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  • 9070 20 10 30 4060 50 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Percent Silt Percent Clay Percent Sand Clay Sandy Clay Clay Loam Silty Clay
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90 70 2 0 1 0 30 40 60 50 10 20 30 40 50 60 7 0 80 90 10 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Per cen t Si lt Percent Clay Percent Sand Clay Sandy Clay Clay Loam Silty Clay Silty Clay Loam Loamy Sand Loam Sandy Clay Loam Sandy Loam Silty Loam Silt Sand 80 Figure 9.1 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bon

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Page 1: 9070 20 10 30 4060 50 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Percent Silt Percent Clay Percent Sand Clay Sandy Clay Clay Loam Silty Clay

90 70 20

10304060 50

1020

3040

5060

70

809010

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

Percent Silt

Per

cent

Cla

y

Percent Sand

Clay

SandyClay

Clay Loam

Silty Clay

Silty Clay Loam

Loamy Sand

Loam

Sandy Clay Loam

Sandy Loam Silty Loam

SiltSand

80

Figure 9.1

Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Page 2: 9070 20 10 30 4060 50 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Percent Silt Percent Clay Percent Sand Clay Sandy Clay Clay Loam Silty Clay

0

50

100

150

200

15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Temperature (C)

Dep

th (

mm

)

14:00

06:00

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0:00

2:00

4:00

6:00

8:00

10:0

0

12:0

0

14:0

0

16:0

0

18:0

0

20:0

0

22:0

0

Hour Of Day

Tem

pera

ture

(C

)

5 mm

25 mm

50 mm

100 mm

400 mm

Figure 9.2

Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Page 3: 9070 20 10 30 4060 50 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Percent Silt Percent Clay Percent Sand Clay Sandy Clay Clay Loam Silty Clay

Dy

Dz

Dx

F kTz

kTz

FH IK FH IK

Fin

Fout

change in storage = flux in - flux out

( )in outT

c x y z F F x yt

T Fc

t z

2

2T T T

c k kzt z z

5 mmA 41C

15 mmB 37C

o oW 41 C 37 C1.5 o 0.01 mm C

2600 W/m

F

F

Figure 9.3

Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Page 4: 9070 20 10 30 4060 50 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Percent Silt Percent Clay Percent Sand Clay Sandy Clay Clay Loam Silty Clay

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Temperature (C)

Dep

th (

mm

)

Bare - day

Litter - day

Bare - night

Litter - night

Figure 9.4

Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Page 5: 9070 20 10 30 4060 50 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Percent Silt Percent Clay Percent Sand Clay Sandy Clay Clay Loam Silty Clay

Tf - T Tf + TTf

cf

cu

ca

ca2T=cf T+L+ cuT

Figure 9.5

Temperature (C)

Hea

t Cap

acity

(J

m-3

C-1)

Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Page 6: 9070 20 10 30 4060 50 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Percent Silt Percent Clay Percent Sand Clay Sandy Clay Clay Loam Silty Clay

Figure 9.6

Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Page 7: 9070 20 10 30 4060 50 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Percent Silt Percent Clay Percent Sand Clay Sandy Clay Clay Loam Silty Clay

Wilting Point

Field Capacity

Saturation0.451

0.154

0.000

1.000

0.393Soi

l Vol

ume

Available Water

Gravitational Water

Unavailable Water

Solids

Figure 9.7

Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Page 8: 9070 20 10 30 4060 50 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Percent Silt Percent Clay Percent Sand Clay Sandy Clay Clay Loam Silty Clay

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Soil Water (Percent Saturation)

Suc

tion

(mm

)

Suc

tion

(Pa)

Sand

Sandy loam

Loam

Clay loam

Clay

Figure 9.8

102

103

104

105

106

107

109

108

1010

103

104

105

106

107

108

1010

109

1011

Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Page 9: 9070 20 10 30 4060 50 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Percent Silt Percent Clay Percent Sand Clay Sandy Clay Clay Loam Silty Clay

Dy

Dz

Dx

( )1

( )1 1

zF k k

z z

zF k k k

z z z

Fin

Fout

change in storage = flux in - flux out

( )in outx y z F F x yt

1kt z z

/ /t F z

50 mmA

550 mmB

mm ( 478 mm 500 mm) ( 843 mm 0 mm)2

hr 500 mm

3.46 mm/hr

F

F

=-478 mmz=500 mm

=-843 mm z=0 mm

Figure 9.9

Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Page 10: 9070 20 10 30 4060 50 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Percent Silt Percent Clay Percent Sand Clay Sandy Clay Clay Loam Silty Clay

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Soil Water (Percent Saturation)

Hyd

raul

ic C

ondu

ctiv

ity (

mm

hou

r-1)

Sand

Sandy loam

Loam

Clay loam

Clay

Figure 9.10

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

100

10-1

101

102

103

Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Page 11: 9070 20 10 30 4060 50 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Percent Silt Percent Clay Percent Sand Clay Sandy Clay Clay Loam Silty Clay

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

Time (hours)

Soi

l Wat

er (

mm

)

Sand Sandy loam Loam Clay loam Clay

Figure 9.11

Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan


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