu-

tanesulfonate 167–169, 180

potassium per uorosulfo-nate 169

potassium salt of diphenyl sulfone mono- and disul-fonate (KSS) 167

pour-in-place foams 211power loss 40f.power plant stacks 191PPE/ cyanate ester/ epoxy

243PPE/ HIPS 71PPG 258p-phenylene terephthala-

mide 116PPM Triazine HF 25PPO 49, 65, 71, 142, 178PPO-HIPS blends 65, 72,

173PPO-polystyrene SEBS

blend 72PPO-SEBS blend 72f.PPO/ SEBS/ HDPE 72Preached 279pre-complexed cobalt

cations 195predictive value 303predictor for the E 84 test

311preignition stage 230prereacted 273prereacted with multifunc-

tional epoxies 252prereaction with DOPO

252pressure cooker test 249,

253primary insulation 10printed wiring boards

241printers 171

print paste 282print pigments 145Proban 273f., 276, 278processability 31processing aids 32, 84,

123propane/ butane mixture

55Proposition 65 218propylene copolymers

24propylene oxide 210propylphosphonic acid

251protective clothing 290protective coatings 241protective colloid 282protective garments 276,

289protective glass 327provides a glow wire igni-

tion temperature 133Prysmian Cavi 10PTFE 30, 61, 71, 107, 120,

150, 155, 164, 167, 169, 173

PTT 141, 286public occupancies 315public transport vehicles

194pultruded parts 194pultrusion 193pultrusion pro les 196punking 242PVC 83PX-200 65, 147, 165, 174,

177, 249, 256Pyrapex 286Pyrochek® 68PB 120, 149Pyro-Gon® 294Pyro-Gon® batts 292Pyroguard SR-460B 148Pyron 292, 294pyrophosphate 25Pyrovatex® CP 277f.

Pyrovatex® CP and CP-LF 278

Pyrovatim® PBS 271

quaternary ammonium compound 101

quaternary ammonium modi ed clay 133

quinoneimines 222

R40 22, 87R46 207R50/ 53 245Rabitle® FB110 176Rabitle® FP100 166radiant-heat re ective foil

57radical-generating syner-

gist 55railway passenger coach

wiring 89railway vehicles 196rate of char formation

309rate of charring 330rate of ame spread 218RB-79 213, 216RB 9130 213RDP 71f., 155, 165f.,

175–178reaction of DOPO with

various imines 253reaction of epoxy resins

with phosphonic esters 251

reaction-to- re classi ca-tion 318

reactive diol 210reactive ame retardants

210rebonded foam 229

recombination sites 328recyclability 120, 151red iron oxide 117red phosphorus 27, 29,

36, 39, 56, 71, 126, 128, 130, 152, 195, 208f., 231, 248

reduction or elimination of antimony trioxide 172

re ectivity 32refrigerators 51, 211Reichhold 190f., 193Reofos® 50, 65, and 95

100Reofos® 95 39Reogard® 1000 and 2000

26reprecipitated ATH 7reproducible 307residential carpet 317resistance to mildew 284resistivity 8Resolution Performance

Products 249resorcinol bis(2,6-xylenyl

phosphate) 177resorcinol bis(diphenyl

phosphate 155resorcinol bis(diphenyl

phosphate) 65, 71f., 146, 152, 154, 165f., 173, 176, 231f.

retardant textile coating 284

rheological e ect 64Rhodia 72, 133, 210, 251,

280Rhodia, Solvay Division

273Rhone-Poulenc 289rigid foams 206rigid integral skin foams

208rigid polyurethane foams

206

Rimar salt 167ring-opened epoxy

oligomer 189Rio Tinto 9, 11, 37, 96, 126risk assessment 244R.J. Marshall 12, 128R.J. Marshall Company’s

MaxFil ATH 192roo ng 29, 37, 109, 317 – laminate 207 – membranes 35 – spray foam 208

room-corner test 317rosin acid 31Ross and Hagan 206Royal Aerospace Establish-

ment 257rubbers 5Rubinate 9009 234Russian Chemical Mining

Co. 10

SABIC 72, 122, 133, 149, 163, 168, 170, 176, 178, 180

Sachtleben 98Sachtolith 98Sa re® 200 126, 155Sa re® 400 126, 155Sa re® 600 126, 155Sa re® 3000 126SaFRon® 5371 285SaFRon® 6600 214SaFRon® 9010 283SaFRon® 9020 283SaFRon® 9025 283Saint-Gobain 129Sakamoto Yakuhin Kogyo

