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Action-research. An iterative process of diagnosis, planning,action, evaluation, and reflection.

Adaptive management. A structured, iterative process ofoptimal decision making in the face of uncertainty, withan aim to reducing uncertainty over time via system

monitoring (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_management). Adaptive management functions as a tool

for learning as well as change within a system: As newinformation emerges, the system uses it (actively or pas-

sively) to change its operations and improve outcomes overthe long term. The management process includes presentand future stakeholders, bases iterative decision making on

the results of monitoring (learning), and regards uncer-tainty as a means of improving understanding.

Advisory services. Agricultural advisory services can bedefined as the entire set of organizations that support

and facilitate people engaged in agricultural productionto solve problems and to obtain information, skills, and

technologies to improve their livelihoods and well-being.See also agricultural extension.

Agricultural education and learning (AEL). A variation on

agricultural education and training that reflects a more

student-centered approach to formal programs.Agricultural education and training (AET). Organized pro-

grams and activities that serve the need for information,

knowledge, and skills among those who work in variousparts of the agriculture sector and the broader rural space.

An AET system typically consists of tertiary educationalinstitutions (agricultural universities or faculties and col-

leges of agriculture within comprehensive universities) inaddition to the polytechnics, institutes, or colleges that pre-

pare technicians at the diploma level (postsecondary, sub-degree level). This second category of education, oftentermed agricultural technicalvocational education andtraining (ATVET), technicalvocational education and

training (TVET), or vocational education and training(VET), prepares technicians in a variety of specializationsin agriculture subsectors. Some secondary schools offer

agriculture as an elective. Agricultural training, frequently

in training centers or training institutes, is offered to pub-lic employees as in-service training and/or to farmers as

farmer training. Although the various elements in the AETdelivery chain are often referred to collectively as a sys-

tem, they do not necessarily form a robust system in whichcommunication and feedback flow between institutions

and allow for continuous improvements. Many countriesdivide responsibility for AET between the ministries ofagriculture and education.

Agricultural extension. The entire set of organizations that

support and facilitate people engaged in agriculturalproduction to solve problems and to obtain information,

skills, and technologies to improve their livelihoods andwell-being.

Agricultural knowledge and information system (AKIS). A sys-tem that links people and institutions to promote mutual

learning and generate, share, and utilize agriculture-related technology, knowledge, and information. The sys-

tem integrates farmers, agricultural educators, researchers,

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and extensionists to harness knowledge and informationfrom various sources for improved livelihoods. Farmers

are at the heart of this knowledge triangle.

Agricultural innovation system (AIS). A network of organi-

zations, enterprises, and individuals focused on bringingnew products, new processes, and new forms of organi-

zation into economic use, together with the institutionsand policies that affect their behavior and performance.

Agricultural technicalvocational education and training

(ATVET). See agricultural education and training.

Business development services (BDS). A range of nonfinan-cial services provided by public and private suppliers to

entrepreneurs, who use them to operate more efficientlyand expand their businesses. BDSs can include training,

consultancy, and advisory services, marketing assistance,information, technology development and transfer, andbusiness linkage promotion.

Business incubators. Programs designed to accelerate the suc-

cessful development of entrepreneurial activities throughan array of business support resources and services,

developed and orchestrated by incubator managementand offered both in the incubator and through its net-work of contacts. Incubators vary in the way they deliver

their services, in their organizational structure, and in thetypes of clients they serve.

Central nodes. In the terminology of social network analysis,well-connected partners who pull promising new entrants

into networks and collaborate with a wide assortment ofpartners, exposing them to more experiences, differentcompetencies, and added opportunities. By linking clus-

ters of network actors, the central nodes facilitate flowsof information and resources. Innovation brokers are par-

ticularly prepared to become central nodes.Change agent. See innovation broker.

Commercialization or commercial services. A focus in the

agricultural research and extension system on commer-cial crops or the provision of services for specific cashcrops such as tobacco or cotton.

Commodity extension. An extension system focused on onecash crop, for which advice and inputs are provided by

one institution.

Competitive research grants (CRGs). Grants that fundresearch based on national competition and scientificpeer review. Transparent procedures are used to select

the proposals that will receive funding, based on rigorouscriteria. Well-designed grants can bring greater contesta-

bility to the innovation process; the funding may notnecessarily flow to the traditional recipients. Grants can

promote research partnerships, leverage researchresources, and help to develop a more efficient, demand-driven, and pluralistic research system by involving

clients in setting priorities and financing, executing, andevaluating research. See matching grants.

Contracting. When one organization contracts with anotherto perform a function or service. Contracting in occurswhen research, extension, and other government agricul-

tural services provide services for an external group, suchas a nongovernmental organization or a private organi-

zation. Contracting out is when government hires an

external organization to perform services.

Cooperative extension. An extension model developed in the

U.S. university system, in which universities, linked to theextension system, produce research results that are dis-

seminated to farmers.

Cost sharing. When users of services pay at least a partialamount of the cost.

Decentralization. Moving responsibility and/or funding of

public governmental services to local administrative lev-els such as districts. Decentralization can take many

forms, such as deconcentration (accountability remainswithin the Department of Agriculture), devolution to

local governments (accountability is transferred fromcentral to locally elected governments), or delegation tosemiautonomous services.

Demand articulation. Identifying the needs of different usergroups for the knowledge and information produced byagricultural research organizations or the services

(credit, advice) provided by other types of organizations.

Downstream research. Usually refers to research that adaptsa technology (agronomic practice, new variety) to a par-

ticular countrys or localitys needs. Sometimes called

appliedor adaptive research.

Economies of scale. In agricultural research, economies of

scale occur when the cost per unit of research output fallswith the number of units of output produced, usually

through better use of major fixed investment or special-ized skills.

Economies of scope. In agricultural research, economies of

scope occur when the cost of a desired output falls withan increase in the number of different research outputs

being produced. These gains occur when there is cross-commodity or cross-disciplinary learning as an external

economy.

Embedded services. Companies provide information withthe inputs they sell or other products they market.

Enabling environment. The environment (political, regula-tory, institutional, economic, and social) that supports,promotes, and sustains a given outcome. For agricultural

innovation, an enabling environment comprises thosefactors that influence agricultural innovation positivelybut are controlled by policy domains other than agricul-

tural innovation policy itself.

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Farm business schools. Schools that facilitate learning onproduction, management, business finance, and market-

ing skills. Farm business schools and cooperatives havean important learning role in promoting entrepreneur-

ship among farmers, but initially they require externalfacilitation.

Farmer organization or producer organization. An organiza-

tion constituted by farmers who seek solutions to produc-

tion or commercial problems. Some agricultural servicesfocus on providing extension, conducting research, oroffering other services through these organizations.

Farmer field school. A participatory method of learning,

technology development, and dissemination based onadult-learning principles such as experiential learning.

Typically groups of 2025 farmers meet weekly in aninformal setting on their farms with a facilitator. The

defining characteristics of farmer field schools includediscovery learning, farmer experimentation, and groupaction. This interactive, practical training method

empowers farmers to be their own technical experts on

major aspects of their farming systems. Farmers are facil-itated to conduct their own research, diagnose and testproblems, devise solutions, and disseminate their learn-

ing to others.

Farmer field school networks. Networks of informal or for-mal groupings with a common interest that draw their

membership from all the farmer field schools within agiven geographic or administrative boundary.

Farming systems research and extension (FSRE). System ofresearch and extension that is focused on understandingthe farming systems of small-scale farmers through

applied, multidisciplinary, on-farm, farmer-centeredresearch.

Fee for service. The provision of services for a cost by gov-ernment, nongovernmental, or private organizations.

Genetically engineered. A genetically engineered or modifiedorganism in which the genetic material has been trans-formed using the techniques of genetic engineering.

These techniques combine DNA molecules from differentsources into one molecule to create a new set of genes.

This recombined DNA is then transferred into an organ-ism, giving it modified or novel genes. Transgenic organ-isms, a subset of genetically modified organisms, carry

DNA that originated in a different species. Examplesinclude cotton that has been genetically transformed to

resist a particular herbicide. Many countries strictly con-trol the production, use, export, and import of genetically

modified plants and animals. (Based on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism.)

Going concern. An enterprise that is expected to generate

sufficient revenues and manage its resources in a manner

that will allow it to remain in business for an indefiniteperiod.

Governance. The systems and practices that governments

use to set priorities and agendas, design and implementpolicies, and obtain knowledge about their impacts.

Also refers to any systems and practices performingthe same function at the subnational level (provincialresearch institutes, input subsidy programs) and in

smaller institutions (farmer organizations, irrigationschemes).

Green revolution. The enormous increases in cereal produc-

tion resulting from the adoption of high-yielding wheat,maize, and rice varieties, grown under irrigation withfertilizer and other inputs, across large areas of Asia and

Latin America from the 1960s to 1980s.

Group-based approach. Extension programs that work withfarmer groups or other common interest groups.

Industry clusters. Agglomerations of strongly interdependentfirms (including specialized suppliers) linked to each other

in a value-adding production chain, service providers, and

associated institutions in a particular field. Some clustersencompass strategic alliances with universities, researchinstitutes, knowledge-intensive business services, bridging

institutions (brokers, consultants), and customers. Clus-ter-based approaches for business development andinnovation have increased agricultural productivity,

innovation, and business formation.

