83773741 fire alarm systems el benaa com

7/30/2019 83773741 Fire Alarm Systems El Benaa Com

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I n t ro t o Convent i ona l Fi re Ala rm Syst em s

1

I n t r o du ct i on t o

ConventionalFire Alarm Systems


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Course Descriptionu This two-hour introductory course is forindividuals with little or no experience in the firealarm industry. The course covers the basic buildingblocks of modern conventional and addressable firealarm systems.

u It covers the primary and secondary functions ofa fire alarm control panel, various initiating and

notification devices, digital communicators,waterflow alarm and sprinkler monitoring.


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Course Contentsu Basic Elements of a Fire Alarm System

u Supplementary Functions

u Physical Elements of Fire

u Initiating Devices

u Notification Appliances

u Water Flow and Sprinkler Monitoring

u Types of Control Panels

u Design Issues

u Notification Appliance Circuit (NACs)

u Supplementary Circuit Wiring


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Life Safety!

What is t he

pu rp ose o f a Fi re

Alarm Syst em ?

Detect, Alert and Evacuate.


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Basic Fire

Lets examine the

components that make abasic Fire AlarmControl System.


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Main Controlleru The brains of the system.

u

Provides power to thesystem, monitors inputs andcontrols outputs through

various circuits.

u Performs other functions asrequired by the appropriatecode.


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Elements of a Control PanelMain Controller, Power, Inputs and Outputs


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Primary (AC)

Secondary (DC)

Re q u i r e s t w o Po w e r So u r ce s

Elements of a Control Panel


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Smoke Detector

Manual Pull Station

A fire alarmsystem can havea variety ofinput devices.

Elements of a Control PanelI n p u t s


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Inputs

u Initiating Device A system component that

originates transmission of a change of statecondition, such as a smoke detector, manual firealarm box, supervisory switch, etc....

u Initiating Device Circuit (IDC)A circuit towhich automatic or manual initiating devices areconnected where the signal received does notidentify the individual device operated.


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Horns

Strobes

Elements of a Control PanelO u t p u t s


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Outputs

u Notification Appliance A fire alarm systemcomponent such as a bell, horn, speaker, light,or text display that provides audible, tactile, orvisible output, or any combination thereof.

u Notification Appliance Circuit A circuit orpath directly connected to a notificationappliance.


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The Basic System

Secondary (DC)

Primary (AC)

Outputs

Inputs

Main Controller


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Supplementary Operationsu Elevator Capture

u Equipment Shutdown

uAir Handling Shutdownu Damper Control

u Extinguishing SystemInterface

u Event Printing

u Display Monitor Interface

u Door Holding Devices


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Supplementary Operationsu Remote Signal Annunciation - Provides

critical system status and basic control capabilityfrom a more convenient location than where thecontrol panel might be located.


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Remote AnnunciatorsRZA-5X

Remote Zone

Annunciator

LCD-80F LiquidCrystal Display

Graphic

Annunciator

(Custom)


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DACTsUDACT Universal

Digital Communicator

Transmitter

Dedicated DACT

"daughterboard"411UD Slave/Stand

Alone DACT

Integral Onboard DACT


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Basic Fire Alarm TechnologySignal Initiation & Initiating Devices

What i s

t h e

t h r ea t ?


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Automatic Fire

Detectors

How do w e det e ct t h e t h r ea t ?


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Automatic Fire Detectors

u Spot Detectors provide detection concentrationin a particular location - Heat & Smoke Detectors.

u Line Detectors provide continuous detectionalong a path - Thermal Cable & Beam Detectors.

u Air Sampling Systems draw air through pipes toan enclosed chamber for testing. - (VESDA & DuctDetectors.


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u Photoelectric

u Light-Scattering (Reflective)u Light-Obscuring (Beam)

u Ionization

u Thermal (heat)

u Duct

Automatic Fire Detectors


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Photoelectric Smoke DetectorsLight-Scattering Type

u These detectors use a Light-Emitting Diode

(LED) that sends a beam of light into a darkchamber. A photo diode sits on the other side of apartition within the chamber.

u Smoke particles entering the chamber deflect

some of the light rays into the photocell. The photocell generates a current when exposed to light, andif the current reaches a certain level, the smokedetector alarms.


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Light Scattering PrincipalSensing Chamber

LightEmitting

Diode

Photo

Diode

Partition


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Light Scattering Principal


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u In a projected BeamDetector, alarms are

generated by diffusing theprojected light beam by a

specified percentage ofobscuration. Total beamblockage generally resultsin a trouble signal.

