(8.1) classical conditioning theory
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8/3/2019 (8.1) Classical Conditioning Theory
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Learning Theories: Classical ConditioningLearning Theory
Learning Outcomes
Students are able to:
discuss the Classical ConditioningLearning Theory
Elaborate the application of Classical
Conditioning Theory
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BEHAVIORISM
PavlovThorndike
Skinner
Advance Organizer…..
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Behavioral Learning Theories:Explanations of learning that focus onexternal events as the cause of changes in
observable behaviors.Learning as association – E. L. ThorndikeLearning:A series of associations between stimulus
and responseAssociation can be strengthened or
weakened.
Behaviorist Theory
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Thorndike placed a hungry cat inside apuzzle box, the only escape was to pressa lever located on the floor of the box.
Thorndike placed a dish of food outsidethe box, so the hungry cat is highlymotivated to get out.
Lever- stimulusPushing of lever-response
Escape and food -consequence
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Law of Effect- if an action is followed bypleasurable consequence, it will tend to berepeated.
If an action is followed by an unpleasantconsequence, it will tend not to be repeated.
Thorndike called this type of learning as
‘Trial and Error Learning’.
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Ivan Pavlov
Concept: Classical Conditioning
stimulus which did not produceany response – when paired withan unconditioned stimulus
repeatedly – will be able to elicit aresponse.
Through the process of classical
conditioning, humans and animalscan be trained to reactinvoluntarily to a stimulus whichpreviously had no effect on them.
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The experiment conducted by Pavlov.
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Concepts :
Stimulus: events that activate behaviorResponse: observable reaction to a
stimulusClassical Conditioning: Association of
automatic responses with new stimuliNeutral stimulus: stimulus not
connected to a response
Unconditioned Stimulus (US):Stimulus that automatically produces anemotional or physiological response.
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Unconditioned response (UR):Naturally occuring emotional orphysiological response.
Conditioned stimulus (CS): Stimulus
that evokes an emotional orphysiological response afterconditioning.
Conditioned Response(CR) : Learnedresponse to a previously neutralstimulus.
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Generalization: Responding in the
same way to similar stimuli.
Discrimination: Responding differently
to similar, but not identical stimuli.
Extinction: Gradual disappearance of alearned response.
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J.B. Watson used classical conditioning
technique to study how emotion (fear)is learned among children.
Subject – Albert
• Initially Little Albert did not show a fearof animals.
• Stage 2 – A loud noise(unconditioned
stimulus) was made behind his back byhitting a steel bar with a hammer.
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• Stage 3 – Albert automatically cried
(unconditioned response).• Stage 4 – the loud sound was paired
with the appearance of the white rat
repeatedly.• Stage 5 – Albert started to cry whenever
he saw the white rat even without theloud sound. He developed a phobia of
rats.• Stage 6 – white rat (conditioned
stimulus) which could elicit the cry
(conditioned response).
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Generalization
Example – Albert became afraid ofwhite cotton and everything which is
white in colour.
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Summary
Learning according to behaviorist theory
Classical conditioning theory
Principles and concepts in classicalconditioning theory