8/20/10 Review

Basic Atomic StructureNeon

Nucleus10 Protons10 Neutrons

1. What is the atomic mass?

2. What is the atomic number?

3. Is this a stable atom?

Ion or Isotope?

Lithium Atom

Proton Neutron Electron

4. 5.

6. Is the ion an anion or a cation?

Molecule or Compound?Proton Neutron Electron

7. 8.Carbon Nucleus

Oxygen NucleusOxygen

Nucleus

9. Are these bonds covalent or ionic?

Label the locations of the partial negative charge, partial positive

charge, and hydrogen bond

Oxygen

Oxygen

H

H

H

H

10.

11.

12.

13. Are the bonds in water molecules non-polar or polar covalent?

• 14. What is homeostasis?• 15. What region of the brain controls hunger?• 16. What hormone signals the brain that the

body has had enough to eat?• 17. How does cannabis stimulate hunger?• 18. What are the four types of energy?• 19. What four elements make up 96% of the

average person’s body weight?

Why is ice opaque when water is clear?

• In your home freezer the ice is made by filling a tray with water. Cold air on the mold causes the water to freeze from the outside in.

• As the water freezes, entrapped air and minerals are moved out of the freezing ice toward the unfrozen center. Eventually the trapped air becomes frozen water with air bubbles which looks like cloudy ice.

What creates “the high” when a person uses marijuana?

• The psychoactive effects of THC are mediated by its activation of the CB1 receptor, which is the most abundant G protein-coupled receptor in the brain.

• Exact mechanisms are unknown.

SubjectsTypes of Chemical ReactionsOrganic vs. Inorganic CompoundsPrimary Organic Compounds

Patterns of Chemical ReactionsSynthesis Reactions

Two or more atoms or compounds combine to form a larger, more complex compound.

Bonds are createdRequires energy

A + B AB

Amino Acid Chains: Synthesis Reactions

C C

O

O

N

R

HH

H

H

C C

O

O

N

H

RH

H

H

Decomposition ReactionsAB A + BA compound is

broken down into smaller compounds.

Produces energy through the breaking of bonds.

Exchange ReactionsAB + C AC + Bor AB + CD AD + CBA switch is made between the parts of

compounds.

Organic Vs. InorganicOrganic compounds

Contain carbon with exceptions such as carbon dioxide

Inorganic compoundsLack carbonTend to be small, simple moleculesExamples

Water Salt Acids and Bases

Inorganic CompoundsWater

2/3 of your body weightImportance

High Specific Heat: Prevents rapid changes in body temperature

Cushion Protects the brain and developing fetus

Chemical reactivity Dehydration and hydrolysis reactions

Polarity: Excellent solvent Transport and exchange

Universal Solvent: Figure 2.10

Oxygen

H

H

Oxygen

H

H

Na+ Cl-

*

SaltsIonic compounds (electrolytes)Dissolve easily in waterRequired for muscle contraction and neural

transmission: Ca, K, NaSalt in bones and teeth: Ca, PWater Balance: Na

Water IntoxicationAlters the osmotic gradientCause swelling in the brain which can

eventually interrupt the flow of blood

Organic CompoundsCarbohydrates

“hydrated carbon” 1 oxygen: 2 hydrogenProvide energySugars and starchesComposed of monosaccharides

Basic structure: Ring or chain of 3-7 carbon atoms

DisaccharidesFormed by synthesis reactions

Dehydration synthesis (Figure 2.13)Broken down by hydrolysis by the digestive system

before being absorbed into the blood

Common disaccharidesSucrose in cane sugarLactose in milkMaltose in malt sugar

PolysaccharidesLong, branching chains of sugarsStarch in plantsGlycogen in animals

LipidsEnter the body as fatty meats, egg yolks, milk

products, and oilsContain a much more carbon and hydrogen

than oxygen.Most abundant in the body

Triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids

Triglycerides

Neutral FatsComposed of fatty acids and glycerolMajor source of stored energyFound in fat deposits beneath the skin and

around body organsInsulate the body and protect the body

PhospholipidsTwo fatty acid chains and phosphorus groupLarge component of cellular membranesFatty acid chains

HydrophobicContains a phosphorus group

Bears an electrical chargePolar and hydrophilic

Phospholipid Bilayer

Nanoscale Transistor Sensor•Smaller than viruses•Measures ion flux and electrical signals•Has the potential to measure individual biochemicals

•Why does it destroy the cell?

SteroidsFlat molecules formed of four interlocking

ringsPrimarily carbon and hydrogenCholesterol

Used to form vitamin DSex hormonesCortsiolBile salts

ProteinsAccount for 50% of organic matter in the

bodyComposed of C, H, O, and NBuilding blocks are amino acids

Amine group, acid group, R groupR group is a unique side chain

*

Amino acids20 amino acidsAmino acid chains of fewer than 50 amino

acids are peptidesChains greater than 50 amino acids long are

polypeptidesUnique sequences of amino acids vary widely

in structure and function

Fibrous and Globular ProteinsFibrous

Structural proteinsAppear most often in body structuresProvide strength in certain body tissuesCollagen found in bones, cartilage, and

tendons is the most abundant protein in the body

Stable

Globular proteinsFunctional proteins (they do things)Less stable than fibrous proteinsMobileSpherical moleculesRoles in the body

AntibodiesHormonesTransport proteinsCatalysts

EnzymesCatalyst: a substance that increases the rate

of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the product or being changed itself

Substrate binds to the active site and is altered

*

Some have activators or inhibitors which alter the structure of the enzymeActivators allow the enzyme to bind to the

substrateInhibitors prevent the binding of the substrate

Capable of catalyzing millions of reactions each minute

Without enzymes, reactions would occur far too slowly to sustain life

Protein DenaturationHigh heat and pH fluctuations can interfere

with protein structureProtein loses its function

Nucleic acidsBuilding blocks for

genesComposed of

nucleotidesComposed of a N-

containing base, a pentose (5-carbon) sugar, and a phosphate group

Dictate protein structureNucleic Acids

Deoxyribonuleic acid (DNA)Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

BasesAdenineGuanineCytosineThymineUracil

DNAGenetic material found within the cell nucleusReplicates itself exactly before a cell dividesProvides instructions for building every

protein in the bodyBases: A, G, T, and C

A binds to T and G binds to CDeoxyribose sugarTwo chains held together by hydrogen bondsDouble helix

RNACarries out the orders for protein synthesis

issued by DNASingle nucleotide strandsBases: A, G, C, and U (which replaces T)Ribose sugarVarieties

Messenger (mRNA)Ribosomal (rRNA)Transfer (tRNA)

Adenosine TriphosphateProvides chemical energy that is usable by all

body cellsStorage compound for energy released by

glucoseStructure: adenine base, ribose sugar, and

three phosphate groups

Phosphate group bondsHigh energy bondsRuptured by hydrolysis

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