Photoelectric Smoke DetectorsLight Obscuration Type

u Wire the receiver unit as a 4-wire detector (separatepower and sensing connections to the control panel).


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Projected Beam Principal

Transmitter Receiver

Smoke from the

fire in the protected

area diffuses the

intensity of the beam at the receiver


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Ionization Smoke Detectors

u These detectors contain a small amount ofradioactive material encapsulated in a metalchamber. Ionizing radiation develops a low, butsteady electrical current. Smoke particles enteringthe chamber disrupt the current and trigger the

detector's alarm.

u Ion detectors react more quickly to fast flaming

fires that give off little smoke.

u Spot-type Detectors.


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DuctDetectors

u Photoelectric detector mounted in housingoutside the ductwork that has probes that

extend into the duct to sample the air insidethe duct.

u Primarily used as a smoke control device tocontrol the flow of air in ductwork.


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The i3 series is based on three guiding principles:Installation ease, Intelligence, and Instantinspection.

uPlug-In Head/Base combination.uSmoothing algorithms

uDrift compensation (automatically adjusts fordust accumulation, reducing nuisance alarms)

uOptional Sensitivity Reader

The i3 SeriesThis line of photoelectric smokedetectors by System Sensor consists of2- and 4-wire detectors, offered with or

without a fixed 135

temperaturethermal sensor.


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Manual Initiating DevicesThe Manual Fire Alarm Pull Station


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Initiating DevicesManual Fire Alarm Stations

u Manually operated device used to

initiate an alarm signal.u Single Action Stations require a single

operation to activate it. Generally a pullingdown action.

u

Dual Action Stations require two distinctoperations. A set-up and an activating action.

u Breakglass Stations have an inhibit devicethat must be damaged to activate the station(non-ADA compliant).


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Initiating DevicesManual Fire Alarm Stations

u Optional Features

u With and without key locks or hex key locks

u Weatherproof models with special backboxes

u With auxiliary contacts

u Multiple languages, even dual languages.

u With a pre-signal featureu With screw-terminal or pigtail connections

u Conventional and Addressable

u Metal or Polycarbonate


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Single-Action Manual StationSpring-loaded

releasing

switch

Reset

Key

Actuation

Handle


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Dual-Action Manual Station

Initial

Pre-Actuator

Actuator


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Non Alarm Pull Stations


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Heat DetectorsHeat detectors are the oldest type of automaticfire detection device. Not considered direct LifeSafety devices, these detectors do contributeto the detection of a fire.


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Heat Detectorsu Fixed Detectors alarm when the sensing elementreaches a certain set point. Two common ones have135 and 200-degrees F range. The Fixed element isgenerally a non-restorable type, and when activated, must bereplaced.

u Rate-of-Rise Detectors respond when the rate oftemperature increase is greater than an allowable limit(15 degrees in 60 secs.) (placement in a stableenvironment) (e.g.. ovens, heating vents, etc.). The

Rate-of-Rise element is restorable when conditions return tonormal.

u Rate Compensation will respond regardless of therate of temperature rise.

I C i l Fi Al S


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Heat DetectorsRate Compensation Type

u Detector responds when the temperature of the

surrounding air reaches a predetermined level,regardless of the rate oftemperature rise.

u The system compensates for Thermal Lag.

u During a slow rate of temperature rise there ismore time for heat to penetrate the inner element,which inhibits contact closure until the total devicereaches the rated temperature level.

u During fast rate of increase, there is less time forheat to penetrate the inner element, which exertsless inhibiting effect, so contact closure is still

obtained at the rated temperature.

I t t C t i l Fi Al S t


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Heat Detectors

u DONT Paint Heat Detectors!!!

u Why? Because Thermal Lag occurswhen the physical properties of the Heat

detector cause it to lag behind the alarmcondition of the surrounding air.



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Heat Detectorsu Exhibit the lowest false alarm rate of all

automatic fire detector devices,

u Slowest-responding fire detection devices.

u Best used in applications where

u Fast-developing, large fires are expected.

u Environment won't allow the use of other

fire detection devices.u The speed of detection is not a prime

consideration.



