· 9/4/2020 · 88d congress, 1stsesion - - housedocumentno. 154 ninth semiannual report on...

88d Congress, 1st Sesion - - House Document No. 154

NINTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT ONEDUCATIONAL EXCHANGE

ACTIVITIES

LETTERFROM

CHAIRMAN UNITED STATES ADVISORYCOMMISSION ON EDUCATIONAL EXCHANGE

TRANSMITTING

THE SEMIANNUAL REPORT OF ALL PROGRAMS ANDACTIVITIES CARRIED ON UNDER AUTHORITY OF

SECTION 603 OF PUBLIC LAW 402,EIGHTIETH CONGRESS

MAY 28, 1953.-Referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairsand ordered to be printed

UNITED 8TATE8GOVERNNT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON : 1958

_

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,THE UNITED STATE8 ADVISORY COMMISSION

ON EDUCATIONAL EXCHANGE,May 28, 196S.

The honorable JOSEPH W. MARTIN, Jr.,Speaker of the House of Representatives.

MY DEAR MR. SPEAKER: The United States Advisory Commissionon Educational Exchange submits the attached report in fulfillmentof the requirements of section 603 of Public Law 402, 80th Congress,which states that this Commission shall transmit-

* * * to the Congress a semiannual report of all programs and activities carried'on under authority of this Act. including appraisals, where feasible, as to theeffectiveness of the programs and such recommendations as shall have beenmade * * to the Secretary of State for effectuating the purpose and objectivesof this Act and the action taken to carry out such recommendations.This report reviews the activities of the United States Advisory

Commission on Educational Exchange as well as those of its subcom-mittee, the Committee on Books Abroad, for the period July 1 toDecember 31, 1952. -The membership of this Commission is as follows:

J. L. Morrill, president, University of Minnesota, Chairman.Mark Starr, educational director, International Ladies' Garment

Workers' Union, Vice Chairman.Harold Willis Dodds, president, Princeton University, member.Edwin B. Fred, president, University of Wisconsin, member.Martin R. P. McGuire, professor, Catholic University, member.

A duplicate copy of this report is being furnished to the Senate.Very truly yours,

J. L. MORRILL.Chairman, United States Advisory Commission

on Educational Exchange

NINTH SEMIANNUAL REPORTTO THE CONGRESS

By the

UNITED STATES ADVISORY COMMISSION ONEDUCATIONAL EXCHANGE

July 1-December 31, 1952

v

H. Doe., 83-1, vol 10-- 71

CONTENTS

P.g.Pagei.I. Apprais of the educational exchange program....---- ...- 1

II. Committee on Books Abroad. .... ....3III. Educational and cultural activities-------------- -------- 3

A. Educational Exchange Service------...-............... 4B. Information Center Service..----------------------..-- 6

IV. Aid to destitute Chinese in Hong Kong----------------.... . 10V. Recommendations to the Secretary of State, prior to June 30, 1952, on

which departmental action has not previously been reported to theCongress_ . 11A. American arts program---------------- ------- 11B. Proposal for centralizing information on educational exchange. 15C. Exchange of persons activity in the field of religion--------- 17D. Recommendations concerning the reorganization of the

information andedati tional exchange programm-._-___ 20VI. Recommendations for the period June 1-December 31, 1952-------__ 22

A. Policies governing the selection of books and periodicals foruse in the educational exchange program-...-...- .... .22

B. Authorship factor in controversial books-----..----- 28C. Informational media guaranty program-....--..-.-- ..----24D. Exchange of publications------------- 25

Appendix: Report on the Vice Chairman's overseas trip-...-------- 27v.

NINTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS' BY THEUNITED STATES ADVISORY COMMISSION ON EDUCA-TIONAL EXCHANGE

I. APPRAISAL OF THnE DEPARTMENT OF STATE'S EDUCATIONALEXCHANGE PROGRAM

This Commission, as heretofore reported in our seventh semiannualreport to the Congress has felt serious concern about the status of theeducational exchange program under the recently organized Inter-national Information Administration. It has reiterated this concernto the Department of State in its first and second quarterly reportsfor fiscal year 1953 which cover the period for which this ninth semi-annual report is submitted-July 1-December 31,.1952. In order tofulfill our statutory responsibilities under Public Law 402, our viewsare transmitted to the Congress in the following statements:

ORGANIZATIONAL STATUS OF THE PROGRAM

The Commission desires to reiterate its earlier statements directedexplicitly to the Department of State in the Commission's second,third, and fourth quarterly reports for fiscal year 1952 and in itsseventh semiannual to the Congress. This departmental reorganiza-tion which resulted in the establishment of the International Infor-mation Administration a year a sohas led to anxiety in our minds inrespect to the policy-and-operative status of the exchange-of-personsprogram and, in some degree, the information centers enterprise.We have believed, in general, that the long-range objectives of friendlyinternational understanding through educational exchange are psy-chologically different[ from the more immediate, short-range (andmore necessitous) objectives of American foreign policy interpreta-tion and persuasion which the Government must vigorously prosecutethrough the Voice of America and other media. These two objec-tives, we recognize, are ultimately related and are not clearly separableor incompatible. But the emphasis of tleir planning and implemen-tation are not the same we believe-Land an overemphasis on thelatter, carried over into the former, can be seriously disadvantageousand self-defeating.The commendable and urgently required governmental Campaign

of Truth has tended, our Commission feels, to overshadow the longer-range and more disinterested objectives envisioned in the programof educational exchange. This is definitely sensed, we have -reasonto believe, on many college and university campuses, and there issome evidence of the same reaction abroad.The Commission has officially expressed its strong conviction that

the administration of the educational exchange program should belodged in and retained by the State Department. We have a highopinion of the intelligent resourcefulness, diligent and effective admnm-

1

2 SEMIANNAL REPORT ON EDUCATIONAL EXCHANGE ACTIVITIES

istration of the program by officials of the State Department in thiscountry andabroad.However, we were disappointed that the reorganization had been

effected without consultation with the Commission in view of ourcontinuing concern for distiuctive planningaand operations emphasison'long-rane educational exchange objectives as contrasted withmo reimmeateoe polforeignp needs and purpose. In this connec-tion the Commission has requested departmental reconsideration ofthe organizational status of the educational exchange progr am. Forexample, the reconsideration, within the International InformationAdministration, of policies and plansan d operation'to insure a moreconscious and deliberate "divorcement" of- the exchange programfrom other aspects and activities of the International InformationAdministration. This would mean a tendency toward separationrather than integration of the double objectives envisioned in PublicLaw 402.Our anxiety in this matter has been increased by reason of the

study of the international information and educational exchangeprogram which the subcommittee of the Senate Foreign RelationsCommittee has been conducting as authorized by Senate Resolution74. This resolution was discussed at our September 1952 meetingwith State DepartmentOfficials and the chief of staff of -the subcom-mittee at which time the latter gave a report on the preliminaryplanning of the committee and advised thle Commission that itsreactions to certain phases of the program would no doubt be requestedby the committee.

Subsequent to this meeting, in two communications from SenatorFulbright, and an informal conference with him on November 13,1952, the United States Advisory Commission:on Educational Ex-change was asked to submit specific information on certain phasesof the program as well as any additional information or judgmentswhich the Commission might deem useful or helpful to the subcom-mittee in its task.The Commission reviewed .with care and discussed certain ques-

tions propounded in Senator Fulbright's letters relating to the pro-gramm general and the student exchangeprogram in particular. Italso conferred with officials of the International Information Admin-istration concerning their views on these questions. As a result ofour study in this connection, the Commission advised the subcom-mittee in a letter dated December 24, 1952, that (1) the members of.the Commission, and especially the Chairman, will be ready, if re-quested, to testify at hearings of the subcommittee; (2) a writtenstatement in response to the questions propounded in Senator Ful-bright's letters would be transmitted; and (3) an independent in-quiry to representative colleges, universities, and other institutionsand organizations had been initiated by the Commission, elicitingappraisals on the effectiveness of the existing programs in helping tocreate friendship and understanding for the United States.