Information and communications technology (ICT). The wideand growing array of modern communications technol-

ogy such as the Internet, e-mail, electronic databases,mobile phones and telephones, computers, personal digi-tal devices, radio-frequency infrared devices, and the

related infrastructure to support it (wireless networks,fiber-optic cable, and so on).

Innovation. An invention that is used for the first time in a

product that reaches the market or produces a change ina social process. An innovation that is well known else-where may still be regarded as an innovation if it is new

locally.

Innovation brokers. Teams of specialists that combine astrong background in science with knowledge of busi-

ness and commercialization and/or the creation of inno-vation networks. Innovation brokers are also known as

change agents or technology brokers.

Innovation capabilities. The skills to build and integrateinternal and external resources to address problems ortake advantage of opportunities. Innovation capabilities

depend not only on innovative individuals but also oninternal features of an organization, especially incentives,cultures, organizational spaces for experimentation,

coordinating structures, and collective action.

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Innovation-led growth. Growth based on innovative tech-nologies, processes, products, markets, or organizational

arrangements rather than on large additional uses of nat-ural resources.

Innovation network. A diverse group of actors that voluntar-

ily contribute knowledge and other resources (such asmoney, equipment, and land) to develop jointly or

improve a social or economic process or product. Inno-

vation networks are a special form of organization witha nonhierarchical structure, a collaboration-based cul-ture, consensus-based coordination (because membersare free to leave the network at any time), usually no legal

personality (especially in their early stages), and oftenrelatively fuzzy objectives (such as improving the man-

agement of natural resources). They evolve with marketopportunities and the technologies they develop. Inno-

vation networks differ from farmer organizations in thatfarmer organizations have a homogeneous membershipand more formal, stable relations. Innovation networks

differ from value chains in that the latter are more stable,are focused on delivering a product or service, and are

coordinated by a central actor. Innovation networks arealso known as innovation platforms.

Innovation platform. See innovation network.

Intellectual property rights (IPRs). Intellectual property law

grants owners of intellectual property (creations of themind) certain exclusive rights to a variety of intangible

assets, such as musical, literary, and artistic works; discov-eries and inventions; and words, phrases, symbols, and

designs. Common types of intellectual property includecopyrights, trademarks, patents, industrial design rights,

and trade secrets. See tangible property rights. (Based onhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property.)

Intervention logic. The underlying assumptions in an interven-tion that link intervention inputs with expected outcomes.

Invention. The creation of knowledge. An inventionbecomes an innovation only when it is first used in a

product that reaches the market or produces a change ina social process.

Learning alliance. A process-driven approach that facilitates

the development of shared knowledge among differentactors. Learning alliances contribute to improved develop-ment outcomes because lessons are more quickly identi-

fied and learned and because stronger links amongresearch organizations and other actors in the AIS

improve the focus on research and development practices.Local agribusiness development services. Services that

improve the performance of a small-scale enterprise

oriented to agricultural production, be it individual orcooperative, in accessing markets, financial services, and

enhanced agribusiness environments. Examples of theseservices include training and advisory services, market

information services, technology, and business linkageinformation. Also referred to as value-chain orientedservices, market-oriented agricultural advisory services,and marketing extension.

Marketing chain. Modern marketing chains for agricultural

crops have many features of buyer-driven value chains:an actor close to consumers (usually a supermarket or

broker) dominates, organizing many producers and

intermediaries, deciding who participates in the chain,overseeing all the links from the farm to the shelf,

defining the nature of the interactions and commercialconditions, and setting quality and safety standards.

Other important features of modern marketing chainsare that they focus on marketing specific products (such

as vegetables, fruits, meat), access to the chain is highlyrestricted, verbal contracts based on trust are common

but informal transactions rare, and technologies aregenerated mostly in developed countries and imposedby the leading agent. Only farmers with strong capa-

bilities for innovation (especially entrepreneurship,

physical and financial resources, and social capital) cansurvive in the highly competitive environment of mod-ern marketing chains.

Matching grants. The matching of funds from the granting

organization (usually a public agency) with funds fromthe beneficiary. Matching grants increasingly promote

near-market technology generation, technology transferand adoption, private economic activity, and overallinnovation, often by including multiple stakeholders. By

focusing greater attention on demand and use from thevery beginning, basically by attracting users of technolo-

gies and knowledge in partnerships (and requiring amatching commitment), matching grants may be more

effective than competitive research grants at enhancing theuse of technology and knowledge by farmers and otherentrepreneurs.

National agricultural research system (NARS). The entitiesresponsible within a given country for organizing, coor-dinating, or executing research that contributes explicitly

to the development of the countrys agriculture andmaintenance of its natural resource base.

National innovation policy. Overarching policies coordinat-

ing a wide spectrum of policy domainsscience andtechnology policy, education policy, economic policy,

industrial policy, infrastructure policy, taxation policy,

and justice policy, among othersin such a way thattogether they create an environment that enables andstimulates innovation. Sector-specific innovation poli-cies (such as a policy for agricultural innovation) repli-

cate the national innovation policys overarching andcoordinating nature but have considerably less political

clout to influence policies outside their domains.

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Niche markets. A small, specific, and well-defined subsetof the market on which a particular product focuses.

Examples include markets for fair trade, organic, or otherproducts certified to have particular qualities; small-scale

growers of particular kinds of produce purchased directlyby consumers in a nearby city; a new market for a tradi-

tional product (quinoa, amaranth, and acai are three ofmany kinds), or a new product derived from a traditional

crop. Some niches have more demanding quality andcommercial requirements than others, and farmers par-ticipation in these markets depends on whether they can

meet those requirements. Although niche markets havehad important impacts on local communities, they can-

not expand beyond a certain size without becoming com-moditized. For this reason, they can make only a limitedcontribution to alleviating poverty. Niche markets can be

considered a form of innovation network.

Nongovernmental organization (NGO) extension. Extension

systems run by NGOs, often in a project mode andfocused on participatory methods.

No-till agriculture. An agronomic practice in which cropsare planted in previously unprepared soil by opening a

narrow slot or trench of the smallest width and depthneeded to obtain proper coverage of the seed. Conven-tional tillage practices involve multiple tractor passes to

accomplish plowing, harrowing, planking, and seedingoperations; no-till requires only one or two passes for

spraying herbicide and seeding. In addition to reducingthe number of operations, no-till requires less-powerful

tractors and reduces equipment depreciation. Whileno-till principles are the same everywhereentailing

minimal soil disturbance, keeping soil covered, andusing crop rotationsthe actual packages differ greatly

by location.

Organization. A group of actors that collaborate over a sus-tained period. An organization can be either formal or

informal. Collaboration may take different forms,including frequent exchanges of information, joint pri-

ority setting for policies and programs, and joint imple-mentation of innovation projects.

Organizational capabilities for innovation. The abilities of the

organizations members and the organizations key charac-teristics. Organizational abilities for innovation include

maintaining specialized knowledge, creativity, and com-mitment to the organization; developing a long-term

vision for the organization; absorbing information gen-erated by other agents (also called the absorptive capac-

ity); creating new knowledge; and using this knowledgeto develop innovations that address commercial, social,organizational, or technological needs or opportunities.

An organizations key characteristics include its culture,governance, and communications routines (whether

they are hierarchical or allow individual exploration ofopportunities and horizontal communication); learning

routines (the heuristics and methods used for collectivelyaccepting new ideas and procedures); the propensity to

interact and cooperate with other actors in the AIS; andthe availability of resources for the development of inno-

vations (capital and specialized assets).

Organizational interface. Modalities that help to transform

knowledge and information produced by researchorganizations into socially and economically relevant

goods and services. Examples include innovation plat-

forms, value-chain approaches, andpublic-private partner-ships.

Outgrower. A farmer operating under a formal or informalagreement (often a contract) to grow produce for a com-

mercial agricultural enterprise (for example, a sugarcaneprocessor) or a large-scale farmer. Outgrowers may

receive credit and advice from the processor.

Participatory or demand-driven approaches. Method ofresearch and/or extension focused on bottom-up

approaches and empowerment of clientele. Theseapproaches include methods such as farmer field schoolsand farmer research groups.

Pluralistic extension. Extension system based on multipleservice providers, including public, private, and civilsociety organizations, in which the focus is often on

demand-driven, participatory approaches.

Privatization. Full transfer of ownership (usually by sale)from government to a private entity.

Privatized research or extension services. Services run forprofit, not necessarily for cash crops only.

Producer organizations. Seefarmer organization.

Public-private partnerships. At least one public and one pri-vate organization share resources, knowledge, and risksto achieve a match of interests and jointly deliver prod-

ucts and services. In agricultural research, PPPs bringtogether partners with different skills and knowledge tocontribute jointly to the generation, adaptation, and/or

diffusion of an innovation. Usually the partnershipagreement is in the form of a contract that establishes

each partners commitments and the distribution of ben-efits. PPPs in agricultural research can be set up not only

to generate knowledge via research but also to foster thediffusion and application of knowledge among privateactors (agribusiness, farmers) and public actors (univer-

sities, research institutes, and extension agencies).

Qualitative growth. Growth associated with a range of addi-tional public goods that especially reduce extreme

poverty, provide food security, narrow structuralinequalities, protect the environment, or sustain the

growth process itself.