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Heat DetectorsHeat Sensitive Cable

u A line-type initiating device whose sensing elementcomprises, in one type, two current-carrying wires

held separated by heat-sensitive insulation whichsoftens at the rated temperature, thus allowing thewires to make electrical contact.

u Installed at the exact point of risk to provide rapidlocalized detection of abnormal temperature rises(overloaded or short-circuited high voltage powerwiring).



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Heat DetectorHeat Sensitive Cable

Actuators

Outer Insulation

Protective Tape

Heat Sensitive

Material



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Notification Appliances Types

uAudible - Horns, Bells, Sounders,

Sirens, Chimes, Speakers.

uVisual - Strobes

u Physical - Bed shakers

u Olfactory - Smell



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Audible Devicesu Bells: Only used if they are only for

fire, or have a distinctive sound fromother bell signaling devices. Often

used as an external gong to indicatethe flow of water in the sprinklersystem.

u Horns: Loud and distinctive output.Often used in high-noiseenvironments, such as manufacturingplants.



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Audible Devicesu Sounders: Electronic or mechanical

audible devices, which are capable ofproducing a variety of tones. Often, thetone is selectable during installation ofthe device.

u Chimes: Soft-toned appliances usedwhere loud noises could be disruptive toother operations. Generally used wherequalified personnel are continuously inattendance.



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Audible Devices

u Sirens: Extremely loud devicesgenerally limited in use to outdoor

or heavy industrial areas.

u Speakers: Audible devices used inconjunction with voice evacuation

messages. Life-Safety speakers arenot generally associated with Muzak

systems.



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Audible Codesu Coded outputs are required in many applications.

This can be accomplished by pulsing tones for

different areas of the building, or zoning the outputs(floor above - floor below).

u General alarm codes commonly used are MarchTime (110-120 ppm) or Temporal code (ANSIEvacuation Code 3).



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VisualSignaling

Appliances

Visual signaling appliances are used in high-noiseenvironments, in areas occupied by hearing-impaired individuals, or in areas where audibledevices may not be desired.



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VisualDevices

Speaker/Strobe

Chime/Strobe

Horn/Strobe

Strobe



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Selectable-OutputVisual Devices

u Selectable Candela Output (15 - 30 - 60 -75 - 110)

u Selectable Operating Voltage (12 or 24 volts)

u Offered in Strobe and

Horn/Strobe combinations



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Types of Power

u For powering the various devices connected to a fire

alarm system, control panels supply auxiliary power.There are two main types of power that you MUST be

aware of:u Full-Wave Rectified (Special Purpose) Power - Unregulated

output directly. High ripple voltage. Do n ot use for Sm oke Detec tors !Only use NAC devices listed for use with thistype of power.

u Filtered Regulated Power - Most stable output. Minimal ripplevoltage. Used for Smoke Detectors, and some remotesupplementary devices.



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Full-Wave Rectified Power

24v

0v

42v



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Filtered Regulated Power

24v

0v



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Secondary Power

u Direct Current - Clean, absolute filtered power

u Supplies the system with operating power underthe loss of primary (AC) for at least 24 hours ofstandby (quiescence) followed by 5 minutes in

alarm. Voice systems require 15 minutes in alarm.u Rated in AMP-HOURS (AH).

u Must be calculated!



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t o t o Co e t o a e a Syst e s

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Relays and Contactsu Form A - refers to a relay with contacts for common

and normally open ONLY.

u Form B - refers to a relay with contacts for commonand normally close ONLY.

u Form C - refers to a relay with contacts for common,normally open, and normally closed.

u Dry Contacts -By magnetically controlling the stateof the contacts, the control panel is electricallyisolated (and thus protected) from power connectedto the contacts..



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Relays and Contacts

When a relay is not active,the contacts are in theirnormal position.

Normally Closed

Normally OpenCommon



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Relays and Contacts

When the relay is activated,current passing through therelay coil magnetically

influences the common"wiper", moving it to theopposite position.

Normally Closed

Normally OpeCommon



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Relays and Contacts

"Fail-Safe" relays areenergized during "normal"conditions. The relay isactivated by deenergizing

the coil, guaranteeingactivation of the desiredsignal during loss of allpower to the system.

Normally Closed

Normally Open

Common



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InitiatingDevices

SprinklerSystems

Monitoring



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u Wet-Pipe SprinklerSystems use a vane-activated Water Flow Device

(WFD) sized to the piping.The device reacts to a

change in flow pressure of10 psi, which is theequivalent of one sprinklerhead activating. Retarddevices inhibit falseactivation due to changes inwater supply pressure.