150salts and esters of phos-

phorus acids 331Samsung 87SAN 171Sancor 290

Sandel 290Sandler 131Sandoz 287Sanko 252Sanko HCA-NQ 252Santicizer® 148 101Santicizer® 2148 39, 101Sanyo Chemical Industries

144Saran 291Sateri Fibers 291Sato 166Saytex® 213Saytex® 102 59Saytex® 102E 16, 38Saytex® 120 17Saytex® 7010 149Saytex® 7980 213Saytex® 8010 17, 60f., 119,

151, 163, 243, 257Saytex® BC-48 53Saytex® BC-462 53Saytex® BT-93 19, 42, 151,

257Saytex® BT-93W 19, 151Saytex® HP-800 18Saytex® HP900 52Saytex® HP900SG 52Saytex® HP-3010 120Saytex® HP-7010 120Saytex® HP-7010P 149Saytex® PBT 620 149Saytex® RB-79 213, 216,

233Saytex® XP-4020 216SBI 318SBI test 214SBR 38f., 66SBS 70, 171scavenge the hydrogen

atoms 328Schartel 165, 179, 330Schill & Seilacher 144f.,

197Schreiber 306

Schultz 35Scienti c Committee on

Health and Environ-mental Risks 244

scorch 221scratch resistance 174scratch-resistant 177SDI 312sealants 233Seal Sands Ltd. 167sebacates 85SEBS (styrene-ethylene-

butanediyl-styrene block polymer) 72f.

selenium 87semi-aromatic polyamide

133semidurable 271semidurable treatments

for cotton 269semirigid 85Serono 144Serta 296sewing lubricants 145SFR-100 70shags 135shelf life 211shelf life of a premix 207Shell 153Shen 35, 83, 115Sherwin Williams 95Shin-Etsu 170, 255shock resistance 191Sidistar 228Siemens 250silanation 9silane-coated 257silanes 8, 40silane surface-reacted 23silane-treated APP 196silica 12, 29, 32, 38, 40,

66, 173, 192, 228, 242f., 247, 252, 286

silicaceous barrier layer 228

silicaceous surface barrier 32

silicate 97silicic-acid-modi ed vis-

cose rayon 294silicone 165silicone acrylate 165silicone-acrylate blends

179silicone glycol copolymer

228silicone-modi ed polyi-

mides 257silicone oligomer 247silicones 32silicone-silicate 70silicone spinning lubri-

cants 145silicone synergists 32silicotungstic acid 126siloxane 169siloxane oligomers 93silver 130single burning item 210,

318sintering 96SiO2 179sizes 145sizing 134skirtboard 36slabstock foams 225slate 209Small 294smelters 111smoke 2, 15, 70, 74, 83,

86f., 89, 97, 117, 178, 187–189, 192f., 208, 221, 282

– density 126 – developed index 85, 312

– obscuration 85 – release rate 310 – suppressing additives 75

– suppression 40, 83, 91

smoldering 96, 229, 242smoldering cigarette test

314sodium antimonate 287sodium borate 269sodium cellulose phos-

phate 270sodium montmorillonite

57, 176sodium per uorobutane-

sulfonate 168sodium salt of a cyclic

methylene bis[2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl] phosphate 170

sodium silicate 31, 291sodium toluenesulfonate

168f.sodium trichlorobenzene-

sulfonate (STB-FR) 167so ening temperature 84soldering-temperature re-

sistance 247solder re ow 122Sol-DP 174solid bisphosphate 174solid surface 8solubility parameter 142Solutia 135Solvay 133, 146f., 153,

209, 212, 214, 273solvent resistance 66Sony 87, 169, 256soot 98sorbitan 133sorbitol 215sound-deadening 10Southwest Research Insti-

tute (SwRI) 2, 245soy-oil-based polyol 215SPB-100 176, 250Spec ex 224Special Materials 15, 70specimen restraints 310Spin am® MF80 25