IMPORTANCE OF THE EXCHANGE PROGRAM

The Comnission, believes that, despite some "disappointment withprogram accomplishments which have. resulted in necessary changesthere can be hno doubt! that educational exchange has demontrted

BmRWIW or 3EUTOIOIA;L )EXCEAKG1AomIAVrTIS a

its permanent w6rth'and that the International Information Adminis-tration stff members have worked competently to develop a two-wayexchange of persons qualified to increase mutual uidextding between'-i 6f0tifesof thbe t"ldt! 6heteial e rt the ivileader theteacher, and the, studentV ha be'mef impotfltntambassador foilrecipe. al undirta.fding and-apr iation Mutualiperonified knowl-edg Whle?slOwin itsefft i'a e lon rn n invtmt-in goodwill and unity am 'f.bth~ff :i"t rs 'wtill*eie' overcomethe iepreenttion created byhotile-tpropagnda.,

.?..I'.- ' oioaMitBE ON BooS ABROADTbe establishment of the Committee on Books Abroadwas reported

to the Congress in the Commission's eighth semiannual report. As ofDecember 31, 19520 the end .of the period for which this report issubmitted, this committee had held four meetings - ;The Advisory Commission on Educational Exchange has been

deeply impressed by, and grateful for, the intelligent, and patrioticloyalty of its Committee on Books; Abroad, its commitment to theadvancement of international understanding of .the integrity andideals of our country and its efforts to combat 'communism in thepresent world struggle for the,minds of men. We':regard as unusuallyeminent and useful the personnel and theirvoluntary unpaid servicesof this distinguished committee, whose chairman is Dr. Martin R. P.McGuire, member of our Commission, professor and former deanrofthe Catholic University of America, and his fellow committeeman:

George P. Brett, president, the MacMillat Co..Ca^ Canfield, chairman of the board; Harper"& Bros.Robert L. 'rweli president, Thomas Y. C 'well Co.Robert B. Downs, director of libraries, University of llinois.Lewis Hanke, director, Institute of Latin American Studies,

University of Texas.Keyes D. etcalf, director of libraries, Harvard University.

The activities of this committee have enabled the Commission tosubmit some of the recommendations which are reported in part VIof this report.

III. EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL ACTIVITIES

The Department's educational exchange program which is carriedout under authority of Public Law 402' SOth Congress,and for whichthe Commission has statutory responsibility is a worldWide' Covern-ment-financed operation for th exchange of persons and materialsas well as for,Government faciitation and 'tidulation of the exchangeprograms of private organizations and agencies. In connection withthe Department's execution of this program, major accomplishmentsduring the first half of fiscal year 1953 have been reported to theCommission. While this Commission is a policy and programappraising body, and does-not deal with administrative or operatingproblems, it has considered these reports of such significance and impor-tance as to warrant inclusion in this semiannual statement to theCongress.

....

6 SEMIANNUAL REPORT ON EDUCATIONAL EXCHANGE ACTIVITIES

the United States in order that they and their readers may have abetter understanding of the role of the United States in the UnitedNations action.

Studies have been undertaken of present orientation programs forforeign visitors to determine what techniques are most successful inintroducing such visitors to United States life.

In accordance with a recommendation of the United States AdvisoryCommission, a clearinghouse of information on persons coming tothe United States or going abroad under various United States Govern-ment programs has been established. The consolidated data to bemade available by this clearinghouse will provide background in-formation on present future planning needs. A detailed report onthe steps taken and progress which has been made to implement theCommission's recommendation is given on page 15 of this report.(See recommendation on p. 15).

B. INFORMATION CENTER SERVICE

The increased distribution of books abroad through channels overand above the 196 United States information centers-a trend whichwas started in mid-1950-was developed further during this period.On June 30, 1952, a program which will be particularly useful for thispurpose--the informational media guaranty program-was transferredby Executive order from the Economic Cooperation Administration,where it was administered as part of the investment-guaranty program,to the Department of State, where responsibility for its administrationwas lodged in the Information Center Service. New developmentsin the book presentation and translation programs were also in linewith this trend.The information centers, during this period, came under increased

public attention. Numerous surveys, by the International Informa-tion Administration itself and tile press, disclosed and documented thestrengths of this phase of educational exchange activities.

In a move to give greater recognition to cultural activities outside.the book field, the exhibits section of the International Center Servicewas enlaged and given the overall responsibility for supporting over-seas exhibits in which the United States Government has an informa-tional and educational exchange interest.Publications programs

Translation actioities.-It is believed that through the medium ofbooks the greatest and most lasting impact can be achieved only if thebooks are made available in the language of the countries concernedand at prices within thle economic reach of the public at large. Everyeffort is made and every method used to reach the ultimate readerthrough existing channels, such as book stores and stalls, sidewalkvendors, and local libraries. To complement this distribution, selectedworks are published serially in local newspapers and magazines andadditional interest is stimulated by supplying radio stations and news-

papers with appropriate book reviews. During the period underreview, the translations program was directly responsible for the publi-cation abroad of 163 editions, totaling nearly 2 million copies, in26 languages. The program is almost entirely under the control of theoverseas mission, with the Department supplying basic policy guidance.on techniques, a continuing flow of recommended books and copyright

SEMIANNUAL REPORT ON EDUCATIONAL EXCHANGE ACTIVITIES 7

clearances. The post arranges for local publication of books useful to!the program by offering when necessary, to purchase a specified num-ber of copies from the local publisher. Closer cooperation with theAmerican book-publishing industry was made possible through theformation of Franklin Publications, Inc., which will endeavor, as anongovernmental enterprise, to promote the publication of Americanbooks in Arabic-language countries.

Presentation actianties.-In many countries of south and southeastAsia English continues to be the major reading language of the Inter-national Information Administration's audience. The need for greatnumbers of American books, particularly on social, economic, andpolitical affairs, has been cited by travelers to this area.A major effort in this direction is the expendable library project in

India which involved the distribution of 4,500 sets of 101 paper-boundbooks already available in the domestic market.Introduced during this period was a useful service for notifying,

regularly and promptly, USIS missions abroad of new low-cost bookswhich could be effectively used for presentation.

Informational media guaranty program.-As of September 30, 1952,a total of $7,556,266 had been paid out in investment-guarantyfunds under the informational media guaranty program. This pro-gram operates under a rotation fund ceiling of $10 million and is nowoperating in France, Germany, Austria, Norway, the Netherlands,Yugoslavia, Israel, and Formosa. (See recommendation on p. 24).Information centersDuring the calendar year 1952, a total attendance of 36,544,700

was reported by the 196 United States information centers in 64countries. Total circulation of books, periodicals, pamphlets, andother library items was 10,369,780.In addition to maintaining services to existing United States in-

formation centers, book collections and library equipment were sentto new centers in Santiago, Chile; Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo,Brazil; Panama City, Panama; Bergen, Norway, Gothenburg,Sweden; Lucknow and Trivandrum, India; Benghazi, Libya andJerusalem.

Shortly before the end of the year, the collections of the BibliotecaAmericana de Nicaragua (10,377 books, 158 magazine subscriptions,and about 500 pamphlets) were presented to the Nicaraguan Gov-ernment, bringing to a close the 10-year history of the United Statesinformation center in Nicaragua.Reading interests of patrons. In September 1952, an analysis of

the activities of United States information centers for the 18 months'period July 1950 to December 1951 was completed by the Bureauof Social Science Research, American University. This report shedssome interesting light on the reading interests of patrons of theof the libraries. Fiction constituted over half the circulation inEurope, one-third in Latin America, one-fourth in the Near East andonly 15 percent in the Far East. (Studies of public-library usage inthe United States have shown that fiction constitutes about two-thirds of adult books.)

History proved to be the most popular category of adult nonfictionamong European readers, and books on useful arts were most widelyread in the Near East, Far East, and'Latin America. Social science


was high on the list in the Near East and Far East. Pure science,fine arts, and literature were widely circulated in all regions, whilecirculation of religion and philosophy were low in all areas.Comments from the New York Times survey of the United States over-

seas libraries.-A survey of United States Government informationactivities in 44 countries which was conducted in November 1952 by24 foreign correspondents of the New York Times disclosed that theUnited States libraries are growing in popularity in all of thesecountries.The general comments were that the libraries were (1) very popular,

(2) well attended, (3) one of the most successful and/or effective UnitedStates activities, and (4) eminently worthwhile and most efficient fromthe standpoint of direct results for the amount of money spent. Thereport showed that in one country the libraries were so popular theywere unable to cope with the demand. It was also reported thatreference books were found to be especially useful, particularly bystudents. Tliis survey further ind(licated tliat there were no derogatorystatements made concerning the libraries, which in(licates that thelibrary program, as administered in carrying out the objectives ofPublic lJaw 402, is very effective in increasing mutual understandingbetween the people of the United States and the people of othercountries.

Comments of Uinited States mission chiefs abroad.-In August 1952,the subcommittee of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations ob-tained comments on the information program from United Statesmission chiefs abroad, who reported that in general the educationalexchange program and libraries were most effective. In the Far East,libraries were second only to films in reaching the largest number ofpeople, although the number of libraries and book supplies werereported to be inadequate. In Latin America, binational centersranked high in effectiveness, but it was felt that their "potential value"and "limitless possibilities" have not yet been realized.

Replies received from 77 mission chiefs, revealed that InformationCenter Service programs were rated as "most valuable" by 16 missionchiefs, ranking second in importance only to press services, which wererated "most valuable" by 28 mission chiefs.