Fire Sprinkler Systems



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WaterflowDetectors

Pressure

Gauges

TamperSwitches



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u Dry-Pipe Sprinkler: An automatic sprinkler systemwhere all piping contains air under pressure. When asprinkler head opens, the air is released and waterflows into the system and through any opensprinkler heads into the fire. This type of system isused when freezing of water in the pipes is aconcern.

Fire Sprinkler Systems

u Dry-Pipe Sprinkler Systems use apressure switch. The device reacts to achange in pressure due to water fillingthe system.



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Sprinkler Monitoring

u Sprinkler Systems have water feed controlvalves. These control valves shut off the water supplyto the sprinkler system and render it useless. A

monitoring device should be attached to every criticalcontrol valve in the system, whether it's a gate valve,indicator valve, or butterfly valve. Whenever the valveis shut off, a supervisory alarm signal (as opposed to

a Fire or Waterflow alarm) is generated.

u The two most common types of SupervisoryTamper Switches are OSY and PIV.



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SprinklerMonitoringOS&Y



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Sprinkler MonitoringPIV



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The Systems



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u Conventional (hard wired)u Fixed

u Programmable

uAddressable (multiplexed)

u Intelligent (analog data transfer)

Types ofFire Alarm Control Panels



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u Simplest type of control unit.

u Generally, a single circuit board contains powersupply, control, initiating and notification circuitry.

u Some models use auxiliary circuit boards to performspecial functions.

u Input/output devices connect to dedicated circuits.

u Designated outputs occur when initiating signals are

received.u Limited special functions and capabilities.

Examples: Fire-Lite MS-2 and MS-4

Conventional Hard Wired System



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AddressableSystem

u Each device (detector, pull station) has a uniquenumber assigned to it called the address for reportingalarms and troubles.

u Employs a Signaling Line Circuit (SLC) Loop along

which all addressable input and output devices areconnected to the fire alarm control panel.

u Addressable devices transmit an electronic message back tothe Control Unit representing their state (Normal, Alarm,Trouble) when polled by the Control Unit.



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Addressable Modules

These systems can also monitor conventionalinitiating devices using addressable monitormodules.

SLC Loop

24 VDCPower



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Addressable Pull StationsAddressable

Module



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TypicalSLC



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Input-to-Output Mapping



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Software Zoning

u Floor-Above/Floor Below

u Elevator Recall

u Smoke Control

u Ring-By-Zone

u Door Locks (Card Access)

u Cross Zoning



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Intelligent System

uAlways an Addressable System.

u Processes detailed, analog data from

detectors about smoke levels.

u Can provide sensitivity data for eachdetector.

u Employs Drift Compensation (self calibration)

in it's detectors.

Examples: Fire-Lite MS-9200,

MS-9200UD & MS-9600.



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Design and Application



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Design Issues

u Device Selectionu Photo vs. Ion, line versus spot.

u What is are the total costs of one type versus another?

u How does the environment affect device selection?

u Does the device meet code specifications and code?

u Placement of Devices (where do you place smokedetectors, pull stations, notification appliances)?

u Calculations (how do you calculate battery size and

NAC voltage drops?).u Programming (how will you accomplish your non-

general alarm events?).



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Spot Detector Placement

u Total (complete) Coverage includes all rooms,halls, storage areas, basements attics, lofts, spaces

above suspended ceilings, and other subdivisions

and accessible spaces as well as the inside of allclosets, elevator shafts, enclosed stairways,dumbwaiter shafts and chutes.

NFPA 72 2002 Section 5.5.2.1

Exception - inaccessible areas that DO NOT containcombustible materials do not require smoke detection



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u Partial Coverage calls for smoke detection in allcommon areas and work spaces, such as corridors,

lobbies, storage rooms, equipment rooms, and other

tenantless spaces.

The building owner must understand that a fire

alarm system may not detect a fire that developswithin any area without smoke detection until thatfire has reached proportions that may seriouslycompromise the safe evacuation of occupants andthe timely notification of fire responders.

CAUTION!



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Smoke

Detector

30

21

Typical area

of room protection

Maximum

radius of

protectionSpot detector

placement isbased on centralmounting of adetector in a 30 X30 room. No areamay be more than

21 from thedetector.

21

30



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SmokeDetector

10

21

Room Maximum

radius of

protectionNote that in this

application, twodetectors are notrequired becauseall areas within theroom are within 21feet of the

detector.