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Risk capital. Money explicitly available for investment into ahigh-risk business or a security of some typetypically

those that are not publicly traded on any national stockexchange. In this sourcebook, risk capital refers to invest-

ment in a company or project at an early or high-riskstage. Private investors are the major sources of risk cap-

ital; public investment cannot meet the needs, althoughit can stimulate and leverage private investment in the

sector. See venture capital.Rural productive alliance. An economic agreement between

formally organized producers and at least one buyer, whichspecifies product characteristics (such as size and varieties

to be produced); quantity to be produced or bought; pro-duction modalities (such as how a product will be deliv-

ered, by whom, and when, as well as grading and packingrequirements); payment modalities and price determina-

tion criteria; and the buyers contribution (such as techni-cal assistance, specific inputs, and arrangements for inputreimbursementfor example, at the time of sale).

Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) protection. Measures,

including regulations and agreements, to protect:(1) human or animal health from risk arising from

additives, contaminants, toxins, or disease organisms infood, drink, and feedstuffs; (2) human life from risks asso-

ciated with diseases carried by plants or animals; (3) animalor plant life from pests, diseases, and disease-causing

organisms; and (4) a country from other damage caused bythe entry, establishment, or spread of pests. Such measuresinclude national control of contaminants, pests, and dis-

eases (vaccination programs, limits on pesticide residuesin food) as well as international controls to prevent their

inadvertent spread (for example, the rejection of insect-infested food shipments that pose a risk to domestic food

production). See standards and technical regulations.Social capital. The institutions, relationships, and norms that

shape the quality and quantity of a societys social interac-

tions. Increasing evidence shows that social cohesion iscritical for societies to prosper economically and for devel-

opment to be sustainable. A narrow view of social capitalregards it as a set of horizontal associations between peo-ple, consisting of social networks and associated norms

that have an effect on community productivity and well-being. Social networks can increase productivity by reduc-

ing the costs of doing business. Social capital facilitatescoordination and cooperation. This quality is strong

within mature groups with strong internal institutions,intragroup trust, altruistic behavior, membership in othergroups, and ties to external service providers.

Standard. A document approved by a recognized body thatprovides, for common and repeated use, rules, guide-lines, or characteristics for products or related processes

and production methods, with which compliance is notmandatory. See technical regulations.

Strategic alliances. Partnerships that usually involve long-term cooperation (10 or more years), multinational

companies, or groups of companies. Examples includethe development and introduction of minimum social

and environmental standards for agricultural or forestryproducts, fair trade arrangements, and similar ambitious

programs.

Tangible property rights. The set of rights defined by law that

relate to a physical object, for example plasmids or vec-tors. See intellectual property rights.

Technical regulations. Regulations that specify productcharacteristics or their related processes and production

methods, including the applicable administrative provi-sions, with which compliance is mandatory. Technicalregulations include import bans (total or partial), tech-

nical specifications (process and product standards),packaging standards, information requirements, and

requirements for labeling and claims. See standards.

Technology broker. See innovation broker.

Theory of change. The underlying assumptions in an interven-

tion that link intervention inputs with expected outcomes.Traditional extension system (general extension). Extension

focused on increasing agricultural productivity, run by

central government, using a top-down approach andoften emphasizing the transfer of technology.

Training and visit (T&V). A system of extension manage-

ment with a focus on improving technical knowledge ofextension agents and regular visits to farms.

Transfer of technology (TOT). Programs focused on dissemi-

nating information and new technologies. Such programsoften include an integrated approach in which technologyis pushed as a package deal with the requisite institutional

support, such as credit and fertilizer facilities.Value chain. The set of linked activities pursued by the dif-

ferent actors that a firm organizes to produce and market

a product. See also marketing chain.

Value-chain approach. Attention to improving efficiency

along the value chain for a particular agricultural com-modity, often through applied agricultural researchintegrated with institutional innovations in farmer

organization and marketing.

Venture capital. Venture capital is a form of private equityprovided for early-stage and more mature companies

with substantial market potential. Returns on venture

capital investment are from a trade sale (sale to, ormerger with, another company) or an initial public offer-ing in which the company becomes authorized to sell its

stock to the general public on a stock exchange. Venturecapital funds will not only provide money but will men-tor their investee firms. See risk capital.

Vocational education and training (VET). See agricultural

education and training.

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Nuria Ackermann, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)

John Allgood, International Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC)

S. Aravazhi, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)

Seth Ayers, World Bank Institute, and formerly with infoDev

Peter Ballantyne, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)

Alan B. Bennett, University of California, Davis

Rupert Best, Catholic Relief Services (CRS)

Regina Birner, University of Hohenheim

Sara Boettiger, Public Intellectual Property Resource for Agriculture (PIPRA), University of California, Berkeley

Arnoud R. Braun, Farmer Field School Foundation, Wageningen University

Alistair Brett, ConsultantJudy Chambers, Program for Biosafety Systems, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)

Anthony Clayton, University of the West Indies, Jamaica

Marie-Hlne Collion, Latin America and Caribbean Region, Agriculture and Rural Development, World Bank

Kristin Davis, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Global Forum forRural Advisory Services (GFRAS)

Luz Diaz Rios, Consultant

Kumuda Dorai, Programme Officer, LINK Ltd. (Link Ltd. started as a UNU-MERIT/FAO initiative in 2005)

Deborah Duveskog, Consultant

Javier Ekboir, Institutional Learning and Change Initiative (ILAC, www.cgiar-ilac.org)

Howard Elliott, Consultant

Wyn Ellis, Consultant

Josef Ernstberger, Consultant

A U T H O R S A N D T H E I R A F F I L I AT I O N S

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Michelle Friedman, World Bank

Josef Geoola, GALVmed

Peter Gildemacher, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT)

Mara Vernica Gottret, Tropical Agriculture Research and Education Center (CATIE)

Andy Hall, LINK Ltd. (Link Ltd. started as a UNU-MERIT/FAO initiative in 2005)

Helen Hambly Odame, Assistant Professor, University of GuelphFrank Hartwich, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)

Willem Heemskerk, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT)

Douglas Horton, Consultant

Indira Ekanayake, Africa Agriculture and Development, World Bank

Steen Joffee, Director, Innodev U.K.

Adolphus J. Johnson, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security, Sierra Leone

Trish Kammili, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)

S.M. Karuppanchetty, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)

Godrick Khisa, Farmer Field School Foundation Promotion Services, Wageningen University

Laurens Klerkx, Communications and Innovation Studies, Wageningen University

Stanley Kowalski, University of New Hampshire School of Law, Concord

Patti Kristjanson, World Agroforestry Centre (CIFOR)

Anton Krone, SaveAct, Prolinnova South Africa

Gunnar Larson, Agriculture and Rural Development Department, World Bank

Ninatubu Lema, NARS Tanzania

Tarmo Lemola, ADVANSIS Ltd.

David Lugg, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)Mark Lundy, Decision and Policy Analysis Program, CIAT

John Lynam, Consultant

Charles J. Maguire, Consultant

Vijay Mahajan, BASIX Group, India

Morven McLean, ILSI Research Foundation

Mohinder S. Mudahar, Consultant

Bernardo Ospina Patio, Latin American and Caribbean Consortium to Support Cassava Research and Development

(CLAYUCA)

Christopher Palmberg, ADVANSIS Ltd.

Andrea Pape-Christiansen, Consultant

Robert Potter, Robert Potter Consulting

John Preissing, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

Ranjitha Puskur, International Livestock Research institute (ILRI)

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Catherine Ragasa, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)

Riikka Rajalahti, Agriculture and Rural Development Department, World Bank

Johannes Roseboom, Innovation Policy Consultancy

Silvia Sarapura, University of Guelph

Eva Schiffer, Consultant

Kiran K. Sharma, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)David J. Spielman, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)

David S. Suale, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security, Sierra Leone

Rasheed Sulaiman V, Centre for Research on Innovation and Science Policy (CRISP), India

Florian Theus, World Bank Institute

Bernard Triomphe, Agricultural Research for Development, France (CIRAD)

Klaus Urban, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

K. Vasumathi, BASIX Group, India

Rodrigo Vega Alarcn, Consultant, formerly with FIA

Laurens van Veldhuizen, Prolinnova International Secretariat, ETC Foundation

Ann Waters-Bayer, Prolinnova International Secretariat, ETC Foundation

Melissa Williams, South Asia Agriculture and Rural Development, World Bank

Mariana Wongtschowski, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT)

Douglas Zhihua Zeng, Africa Finance and Private Sector Development, World Bank

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63

A

AACREA (Argentine Association of Regional Consortiums forAgricultural Experimentation), 49b, 63b

Aakruthi Agricultural Associates of India, 423bABI (Agri-Business Incubator@ICRISAT), 393b, 423baccountability. See also governance

coordination and collective action, 21, 36defined, 540bextension and advisory services, 188, 217, 219innovation networks, 51partnerships, 367bresearch organizations, 31719, 319b

accreditation, 123

ACF (Asia Challenge Fund), 61415Ackermann, Nuria, 430Adaptable Program Loan (World Bank), 240b, 241adaptive management, 19badditionality, 372b, 377advisory committees for curriculum reform, 153advisory services, 10. See also extension and advisory servicesaerial photography, 8bAERI (Agricultural Exports and Rural Income) Project, 151AET (agricultural education and training). See education and

trainingAFAAS (African Forum for Agricultural Advisory Services), 188, 189baffirmative action, 29, 65Africa. See also specific countries and regions

biosafety regulatory systems in, 52225education and training in, 125regional research coordination in, 299b, 301bregulatory frameworks in, 453b