Expansion of information center services is considered desirable bymany missions. More and improved information center, library, andbinational center facilities are suggested, both generally and in termsof giving the program broader scope.Binational centersThrough academic and library programs, as well as extensive cultural

and educational activities, the 34 binational centers in Latin Americaand the Near and Far East continued to reach large numbers of peoplein influential and opinion-forming groups. Nonoffcial and cooperativein character, these centers emphasize the mutual-interest, joint-ex-change approach in promoting friendslil) and understanding for theUnited States. In an article of November 24, 1952, summarizing asurvey of United States information programs abroad conducted byits foreign correspondents, the New York Times commented:

In Mexico and the South American countries it was found that culturalinstitutes (I)inational centers), where lectures and discussions are hold, wereextremely useful in combl)alting the idea that the United States was a purelymaterialistic country with no real culture. It was said that these institutes

SEMIANNUAL REPORT ON EDUCATIONAL EXCHANGE ACTIVITIES 9generated real friendship because they were joint undertakings of the UnitedStates and local governments, instead of foreign propaganda alone.

During this period, increased emphasis was placed on integratingthe activities of the binational centers into the total United Statesinformation program. The centers proved particularly useful as out-lets for the International Information Administration materials, andas instruments for drawing selected audience groups into direct con-tact with and participation in programs furthering United Statesobjectives.Special programs

English teaching activities.-In the field of English teaching theseminar program for national teachers of English continued to develop:11 seminars, attended by a total of 502 English teachers, were held in9 different countries. The Department printed a manual OrganizingSeminars for National Teachers of English, which was distributed toall posts as a guide for organizing these programs in conformance withthe overall International Information Administration objectives.Another development was the assignment of a traveling consultantto the Middle East as assistant and adviser to USIS officers in thefield of English teaching. This consultant, formerly assigned to LatinAmerica, developed the first English classes on television beforeleaving that area for the Middle East. During this period 61,225textbooks and 381 record albums and instructional aids were sentoverseas for use in English-teaching activities.

Exhibits program.-The exhibits program is a technique peculiarlyeffective in reaching all priority groups at all levels of intellectualachievement. To demonstrate American progress in the sociologicalfield and to refute countering Communist claims, the Exhibits Branchshipped exhibits prepared for the International Social Welfare Con-ferences held in India. The exhibits were well integrated with sup-plementary media-books, pamphlets, and related films, so as toappeal to either specialized or mass audiences. Increased numbersof field requests for materials ranging from photographic-type exhibitsto more elaborate types of dimensional display were serviced withboth finished and raw exhibit materials. Advice was given also to anumber of posts on effective display techniques and on general selec-tion and presentation of materials. Department-prepared travelingexhibits continued to circulate among USIS posts. At the Izmir fair,as one illustration of official United States Government participationwith exhibits in events of international scope, Turkish-American co-operation was presented in visual terms, thus transmitting the Inter-national Information Administration objectives comprehensible to awider range of groups than is possible with almost any other media.Music program.-The music program, serviced by the Information

Center Service music section, shipped more than 11,000 items ofprinted music and 16,000 photographs records in an effort to meet theincreasing interest in American music throughout the world. Amongthe works of American composers which were performed overseasthrough departmental facilitation were Virgil Thompson's opera, FourSaints in Three Acts, as well as several major orchestral and chamberworks. Although the scope and size of USIS music collections varyfrom country to country, generally, the printed music and recordcollections consisted of works of American composers in the field of

10 SEMIANNUAL REPORT ON. EDUCATIONAL EXCHAIGE ACTVTIES

"serious" music, folk music, and popular music. Of the largest col-lections, the one in Paris is representative, presently consisting ofapproximately 750 titles of published music and 300 titles of recordedmusic, representing over 100 composers. A number of informationcenters are expanding further their musical program and have con-tinued to facilitate the "live" performances of American orchestralmusic abroad.

IV. AID TO DESTITUTE CHINESE IN HONG KONG

The Commission reviewed steps being taken by Congressman WalterH. Judd to provide aid to destitute Chinese in Hong Kong. In thisconnection we requested the Department of State to submit to us areport on the following:

(a) Do any long-range aspects of Congressman Judd's programfor providing financial aid to Chinese refugee intellectuals in HongKong fall within the area of responsibility of the Department ofState's educational exchange program?

" (b) With the termination of the China area aid program, whatwill happen to the destitute Chinese now receiving aid under theprogram?"

Departmental reply: (dated August 20, 1952)As to the first question, the Department is in sympathy with Con-

gressman Judd's program for providing financial aid to Chinese refugeeintellectuals in Hong Kong, but feels that a program such as thisshould be placed in an organization other than the Department'seducational exchange program.

In answer to the second question you are advised that additional fundswere made available to the Department in a no-year appropriationto continue the program beyond June 1952. In view of the decliningneeds of the program, it is believed that the program can be continuedon a scale which will meet the real needs of the situation until at leastJune 1954. It should be noted that at a meeting on May 15, 1952,the Advisory Committee for the Chinese Enrergency Aid programrecommended that the Department plan to bring the program to alogical conclusion within the limits of the funds presently available.Commission's request for further departmental consideration of its

former request (submitted to the Department of State December 5,10952)

The Commission is not convinced that the Department's decisionthat it could offer no support to the Chinese refugee intellectuals inHong Kong is sound. Accordingly, we requested that this problembe given further consideration by the Department of State.Departmental reply (dated April 15, 1953)The International Educational Exchange Service of the Interna-

tional Information Administration has made a continuing effort toassist in alleviating the situation of Chinese refugee intellectuals inHong Kong within the terms of the present emergency legislation,Public Law 535 of the 81st Congress, which is administered under theeducational exchange program. To date, a total of 32 selectedChinese citizens from critical areas of the Far East have been broughtto the United States under this legislation. However, for the current

SEMIANNUAL REPORT ON EDUCATIONAL EXCHANGE ACTIVITIES. 11

fiscal year 1953, it was decided that, since the situation in HongKong showed greater need, all overseas grants under the Chineseemergency-aid legislation would be allocated to Hong Kong. Todate, Hong Kong has not been able to select an adequate panel ofstudents and scholars who meet the standards for the educational pro-gram and who can qualify under existing visa, security, and immigra-tion regulations.The Educational Exchange Service has studied the problem in co-

operation with other interested areas of the Department and Gov-ernment agencies, as well as maintaining close contact with authori.ties in Hong Kong and departmental officials who have been to HongKong to look into the situation. It is the consensus of all concernedthat the objectives of the overseas exchange program (which are topromote a better understanding of the United States in other coun-tries and to increase mutual understanding between the people of theUnited States and the people of other countries, and which presup-pose the return of grantees to their countries after short periods ofstay in the United States) preclude the Educational Exchange Serv-ice from assuming continuing long-range commitments which mightlead to indefinite residence in the United States for Chinese nationalsand their families.

In the event that the Judd committee wishes to place a request forassistance with one of the private foundations, the Educational Ex-change Service is ready and willing to provide assistance and adviceon the submission of a project along humanitarian lines.

V. RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE SECRETARY OF STATE PRIOR TO JUNE30, 1952, ON WHICH DEPARTMENTAL ACTION HAS NOT PREVI-OUSLY BEEN REPORTED TO THE CONGRESS

A. AMERICAN ARTS PROGRAM

During the fiscal year 1952, the Commission devoted considerabletine and attention to the emphasis which the U. S. S. R. has placedon the use of culture as a weapon in the cold war. In order to fulfillour advisory responsibilities in accordance with Public Law 402, wereported our views on this subject, together with certain recommenda-tions, to the Secretary of State in quarterly reports. The completetext of these recommendations has been, reported to the Congressin the Commission's seventh semiannual report (H. Doc. 412, 82dCong.) and eighth semiannual report (IH. Doc. 35, 83d Cong.).Briefly, these recommendations are as follows:Recommendation (submitted to the Depariment of State April 1, 1952)"The Commission believes that a counteroffensive to the Com-

munist's cultural drive should be initiated but that it should beundertaken under private auspices. We further stated that in ouropinion the Department of State's activities in this field should con-tinue to be limited to the awarding of a modest number of grants inthe fine arts field and to the facilitation of certain worthwhile privateprojects."We recommended that a committee of private experts in the fine

arts field be established to act as a subcommittee of the Commissionfor the purpose of assisting us to stimulate private projects, to insurecontinuous, close cooperation with private agencies undertaking them


and the Department of State, and to establish criteria which theDepartment of State might use to determine the worth of privateprojects which it is continuously being requested to facilitate."Recommendation (submitted to the Department of State April 14, 1952)"The Commission wishes to reiterate and emphasize its previous

recommendations on this subject as follows:"The Department's facilitation of fine arts projects should be

kept to a minimum until the advice of the Committee on Amer-ican Arts can be obtained."The Department should expedite the establishment of the

Committee."Fine arts projects should not be financed from funds appro-

priated for the conduct of the program under Public Law 402,80th Congress."