41



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15 15

15 15

30

30



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Heat Detector SpacingCeiling Height

(feet)

Percent (%) ofListed Spacing

0 -10

10-1212-14

14-16

16-18

18-20

20-22

22-24

24-26

26-28

28-30

100

9184

77

71

64

58

52

46

40

34



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Initiating DevicesManual Fire Alarm Pull Stations



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Manual Fire Alarm StationsMounting Locations

u Manual fire alarm stations shall be located within

5 feet of the exit doorway opening of each floor.

u Grouped openings over 40 feet in width requirepull stations on either side of the opening.

u Additional pull station will be installed no morethan 200 linear feet apart.

u Each manual fire alarm station shall beconspicuous, unobstructed, and accessible, and ofa contrasting color to the background on whichthey are mounted.



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Manual Fire Alarm Stations

u NFPA 72 - Mount pull station so that operable

part is 42" to 54" from the floor.

u ADA Accessibility Guidelines

u Forward reach: If access is only from aforward approach, mount 15-48.

u

Side reach: If clear space allows a parallelapproach, mount 9-54. If side reach is overan obstruction, use forward reach rules.



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Manual Fire Alarm Stations

The height is measured from the floor to thepoint of actuation.

48 Inches



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Designing withNotification Appliances



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ADA vs NFPA

u Conflicts exist betweenADA and

NFPA guidelines regardingrequirements for notification

appliances in fire alarm systems.u If the specifications call forADA

compliance, it is a federal law whichmust be obeyed.

u It is believed that newly-revisedADA Accessibility Guidelines willreference NFPA 72 2002.



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Ambient Noiseu Ambient Noise Level the level of noise

around us, or encircling us. Often referred

to as background noise.u Decibels (dB) Sound pressure is rated in

decibels, which is a unit for measuringrelative loudness.

u dBA - A dB scale referenced to theminimum pressure that can be detected bythe human ear.



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Ambient Noise

u 1 dBA (faintest audible sound)

Remember the hearing test?

u 50 dBA Typical conversation

u 80 dBA Alarm Clock

u 130 dBA (painful ear damage possible).



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Typical Ambient Noise LevelsBusiness Occupancies 55 dBAEducational Occupancies 45 dBA

Industrial Occupancies 80 dBA

Institutional Occupancies 50 dBA

Mercantile Occupancies 40 dBAPiers and Water-Surrounded Structures 40 dBA

Places of Assembly 55 dBA

Residential Occupancies 35 dBAStorage Occupancies 30 dBA

Thoroughfares, High Density Urban 70 dBA

Thoroughfares, Medium Density Urban 55 dBAThoroughfares, Rural and Suburban 40 dBA

Tower Occupancies 35 dBAUnderground Structures and

Windowless Buildings

40 dBA

Vehicles and Vessels 50 dBA



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Operating Modes

u Public Mode Audible or visible signalingto occupants or inhabitants of the areaprotected by the fire alarm system.

u Private Mode Audibleor visible signaling onlyto those persons directlyconcerned with the

implementation anddirection of emergencyaction initiation and procedure in the areaprotected by the fire alarm system.



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Audible Devices - Public Modeu NFPA: 15 dB above average ambient

sound level or 5 dB above maximum 60-second sound level, whichever is greater

(minimum of 75 dBA to a maximum of120 dBA).

u ADA: If provided, 15 dB above averageambient sound level or 5 dB above

maximum 60-second sound level,whichever is greater (maximum of 120dBA).



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Audible Devices - Private Mode

u NFPA: Minimum of 45 dBA, maximum of120 dBA, at least 10 dB above average

ambient sound level or 5 dB abovemaximum 60-second sound level,whichever is greater.



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Visual Signaling Appliance

u Above 105 dbA: When the average ambientsound level is greater than 105 dbA, visualsignaling appliances are required.

u Indoor concertsu Drop forge shops

u Printing presses



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Visual SignalingADA Requirements

u Americans with Disabilities Act sets provisionsfor visual appliances:

u Intensity minimum of 75 cd in non-sleeping areas,and 110 cd in sleeping areas.

u Lamp shall be a Xenon strobe type or equivalent.

u The color shall be clear or nominal white.u Pulse duration 0.2 sec. with a 40% duty cycle.

u Flash Rate 1 - 3 per second (1-3 Hz).



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Wall-Mounted Appliances

NFPAu Wall mounted devicesshall have their bottoms atheights above the finishedfloor of not less than 80inches, and not greaterthan 96 inches.

u Maximum separation ofappliances shall not exceed100 feet.

