9 motivation
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
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MOTIVATION
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The Issues
The direction and intensity of peoples’ motivation
Theories of motivation
Need theory
Reinforcement (Learning) theory
Goal-Setting theory
Equity theory
Integration: Expectancy theory
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EVERYONE IS MOTIVATED
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Motivation is an issue of
Intensity
Direction
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SOME THEORIES THAT CAN HELP
Need theory
Reinforcement (Learning) theory
Goal-Setting theory
Equity theory
Integration: Expectancy theory
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NEED THEORY
All people have needs!
Basic Concepts
People have a complex set of needs
People are motivated to meet their needs
When needs are met, satisfaction is experienced
When needs are not met, dissatisfaction is experienced
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Example A
Example B
There is a hierarchy of five needs
As each need is substantially satisfied, the next need becomes dominant.
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A CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVE
Alderfer’s ERG Theory
Relatedness
Existence
Growth
Need Theory
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Reinforcement Theory
People learn from the consequences of their behavior
Stimulus - Behavior (response) - Consequence
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LEARNING MECHANISMSPositive reinforcement
following a response with something pleasant
Negative reinforcement
following a response by termination or withdrawal of something unpleasant
Punishment
causing an unpleasant condition
Nonreinforcement (extinction)
eliminating any reinforcement that is maintaining a behavior
SHAPING
Reinforcing close and closer approximations to a target behavior
a complex application of these other learning mechanisms
Reinforcement Theory
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SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
Continuous
Intermittent
Fixed interval
Fixed ratio
Variable interval
Variable ratio
Reinforcement Theory
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GOAL-SETTING THEORY
Goals define a target for people
Goals help identify the needed amount of intensity
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A MODEL
Goal-Directed Effort
(Motivation)
Goal Difficulty
Goal Specificity
Goal Acceptance
Goal Commitment
Goal-Setting Theory
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OutcomesInputs
People compare their outcomes to their inputs
EQUITY THEORY
People compare their own situation to that of others
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CONSEQUENCES OF EQUITY
Satisfaction
Motivation to Maintain Outcome-to-Input
Ratio
Perceived Equity
Equity Theory
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CONSEQUENCES OF INEQUITY
Under-reward
Over-reward
Equity Theory
Motivation to Change
TensionAnger
Motivation to Change
TensionGuilt
PerceivedInequity Dissatisfaction
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EXPECTANCY THEORY: AN INTEGRATING THEORY
Intensity is developed logically
People choose their direction rationally
ProPro
ConCon
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COMPONENTS
If I try, will I succeed?
If I succeed, what are the consequences?
How do I feel about the consequences?
Expectancy
Instrumentality
Valence
Expectancy Theory
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A MODEL
Expectancy
Instrumentality
Valence
Force(Effort or
Motivation Level)
Expectancy Theory
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AN EXPANDED MODEL
E
I
V
Effort(Force)
Org Factors
Personal Factors
Performance
Expectancy Theory
Satisfaction
ExtrinsicOutcomes
IntrinsicOutcomes
Social Equity
DistributiveJustice
Feedback
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The Issues
The direction and intensity of peoples’ motivation
Theories of motivation
Need theory
Reinforcement (Learning) theory
Goal-Setting theory
Equity theory
Integration: Expectancy theory