Africa Country Programmes (ACP), 615African Agriculture Fund, 41718b, 418African Forum for Agricultural Advisory Services (AFAAS), 188, 189bAfrican Women in Agricultural Research and Development

(AWARD), 109b

agenda settingcoordination and collective action, 32, 76education and training, 11417, 114t

agrarian economies, 265, 278bAgri-Business Incubator@ICRISAT (ABI) (India), 393b, 423b,

See also business incubatorAgrcola Cafetelera Buena Vista (Bolivia), 96Agricultural Biorefinery Innovation Network for Green Energy,

Fuels, and Chemicals (Canada), 46agricultural business development, 388441

business incubators and, 38895cluster-based approach, 396405, 43034, 43133benabling environment for, 51215

innovative activity profiles, 42141partnerships and, 362risk capital for, 41420technology transfer and, 40613, 42629

agricultural credit services, 24650, 247t, 24849bAgricultural Economics Institute, 163agricultural education and training (AET). See education

and trainingAgricultural Exports and Rural Income (AERI) Project, 151agricultural innovation councils, 23agricultural innovation systems

defined, 4beducation and training. See education and trainingevolution of, 1

examples, 3bfunctional assessments, 54849, 548tfunding. See innovation fundsinitiatives to strengthen key components, 47innovation brokers. See innovation brokersneed for, 4bnetworks. See innovation networksoverview, 34, 4fresearch in, 26469. See also research

I ND EX

Boxes, figures, and tables are indicated by b, f, and t following the page number.

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Agricultural Research Council (ARC, South Africa), 401bagricultural research linkages, 27788

commercialization approaches, 28486financing for, 286in AIS, 27788innovative activity profile, 34449, 345b, 346t, 348binvestment context, 27778, 278binvestment needs, 27886, 27980tlessons learned, 28788policy issues, 28687potential benefits, 286technology transfer and, 28486, 285b

Agricultural Risk Management Team (ARMT), 347Agricultural Sector Development Program (Tanzania), 200Agricultural Services and Producer Organizations Project

(PASAOP, Senegal), 28182bagricultural technical-vocational education and training

(ATVET), 109, 13640Agricultural Technology Consortium model (Chile), 33843,

339b, 34243bAgriculture and Rural Development Council (Australia), 23Agriculture Education Council (India), 146Agriculture Investment Sourcebook (World Bank), 190Agriculture Technology Fund (Peru), 241, 24243bAgriculture Technology Management Agency (ATMA) (India), 85Agri Science Park (India), 421agrodealer development, 192, 23135, 232b

knowledge transfer and, 232, 233b, 235blessons learned, 23435support systems, 23334, 234b

Ahmadu Bello University (Nigeria), 156aid-for-trade, 188Albania, innovation funds in, 438b, 440Alemaya University of Agriculture (Ethiopia), 156All-China Womens Federation, 428Allgood, John, 231

Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa, 299bAndhra Pradesh Dairy Development Cooperative Federation, 248bAndhra Pradesh, India

agricultural credit services in, 248bcommunity organizations in, 8489coordination organizations in, 8489, 85b, 8687f, 8788bfinancial services in, 52629innovative activity profiles, 8489, 52629Self help groups (SHGs) in, 8489

angel investment, 415APEMEP (Association of Small and Medium Agro-producers of

Panama), 92bAravazhi, S., 421ARC (Agricultural Research Council, South Africa), 401b

Argentinafarmer organizations in, 63binnovation networks in, 49bnational innovation policy in, 465bno-till agriculture in, 70, 72t, 73tpublic-private research partnerships in, 274b, 292b, 294

Argentine Association of Regional Consortiums for AgriculturalExperimentation (AACREA), 49b, 63b

Armenia, competitive grant funding in, 436ARMT (Agricultural Risk Management Team), 347ASARECA, 306bAsia Challenge Fund (ACF), 61415Asociacin Argentina de Consorcios Regionales de

Experimentacin Agricola (AACREA), 49b, 63bASOSID (Mexico), 312bassessment, 54652

benchmarking and, 54950, 549tof biosafety risk, 492500, 50111, 52225defined, 540bof environmental risk, 52225foresighting investments, 56268, 56364b, 566tgender issues and, 598602of innovation systems, 541602of innovation system functions, 54849, 548tinnovative activity profiles, 589609, 598602investment context, 541, 54647investment needs, 54345, 544tlessons learned, 55152methods, 54750, 547b, 59397, 6036organizational, 55361. See also organizational assessmentpolicy issues, 54143, 542t, 55051potential benefits, 550public sector role, 55051recommendations, 55152theory of change, 54748, 547b

Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities (U.S.), 12728Association of Small and Medium Agro-producers of Panama

(APEMEP), 92bATMA (Agriculture Technology Management Agency), 85ATVET (agricultural technical-vocational education and training),

109, 13640Australia

agricultural innovation council in, 23biosafety regulatory systems in, 499b

coordination organizations in, 36, 37bnational agricultural innovation system in, 284bno-till agriculture in, 70, 73tresearch and development in, 284research councils in, 21technical human resources development in, 137b

AWARD (African Women in Agricultural Research andDevelopment), 109b

Ayers, Seth, 388Azerbaijan, competitive grant funding in, 436

B

BACET (Building Agribusiness Capacity in East Timor)project, 16568

backward integration, 56bBAIF Development and Research Foundation, 216bBallantyne, Peter, 326Banana Producers Association in Riva (Nicaragua), 433bBangladesh

agricultural innovation systems in, 3bagrodealer development in, 234, 234bbiosafety regulatory systems in, 498b

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INDEX 64

extension and advisory services in, 214, 233b, 235bno-till agriculture in, 47b, 70, 72public-private partnerships in, 375brural road networks in, 455btechnical knowledge transfer in, 233b, 235b

Bangladesh Fertilizer Association (BFA), 234bBASIX Group, 192, 24650, 247t, 24849bBayero University (Nigeria), 156BecA-Hub, 299bbenchmarking

assessment and, 54950, 549tcluster-based development and, 402national innovation systems and policies, 466, 46768borganizational assessment and, 554

Bennett, Alan B., 406Best, Rupert, 344Best Bet technologies, 615BFA (Bangladesh Fertilizer Association), 234bBhabha Atomic Research Centre (India), 38bBill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 109b, 133bBioconnect (Netherlands), 4041, 43bbiosafety regulatory systems, 492500

capacity building for, 493binnovative activity profiles, 52225interministerial coordination for, 49798, 498binvestment context, 492investment needs, 49394lessons learned, 49599policy issues, 49495potential benefits, 494, 494brecommendations, 49599

Bioseed Research India, 424bBIOTEC program (Thailand), 266Birner, Regina, 553block grants, 38182, 382tBoettiger, Sara, 480, 516

Bogor Agricultural University (Indonesia), 127b, 133Boliviaeducation and training in, 117bfarmer organizations in, 67innovation networks in, 45bno-till agriculture in, 70, 73tpublic-private research partnerships in, 385bresearch and development in, 283rural productive alliances in, 96, 97

Botswanabusiness development services in, 207intellectual property management in, 483b

Botswana Technology Centre (BOTEC), 483bBRAC, 214, 21516b

Braun, Arnoud R., 236Brazilcoordination and collective action in, 34education and training in, 112b, 129farmer organizations in, 67Brazilian Agricultural Research Coooperation (EMBRAPA),

112b, 292bnational innovation policy in, 463b

no-till agriculture in, 70, 72t, 73tpublic-private research partnerships in, 292b, 385bresearch councils in, 21technology transfers in, 411b

Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, 70, 112bBrett, Alistair, 414British American Tobacco, 181bbroad cluster mapping, 402brokers. See innovation brokersBuilding Agribusiness Capacity in East Timor (BACET)

project, 16568Bukalasa Agricultural College (Uganda), 163Bunda College of Agriculture (Malawi), 156Burkina Faso, biosafety regulatory systems in, 500bbusiness development. See agricultural business development;

local business development services (LBDSs)business incubators, 366, 38895. See also agri-business

incubatorsfinancing, 39495in Mali, 209bin India, 393b, 423binnovation networks and, 46innovative activity profiles, 42125investment context, 38889, 389binvestment needs, 38991lessons learned, 39195, 424local business development and, 209bpolicy issues, 391potential benefits, 391recommendations, 39195revenue models for, 390bservices of, 388bsustainability, 424typology, 389t

business linkage development, 233, 234bBusiness Minds Africa: Professionals for Agricultural

Entrepreneurship in East-Africa, 207

C

CAADP (Comprehensive African Agriculture DevelopmentProgramme), 182

CAF PER, 242bCambodia

innovation funds in, 440, 440bintellectual property rights in, 486bpublic-private partnerships in, 404

Cambodian Center for Study and Development in Agriculture(CEDAC), 440b

CanadaInternational Development Agency, 299b

no-till agriculture in, 70, 73tcapacity building, 910for biosafety regulatory systems, 493bcluster-based business development and, 431, 43334coordination and collective action and, 9, 2628, 27b, 3132,

5969education and training and, 910evaluation and, 580

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capacity building (continued)extension and advisory services, 10farmer organizations and, 61, 64for governance, 47376higher education students and, 133binnovation brokers and, 226innovation systems and, 910for intellectual property (IP) management, 518blocal business development services and, 21112for national coordination, 35, 36borganizational change and, 31617, 318bfor pluralistic extension systems, 198200for public-private partnerships, 379

Casas Agrrias (Mozambique), 208bCassava research networks, 9094, 92b. See also CLAYUCAcatalytic agents, 46, 50. See also business incubators; innovation

brokersCatholic Relief Services (CRS), 347, 348bCATIE, 34449. See also Learning AlliancesCBR (community-based research), 15759, 159bCCARDESA (Center for Coordination of Agricultural Research

and Development in Southern Africa), 307bCEDAC (Cambodian Center for Study and Development in

Agriculture), 440bCEGE (Center for Entrepreneurial Management)

(Nicaragua), 432bCENICAA (Colombian Sugarcane Research Center), 66Center for Community-Based Research (Thailand), 158Center for Coordination of Agricultural Research and

Development in Southern Africa (CCARDESA), 307bCenter for Entrepreneurial Management (CEGE)

(Nicaragua), 432bCentral Africa, regional research coordination in, 299b.