Recommendation (submitted to the Department of State July 15, 1952)As reported in the Commission's eighth semiannual report to the

Congress * * * "during the last quarter of fiscal year 1952, * * * theCommission made an additional intensive study of the elements of theSoviet's new use of fine arts activities as a weapon in psychologicalwarfare, as well as a detailed review of the Department of State'sspecific proposal of June 27, 1952, for the establishment and operationof the Committee on Overseas American Arts. * * * We not onlyapproved the proposal but also developed new recommendationsconcerning the conduct of an official Government overseas fine artsprogram."Formerly, we had reservations about the use of Public Law 402

funds for overseas fine arts projects because the Department has nospecial competence in this field and because no provision had beenmade to insure that any official programs or projects would be de-veloped and conducted effectively."We now believe after our full review of the Department's proposal

for a Committee on Overseas American Arts that such a committeewill provide a means by which a program in the field can be developedunder sound criteria and with adequate safeguards so as to advancethe objectives of the international educational exchange program.We feel free to recommend that the way be left open for the conduct ofofficial Government projects where such action is necessary in thenational interest. More specifically, we believe that provisions shouldnow be made for the International Information Administration toassume its rightful leadership in the conduct of this particular phase ofthe American psychological counteroffensive. Therefore, all previousrecommendations notwithstanding, the Commission expects andrecommends that the Department of State make whatever budgetaryarrangements are necessary to support this developing program,subject to the following conditions:

"1. No program or specific project involving American artsand the use of Public Law 402 funds should run counter to anyexisting specific congressional ban, such as the prohibitionon'* ** the use of funds for pictures * * * which do not havethe approval of the Congress,' the Department of State shouldrequest the approval of the Congress to exempt from this ban the

I May 21, 1947, report of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, p. 5.

SEMIANNUAL REPORT ON EDUCATIONAL EXCHANGE ACTIVITIES 13use of funds for shipping pictures, provided the Congress con-siders the ban to apply thereto.

"2. The Department should establish the Committee on Over-seas Arts in accordance with the sound and workable planpresented to the Commission at its June 27, 1952, meeting.

"3. The Department should develop a specific program for theconduct of an effective fine-arts program overseas, based on recom-mendations to be developed by the Committee on American Arts withthe approval of the Commission on Educational Exchange, andincluding specific provisions for the private financing and conduct of amajor portion of such a program.

"4. The International Information Administration should establisha central point of responsibility for fine-arts matters, before the Com-mittee on Overseas American Arts is appointed in order to insurepriority attention to this important phase of the Administration'sprogram and a focal point of contact within the Department withwhich the Committee on Overseas American Arts may deal."First departmental reply (dated August 20, 1952)The Department accepts the recommendation of the United States

Advisory Commission on Educational Exchange "that a committee ofprivate experts in the fine arts field be established to act as a sub-committee of the Commission for the purpose of assisting us to stimu-late private projects, to insure continuous, close cooperation withprivate agencies undertaking them and the Department of State, andto establish criteria which the Department of State might use todetermine the worth of private projects which it is continuously beingrequested to facilitate.

In regard to the three recommendations submitted on April 14, 1952,the Department presents the following:

The Department concurs with the Commission that until theCommittee on American Arts is organized within the Commission,the International Information Administration's facilitation offine-arts projects should be kept to a minimum.The Department is at present processing names of possible

members of the Committee on American Arts selected from thepanel approved by the Commission. In view of the time re-quired for the processing of such appointments, one cannotanticipate that the Committee on American Arts would be afunctioning reality before another 4 months have passed.The Department concurs that fine-arts projects-if "fine arts

projects" is used in a very narrow and intellectually sophisticatedsense-should not be financed from the moneys appropriated forthe conduct of the program under Public Law 402.

The Commission's attention is invited to the use of the word "arts"in the proposed name for the committee. The words "art," "arts,"and "fine arts" are all replete with connotations inadequate to therole which American culture must play in the task of gaining theacceptance and recognition of our allies. The concept is considerablybroadened therefore, if the name of the proposed subsidiary body ofthe Commission were "Committee on American Culture."As a result of the Department's interest in initiating a counter-

offensive to the Communists' cultural drive there have been twomajor exhibits in the field of the visual arts prepared for showing

H. Doe.. 83-1, vol. 10- 72


abroad. In both instances the initiative was taken by the Bureauof German Affairs. The first exhibit, a cross section of Americanpainting, past and present, was financed by the Oberlander Trust,assembled under the direction of the American Federation of Artsand shown in Berlin, Vienna, and Munich. The second exhibit, the19th century American painting, is now being assembled by the Amer-ican Federation of Arts in response to a request submitted by a com-mittee of German museum directors. It is to be financed by a grantfrom the Wyomissing Foundation.

Exhibits financed from Public Law 402 funds so far have belongedto the category of crafts and educational subjects rather than to thefine-arts field.Second departmental reply (dated October 7, 1952)

With regard to the Commission's recommendations submitted tothe Department on July 15, amplifying its previous recommendations,stipulating four conditions relative to the arts program, the Depart-ment desires to inform the Commission as follows:

1. The International Information Administration is taking thenecessary steps, in line with the Commission's recommendation, toconsult the opinion of the chairman of the House Subcommittee onAppropriations.

2. As reported to the Commission heretofore, the formal establish-ment of the Committee on Overseas Arts awaits the processing of thepanel of possible members.

3. The International Information Administration has taken note,of the recommendation that a larger fine-arts program overseas bedeveloped. Preliminary projections of a program to make Americanculture better understood will be ready to present to the committeeupon its establishment.

4. Concerning the establishment of a central point of responsibilitywithin the International Information Administration for policy co-ordination of the cultural program, this recommendation of the Com-mission is the subject of a management proposal to make the specialprojects officer of the Office of Policy and Plahs the chairman of aworking group representing the Office of Field Programs, the PrivateEnterprise Cooperation Staff, and the media services. This proposaldoes not yet have full concurrence in the International InformationAdministration.2Recommendation (submitted to the Department of State December 5,

1952)The Commission believes that the title of the committee suggested

by the Department-"Committee on American Culture"-is too all-inclusive. The Commission wishes to indicate its preference and rec-ommends that the title be "Committee on Arts" if a new title isdesired.Departmental reply (dated April 15, 1953)The name preferred by the Commission "Committee on Arts" is

acceptable to the International Information Administration.S Subsequent to this reply, the Commission has been informed through its departmental staff of the

estabiishment of the International Information Administration working group on arts of the central pointof responsibility for departmental backstopping of the Committee on Arts and for ooordinatlon of the Inter-national Information Administration's activities in the fine-arts field.


B. PROPOSAL FOR CENTRALIZING INFORMATION ON EDUCATIONALEXCHANGE

Recommendation (excerpt from full text submitted to the Department ofState July 16, 195S)3

"The United States Advisory Commission on Educational Exchangefinds itself in agreement with the general intention of the resolutionpassed at the April 11, 1952, conference and the subsequent report ofthe working group. We have, accordingly, developed the proposalsset forth below. Although respectfully submitted as recommenda-tions of the Commission to the Secretary of State on July 15, 1952,they are, we believe, actually a composite of the views of a cross sectionof Government and private agencies and institutions with majorresponsibilities in the exchange-of-persons fields.

"1. United States activities in the exchange-of-persons field cannotreach maximum effectiveness until information on educational ex-

change, both academic and nonacademic and governmental and non-governmental, is pooled and made available to interested agenciesthrough clearly coordinated and cooperative action.

"2. Both Government and private agencies should give a highpriority to cooperate fully with such an undertaking.

"3. The establishment and maintenance of an information centeron educational exchange programs should be undertaken by the Ameri-can Council on Education. In this connection, the Council shouldoperate through its recently formed committee on exchange of infor-mation on international cultural relations programs, in part throughreferral to operating groups, and should utilize data, as necessary,from all existing sources, including the United States Office of Educa-tion and the Institute of International Education.

"4. Whereas. the American Council on Education should be re-sponsible for inaintaing an information center on educational exchangeprograms, other agencies as specified should act as central sources ofinformation on individuals involved in exchange projects:

"(a) The United States Office of Education, as the agent of theInternational Information Administration in accordance withparagraph 5 below, should act as a central source of informationon individuals exchanged under Government auspices.

"(b) The Institute of International Education should act as acentral source of information on individuals exchanged underprivate auspices.

"5. The International Educational Exchange Service of the De-partment of State should establish the policies under which theUnited States Office of Education should maintain the central sourceof Government information. The Service should also assume leader-ship in insuring the cooperation of other Government exchange pro-grams so as to make a central source of information possible.

"6. Data compiled by the United States Office of Education andthe Institute of International Education concerning individualsexchanged under various exchange projects will make a useful andnecessary contribution to the American Council on Education'sinformation center on exchange programs. Therefore the Inter-national Educational Exchange Service, the Institute of International

3 For full text see 8th semiannual report to the Congress, HI. Doc. No. 36, 83d Cong., Jan. 3, 1963.


Education, and the American Council on Education should, in addi-tion to their separate responsibilities outlined above-

"(a) Agree upon information requirements which they havein common, and develop similar procedures and, if possible, acommon coding system for recording such information so as toprovide for its eventual exchange and common use.

"(b) Refine and elaborate upon these suggestions on a cooper-ative basis, so as to translate them into a concrete, coordinatedplan of action.