ADA

u The appliance shall be placed80 inches above the highestfloor level within the space, or6 inches from the ceiling,whichever is lower.

u Devices shall be no morethan 50 ft. apart.

u

In large areas withoutobstructions 6 ft. above thefloor, devices may be spaced amaximum of 100 feet apart.



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Visual Device Installation

96"

80"

At least 80"

At

least

6"

NFPA

ADA 96"

80"

At least 80"

At

least

6"

NFPA

ADA

Strobe Horn/Strobe

At least 90"



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Synchronization

u Visual Synchronization reduces the effect on those

who are prone to suffer seizures from Epilepsy.

u Required when two or more appliances are in thesame field of view.



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Synchronization

u Synchronization is effectedvia two means - a remotemodule or circuitry built intothe fire alarm control panel.

u Built-in control panelcircuitry is highly desirable.

u Audible Synchronization permits theproper sounding of evacuation coding.



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Distributed NACsu Use of a remote power supply can save previous

voltage in the run from the control panel to thestart of a Notification Appliance Circuit.



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Wiring Standards

u NFPA 72 establishes standards of

performance for various wiring styles forInitiation Circuits, Notification ApplianceCircuits and Signaling Line Circuit (SLC)Loop wiring.

u For Initiating Device Circuits Styles B & D.

u For Notification Appliance Circuits Styles Y & Z.u For SLC Loops Styles 4,6, & 7.



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u 2-wire circuit originates at the control unit,

interconnects all devices in parallel fashion

and terminates with an End-Of-LineResistor.

uA wire break results in a loss of all devices

past the break.u No branch tapping allowed.

Style B/Style Y( Class-B t yp e c ircu i t s)



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Class B-Type Circuit

FACP



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Style D/Style Z( Class-A t yp e c i rcu i t s )

u Wiring originates at the control unit,

interconnects all devices in parallel fashionand returns to the control unit.

u Return circuit monitors line voltage. Ifvoltage missing, return line will feed

current to devices from its connections.u No branch tapping allowed.



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Class A-Type Circuit

FACP



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u 4-wire Smoke Detectors are devices that receivepower from a source other than the InitiatingDevice Circuit.

u They may be wired inStyle B or Style D, andare supervised with anend-of-line power

supervision relay for lossof operating current.

4 Wire Smoke Detectors



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4 Wire Detectors4-wire Smoke Detectors wired Style B

Initiating

Zone

4-Wire

Detector

Power

IDC (+)

IDC (-)

+24VDC

Common

UL Listed

PowerSupervisoryRelay



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Questions?



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Thank Youfor Attending!



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Terminologyu FACP - Fire Alarm Control Panel.

u FACU - Fire Alarm Control Unit.

u FCC - Federal Communications Commission

u UL - Underwriters Laboratories

u NFPA - National Fire Protection Agency.u AHJ, LAHJ - Authority Having Jurisdiction, Local AHJ

u ADAAG - Americans with Disabilities Act AccessibilityGuidelines.

u PoC - Products of Combustion

u LED - Light Emitting Diode

u IDC - Initiating Device Circuit

u NAC - Notification Appliance Circuit

u ELR, EOL - End of Line Resistor



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Terminologyu NEC - National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

u NEMA - National Electrical Manufacturing Association

u EIA - Electronics Industry Association

u Cd - Candela

u dB, dBA - Decibelsu FWR - Full Wave Rectified

u ANSI - American National Standards Institute

u PIV - Post Indicator Valve

u

OS&Y - Outside Stem and Yoke Valvesu SFPE - Society for Fire Protection Engineers

u Shall - Indicates a mandatory requirement

u Should - Indicates a recommendation or advisement



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References

u NFPA 70 - National Electrical Code

u NFPA 72 - National Fire Alarm Code

u NFPA 101 - Life Safety Code

u National Electrical Code Handbook, NFPA

u Life Safety Code Handbook, NFPA

u Fire Protection Handbook, NFPA

u Fire Alarm Signaling Systems, NFPA



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Additional References

u Guide for Proper Use of System Smoke Detectors,System Sensor.

u Guide for Proper Use of Smoke Detectors in Duct

Applications, System Sensor.u Guide for Proper Use of Projected Beam Smoke

Detectors, System Sensor.

u Strobe Compliance Reference Guide, System

Sensor.

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