See also specific countries

Central American Learning Alliance, 283, 344, 347CFC (Common Fund for Commodities, Kenya), 222b

CGIAR. See Consultative Group on International AgriculturalResearchCheetah Network (Mali), 209bChiang Mai University (Thailand), 126, 133, 15759, 159bChile

agricultural innovation council in, 23Agricultural Technology Consortium model in, 33843, 339b,

34243bassessment in, 6079, 6089b, 609fcoordination organizations in, 36, 8083intellectual property management in, 484bnational innovation policy in, 461bno-till agriculture in, 72olive oil industry in, 82b

research and development tax incentives in, 365bChinabusiness incubators in, 392beducation and training in, 129, 138higher education reform in, 15759, 159bintellectual property management in, 409b, 42629no-till agriculture in, 70, 72, 73tpublic-private partnerships in, 362, 375b, 377b, 380b

public-private research partnerships in, 90tertiary education reform in, 12425bvalue chains in, 54b

Chinese University of Technology, 409bCIAT (International Center for Tropical Agriculture), 17b, 9193,

347, 348bCLAYUCA, 9094Learning Alliances, 34449

CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat ImprovementCenter), 47b, 50

CIP (International Potato Center), 45b, 222bcivil society. See also nongovernmental organizations (NGOs);

specific organizations

cluster-based business development and, 431bcoordination and collective action role, 28, 31education and, 138innovation networks and, 48, 51marketing chains, 57research and, 273, 371b

Clayton, Anthony, 562CLAYUCA (Latin American and Caribbean Consortium to

Support Cassava Research and Development), 9094, 92bClient-Oriented Research and Development Management

Approach (CORDEMA), 318b, 322climate change, 12b, 188. See also environmental issuescluster-based business development, 368, 396405

capacity building and, 431, 43334infrastructure and, 397innovative activity profile, 43034, 43133binstitutional framework and, 39899, 398finvestment needs, 39799investment rationale, 39697lessons learned, 4025, 434policy issues, 400potential benefits, 399400, 43134public-private partnerships and, 404b

recommendations, 4025regulatory environment and, 39798value chains vs., 397

CMSA (community-managed sustainable agriculture), 85, 8689,8788b

codesigned innovations, 30815investment context, 3089, 309tinvestment needs, 30913, 310b, 310t, 312blessons learned, 31415partnerships for, 28283, 295policy issues, 314potential benefits, 314

COFUPRO (Coordinadora Nacional de las Fundaciones Produce,Mexico), 7577, 78b

collective action. See coordination and collective actioncolleges and universities. See tertiary education and trainingCollion, Marie-Hlne, 95Colombia

agricultural innovation systems in, 3bbusiness incubators in, 395bfarmer organizations in, 67intellectual property rights in, 485b

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matching grant schemes in, 385bno-till agriculture in, 72public-private research partnerships in, 90, 93, 274b, 385brural productive alliances in, 96, 97

Colombian Coffee Growers Federation, 23, 24, 53, 60Colombian Sugarcane Research Center (CENICAA), 66Colombia Productive Partnerships Project, 385bcommodity boards, 2324Common Fund for Commodities (CFC, Kenya), 222bcommunity-based research (CBR), 15759, 159bcommunity-managed sustainable agriculture (CMSA), 85, 8689,

8788bcompetency-led partnerships, 295competitive position analysis, 402competitive research grants (CRGs), 6b, 41b, 286, 368, 38182,

382t, 386b, 43738b. See also matching grants, andinnovation funds

defined, 632Comprehensive African Agriculture Development Programme

(CAADP), 182CONDESAN, 298bConsorcio Papa Chile SA, 342bconsortium approaches, 28384Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research

(CGIAR)extension and advisory services, 180, 183b, 222Gender and Diversity Program, 109bresearch centers, 262, 274b, 306brole of, 7

contractingintellectual property (IP) management and, 519for partnerships, 37879performance-based, 514for public-private partnerships, 37879

Cooperative Research Centres (CRCs), 284b, 338Coordinadora Nacional de las Fundaciones Produce

(COFUPRO, Mexico), 7577, 78bcoordination and collective action, 9, 15106agenda setting, 32in biosafety regulatory systems, 49798, 498bcapacity building for, 2628, 27b, 3132, 5969economic growth and, 1617environmental outcomes and, 18equity issues, 29of extension and advisory services, 189bfactors essential to, 18, 19bFarmer Field Schools (FFSs), 23639gender issues, 29governance and, 30, 478innovation brokers and, 3031

innovation networks and, 30, 4451innovative activity profiles, 7099instruments and incentives for, 20investment rationale, 1618monitoring and evaluation, 3233on national level, 21, 3443organizations for, 2026, 22t, 2325b, 27boverview, 1533

policy issues, 2829poverty reduction and, 1718public and private sector role, 28public goods production and, 17research and educational organizations role, 2829, 270,

27788, 278b, 297307sustainability issues, 29value chains and, 31, 5258

Copperbelt College of Education (Zambia), 117bCoprokazan (Mali), 62bCORAF/WECARD, 307bCORDEMA (Client-Oriented Research and Development

Management Approach), 318b, 322core (block) funding, 38182, 382tCorporation to Promote Production (CORFO, Chile), 81Costa Rica

cassava market in, 94beducation and training in, 128, 133higher education reform in, 16062public-private research partnerships in, 90

cost-sharing, 18990, 233Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (India), 38bCouncil of Social Science Research (India), 38bCouncil on Agricultural Research (India), 47bcounterfactuals, 582, 583bCRCs (Cooperative Research Centres), 284b, 338credit markets, 24650, 247t, 24849b. See also financial servicesCRGs. See competitive research grantsCrops Research Institute (Ghana), 71bcurriculum reform, 13135

investment context, 13132investment needs, 132lessons learned, 13435policy issues, 134potential benefits, 13233, 133brecommendations, 135

cyber-extension, 183b

D

DAE (Department of Agricultural Extension, Bangladesh),233b, 235b

Dairy Cooperative Societies (India), 25b, 60DAPEP (Dryland Agriculture Productivity Enhancement

Program), 246Davis, Kristin, 179, 180, 194, 236decentralization

coordination and collective action, 77education and training, 12425bextension and advisory services, 6b, 184, 19798, 202research, 6b, 26263, 270

DEEPA Industries Ltd., 222bdemocratization, 270Department for International Development (UK), 327bDepartment of Agricultural Extension (DAE, Bangladesh),

233b, 235bDepartment of Education, Employment, and Workplace

Relations (Australia), 137bDepartment of Primary Industries (DPI, Australia), 137b

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Department of Science and Technology (DST, India), 421Dharampur Uththan Vahini (DHRUVA, India), 216bDiaz Rios, Luz, 501diffusion of technology, 39b, 47, 7071Dijkman, J., 273District Services for Economic Activities (Mozambique), 206bDoing Business (World Bank), 391Dorai, Kumuda, 539, 569, 580downward accountability, 188DPI (Department of Primary Industries, Australia), 137bDryland Agriculture Productivity Enhancement Program

(DAPEP), 246DST (Department of Science and Technology, India), 421due diligence, 519Duveskog, Deborah, 236

E

EARTH University (Costa Rica), 133, 16062East Africa

Farmer Field Schools in, 236, 238regional research coordination in, 299b

East Africa Agricultural Productivity Project, 264East Africa Dairy Development Project, 327bEastern and Southern Africa Seed Alliance, 285bEconomic Development Programme (BRAC), 21516bEcuador

innovation networks in, 45bpublic-private research partnerships in, 90, 291bresearch and development in, 283

education and training, 910, 10777, 117bcurriculum reform, 12526, 126b, 13135, 15153financing trends, 5bformal, 11011gender and, 109bICT and, 8b, 117binformal, 111

initiatives to strengthen, 57, 6b, 7innovative activity profiles, 14571in-service training and development, 111, 14144, 15456for intellectual property (IP) management, 4078, 408t,

48990, 490binvestment context, 108, 11112investment needs, 11417monitoring and evaluation of investments in, 11920, 12021toverview, 10721policy issues, 11213reform priorities and directions, 11319, 114tstructure of systems, 10811technician development, 13640, 16364, 16971, 170bfor Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs), 4078

tertiary level, 12230, 14553, 15762. See also tertiaryeducation and traininge-extension, 183bEgypt

education and training in, 132higher education reform in, 15153technical skills development in, 16971, 170bvocational training in, 16971, 170b

Ekanayake, Indira, 512Ekboir, Javier, 15, 44, 52, 59, 70, 75Elliott, Howard, 297El Salvador, learning alliances in, 17bElsenburg Training Institute, 401bEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuria (EMBRAPA), 34,

70, 112b, 292benabling environment for innovation, 1011, 449537.