"7. In the absence of any congressional policy to the contrary, theInternational Educational Exchange Service, the Mutual SecurityAgency, the Technical cooperation Administration, and otheraffected Government agencies, shouh allocatt. their proportionateshare of funds for fiscal year 1953 for the establisment of a centralsource of information regarding Government exchanges through acontract with the United States Office of Education to be prepared andsupervised by the International '"ducational Exchange Service of theDepartment of State.

"8. The American Council on Education and the Institute ofInternational Education should make every attempt to secure ade-quate funds for the initiation of those portions of the project whichthey agree to undertake."In making these recommendations, the Commission on Educational

Exchange takes cognizance of the fact that the American Council onEducation and the Institute of International Education as presentlyconstituted deal primarily with academic exchanges. Consequently,it will be necessary for them to expand their operations to the extentnecessary to provide for the collection of information on nonacademicexchanges."First departmental reply (dated October 7, 1952)The Department concurs fully with the Commission's recommenda-

tion that a central clearinghouse of information regarding educationalexchange services should be established as soon as possible. Inaccordance with the recommendation of the Commission, the Educa-tional Exchange Service (IES) of the Department has assumedleadership in promoting a cooperative effort to establish such aclearinghouse by various Government agencies operating exchangeprograms, notably IES the Technical Cooperation Administration(TCA), and the Mutual Security Agency (MSA). The cooperationof private agencies also is being enlisted.As a result of a series of meetings on the question, it has been agreed

that the clearinghouse for information regarding publicly financedexchange programs should be established by IES within the Office ofEducation where IBM machinery is already available for efficienthandling of such information and where the safeguarding of infor-mation from Government agencies can be assured. Further, it isunderstood that the American Council on Education will establish acentral file of information about privately financed exchange programs.Between these two central depositories there is to be free interchangeof information at all times.The major problem affecting the establishment of a clearinghouse

within the Office of Education is that IES must have the cooperationof TCA and MSA since those agencies, as well as IES, must contribute


toward the cost approximately in proportion to the degree indicatedby the size of the programs these agencies now operate. At the latestof these meetings, which was held on August 29, 1952, representativesof IES and meetings, which was held on August 29, 1952, representa-tives of IES and TCA, discussing the matter with representatives ofMSA and the Bureau of the Budget, considered the extent to whicheach agency should contribute.Both IES and TCA indicated a desire to take positive action as soon

as feasible, but the representatives of MSA expressed a wish to con-sider the matter at greater length. At present further action mustawait the decision of MSA because the Department feels that theservice will be of substantial value if all of the agencies most concernedwith it are prepared to join wholeheartedly in its establishment.Additional reports on this matter will be submitted to the Commis-

sion as future developments occur.Second departmental reply (submitted March 12, 1953)The clearinghouse of information on persons brought to the United

States or sent abroad for educational or technical purposes underUnited States Government sponsorship has been established underdirection of the Educational Exchange Service. A working-fundagreement has been signed with the Office of Education to providethe technical services necessary for the operation of this project, andmeetings have been held with the Mutual Security Agency and theTechnical Cooperation Administration to obtain their cooperation infurnishing data for the clearinghouse. Meetings have also been heldwith the Institute of International Educationr to coordinate theoperation of the Government clearinghouse with the central indexon exchanges being set up by the institute under a grant from theFord Foundation.

C. EXCHANGE OF PERSON'S ACTIVITIES IN THE FIELD OF RELIGION

Text of recommendation (submitted to the Department of State, July 11,1951)

The adoption of a policy for placing greater emphasis on the moraland religious aspects of the USIE program has made it necessary forthe Department to clarify its policy on the use of public funds forexchange of person's activities in the field of religion. In doing so, theDepartment has requested the advice of the Commission on Educa-tional Exchange. Our recommendations are set forth below.The problem of relationship of religion and education has been under

consideration for sometime, not only by this Commission but byAmerican leaders in all fields. The particular responsibility of ourCommission is to view this problem from the standpoint of UnitedStates international relations and recommend a policy which willfurther this Nation's foreign-policy objectives and, at the same time,embody those principles which are most representative of the Americantradition.We wish to reaffirm our recommendation of November 29, 1949, in

which we urged that public funds not be used for the exchange ofprofessional religious workers, lay or ordained, for the purpose ofengaging in pastoral, missionary, or other professional religiousactivities. It is our opinion that even though such exchanges might


be effective in creating good will for the United States, their conductunder Government-financed auspices would be open to serious ques-tion. Such grants should, we believe, be financed by the denomi-national organizations concerned without drawing upon Governmentresources.

It is our conviction, however, that the exchange of students andteachers must be viewed in a different light. The primary emphasison such exchanges is not ministerial or missionary. At the same time,students and teachers in the religious field are particularly well fitted:to counteract the widespread misconception ot Amlericans as a godlessand materialistic people. This misconception jeopardizes the at-tainment of United States foreign-policy objectives. Returning totheir local communities as infori.ied leaders these individuals willplay an important part in placing the moral an(l spiritual values ofAmerican life in the proper perspective. Therefore. the. Commissionrecommends to the Department ot State that persons engaged instudy, teaching, or research' in religious field should be consideredeligible for grants financed from public funds and should be judgedon the same basis as condidates in other professional fields, on athoroughly impartial and nondliscrinuna ting basis.We recommend that the Department. in awarding grants under

this program, emphasize the stu(ly and teaching of the applicationof religion to social problems.Departmental reply (dated December 7, 1951)The Commission's previously made recommendation that public

funds not be used to enable professional religious workers to pursueprofessional activities had been accepted. and put into efFect by theDepartment of State as one of the guiding principles of thel exchange-of-persons program.The Department is now giving serious consideration to the other

two recommendations of the Commission: (1) That students an(lteachers in the field of religion be considered eligible for grants and(2) that the department t emphasize in its exchange program the studyand teaching of courses on the application of religion to social problems.These proposals will be taken up with the Department's religiousadvisory panel in connection with the overall program for emphasizingthe moral and religious aspects of America through educationalexchange. 'I'lis will be done as soon as possible and a final courseof action determined. As soon as this is done, the Commissionwill be informed.,Secor departmental reply:(dated September 2, 1962)The I)epartment has been giving continuing study to the topic

under reference in view of (1) the interest shown by the AdvisoryCommission on Educiational Exchange, (2) the need to sharpen mediaoperations in accordance with IIA objectives, and (3) tile interestshown by the subcommittee of the House Appropriations Co'mmitttee.With regard to point (3), the chairman of the subcommittee strongly

recommended that exchanges in the field of religion )be reintroducedto the USIS program in Germany, thereby continuing the exchan,Isestablished under the German public affairs program of ILCO(G.This has been done.


Concerning the two recommendations of the Advisory Commission;the Department's statement of June 10 described them as "eminentlysound." Our reasoning may be summarized as follows:

1. In recommendation 1, congressional approval given to the inclu-sion of such grants in the German program points the way. It is ourconclusion that the field of religion should continue to be consideredan approved field of study. As in the past, the Department's Ex-change of Persons Division should continue to exercise its customarygood judgment, neither to discriminate against, nor favor studentsand teachers in the field of religion, merely because of the fact thatthe field is religion. The allocation of grants in this field amongcountry programs, as well as the designation of individual grants,should be governed by contribution which such grants and granteescan make to the achievement of the objectives of thle InternationalInformation Administration, by country and area. The terni "'studentan(d teachers," of course, does not include persons classifiable as pro-fessional religious workers engaged in pastoral or missionary activitieswho seek grants as a means of furthering their work.

Basic to our operating policies is the fact that religious affairs, likeiany other important suj ect field, have meaning in teims of our pro-gram requirements. -Religion, insofar as IIA is concerned, does notconsist simply of the three major faiths represented in the UnitedStates: Protestant, Roman Catholics, and Jews. For our purposes,the field of religion encompasses any religion which through spiritualforce, numbers of communicants, prestige, or other reasons, can exer-cise a significant influence upon political decisions affecting theinterests of the United States. Thus, many faiths should be consideredeligible for grants in the field of religion, such as the Parsees of India,the Buddhists in Japan China, Ceylon, Tibet, Indochina,Thailand,

- Burma, the Sunni and Shia sects of Moslems; tthe Armenian Churchin thle Levant; the Greek Orthodox Church; the Shinto in .Japan, etc.By way of illustration, the typical American teacher sent abroad

should be capable of portraying American religious life and traditionin both general and( specific terms, not, to a(lvance a particular faithor sect, but to spread awareness of American spiritual values andmoral concepts, The same would apply to American students sent1 lbroa(l, wliatever their individual faiths.

'Jthe typical foreign teacller or student in the religious field, selected(for study in this country, would likely represent a faith or sect, uncoml-mllon( to this country. 14roli his study here, and general exposure( tothings American, lihe should acquire a com)rellhension of our way oflife.---in particular our spiritual valuesandt1 practices. U1)pon return tohlis own country, lihe should be in a position to contribute to a betterunderstanding of the American scene among his own people.The logic of placing relatively more empl)hasis on foreign grantees of

faiths uncommon to this country, derives from the fact that, tlereexists aplpreciabl)e u)(l(lrstan(ling and association on the spiritual levell)etween us an(d other countries of similar faiths, i. e., the Protestant,Roman Catlholic, and Jewish areas. Moreover, through their inter-national organizations, missiQnary work, and other efforts tlie Pro-testant anfd Roman Catholics in particular regularly provide for alarge and continuing volume of exchange. In these areas of similarfaith, the obstacles to mutual understan(ling are moro political andecolnomlic in character and therefore require attention of like nature.