Spin am® MF82 24spiro-structure 196spray foams 211f., 214spray polyureas 234Springs 272spumi c 75, 258SR-T 150SSM 276stabilizer package 54, 89stabilizer systems 52stadium dome 211stannate 38, 152Stanyl® 115, 121, 127Star Chemical 281Starnes 95statistical design 42statistical design tool

307Stau er Chemical 197, 279STB 167STB-FR 168stearate 69stearic acid 8, 10, 33, 98stearyl stearate 125Steiner (25- .) tunnel test

1, 84, 312stitch-bonded nonwoven

293stitching 293stress cracking 161, 178stress cracking resistance

172structural columns 318Stuetz 308, 336styrene 5, 187, 191f.styrene-butadiene 66styrene-butadiene rubber

285styrene-butadiene-styrene

block polymer 64styrene copolymers 49styrene dimers 50styrene-ethylene-propy l-

ene-styrene block polymer 72

styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer 67

styrenic block copolymer 32

styrenic-butadiene copoly-mer elastomers 35

styrenics 120submicron 86Süd-Chemie 30sulfonated ABS 169sulfonated benzotriazolyl-

phenols 168sulfonated styrene-acrylo-

nitrile copolymer 169sulfonated triazinylamino-

stilbenes 168sulfonate salt 166, 234sulfonimides 168sulfonylbisphenol phenyl-

phosphonate oligomer 288

sulfur 56f.sulfuric anhydride 169sulfur-phosphorus combi-

nations 268Sumitomo Bakelite 255f.Sumitomo Dow 165superphosphoric acid

198surface area 7surface oxidation 325surface-treated grades of

ATH 192surface treatment 9surfactant loading 227Swedish re research

institute 306SwRI 245Sybert 163Sybron 281syndiotactic polystyrene

72synergistic 167synergism 39, 91, 93,

308, 334

synergists 9, 55Szycher 205

Taiwan 254talc 8, 12f., 26, 29, 38,

42, 74, 118, 173, 176f., 287tallow alkylamine 276tarpaulins 92, 101, 109TBBA 18, 62, 243f.TCEP 207, 216TCPP 206, 209, 211–214,

216, 218f., 225TDCP 207TDCPP 226tear strength 92Technical Bulletin 603

292Te on® 70Teijin Chemicals 71, 162,

169, 249Teknor Apex 26, 94, 102,

106, 109television enclosures 70television sets 2tensile 18, 92tensile strength 8, 16, 31tent fabric 266TEP 208f., 212Terate® 216terephthaloyl chloride

179Terol® 256 215Terol® 708 215tert-butylated triphenyl

phosphate 71tert-butyl hydroperoxide

55tert-butylphenyl diphenyl

phosphate 72, 172, 175tertiary-butylphenyl phenyl

phosphate 100tetrabromobenzoate ester

222

tetrabromobisphenol A 18, 67, 70, 145, 163, 188–190, 243f., 246

tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2, 3-dibromopropyl ether) 18

tetrabromobisphenol A/bisphenol A polycarbo-nate 167

tetrabromobisphenol A polycarbonate 148, 151

tetrabromobisphenol A polycarbonate oligomers 180

tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBA) 67

tetrabromocyclooctane 53

tetrabromophthalate 88f., 99, 102

tetrabromophthalic 282tetrabromophthalic anhyd-

ride 188tetrachlorophthalic anhyd-

ride 190tetradecabromodiphenoxy-

benzene 17tetra uoroethane 212tetra uoroethylene 148tetraglycidyldiaminodiphe-

nylmethane 257tetrahalophthalate plasti-

cizers 86tetrahydrophthalic anhy-

dride 190tetrakis(2,6-dimethyl-

phenyl) 1,3-phenylene diphosphate 174, 256

tetrakis(2,6-dimethylphe-nyl) resorcinol diphos-phate 165, 249

tetrakis(2,6-xylyl) m-pheny-lene diphosphate 147

tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium salts 273

tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate with ammonia 287

2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperi-dine 29

tetraphenyl bisphenol A diphosphate 32

tetraphenyl resorcinol diphosphate 32, 286

TexFRon® 3000 281TexFRon® 9001 283TexFRon® 9020 283TexFRon® 9025 283TexFRon® P and P+ 284textile test 314Textron 258Tg 247theme parks 194, 199thermal aging 21thermal barrier 57thermal coe cient of

expansion 242thermal insulation 57thermal stability 247thermal stabilization 52thermoformed containers