See also standards, biosafetyenvironmental issues, 456financial services, 52629governance and, 452, 45657, 46979infrastructure 51214innovative activity profiles, 51229intellectual property management, 48091, 51621investment context, 45255investment needs, 45658investment rationale, 45052, 450fmonitoring and evaluation for, 45859tnational innovation policy, 46068policy issues, 45052, 450f, 45556, 457poverty reduction and, 456public-private partnerships, 93, 456regulatory frameworks and, 45253, 457, 492511, 52225rural areas, 45455, 455b, 45758

environmental issuesenabling environment for innovation and, 449, 456intellectual property (IP) management and, 488local business development services and, 210, 210bnational innovation policy and, 464pluralistic extension systems and, 201

Envirotrade project, 210bEquity Bank of Kenya, 327bequity issues. See also gender issues

coordination and collective action, 29extension and advisory services, 18891, 244

organizational change, 324partnerships, 370pluralistic extension systems, 201regional research, 302research, 270

ERAP (External Resource Person Advisory Program), 24647Ernstberger, Josef, 361, 381, 426Estamos (NGO), 208bEthiopia

business development services in, 201, 205education and training in, 126, 138extension and advisory services in, 181b, 184, 187bgender-inclusive education in, 109binnovation funds in, 437, 438b

net-mapping in, 596bresearch and development in, 327btechnical skill development in, 16364

Eurasia Group, 234bEuropean Foundation for Quality Management, 164evaluation, 58088. See also monitoring and evaluation (M&E)

capacity building and, 580counterfactuals and, 582, 583b

644 INDEX

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defined, 540binvestment context, 58081investment needs, 58185lessons learned, 58588methods, 58384b, 58385, 58687tpolicy issues, 585potential benefits, 585principles, 58183, 582brecommendations, 58588

exit strategies for public-private partnerships, 369b, 379extension and advisory services, 17993, 194250

agricultural credit and, 24650, 247t, 24849bagrodealer development, 23135, 232bcoordination of, 189bdefined, 17980, 180bdevelopment principles, 18387, 18586tequity issues, 188, 19091, 244evolution of, 18083, 181bextension-plus approach, 191, 21320Farmer Field Schools, 185b, 23639gender issues, 19091ICT and, 183b, 185binitiatives to strengthen, 6b, 7innovation brokers and, 191, 22130innovation networks and, 46in-service training, 15456investment levels in, 18182, 181blocal business development services, 191, 20412monitoring and evaluation of, 19293, 192bpluralistic extension systems, 191, 194203policy issues, 18791public and private sector roles, 180, 187, 189, 190troles and impacts of, 180sustainability, 18990

extension-plus approach, 191, 21320human resource issues, 218

institutional framework and, 21618investment context, 21314, 214tinvestment needs, 21416, 21516b, 215tlessons learned, 21820monitoring and evaluation of, 21618, 217tpolicy issues, 21618potential benefits, 216public and private sector roles, 218recommendations, 21920, 220tsustainability, 218

External Resource Person Advisory Program (ERAP), 24647

F

facilitation, 3b, 1533, 283, 288, 305t, 306, 30815, 31625,

34449, 52021. See also broker, andinnovation brokerbusiness, 422direct, 404facilitating cooperation, 403network membership and, 591public sector, 427

Fair Trade movement, 53FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), 111

FARM-Africa (NGO), 185bFarm Business Schools, 207, 211Farmer and Nature Net (FNN), 440bFarmer Field Schools (FFSs)

coordination networks for, 23639defined, 26extension and advisory services, 180, 181b, 192, 206bgender issues, 237blessons learned, 239participatory group learning in, 185bpotential benefits, 237sustainability, 238

farmer interest groups (FIGs), 184bfarmer-managed foundations, 23farmer organizations, 2426. See also producer organizations

defined, 16bextension and advisory services, 202financing of, 63b, 67information technology use by, 62binnovation networks and, 46marketing chains and, 52poverty reduction and, 17

farmer-to-farmer (F2F) extension, 182farmer training centers (FTCs), 187bFarm Radio International, 62bFDSE (Fondo para el Desarrollo de Servicios Estratgicos, Peru),

24243fee-for-service extension, 188bfertilizer deep placement technology, 235bFFA (Future Farmers of America), 109, 110b, 111FFSs. See Farmer Field SchoolsFIA (Fundacin para la Innovacin Agraria, Chile), 23, 30, 36,

8083, 81bfinance partnerships, 295financial services

agricultural credit, 24650, 247t, 24849b

cluster-based development and, 402enabling environment for innovation and, 52629extension services and, 24650, 247t, 24849binstruments, 369b, 417tsavings and credit cooperatives, 183

financing. See also matching grants andresearch grantsof agricultural research linkages, 286of business incubators, 39495extension and advisory services, 18990of farmer organizations, 63b, 67investments for innovation, 414420

partnerships, 36869of research, 5b, 270, 271bsustainability of, 19b

technology transfer, 5bFinlandresponse to challenges of globalization, 472bgovernance of innovation systems in, 469479, 472b, 475bpolicy coordination organizations in, 474bresearch and innovation council, 474bstrategic intelligence capabilities in, 476bFinnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation

(Tekes), 473b

INDEX 64

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first-round funding, 416FLAR (Latin American Fund for Irrigated Rice), 298bFNN (Farmer and Nature Net), 440bFodder Innovation Project, 327b, 329b, 61013, 613tFondo de Tecnologa Agraria (FTA, Peru), 241, 24243bFondo para el Desarrollo de Servicios Estratgicos (FDSE, Peru),

24243Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 111, 181b, 211Ford Foundation, 301bforeign direct investment, 482foresighting investment, 56268

lessons learned, 568policy issues, 56768potential benefits, 567process, 56365recommendations, 568sustainability and, 56768tools and applications, 56267, 566t

formal organizations, 21Foundation for Agricultural Innovation (Chile), 23, 30, 36,

8083, 81bfourth-round funding, 416Framework for African Agricultural Productivity, 182France, no-till agriculture in, 72Fresh Produce Exporters Association of Kenya (FPEAK), 23, 24bFriedman, Michelle, 95FTA (Fondo de Tecnologa Agraria, Peru), 241, 24243bFTCs (farmer training centers), 187bFundacin Chile, 399Fundacin para la Innovacin Agraria (FIA, Chile), 23, 30, 36,

8083, 81bFuture Farmers of America (FFA), 109, 110b, 111

G

GALVmed (Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines),327b, 51621, 51718b

Gender in Agriculture Sourcebook (World Bank), 324gender analysis, 539, 544t, 598602gender issues

in assessments, 598602, 600tin coordination and collective action, 29as cross-cutting theme, 12beducation and training, 113in education and training, 109bin extension and advisory services, 19091in Farmer Field Schools, 237borganizational change, 324partnerships, 370pluralistic extension systems, 201

Gene Technology Act (Australia), 499b

genetically engineered foods, 49596b, 500b. See also biosafetyregulatory systemsgenetic resources

intellectual property management and, 481bpublic-private partnerships, 274b

Geoola, Josef, 516GFRAS (Global Forum for Rural Advisory Services), 182, 189b,

192b

Ghanaagricultural innovation systems in, 3bagricultural research linkages in, 280beducation and training in, 155gender-inclusive education in, 109binnovation funds in, 437in-service training for extension staff, 15556net-mapping in, 596bno-till agriculture in, 70, 71b, 72organizational assessment in, 560bpublic-private research partnerships in, 90research councils in, 21

Ghana Cocoa Board, 24Gildemacher, Peter, 221Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed),

327b, 51621, 51718bGlobal Development Alliance, 234bGlobal Forum for Rural Advisory Services (GFRAS), 182,

189b, 192bGlobalGAP, 405Golden Rice, 50Gottret, Mara Vernica, 344governance, 46979, 472f

capacity building for, 47376competitive research funding and, 41bcoordination and collective action, 30, 36b, 478enabling environment for innovation and, 452, 45657, 46979farmer organizations, 61innovation funds and, 383, 384tinnovation networks, 51of innovation systems, 46979of innovation systems in Finland, Republic of Korea, South

Africa, 46979intellectual property (IP) management and, 4089investment context, 46971investment needs, 47177

lessons learned, 47779local business development services and, 209national innovation policy and, 21, 464organizational change, 31719, 319bpotential benefits, 477project-based funding and, 40, 41b, 42tpublic-private partnerships, 375recommendations, 479Technology Transfer Offices and, 4089transparency and, 479

Granovetter, M., 221Guatemala

farmer organizations in, 67learning alliances in, 17b

public-private research partnerships in, 385brural productive alliances in, 97Guyana, public-private research partnerships in, 90

H

Hagar Soya Co. (Cambodia), 486bHaiti, public-private research partnerships in, 90Hall, Andy, 273, 539, 569, 580, 610

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Hambly Odame, Helen, 539, 546Hartwich, Frank, 294Hawassa University (Ethiopia), 156Heemskerk, Willem, 179, 194higher education. See tertiary education and trainingHonduras

education and training in, 128learning alliances in, 17bpublic-private research partnerships in, 385b

honest broker role, 404HoneyBee Network, 224bHORIZONT3000, 431bHorton, Douglas, 316household surveys, 559humanitarian licensing models, 489human resource development (HRD), 14144, 146