2. With respect to the Commission's recommendation No. 2, funda-mental to the exchange of persons program, is the principle of freechoice on the part of the grantee to make his own selection of courses ofinstruction. It follows, therefore, that we do not make selections forthe grantee, but it is our responsibility to see that the grantee issufficiently oriented to have a good grasp of the various possibilitiesand facilities from which to develop his own course of study.On this basis, orientation takes two forms:

(1) A general and relatively standardized orientation of allgrantees, describing the basic pictures in sufficient detail todevelop a workable understanding on the part of the granteeIncluded in such orientation for grantees coming to this countrywould be a description of the American religious tradition andpractice.

(2) A specific orientation according to the particular field ofstudy. For students and teachers who have selecte(t religion astheir field of concentration, this specialized orientation would gobeyond a general description of American spiritual life and wouldtake up specific situations, among which would be the applicationof religion to social problems. Since the grantee has alreadyselected religion as his field of study, it would be proper anddesirable to give him the best gui(lance possible as to types ofinstitutions and courses of study available in that field. Sinceapplied religion is a prominent feature of our system, it wouldnaturally receive emphasis in orientation, and it would be properto encourage grantees in the field of religion to devote some oftheir attention to it.

In this manner desirable emI)hasis would be placed upon the studyand teaching of courses on the application of religion to social problemswithout violating the principle of free choice. Such emphasis wouldserve to illuminate and exemplify the particular processes of ourdemocratic society and would illustrate the moral basis of our socialprocesses.

D. REORGANIZATION OF THE INFORMATION AND EDUCATIONAL EXCHANGEPROGRAM

In its seventh and( eighth secliannual reports to the Congress, theCommission set forth its general conclusions concerning the reorganiza-tion which have been submitte(l to the Department of State in theform of recommendations as follows:

(1) Tle D)epartment should continue to place emphasis on theeducational exchange program in conformity with the principlesof Public Law 402, 80th Congress.

(2) It would bc ad(visalle for the title of the Administrationto be changed to reflect containing fidelity to the l)rogram ofe(lucational exchange in the total effort, in compliance with con-gressional intent.

On April 14, 1952, the Commission, in its third quarterly reportfor 1952 to the Secretary of State, submitted three additional recom-mendations as follows:

(3) The two Advisory Commissions of Public Law 402, 80thCongress, should meet in joint session at least once a year, pref-erably at the first of a new fiscal year. TheJ Commission requests


the assistance of the Department in making this possible, althoughwe are aware that chief responsibility for carrying out this recom-mendation lies with the two Commissions.

(4) The Commission requests that the Administrator act as itsdirect channel of communication with the Department of State.

(5) The Commission requests that its departmental staff beattached administratively to the Office of the Administrator.

Departmental reply (dated August 20, 1952)The Department heartily concurs with the recommendation to

continue placing emphasis on the educational exchange program inconformity with the principles of Public Law 402, 80th Congress.In selecting the approved title, United States International Infor-

mation Administration (IIA), brevity was considered important.The educational aspects of the program were considered and dis-cussed. Overseas, where the effective work of the Department isdone, the short title, United States Information Services (USIS) hasbeen in acceptable use for several years, and has been inclusive ofthe educational program. It was considered desirable to continuethis title unchanged overseas. For official use in the United States,the conclusion reached was that the statutory identification, theInternational Information and Educational Exchange Program becontinued in regular use, and that it be printed on the official IIAletterhead. This was done. This letterhead continues in use.Concerning the three additional recommendations submitted by

the Commission, the Department presents the following:The Department accepts the recommendation that the two Ad-

visory Commissions meet in joint session at least once a year, andwill be happy to make the arrangements at such times as the Com-missions indicate to be mutually satisfactory.The Department accepted the recommendation that the Adminis-

trator of the International Information Administration act as thedirect channel of communication between the Advisory Commissionon Educational Exchange and the Department of State, and hasbeen so acting for some time.As with (b) above, this recommendation, too, was accepted and

the departmental staff of the Advisory Commission on EducationalExchange is attached to and reports directly to the office of theAdministrator in all functional matters.Commission's request for further departmental consideration of its former

recommendation (submitted to the Department of State December6, 1952)

As to the Commission's comments upon the establishment of theInternational Information Administration and reorganization of theinformation and educational exchange program, the Commissionstrongly feels that the Department has not given adequate considera-tion to the views and judgment of the Commission. The Commissiondesires indeed to reiterate its earlier statements directed explicitly tothe Department of State in the Commission's second, third, andfourth quarterly reports for fiscal year 1952 to the Secretary of Stateand its seventh and eighth semiannual reports to the Congress.These statements are as follow:

1. The Department should continue to place emphasis on theeducational exchange program in conformity with the principlesof Public Law 402, Eightieth Congress.


2. It would be advisable for the title of the Administration tobe changed to reflect continuing fidelity to the program of educa-tional exchange in the total effort, in compliance with congres-sional intent.

The issue raised in this instance could become one of considerableimportance in the hearings under the Benton-Wiley resolution andperhaps deserves further attention by both the Commission andthe Department.The Commission notes with interest the many current examinations

being made by official and unofficial agencies of activities in educationalexchange. Despite some disappointment with program accomplish-ments,- which have resulted in necessary changes, there can be nodoubt that educational exchange has demonstrated its permanentworth and that the International Information Administration staffmembers have worked competently to develop a two-way exchange ofpersons qualified to increase mutual understanding between peoplesof the world. The sharing of techniques for increased health and forimproved production and organization methods with undevelopedareas of the world is a big step forward in international relations.The technical expert, the civic leader, the teacher, and the studenthave become important ambassadors for reciprocal understanding andappreciation. Mutual personified knowledge while slow in its effectsis a secure long-term investment in good will and unity among the freenations and will eventually overcome the misrepresentation createdby hostile propaganda. We shall endeavor to profit in our futurerecommendations by past experience and by evaluations and reportsnow being made.Departmental reply (dated April 15, 1953)We recognize the value and importance of the educational exchange

program and are continuing to make every effort to give it properprogram emphasis. We now have un(ler active econsiderationorganizational changes to supplement and fortify our presentendeavors.At the same time we must give full support' and full recognition to

the various investigations of all information and educational exchangeactivities now being carried out by the new Administration, and shouldnot, obviously, attempt to anticipate actions to be recommended bythose various investigative bodies.

It does not seem appropriate to make a change in the title of Inter-national Information Administration until the recommendations ofthose bodies are known and perhaps acted upon by the President andthe Congress.VI. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR T'rii PRIWIOD JUNE 1-DECEMBER 31, 1952

A. POLICIES GOVERNING THE SELECTION OF BOOKS AND PERIODICALSFOR USE IN THlE EDUCATIONAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM

lRecommendation (excerpt from text submitted to the Department ofState July 15, 1952)4

"The committee has studied the objectives of Public Law 402. Ithas had two meetings with the Department and has studied the prob-lems confronting the Department in selecting from the vast materials

4 See Cornmission's eighth semiannual report to Congress, H. Doo. 35, 83d Oong., for full text.

SEMIANNUAL REPORT ON EDUCATIONAL EXCHANGE ACTIVITIES 23available those books and materials which will best implement theprogram. The committee believes that the Department should selectfor shipment abroad from all publications in the United States andfrom all books requested by foreign readers, those books which areresponsible and representative, and which will best help in achievingthe objectives of mutual understanding and of combating communism.It is to be understood that it is the belief of this committee that anybook whatsoever, of United States origin, which may be of use to theprogram, should be made available abroad."Departmental reply (dated October 7, 1952)At a joint session of the Commission with its Committee on Books

Abroad, on September. 12, 1952, it was announced that the recommen-dation of the Committee concerning controversial publications hadbeen accepted bv the Administrator. It is to be applied with dueregard to the following statements from the Administrator's memo-randuim of June 9, 1952:

1. No person or organizPo n or movement has a right to beIt" r e I ...ton or emente riha t brepresented" in any service of the International Information

Administration unless, , course, specifically so directed by law.2. Except as rcq, *.ered by law, no person or organization has a

"right" to part'ilpate in any information service of the Interna-tional Inforr'ation Administration or have his writings or produc-tions USP', by or represented in the International InformationAdministration.

t. In the selection of materials to be used due regard is expectedto be given to any proper lawful consideration, including its rela-tion to public acceptability in the United States and its relationto public confidence asod support for the international informa-tion o1^uuinal exchange program.

. n matters oA pLCsomfliu elect1o0t, W0 aim to avoid theemployment of "problem" persons.' * * * In the selection ofmaterials, writings, art, etc., we should draw on the great resourcesavailable which do not involve highly controversial ideas or, forthat matter, highly controversial persons.