84Thermoguard® CPA 22,

87Thermoguard® L 86thermooxidative stability

101thermoplastic acrylate

52thermoplastic elastomers

107thermoplastics 257thermosol 146, 281thiophosphates 57thiourea-formaldehyde

oligomer precondensate 281

thiourea-formaldehyde resin 135

third body 328

Thor 24, 272, 275, 278, 280

Thor Specialties 271THPC 273THPOH-NH3 process 274THPS 273THPS-urea 276THPX 277ticking 293Ticona 131, 153, 155time to escape 310tin 22, 88, 95tin chloride 97tin dioxide 97tin maleate 59TiO2 176titanate 40titanate coupling agent

LICA 44 67titanates 32titanium 88titanium dioxide 26titanium pyrophosphate

26toluene diisocyanate 230toluenesulfonic acid 169topcoat 110Toray Industries 147, 257Toshiba 248Tosoh 28total smoke 74TOTM 92toughness improvers 257toxicology 2toxicology of smoke 313Toyobo 142, 251, 288TPP 71, 176tracking resistance 130Trainer 318trans-1,2-dichloroethylene

213transesteri cation 148,

166transesteri cation inhibitor

148

Translink® 30 40translucency 28translucent composite

192transparency 28, 177transparent coating 284transparent vinyl 86transportation 217Trevira CS 288triallyl cyanurate 40triallyl isocyanurate 152,

243triaryl phosphates 39,

220, 242triazine 255triazine-modi ed cresol

novolacs 255triazine-modi ed phenolic

novolac LA 7054 252triazine-piperazine-

morpholine 25tribromoneopentyl alcohol

214tribromophenol 119tribromophenol-end-

capped 682,4,6-tribromophenyl allyl

ether 53tributyl phosphate 272tricresyl phosphate 39,

99, 172, 208triethyl phosphate 195,

198, 208, 216Trigonox® A80 55Trigonox® B 55trimellitates 85trimethoxymethylmelamine

277trimethylene terephthalate

154trimethylolmelamine 279triphenyl phosphate 55,

56, 65, 155, 165f., 172, 175, 208f., 249, 329

triphenylphosphine 243

triphenylphosphine oxide 152, 156

triphenylphosphine oxide or sul de 56

triphenylphosphine- quinone adduct 255

triphenylphosphine sul de 156

triphosphonate 286tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)

phosphate 231tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)

phosphate (TDCP) 218, 230

tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) 206, 218, 225

tris(2,3-dibromopropoxy) cyanurate 61

tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate 53

tris(2-chloroethyl) phos-phate 195

tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate 195

tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocya-nurate 332

tris(butoxyethyl) phos-phate 223, 231

tris(chloroethyl phosphate) 207

tris(chloroisopropyl) phos-phate 206, 214

tris(dibromopropyl) phos-phate 280

tris(dichloroisopropyl) phosphate 207, 258, 325

tris(hydroxyethyl)isocya-nurate 24, 28

tris(tribromoneopentyl) phosphate 20, 63, 151, 285

tris(tribromophenoxy)cya-nurate 67

2,4,6-tris(2,4,6-tribromo-phenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine 67

1,3,5-tris(2,4,6-tribromo-phenoxy)triazine 243

trixylenyl phosphates 100, 172

Troitzsch 6, 73, 206, 303, 317f.