I

IBEX (Inter Borrower Exchange Program), 246ICAR. See Indian Council of Agricultural ResearchICICI Bank, 248bICRISAT. See International Crops Research Institute for

Semi-Arid TropicsICT. See information and communication technologyIDE (International Development Enterprises), 224bIDESI (Institute for Development of the Informal

SectorArequipa), 242IDRC (International Development Research Centre), 17b, 344IFDC (International Fertilizer Development Center), 23233, 233bIIRR (International Institute of Rural Reconstruction), 207ILAC (Institutional Learning and Change Initiative), 559b, 628ILO (International Labour Organization), 111, 375bILRI. See International Livestock Research InstituteImperial Chemical Industries (ICI), 70INCAGRO. See Innovation and Competitiveness Program for

Peruvian Agriculture

INCOPA Project (Peru), 45bincubator. See business incubatorIndia. See also Andhra Pradesh

Agricultural business incubator at ICRISAT, 393b, 42125agricultural innovation systems in, 3bagrodealer development in, 231BASIX, 24650biosafety regulatory systems in, 49596bbusiness incubators in, 392b, 42125, 422f, 42324b, 425tcoordination organizations in, 25b, 38b, 8489, 85b, 8687f,

8788beducation and training in, 129, 138extension and advisory services in, 184b, 224bfarmer organizations in, 62b, 63b

higher education reform in, 14548innovation brokers in, 222, 224bNational Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP), 38, 266, 269,

33137, 333t, 33436bno-till agriculture in, 47b, 70, 72, 72tresearch organizations in, 21, 323bscenario planning in, 6036, 604t, 605f, 606b

technology development and transfer in, 33137, 333t,33436b

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), 38, 38b, 145,323b, 33137

Indonesiaeducation and training in, 129public-private research partnerships in, 274btertiary education reform in, 125, 127b

Industry Skills Training Councils (Australia), 137binfoDev, xv, 364, 390b, 392binfomediaries, 224binformal organizations, 21Information and Communication Technologies for Agriculture

e-Sourcebook (World Bank), 183binformation and communication technology (ICT)

education and, 8b, 115, 117bextension and advisory services and, 7, 183b, 185bfarmer organizations and, 62binnovation brokers and, 224bknowledge exchange role of, 8bresearch and, 27273, 272btraining and, 8b, 117b

information gatheringdefined, 540bmarket intelligence, 58, 27273, 413for organizational assessment, 55556research and, 27273

infrastructurefor cluster-based business development, 397, 431bfor education and training, 168

INIA (Instituto Nacional de Investigacin Agropecuaria,Uruguay), 39b, 32021b

INIAP (Ecuador), 45bINIAP (Instituto Nacional Autnomo de Investigaciones

Agropecuarias, Ecuador), 291bInnova-Chile, 81

Innovation Acquisition Service (Thailand), 23bInnovation and Competitiveness Program for PeruvianAgriculture (INCAGRO), 24045, 240b, 24243b, 244t,32021b, 322

innovation brokersbrokering role, 179259capacity building and, 27bcoordination role of, 3031defined, 16bextension and advisory services role of, 191, 22130innovation networks and, 46innovative activity profiles, 23150investment context, 22122investment needs, 22223b, 22526

lessons learned, 22728monitoring and evaluation of, 228policy issues, 226potential benefits, 22425recommendations, 22830typology of, 22224, 225t

innovation funds, 38187governance and, 383, 384t

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innovation funds (continued)innovative activity profile, 43541, 43738b, 437t, 440binvestment context, 38182investment needs, 383lessons learned, 38687, 387bpolicy issues, 38485potential benefits, 38384sustainability, 44041

InnovationNetwork (Netherlands), 46innovation networks, 30, 4451

capacity building and, 27bcoordination and collective action role of, 30, 4451incentives for, 51investment context, 4445investment needs, 4546lessons learned, 4951policy issues, 4749potential benefits, 4647, 47bpublic and private sector roles, 4849, 49brecommendations, 51research role, 48social capital issues, 48sustainability and, 4748

innovation platforms, 26869, 283innovative activity profiles

advisory services models, 23150agricultural business development, 42141agricultural research linkages, 34449, 345b, 346t, 348bassessment, 589609biosafety regulatory systems, 52225business incubators, 42125cluster-based business development, 43034, 43133bcoordination and collective action, 7099education and training, 14571enabling environment for innovation, 51229innovation brokers, 23150

innovation funds, 43541, 43738b, 437t, 440binnovation partnerships and business development, 42141in-service training/learning, 15456intellectual property (IP) management, 51621, 51718bMexico produce foundation, 7579monitoring and evaluation (M&E), 61019no-till networks, 7074organizational change, 32630, 327b, 329bprioritization, 593public-private research partnerships, 9094rural productive alliances, 9599regulatory frameworks, 52225research, 32649technician development, 16364, 16971, 170b

tertiary education and training, 14553, 15762Inova, 411bin-service training/learning, 14144

implementation issues, 144innovative activity profile, 146, 15456investment context, 141investment needs, 14243

lessons learned, 144potential benefits, 14344

Institute for Development of the Informal SectorArequipa(IDESI, Peru), 242

Institute of Peruvian Amazon Research, 243binstitutional framework

cluster-based business development and, 39899, 398f, 431bextension-plus approach and, 21618intellectual property (IP) management and, 410pluralistic extension systems and, 201research and, 5Technology Transfer Offices and, 410, 48586tertiary education and, 147

Institutional History monitoring method, 577b, 61013, 613tinstitutional learning, 559bInstitutional Linkage Project, 151Instituto Nacional Autnomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias

(INIAP, Ecuador), 291bInstituto Nacional de Investigacin Agropecuaria (INIA),

39b, 32021bInstituto Nacional Tecnologa Agropecuaria (INTA, Argentina), 292bInstitut Pertanian Bogor (IPB, Indonesia), 127b, 133INTA (Instituto Nacional Tecnologa Agropecuaria,

Argentina), 292bintellectual property (IP) management, 48091

capacity building for, 518bcontracting and, 519due diligence, 519enabling environment for innovation, 48091, 51621environmental issues, 488foreign direct investment and, 482genetic resources and, 481bgovernance and, 4089humanitarian licensing models, 489innovative activity profile, 51621, 51718binstitutional framework and, 410

investment context, 4067, 407t, 48082investment needs, 4079, 48487legal framework and, 48788lessons learned, 41013, 48889national innovation policy and, 482policy issues, 410, 41112, 48788potential benefits, 40910, 487public and private sector roles, 48384, 488, 517bpublic-private partnerships and, 293, 295recommendations, 41213, 413b, 48991research councils and, 38Technology Licensing Office (Thailand), 23btechnology transfer and, 48283trade and, 482

training for, 4078, 408t, 48990, 490bInter Borrower Exchange Program (IBEX), 246Interchurch Organization for Development Corporation, 431binterest groups, 40, 184binternal rate of return (IRR), 418International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), 17b, 9193,

347, 348b

648 INDEX

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International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics(ICRISAT), 285b, 393b, 42125, 422f, 42324b, 425t

International Development Agency (Canada), 299bInternational Development Enterprises (IDE), 224bInternational Development Research Centre (IDRC), 17b, 344International Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC), 23233, 233bInternational Food Policy Research Institute, 181bInternational Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR), 207International Institute of Tropical AgricultureFOODNET, 348bInternational Labour Organization (ILO), 111, 375bInternational Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), 44, 223b, 299b,

32630, 327bInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center

(CIMMYT), 47b, 50International Potato Center (CIP), 45b, 222bInternational Service for National Agricultural Research

(ISNAR), 78binternship programs, 153, 161intervention logic, defined, 540bIP. See intellectual property managementiPark (business incubator), 392IPB (Institut Pertanian Bogor, Indonesia), 127b, 133Ireland

education and training in, 126foresighting investments in, 563bscenarios, 563bTeagasc, 536b

IRR (internal rate of return), 418ISNAR (International Service for National Agricultural

Research), 78b

J

Jamaicaforesighting investments in, 564bpublic-private research partnerships in, 385b

Janssen, Willem, 607

Jimma University College of Agriculture and VeterinaryMedicine (Ethiopia), 163Joffe, Steen, 589Johnson, Adolphus, 589joint experimentation, 311joint venture, 79b, 81b, 14142, 195, 286, 341

K

Kammili, Trish, 569, 580KAPP (Kenya Agricultural Productivity Project), 238b, 269KARI (Kenya Agricultural Research Institute), 222b, 269Karuppanchetty, S. M., 421Kazakhstan, competitive grant funding in, 436KDGCBP (Kenya Dairy Goat and Capacity Building Project),

185bKelemework, D., 275Kellogg Commission on the Future of State and Land-Grant

Universities, 12728Kenya

agrodealer development in, 234bbusiness development services in, 201, 207

cluster-based business development in, 401bcoordination organizations in, 24b, 64bextension and advisory services in, 222b, 238bFarmer Field Schools in, 236, 238, 238bfarmer organizations in, 62bgender-inclusive education in, 109binnovation brokers in, 222, 222b, 225research and development in, 271b, 327bvalue chains in, 54b

Kenya Agricultural Productivity Project (KAPP), 238b, 269Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), 222b, 269Kenya Dairy Goat and Capacity Building Project