5. Differentiation on the basis of'persons, for example, authors,producer, etc., is more difficult than differentiation on the basisof characteristics of writings or productions. We should aim todevelop standards for our own guidance which can be explainedto the public in simple terms.

6). * * * At present we are committed to a policy and pro-ced(ure of not utilizing objectionable writings or productionsregardless of authorship or source. Thl great difficulty arises inconnection with effort to avoid the use of productions includingmeritorious productions of persons who are themselves involvedin public controversy of loyalty, security, etc. No matter wherethis problem is approached it will be difficult to draw a linewhicll is capable of honest observance and administration.

P1. AUTHIORSHIP FACTOR IN CONTROVERSIAL BOOKS

The Department in paragraph 5 of its reply to the previous recom-

mendation, noted the difficulty of selecting books on the basis ofpersons. Hence, at the November 1952 meeting of the Committeeon Books Abroad, the authorship factor in controversial books was


considered and the Committee's views were requested as to the factorswhich should be included in the standards for differentiation on thebasis of persons which should be applied by the International CenterService in selecting publications for use in its program abroad. As aresult of this further discussion the Book Committee advised theCommission on Educational Exchange that it in no way wished tochange the phraseology of its former recommendation concerning thepolicies governing the selection of books quoted on page 23, but washappy to have the opportunity to expand on its thinking for thebenefit of the United States Advisory Commission on EducationalExchange as follows:

1. The Committee feels that it is quite impossible to establisha yardstick, a rule-of-thumb, which may be applied in determining:

(a) Whether or not a given book should be included in theregular packet of books sent abroad; or

(b) Under -what circumstances a book which has beenquestioned should be sent abroad.

2. The committee believes that all books should be consideredfor inclusion in the regular packet shipped abroad and that anybook which may be of use to our [the IIA] program could be in-cluded in the packet.

3. The committee is positive and unanimous in its decision torecommend to the United States Advisory Commission on Educa-tional Exchange that authorship should not be a criterion fordetermining whether or not a book is available for USIS librariesabroad. In this connection, the committee is unanimous in itsrecommendation that the content of the book regardless ofauthorship, be the criterion which determines its availabilityfor inclusion in USIS libraries.

The Commission endorsed this recommendation of the Committeeon Books Abroad and transmitted it to the Secretary of State in itssecond quarterly report for fiscal year 1953.

C. INFORMATIONAL MEDIA GUARANTY PROGRAM

The informational media guaranty program ,was transferred to theDepartment of State from the Mutual Security Agency by Executiveorder as of June 30, 1952.

This program guarantees to American enterprises operating in.countries covered by the Mutual Secruity Act, the convertibility intoUnited States dollars of foreign currencies received from the sale ofpublications and informational media consistent with United Statesnational interests.

In order to develop criteria which would determine the nature ofmaterials that would be "consistent with the national interest," theadvice of the Committee on Books Abroad was requested by theDepartment. In a resolution adopted by the committee at itsNovember meeting, the following recommendation was included:

"In the administration of the informational media guarantyprogram, the committee recommends that the InternationalInformation Administration regard as 'consistent with thenational interest' all those informational media which are patentlynot inconsistent with the national interest of the United States."

The Commission endorsed this recommendation of the Committeeon Books Abroad and transmitted it to the Secretary of State in itssecond quarterly report for fiscal year 1953.


Interim departmental reply (dated April 15, 1963)The two recommendations of the Committee on Books Abroad,

which were endorsed by the Commission concerning (1) the authorshipfactor in controversial books and (2) the informational media guarantyprogram, bear upon basic issues which are currently under activeconsideration by the Department and the International InformationAdministration, and we welcome the expression of the views of thecommittee on these issues.As soon as a policy on these matters has been determined and the

procedure necessary to implement such policy has been developed,this information will be given you as an official reply to the report ofthe Commission.5

D. EXCHANGE OF PUBLICATIONS

Public Law 402, 80th Congress, cites the interchange "between theUnited States and other countries of books and periodicals, includingGovernment publications, * * * and interchange of other educa-tional materials" as one way of "cooperating with other nations in theinterchange of persons, knowledge, and skills." This interchange wasdesigned "to increase mutual understanding between the people ofthe United States and the people of other countries" and thereby "tostrengthen cooperative international relations."At its September 12, 1952, meeting, the Committee on Books

Abroad discussed this reciprocal aspect of publications in the educa-tional exchange program and as a result of this discussion and studyof this problem adopted the following resolution:

"Believing that the educational and information program of theUnited States will only have their maximum usefulness abroadwhen similar programs are developed to an appropriate degree forbringing to the United States a knowledge of the cultures andachievements of other parts of the world recommends:

"1. That consideration be given to preparing a report onthe present activities of governmental and private organiza-tions now working to bring a knowledge of other cultures tothe people of the United States, the report to be drawn upwith the needs of United States missions abroad particularlyin mind.

"2. That representatives of appropriate institutions, suchas the various research councils, foundations, etc., be invitedto appear before the United States Advisory Commissionand Committee on Books Abroad to discuss the problems andpresent suggestions.

"3. That Franklin Publications, Inc., be requested to con-sider the possibility and advisability of developing simul-taneously a program to acquaint the United States withArabic culture and the program to publish books in Arabic."

The Commission added its concurrence to this resolution togetherwith its separate recommendations and transmitted them to the Secre-tary of State in its first quarterly report for fiscal year 1953.

Subsequent to this reply, the Commission has been Informed through it1 departmental staff that (1) thesubject of pollcies governing the selection of books and periodicals for use In the educational exchange pro-gram Is Involved In baslc Issues now under active consideration-by the I)epartment of State and (2) theDepartment of State has accepted and Implemented the recommendation on the Informational mediaguaranty program.

26 SEMIANNUAL REPORT ON EDUCATIONAL; EXCHANGE ACTIVITIES

Departmental reply (dated April 15, 1953)The Department of State concurs in the general desirability for

increased emphasis on the reciprocal aspects of programs using pub-lications and materials similar to those used in the InternationalInformation Administration's educational exchange activities. Thiscould bring about, among other benefits, an enhancement of the ac-ceptability of the International Information Administration's pro-motion of United States materials among overseas educational groups.

Recognizing that such increased emphasis on reciprocal activitieswill require additional funds foi adequate implementation, Inter-national information Administration will undertake to prepare anoutline on the report called for in paragraph i above, submitting itfor approval to the Commission and the Committee on Books Abroad.Our legislative history does not encourage us to hope for Govern-

ment funds to foster an appreciation of other cultures in this country.However, we think it only fair to point out that educational exchangeis truly a two-way street, as has been said before. A travel grantcontributes both to the country from which a person proceeds and tothe country where he studies or teaches or works.Another phase of our program which contributes to the effort to

foster appreciation of other cultures is the cooperation with the privateenterprise staff. When it interests a corporation or an association indoing something abroad to further our interests, it awakens a need forknowledge of the people we ask them to reach.Our mandate is to further understanding between our people and

other peoples. We believe that our direct effort to explain ourselvesto others brings an indirect effect in making us understand the peopleswe wish to communicate with.The Commission and the Committee on Books Abroad presently

have the authority to invite representatives of appropriate institutionsto appear before them as outlined in paragraph 2 above.The Commission is advised, regarding paragraph 3, that-

Franklin Publications, Inc., cannot engage in domestic activitywithout violating certain antitrust regulations. Since Franklinrepresents only one of the International Information Adminis-tration's facilities in the book field, and one established to meet aspecific situation overseas, there is no reason why the programof "acquainting the United States with Arabic culture" cannotbe carried forward independently of Franklin and in such amanner as to enhance Arabic acceptability of the total Inter-national Information Administration effort.As a specific contribution toward this end the International

Information Administration is assisting Princeton University andthe Library of Congress in the conduct of a colloquium on Islamicculture. As a part of this arrangement Princeton UniversityPress will publish the proceedings of the colloquium in Englishfor distribution within the United States.

In this connection attention is directed to the support we havegiven the Islamic Institute in Washington and the use of fundsfrom the India wheat bill to support an expanded program withIndia for the exchange of leaders and educational materials,especially books and periodicals.

APPENDIX

EXCERPTS FROM THE REPORT OF THE VICE CHAIRMAN OF THECOMMISSION ON EDUCATIONAL EXCHANGE COVERING HISTRIP TO LONDON AND PARIS IN JULY AND AUGUST 1952

During the summer of 1952, Mr. Mark Starr, Vice Chairman of the Commis-sion, spent approximately 5 weeks in Europe. One of the purposes of his tripwas to review, in his capacity as a member of the Commission, the operationsof the information and educational exchange program in France and Englandand obtain a personal evaluation of its effectiveness in these two countries.Another purpose of this trip was to report at a UNESCO Workers EducationSeminar in France on the findings of a survey which he had made for the fund foradult education. He also attended a Workers' Esperantist Congress at Dus-seldorf.