Trovotech 125Tu 310tu ing 272tunnel test 51turbostratic 326TV res 58TV sets 2, 58, 245type 003 226Tyrin® 90, 94

UK 217Ukanol® FP50 144UL 746A/ IEC 60112 116UL 94 6, 50, 116UL 94 5V 169UL 94 5V A 131UL 94 HB 58UL 94 V0 rating 116, 171,

247UL 94 V1 61UL 94 V2 65UL 723 195, 312UL 746C 309UL 746C/ IEC 60695-2 116UL 790 317UL 910 Steiner tunnel test

107UL 1256 57UL 1581 VW-1 26UL 1694 242UL 1709 318UL 2335 Idle test 85UL-HF1 227Ultracarb 12, 33, 93

Ultradur® B4400 152Ultramid 130Ultraso ® 274ultraviolet 59UL VW1 (part of UL 1685)

319Underwriters Laboratories

57Underwriters Laboratories

UL 94 Test 304Union Carbide 227Uniplex 89Uniplex® FRP-45 20Uniplex FRP-64P 148Unitex 20, 25, 89, 148University of Georgia 279University of Turin 222University of Ulster 154unsaturated phosphorus

monomers 197unsaturated polyester 8,

187Urbas 310urea 146, 268, 270, 273,

279urea cyanurate 154urea-formaldehyde 24urea salt of phosphorous

acid 280U.S. Borax 96, 293U.S. Coast Guard 58, 199USDA 274, 277USDA-SRRL 273U.S. Department of Agri-

culture Southern Regio-nal Research Laboratory 266, 273

UV stability 19, 63, 67

V0 305V1 305V2 305V2 UL 94 63

5VA 305vacuum infusion 199vanadate or vanadium

pentoxide 195Vandersall 258Vantico 253vapor-phase ame retar-

dancy 2525VB 305VECAP 119vegetable oils 85vehicle interiors 41veil 292VersaShield® TB 129 290Vertex® 100 11, 93vertical cable tray test UL

1685 105vinyl chloride 291vinyl coating 109vinyl ester resins 190f.,

197vinyl esters 187vinylidene chloride/ acrylic

latex 272vinylidene dichloride 291vinylphosphonate 197vinylsilane 11, 33vinylsilane surface treated

silicaceous llers 173vinyl tile 110Vipel K010-TB 192Vipel K022-AC 191Vipel K190 188Vircol® 82 210viscose 291viscose rayon 276, 287viscosity 8Visil 295Visil-type rayon 294Vita Fibers Ltd 294VLDPE 9VW-1 42

wall covering 104walls 318water contact angles 180water-releasing 326weathering resistance

123WEEE Directive 245Weil 25, 258Wellchem 272Wellman 146, 287Western Nonwovens 295Westex 274–276wet spinning 291white phosphorus 131wick 125, 267, 327wick-like action 229Wickson 94, 103Wickstrom 6Wilkie 5Williams 212windshield fogging 219wire 72wire and cable insulation

33, 83wollastonite 11, 174wood-plastic composites

85wood-polyole n blends

34Woojin 150wool 281, 294wool/ nylon blends 281wool/ polyester 281work clothes 274Wypych 103

Xiameter 32XPS 51

Yoke 206

ZB223 96zeolite 4A 39zeolites 88, 173, 176Zhang 197Zhang and Horrocks 285Zhu 309zinc 88zinc alkali phosphate 327zinc and calcium molyb-

dates 94zinc borate 9, 16, 22, 26,

40f., 72, 89f., 92, 96, 103f., 117–120, 122, 126f., 129–134, 152, 154–156, 166, 177, 189, 198, 208, 327

zinc diethylphosphinate 153, 286

zinc diethylphosphinate Exolit OP 950 154

zinc hydroxide carbonate 132

zinc hydroxystannate 8f., 97, 189

zinc metaborate 38, 96zinc molybdate 95, 118zinc molybdate-magne-

sium hydroxide complex 94

zinc molybdate on magne-sium hydroxide 95

zinc molybdate on talc 94, 254

zinc oxide 29, 70, 72, 87, 117, 127, 130, 132, 152, 156, 198

zinc phosphate 154zinc phosphate-zinc oxide

94

zinc stannate 9, 97, 122, 189

zinc stannate-ammonium octamolybdate combina-tions 97

zinc stannate/ zinc borate mixture 117

zinc stearate 59

zinc sul de 22, 72, 87, 98, 156

zirconates 32zirconium 88Zirpro 281Zirpro and tetrabromoph-

thalate 282Zoltek Corp 292, 294

Zschimmer & Schwarz 280

Zytel 115