(KDGCBP), 185bKenya Flower Council, 24bKenya Good Agricultural Practices (Kenya-GAP), 24bKenya Horticulture Council, 24bKenya Tea Board, 24, 64bKenya Tea Development Agency (KTDA), 53, 60, 64b, 6667Kerala Horticultural Development Programme (KHDP, India),

215b, 217b, 219bKhisa, Godrick, 236Klerkx, Laurens, 221Kline, S. J., 268knowledge transfer, 232, 233b, 235b. See also education and

training; technology transferKorea, Republic of

governance of innovation systems in, 47071, 473bpolicy coordination organizations in, 474bstrategic intelligence capabilities in, 476b

Kowalski, Stanley, 480Kristjanson, Patti, 326Krone, Anton, 435KTDA. See Kenya Tea Development AgencyKwadaso Agricultural College (Ghana), 156

L

Labor standards, 375bLake Victoria Environmental Management Program, 404bLambayeque Institute for Agricultural Development (Peru), 242Land Care movement (Philippines), 270Land OLakes, 165, 166, 167Larson, Gunnar, 84, 526Latin America and the Caribbean. See also specific countries

competitive research grants in, 386bfarmer organizations in, 6566public-private research partnerships in, 9094, 294regional research coordination in, 29798, 298bresearch and development in, 263science and technology funds in, 40

Latin American and Caribbean Consortium to Support Cassava

Research and Development (CLAYUCA), 9094, 92bLatin American Fund for Irrigated Rice (FLAR), 298bLBDSs. See local business development serviceslearning alliances, 17b, 273, 34449, 345b, 346t, 348blearning organizations, 559bLEED (Local Economic and Employment Development)

Project, 551b

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capacity building and, 580competitive research funding and, 41bof coordination and collective action, 3233counterfactuals and, 582, 583bdefined, 540bof education and training, 11920, 12021t, 126bfor enabling environment for innovation, 45859tof extension and advisory services, 19293, 192bof extension-plus approach, 21618, 217tfarmer organizations and, 69of innovation brokers, 228innovative activity profiles, 61019investment context, 541, 56970, 58081investment needs, 54345, 544t, 57076, 58185investment rationale, 53941lessons learned, 57879, 58588methods, 57076, 57172b, 57375t, 57677b, 58384b,

58385, 58687tof national innovation policy, 46668bof organizational change, 31920, 330participatory, 576bof partnerships, 367b, 37273, 373tpolicy issues, 54143, 542t, 57778, 585potential benefits, 577, 585principles, 58183, 582bof public-private partnerships, 29495, 294b, 37980, 380brecommendations, 57879, 58588of regional research, 3037, 3045tof research, 275, 276tterminology, 540b

Most Significant Change (MSC), 576bMountains of the Moon University (Uganda), 163Mozambique

business development services in, 201, 205, 208extension and advisory services in, 184, 187, 197b, 200, 206b,

208b, 210b

gender-inclusive education in, 109binnovation brokers in, 226Mudahar, Mohinder S., 331

N

Namibia National Farmers Union, 327bNAIP (India), 38, 266, 269, 33137, 333t, 33436bNARIs (national agricultural research institutes), 26263National Agency for Agricultural and Rural Advisory Services

(Senegal), 281bNational Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS, Uganda),

181b, 18687b, 200, 206b, 226National Agricultural Extension Program (Mozambique), 184National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) (India),

38, 266, 269, 33137, 333t, 33436bNational Agricultural Research Institute (Ecuador), 291bNational agricultural research institutes (NARIs), 26263National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

(India), 216bNational Business Incubator Association (NBIA), 391National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research

(Chile), 80

National Cooperative Dairy Federation (India), 63bnational coordination, 21, 3443

capacity building for, 35, 36binvestment context, 3435investment needs, 3536lessons learned, 3743operational practices, 3536policy issues, 37potential benefits, 3637project-based funding, 40, 41b, 42trecommendations, 3743research councils, 3840, 38bthematic or subsectoral coordination, 4041

National Council on Innovation for Competitiveness (Chile), 338National Dairy Development Board (NDDB, India), 24, 25b, 63bNational Fund for Agricultural Research (Senegal), 281bNational Innovation Agency (NIA, Thailand), 23b, 266National Innovation Foundation (India), 224bnational innovation policy, 44959, 46068

benchmarking for, 466, 46768bcoordination and collective action, 21, 3443development of, 462benabling environment for innovation, 44959, 46068environmental issues, 464governance and, 464intellectual property management and, 482investment context, 460investment needs, 46063lessons learned, 46568monitoring and evaluation of, 46668bpolicy issues, 46465potential benefits, 463recommendations, 46568social capital and, 464

National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (India), 85National System of Innovation for Competitiveness (Chile), 80

National Union of Agriculture and Livestock Farmers(Nicaragua), 432bNBIA (National Business Incubator Association), 391NDDB (National Dairy Development Board, India), 24, 25b, 63bNEPAD (New Partnership for Africas Development), 299b, 301bNepal, no-till agriculture in, 47b, 70, 72Nestl, 181bNetherlands

Bioconnect, 22t, 43bcoordination organizations in, 43bhigher education reform in, 14950innovation brokers in, 222, 227

Netherlands Foundation for International Cooperation, 163research and development in, 284

Wageningen university and research center, 14950Net-Map, 59397, 596bNetwork of Indian Agri-Business Incubators (NIAB), 423New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD), 299b, 301bNew Zealand

extension and advisory services in, 188tno-till agriculture in, 72

New Zealand Dairy Board, 24

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Peking University (China), 409bPepsiCo, 249bperformance, defined, 540b. See also monitoring and

evaluation (M&E)performance-based contracts, 514Peru

agricultural innovation systems in, 3bextension and advisory services in, 24045gender and program assessment in, 598602, 600tinnovation networks in, 45bpublic-private research partnerships in, 90, 385bresearch and development in, 283research funding in, 32021b

Philippinespublic-private research partnerships in, 274bresearch and development in, 270

Pingali, P., 300plant variety rights (PVRs), 453bpluralistic extension systems, 191, 194203, 196t

capacity building for, 198200environmental issues, 201equity issues, 201gender issues, 201institutional framework and, 201investment context, 19597investment needs, 197200, 199tlessons learned, 202policy issues, 200201potential benefits, 200public and private sector roles, 201recommendations, 203sustainability, 200

PMCA (participatory market chain approach), 313bpolicy issues

agricultural research linkages, 28687assessment, 54143, 542t, 55051

biosafety regulatory systems, 49495business incubators, 391cluster-based business development, 400, 431bcodesigned innovations, 314coordination and collective action, 2829, 37curriculum reform, 134education and training, 11213enabling environment for innovation, 45052, 450f,

45556, 457evaluation, 585extension and advisory services, 18791extension-plus approach, 21618foresighting investments, 56768innovation brokers, 226

innovation funds, 38485innovation networks, 4749intellectual property (IP) management, 410, 41112, 48788local business development services (LBDSs), 20810marketing chains, 5657monitoring and evaluation (M&E), 54143, 542t, 57778, 585national innovation policy, 46465organizational assessment, 56061

organizational change, 32324partnerships, 36971pluralistic extension systems, 200201public-private partnerships, 29394, 376regional research, 300302research, 26970risk capital investments, 41819technician development, 13839Technology Transfer Offices, 410, 41112tertiary education and training, 128value chains, 5657

Polytechnic University of Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso), 156Potter, Robert, 480poverty reduction

coordination and collective action role in, 1718enabling environment for innovation and, 456

Preissing, John, 240priorities, defined, 540b. See also agenda settingprivate sector. See also public-private partnerships

coordination and collective action, 28extension and advisory services, 181b, 187, 189, 190t, 195,

196t, 202extension-plus approach, 218innovation networks and, 4849, 49b, 51in-service training capacity, 142intellectual property (IP) management, 48384, 488, 517blocal business development services (LBDSs), 2057, 205f,

20910marketing chains, 52, 57pluralistic extension systems, 201research financing, 5b, 267, 27172role of, 12bvalue chains, 57, 93

PROCISOR, 298bProduce Foundations (Mexico), 23, 31, 60, 7579Producer organization, 5b, 6b, 24, 31, 62b, 9599, 220t, 222b, 241,

244, 281b, 342b, 385b, 431b, 433b, 489. See also farmerorganizationdefined, 631

Productive Partnerships Project (Colombia), 385bproduct marketing companies, 23PROfarm courses, 137bPrograma Nacional de Extenso Agrria (PRONEA,

Mozambique), 184, 200PROINPA Foundation (Bolivia), 45bproject-based funding, 40, 41b, 42tproject management, 14243Prolinnova network, 60Propensity Score Matching, 583bpublic-private partnerships, 290b, 290t, 37480

business development services, 208, 212capacity building for, 27b, 379cluster-based business development and, 404bcontracts for, 37879for coordination and collective action, 9094, 92beducation and training, 143enabling environment for innovation and, 93, 456exit strategies, 369b, 379

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public-private partnerships (continued)extension and advisory services, 190, 206bfarmer organizations and, 63binvestment context, 37475investment needs, 37576investment rationale, 28990, 36263, 369blessons learned, 29495, 37680monitoring and evaluation of, 29495, 294b, 37980, 380bpolicy issues, 29394, 376potential benefits, 293, 376principles for, 377recommendations, 29596research and, 9094, 92b, 271, 274b, 28996, 29192b, 327bsustainability, 379value chains and, 93