Interviews were held with the embassy staffs; public affairs officers; culturalofficers; labor attaches; Mutual Security Agency representatives; with represen-tatives of the government of each country, including journalists, labor unionexperts and leaders, political leaders, businessmen, educators, and others inter-ested in the problem of cultural relations with the United States.Excerpts from Mr. Starr's report to the Commission and the Department of

State are as follows:

UNESCO WORKERS' EDUCATION SEMINAR

The daily sessions included a main presentation in the morning, followed bytwo workshops and then a general discussion in the evening. The director ofthe school, an authority on labor unionism, directed the work very effectively.The sessions served as a clearinghouse in which the participants of all the 20countries represented presented their problems. I participated in all the sessions,both as lecturer and student, as well as in "informal" discussions with variousindividuals. My talks dealt with workers' education as applied to the immediateneeds of trade unions, the use of films, and the use of radio and television forworkers' education.One handicap of the seminar was the difference in the background and experi-

ence of the countries represented, which ranged from underdeveloped to highlydeveloped areas. The participants included representatives from Israel Iraq,India, Haiti, Malaya, and Yugloslavia. There were no representatives of Com-munist unions and most of the organizations were connected with or affiliates ofthe International Confederation of Free Trade Unions.Good reports were received on the delegation of foreign workers and leaders

who had been sent to the United States. The regular payment of dues, the"union shop" and the attitude of unions toward increased productivity in theUnited States were prominent items of interesting discussions.

SENNACIECA ASOCIO TUTMONDA

The Workers' Esperantist organization's annual meeting in DusseldorfForty different countries were present at this meeting and my presentation

consisted of detailed comparison in the auxiliary language Esperanto, betweenthe unions of Europe and those of the United States. My references to thehigher standards of life in the United States produced a very lively discussionwhich was disturbing in its nature. Many of the individual delegates apparentlythink that Upton Sinclair's The Jungle and Jack London's Iron Heel, written atthe start of the century, still describe social conditions in the United States.They had accepted fully Steinbeck's Grapes of Wrath but had not noticed hiscurrent description of what is happening in California and how finally the positionof the okies was improved. The United States was still remembered as thecountry in which Sacco and Vanzetti were executed 25 years ago for a crime theydid not commit.

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It was alleged that the United States was still in the control of Wall Street.There was gross misrepresentation of the Marshall plan and of NATO. This wasall confused with a continuation of pacifist illusions, and an all too easy acceptanceof the charges made by the dean of Canterbury about germ warfare.

I tried to meet these criticisms by showing that the United States wished toavoid war and that it could only do so by being adequately prepared. Further,that if the free nations in Europe did not unite, with the help and support of theUnited States, we should have the peace of the graveyard, and that totalitarianismwould win throughout the world.

I visited the headquarters of the German Federation of Trade Unions whilein Dusseldorf and found that the German unions are rapidly coming back inWestern Germany and now claim a membership of 6 million. In the currentreport it is shown that there are more residential institutions for training unionofficers and members than there are in the United States. The difficulties withwhich they are now confronted is the problem of retaining and utilizing the rightof codetermination of workers in the various industries.

INFORMATION AND EDUCATIONAL EXCHANGE ACTIVITIESLondonThe library facilities were attractive and contained a good collection of books,

periodicals, and victrola records. A special industrial book collection is alsomaintained in the library. About 200 inquiries are answered each day andlectures oil the United States are given publicly to educational groups.

The USIS film library was under the extreme handicap of receiving only oneprint of each film produced by the State Department. This limits the lendingof films severely. The many British requests were met by using films obtainedthrough the Mutual Security Agency in Paris. Films had been used extensivelyby the British Committee on Information, but this body %aas now severely crip-pled owing to a recent cut in its budget on grounds of economy. It was hopedthat some means could be found in supplying films in greater quantity to thecommittee so that it could utilize its supply of projectors.The British Central Committee of Information had made the widest possible

use of the IJSIS film library. The British Broadcasting Co. had used 12 film-library prints in July 1952. The United States film library will now be themain source of free documentary films in Britain. They have 450 titles avail-able, but of these only a single print each of 180 titles. One hundred and fiftyrequests were made for the film Fingal's Cave, and many of the other filmsenjoyed a similar popularity. There appears to be a huge potential Britishaudience for the documentary film. They had already made contact with alarge number of schools and other agencies for effective cooperation.

It appeared that the most important exchange program in Britain was theprogram conducted under the Fulbright Act.A report on the results of the Conference on American Studies at Oxford with

outstanding American professors and 115 students participating, indicated thatthis conference had contributed a great deal toward combating a noticeableanti-American feeling.Paris

There was a big demand for medical films in Paris. Thle United States filmsin France meet a tremendous amount of competition because the U. S. S. R.supplies the cinema clubs there with a much greater quantity of films. Theinterest in productivity lihas led to the loan of films to the union groups in Franceand also to the farmers' organizations. The productivity films are distributedjointly with the Mutual Security Administration. The Confederation Francaisedes Travailleuirs Chretiens Cinema Club has made wide use of With These Hands.The film division in Paris has (lone some outstanding work in production andadaptation of labor films to show the aims of the Marshall plan and NATO tothe labor unions.The Library premises were very well arranged and were being used by a large

number of students and other French citizens.There seemed to be a need for greater care in selection and preparation of per-

sonnel in some of the newer agencies. People with no knowledge of the languageand little knowledge of the French labor movement had created some confusion.

Difficulties created by the McCarran Act were rel)orted. It was felt thatthere should be a greater flexibility for arranging visits to the United States ofsecondary-level people of importance. This was needed in fixing the per diemgrants, arranging special escorts and guides and permitting short-term visits.

SEMIANNUAL REPORT ON EDUCATIONAL EXCHANGE ACTIVITIES 29One example cited was that of the prefect of police in Paris, for whom a visit wasarranged, but only with great difficulty. Although being fully aware that theMcCarran Act ruled out a large number of people, these foreign VIP's or near-VIP's know about the power of the Attorney General to recognize exceptionalcases, which in many instances creates difficulties It was thought that thereshould be a greater use of the ninth proviso which gives the Attorney General theright to waive the McCarran regulations in certain cases.The secretary of the Fulbright commission in Paris stated that the success of

the Fulbright exchange program was indicated by the fact that the past recipi-ents of scholarships had set up an alumni association. He explained that theteacher's exchange which had been successful in England had failed in France.This was due to the fact that professors and teachers in the high schools hesi-tated to break their teaching record by a year abroad. He praised the work ofthe visiting lecturers in introducing the literature of the United States to France.

GENERAL IMPRESSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

There can be little doubt of the tension in European relations. This, accord-ing to comments made in interviews, grows worse instead of better as the strainof defense preparations becomes felt. The wide circulation and discussions ofsuggestive books, such as Aneurin Bevan's in Place of Fear, and the continuedand sustained fanatical agitation of the Communists and their innocent "fellowtravelers" contribute to this.The best unofficial ambassador, apparently, for Britain and.the United States

is Alistair Cooke and his Letters from the United States, as broadcast regularlyover the British Broadcasting Co. The books and articles of Dennis Brogan arealso very valuable.

In talking to members of the various delegations which have visited the UnitedStates, one finds it is the little things which remain in their minds. For example,the thing which a French productivity team remembered and talked about mostwas the incident when the manager of a plant, in conducting the vistors throughthe plant, lit the cigarette of a Negro worker, as a matter of course, when theywere examining his machine. This cuts through not only their ideas about colordivision but also protocol distinctions in the worker-management echelon.Details of this sort might be kept in mind when receiving such groups.The free literature which was on display in Paris and London was excellent.

The special exhibit dealing with the Presidential election in Paris was very effec-tive. The exhibit in the London Embassy dealt with the photographs of MatthewBrady and was very cleverly linked to the current happenings in Britain.

Literature which was on display was very well selected and printed. However,printed material is not so effective as personal correspondence. In the variousdebates the European worker who had received personal letters from friends andacquaintances in the United States was the most effective supporter of the factsabout America.So far as the labor information and exchanges are concerned, the need was

xp)rcssed for more films and publications showing labor con(litions and unionactivity in the United States as well as better orientation and comparative knowl-edge of the various European labor movements on the part of United Statespersonnel. Anticommunism by itself is not adequate, especially if the majorityof workers are worried by high prices and taxation. Some emphasis upon theadvantages of a united Europe in alliance with other free nations would seemadvisable.

In connection with establishing better coordination of the educational-exchangeactivities between the D)epartment of State, the Fulbright commissions, theMutual Security Administration, and other newly organized agencies, it mightbe well to consider a closer cooperation with the labor attaches in the UnitedStates Embassies. As of July 1951, there were 32 such attaches in 29 countrieswho were supplemented by 26 trained labor-reporting officers in 21 additionalcountries. If the earlier recommendations of the Advisory Commission "thatit greater exchange for nonacademic persons" are to be carried out, these attachesand reporters could give exceedingly valuable service. both in helping to selectsuch exchanges and also in helping them in their followup work upon their return.

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